Old Believers - Knowledge

2775: 58: 2199: 1952: 2031: 2794:, the Old Believer schism did not occur simply as a result of a few individuals with power and influence. The schism had complex causes, revealing historical processes and circumstances in 17th-century Russian society. Those who broke from the hierarchy of the official State Church had quite divergent views on church, faith, society, state power and social issues. Thus the collective term "Old Believers" groups together various movements within Russian society which actually had existed long before 1666–67. They shared a distrust of state power and of the episcopate, insisting upon the right of the people to arrange their own spiritual life, and expressing the ambition to aim for such control. 3186: 1666: 3166: 2330: 577: 3037: 3155: 3392: 2891:(1841–1911) referred to poetry. He argued, that if one converts a poem into prose, the contents of the poem may remain intact, but the poem will lose its charm and emotional impact; moreover, the poem will essentially no longer exist. In the case of religious rituals, form and contents do not just form two separable, autonomous entities, but connect with each other through complex relationships, including theological, psychological, phenomenal, aesthetic and historic dimensions. 1773:, and many bishops to Moscow. Some scholars allege that the visiting patriarchs each received both 20,000 rubles in gold and furs for their participation. This council officially established the reforms and anathematized not only all those opposing the innovations but the old Russian books and rites themselves as well. As a side-effect of condemning the past of the Russian Orthodox Church and her traditions, the innovations appeared to weaken the messianic theory depicting 1986: 3452: 1431: 1785:

rituals as erroneous, and even in some cases heretical, in comparison with their contemporary Greek equivalents. This went beyond the recommendation of Patriarch Paisios of Jerusalem, who suggested that differences in ritual did not of themselves indicate error, accepting the possibility that differences have developed over time. He urged Nikon to use discretion in attempting to enforce complete uniformity with Greek practice.

2827: 4821: 2912: 1649:, arrived in Moscow and tried to convince the tsar and Nikon that current Greek liturgical practices were authentically Orthodox and that Russian usages that differed from them were local innovations. This led to a heated debate between the visiting Greeks and many Russian clerics who believed that, by accepting the decrees of the 1653:, the Greek patriarchate had compromised its authority and forfeited any right to dictate to Russia on liturgical matters. Tsar Aleksei, Nikon and some of the Zealots of Piety decided that the best way to revitalise the Russian church was to conform with the usages of the Greek church and accept the authority of the 1750:

the service books contained internal inconsistencies, and had to be reprinted several times in quick succession. Rather than being revised according to ancient Slavonic and Greek manuscripts, the new liturgical editions had actually been translated from modern Greek editions printed in Catholic Venice.

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Petrov (1620 or 1621 to 1682), publicly denounced and rejected all ecclesiastical reforms. The State church anathematized both the old rites and books and those who wished to stay loyal to them at the synod of 1666. From that moment, the Old Believers officially lacked all civil rights. The State had

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Eastern Orthodoxy of the Greek Church, introducing various Greek reforms to the liturgy. Old Believers believe these reforms to be heretical, believing the pre-reform rites to be the authentic practices of the early church. Old Believer theology is characterized by this strict adherence to pre-reform

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Modern-day Old Believers live all over the world, having fled Russia under tsarist persecution and after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Some Old Believers are still transient throughout various parts of the world today. Significant established Old Believer communities exist in the United States and

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In the course of the polemics against Old Believers, the official Russian Orthodox Church often claimed the discrepancies, which emerged in the texts between the Russian and the Greek churches, as Russian innovations, errors, or arbitrary translations. This charge of "Russian innovation" re-appeared

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The Popovtsy represented the more moderate conservative opposition, those who strove to continue religious and church life as it had existed before the reforms of Nikon. They recognized ordained priests from the new-style Russian Orthodox church who joined the Old Believers and who had denounced the

1975:

The incorrectly realized book revision by Nikon, owing to its speed, its range, its foreignness of sources and its offending character was bound to provoke protest, given the seriously assimilated, not only national but also the genuine orthodox identity of the Russian people. The protest was indeed

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It was not disputed by the reformers that the Russian texts should be corrected by reference to the most ancient Greek, but also Slavonic, manuscripts, although they also considered that many traditional Russian ceremonial practices were acceptable. In addition, the hastily published new editions of

1967:

Changes were also often made arbitrarily in the texts. For example, wherever the books read 'Христосъ' , Nikon's assistants substituted 'Сынъ' , and wherever they read 'Сынъ' they substituted 'Христосъ'. Another example is that wherever the books read 'Церковь' , Nikon substituted 'Храмъ' and vice

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People often refer to the period from 1905 until 1917 as "the Golden Age of the Old Faith". One can regard the Act of 1905 as emancipating the Old Believers, who had until then occupied an almost illegal position in Russian society. Some restrictions for Old Believers continued: for example, they

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In the past the Old Believers' movement was often perceived as an obscure faith in rituals that led to the deaths of tens of thousands of ignorant people. Old Believers were accused of not being able to distinguish the important from the unimportant. To many people of that time, however, rituals

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was one of the very few alterations that could be seen as a genuine correction, rather than aligning the texts of Russian liturgical books and practices, customs and even vestments with the Greek versions that Nikon considered were universally applicable norms. Nikon also attacked Russian Church

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These aspects, play a role in the perception of these rituals by the faithful and in their spiritual lives. Considering the fact that Church rituals from their very beginning were intertwined with doctrinal truth, changing these rituals may have a tremendous effect on religious conscience and a

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Although all Old Believers groups emerged as a result of opposition to the Nikonite reform, they do not constitute a single monolithic body. Despite the emphasis on invariable adherence to the pre-Nikonite traditions, the Old Believers feature a great diversity of groups that profess different

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and other liturgical books with their Greek counterparts. Monasteries from all over Russia received requests to send examples to Moscow to have them subjected to a comparative analysis. Such a task would have taken many years of conscientious research and could hardly have given an unambiguous

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Centuries of persecution and the nature of their origin have made some Old Believers culturally conservative. Some Old Believers consider any pre-Nikonite Orthodox Russian practice or artifact as exclusively theirs, denying that the Russian Orthodox Church has any claims upon a history before

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Today's readers might perceive these alterations as trivial, but the faithful of that time saw rituals and dogmas as strongly interconnected: church rituals had from the beginning represented and symbolized doctrinal truth. The authorities imposed the reforms in an autocratic fashion, with no

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By the middle of the 17th century, Greek and Russian Church officials, including Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, had noticed discrepancies between contemporary Russian and Greek usages. They reached the conclusion that the Russian Orthodox Church had, as a result of errors of incompetent copyists,

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Both the popovtsy and bespopovtsy, although theologically and psychologically two different teachings, manifested spiritual, eschatological and mystical tendencies throughout Russian religious thought and church life. One can also emphasize the schism's position in the political and cultural

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Nikon, who joined in 1649. Their original aim was to revitalise the parishes through effective preaching, the orderly celebration of the liturgy, and enforcement of the church's moral teachings. To ensure that the liturgy was celebrated correctly, its original and authentic form had to be

3281:, Australia, for many years until many families left the area in the early 2000s. Communities also have been established in many parts of South America, including Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia and Argentina, where they moved after having found refuge in China between the 1920s and the 1950s. 1693:

than that which was used in the current Greek books, which had been revised over the centuries, and contained innovations. Nikon wanted to have the same rite in the Russian tsardom as those ethnically Slavic lands, then the territories of Ukraine and Belarus, that were then part of the

1642:. During his time in Novgorod, Nikon began to develop his view that the responsibility for the spiritual health of Russia lay with senior church leaders, not the tsar. When he became patriarch, he started to reorganise the church's administration so it was wholly under his own control. 2602:, i.e. "people of the same faith"; collective, единоверчество; often referred to as Orthodox Old Ritualists, православные старообрядцы): Agreed to become a part of the official Russian Orthodox Church while saving the old rites. First appearing in 1800, the Edinovertsy come under the 537:'s Edict of Tolerance in 1905. The total number of Old Believers at the beginning of the 20th century is difficult to estimate, as many still feared persecution for admitting their faith, but contemporary sources put the total between 10 to 20 million. Persecution was renewed in the 2806:, and attempts to subordinate the Church to the state. Nevertheless, the Old Believers sought above all to defend and preserve the purity of the Orthodox faith, embodied in the old rituals, which inspired many to strive against Patriarch Nikon's church reforms even unto death. 2136:

signed an act of religious freedom that ended the persecution of all religious minorities in Russia. The Old Believers gained the right to build churches, to ring church bells, to hold processions and to organize themselves. It became prohibited to refer to Old Believers as

2352:, adherence to the old rituals and the old faith. More radical movements which already existed prior to the reforms of Nikon and where eschatological and anti-clerical sentiments were predominant, would join the bezpopovtsy Old Believers. The Bezpopovtsy claimed that any 1788:

Nevertheless, both patriarch and tsar wished to carry out their reforms, although their endeavors may have had as much or more political motivation as religious; several authors on this subject point out that Tsar Aleksei, encouraged by his military success in the

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revoking the anathemas, asking forgiveness from the Old Believers. Under their auspices, the first efforts to make the prayer and service books of the Old Believers available in English were made. Nevertheless, most Old Believer communities have not returned to

3818: 1797:. They also mention the role of the Near-East patriarchs, who actively supported the idea of the Russian Tsar becoming the liberator of all Orthodox Christians and who suggested that Patriarch Nikon might become the new Patriarch of Constantinople. 2939:

with the Sign of the Cross, while New Ritualists use the Sign of the Cross as a Trinitarian symbol. This makes for a significant difference between the two branches of Russian Orthodoxy, and one of the most noticeable (see the picture of Boyarynya

2935:(the pointer finger straight, middle finger slightly bent) while new-style Orthodoxy uses two fingers and the thumb for the sign of cross (the thumb and two fingers are held together at point, two fingers folded). Old Ritualists generally say the 1583:, a Russian church council in 1551, whose decrees formed the basis of Orthodox ritual and liturgy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. This synod condemned many popular religious practices; among other things, it forbade the practice of 4089:"Nikon's correctors made such a lot mistakes in the new editions, which were so absurd and awkward, that it gave ground to maintain that Nikon had said to the head corrector: 'Revise, Arseny, just anyway, if only it doesn't look as before. 2902:

However, Russian economic history of the late 19th and early 20th centuries reveals the Old-Believer merchant families as more flexible and more open to innovations while creating factories and starting the first Russian industries.

2766:) but nevertheless took up serious study of the causes and background of the reforms and of the resulting schism. Their research revealed that the official explanation regarding the old Russian books and rites was unsustainable. 2238:

obtained their own hierarchy in the 1920s. The priestist Old Believers thus manifest as two churches which share the same beliefs, but which treat each other's hierarchy as illegitimate. Popovtsy have priests, bishops and all

2774: 2750:, a specialist on Russian ecclesiastical culture. Golubinsky, Dmitriyevsky, Kartashov and Kapterev, amongst others, demonstrated that the rites, rejected and condemned by the church reforms, were genuine traditions of 4699:.: Consists of the liturgy of the Old Believers (a.k.a. Old Ritualists), as also now authorized for use in parishes of the canonical Russian Orthodox Church; texts in Russian and English on facing pages. Without ISBN 1738:, and a pamphlet justifying his liturgical changes. The new psalter and missal altered the most frequently used words and visible gestures in the liturgy, including the pronunciation of Christ's name and making the 549:

reforms of the Soviet Union. In the early 21st century, the number of Old Believers is estimated to be between 2 to 3 million, mostly in Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, and the United States.

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Remarkably, the scholars who opened the new avenues for re-evaluation of the reform by the Russian Church themselves held membership in the official church (A. V. Kapterev, for instance, was a professor at the

2227:, to become an Old Believer and to consecrate three Russian Old Believer priests as bishops. In 1859, the number of Old Believer bishops in Russia reached ten and they established their own episcopate, the 2918:, the first Russian saints (early 14th century icon of the Moscow school). The Old Believers only recognize saints who were canonized before the Schism, although they do have their own saints, such as 2010:). However, after the deposition of Patriarch Nikon (1658), who presented too strong a challenge to the tsar's authority, a series of church councils officially endorsed Nikon's liturgical reforms. 3130:. Perhaps the highest concentration of older established Old Believer communities, with foundations dating back hundreds of years, can be found concentrated in Eastern Siberia, specifically the 1495:

In doing so, according to the Old Believers, Nikon acted without adequate consultation with the clergy and without gathering a council. After the implementation of these revisions, the Church

452:, producing a division in Eastern Europe between the Old Believers and those who followed the state church in its condemnation of the Old Rite. Russian speakers refer to the schism itself as 4510:"After prolonged and serious training, the Council of the Metropolitanate decided to take protopresbyter Joachim Kiimbu into the bosom of the Church as the second rank in the existing rank" 1587:. In addition, while stressing the need for accurate copying of sacred documents, it also approved of traditional Russian liturgical practices that differed from contemporary Greek ones. 2610:, abbreviated as ROCOR – have come into communion under different circumstances and retain being old believers in the traditional context and retain the use of the pre-Nikonite rituals. 2810:

expressed the very essence of their faith. Old Believers hold that the preservation of a certain "microclimate" that enables the salvation of one's soul requires not only living by the

1698:, to attract local Orthodox rebels. Their rite was closer to the Greek than that in the Muscovite realm. Nikon did not accept the existence of two different rites in the same church. 4287: 4875: 1510:

Those who maintained fidelity to the existing rite endured severe persecutions from the end of the 17th century until the beginning of the 20th century as "Schismatics" (Russian:

2754:, altered in Greek usage during the 15th–16th centuries but remaining unchanged in Russia. The pre-Nikonite liturgical practices, including some elements of the Russian typicon 2684:

continued throughout the 15th century and, because of its slow implementation, met with little resistance—unlike Nikon's reforms, conducted with abruptness and violence.

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Without waiting for the completion of any comparative analysis, Nikon overrode the decrees of the Stoglavy Synod and ordered the printing of new editions of the Russian

1742:. In addition, the overbearing manner in which he forced the changes through turned Avvakum and others of the Zealots of Piety against him. Their protests led to their 3684: 744: 530:(the priestless ones); the Popovtsy accept priests ordained by the reformed Russian Church, while the Bespopovtsy reject any priest ordained after Nikonite reforms. 4810:

All these works come from scholars and scientists, none of them Old Believers, except for Melnikov (an Old-Believer apologist) and Urushev (a religious historian).

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The critical evaluation of the sources and of the essence of the church reforms began only in the 1850s, with the groundbreaking work of several church historians,

2125:(reigned 1825–1855). The Russian synodal state church and the state authorities often saw Old Believers as dangerous elements and as a threat to the Russian state. 2703:(Rus. "eye of the church"). This pre-Nikonite version, based on the Moscow printed editions of 1610, 1633 and 1641, continues to be used by modern Old Believers. 1996:

depicting Christ giving a blessing. Two digits appear straightened, three folded. The Old Believers regard this as the proper way of making the sign of the Cross.

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rite performed otherwise (for example through pouring or sprinkling, as the Russian Orthodox Church has occasionally accepted since the 18th century). (See

2424:: "Society of Christian Old Believers of the Old Pomortsy Unmarried Confession" (1690s until present); deny marriage and practice cloister-style asceticism. 4679:

Stefanie Scherr, 2013 : "'As soon as we got here we lost everything': the migration memories and religious lives of the old believers in Australia |

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The Old Believers fiercely rejected all innovations, and the most radical among them maintained that the official Church had fallen into the hands of the

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Living Traditions of Russian Faith: Books & Manuscripts of the Old Believers : an Exhibition at the Library of Congress, May 31 – June 29, 1990.

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to conquer West Russian provinces and Ukraine, developed ambitions of becoming the liberator of the Orthodox areas which at that time formed part of the

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from then until 1658, introduced a number of ritual and textual revisions with the aim of achieving uniformity between the practices of the Russian and

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belief, as well as the church and state's mass persecution of the Old Believers, many fled to establish colonies and monasteries in the wilderness. No

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Old Believer churches in Russia currently have started restoration of their property, although Old Believers face many difficulties in claiming their

4695:. Trans. and ed. by Pimen Simon, Theodore Jurewics, German Ciuba. Erie, Penn.: Russian Orthodox Church of the Nativity of Christ (Old Rite), 1986. 3321:

in the end of the 17th century. Currently, there are 2,605 Old Believers in Estonia according to the 2011 census. They live mostly in villages from

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After 1685, a period of persecutions began, including both torture and executions. Many Old Believers fled Russia altogether, particularly for the

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Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the age of the Counter-Reformation in The Cambridge History of Christianity Vol.5, Eastern Christianity

4885: 4459: 3819:"Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego" 1805:

The numerous changes in both texts and rites occupied approximately 400 pages. Old Believers present the following as the most crucial changes:

4870: 4766: 4075: 2364:. Therefore, the true church of Christ had ceased to exist on Earth, and the Bezpopovtsy therefore renounced priests and all sacraments except 472: 2758:, were demonstrated to have preserved earlier Byzantine practices, being closer to the earlier Byzantine texts than some later Greek customs. 2574:"Netovtsy" or Saviour's Confession: denied the possibility of celebrating sacraments and praying in churches; the name comes from the Russian 4356: 2444:

i.e. chapel), a Siberian branch. The Chasovennye initially had priests, but later decided to change to a priest-less practice. Also known as

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as of 2006. Old Believers arrived in Alaska, US, in the second half of the 20th century, helping to revive a shrinking Orthodox population.

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The thumb, ring and little fingers held together, and the extended index and middle fingers touching, with the middle finger slightly bent

4291: 2445: 1452: 4733:/ Dmitrievskij A.A.: The correction of books under Patriarch Nikon and Patriarchs after him. Moscow, "Jazyki slavjanskoj kul'tury", 2004 4414: 2461:

Apart from these major groups, many smaller groups have emerged and became extinct at various times since the end of the 17th century:

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Apology of the Old Belief. An outsider's view: the Old Belief through the eyes of non-Old Believers, p. 108. Moscow, 2006 (in Russian)

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new priests, meaning the anti-reform priesthood would quickly vanish. This dilemma led to the split among the Old Believers into the

4771:/ Kapterev N.F.: "Character of the relationships between Russia and the orthodox East in the 16th and 17th centuries", Moscow, 1914 4846: 3635: 4890: 4114: 3776: 3058: 2607: 1549: 1445: 818: 717: 3660: 2687:

In the course of the 15th—17th centuries, Russian scribes continued to insert some Studite material into the general shape of

2680:—originally, an adaptation of the Studite liturgy to the customs of Palestinian monasteries. The process of gradual change of 2430:: Named after their founder, Filipp. They were repressed by the Russian Government and so, the Fillipovtsy started practicing 2022:

the most active Old Believers arrested, and executed several of them (including Archpriest Avvakum) some years later in 1682.

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Opponents of the ecclesiastical reforms of Nikon emerged among all strata of the people and in relatively large numbers (see

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The thumb, index finger and middle finger are held together while the ring finger and little finger are tucked into the palm

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Nikon. Upon Nikon's elevation to the patriarchal throne, he and the tsar hoped to revitalize the Russian Church through the

3001:, instead of five as in new-rite Russian Orthodoxy or a single large prosphoron, as sometimes done by the Greeks and Arabs. 1584: 1545: 722: 4681:'As soon as we got here we lost everything': the migration memories and religious lives of the old believers in Australia 4191: 2046:, where the community exists to this day. Old Believers became the dominant denomination in many regions, including the 2198: 1695: 1398: 4680: 4102: 2870: 2779: 1743: 4747:, Москва, 1913 / Kapterv N.F.: "Patriarch Nikon and his opponents in the correction of church rituals", Moscow, 1913 3609: 2852: 3432: 3373: 2259: 1790: 1340: 1117: 655: 164: 154: 4397: 4330: 3861: 2154:

interpretations of the church tradition and often are not in communion with each other. Some groups even practice

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of its own that had significantly deviated from the Greek originals. Thus, the Russian Orthodox Church had become

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Russian piety and Orthodox culture 1380–1589 in The Cambridge History of Christianity Vol.5, Eastern Christianity

1951: 1770: 1410: 805: 2030: 4880: 4825: 2837: 2470:(beginning of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries; extinct): from the name of the merchant Aristov; 1646: 2963:

Old Believers reject any changes and emendations of liturgical texts and rituals introduced by the reforms of

2669: 566: 3484: 3404: 2397: 2001: 1777:. Instead of the guardian of Orthodox faith, Moscow seemed an accumulation of serious liturgical mistakes. 1766: 1129: 187: 4792:. Барнаул, 1999 / Melnikov F.I.: "Short history of the Old orthodox (Old ritualist) Church", Barnaul, 1999 4612:

Pokrovsii. N.N. “Western Siberian Scriptoria and Binderies: Ancient Traditions Among the Old Believers.”

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liturgical practices. At the end of the 11th century, the efforts of St. Theodosius of the Caves in Kiev (

2141:(schismatics), as they were under Catherine the Great—reigned 1762–1796, a name they consider insulting. 3473: 3422: 2743: 2278: 1758: 1701:

Supported by Tsar Aleksei, Nikon carried out some preliminary liturgical reforms. In 1652, he convened a

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The Old Believers in Imperial Russia: Oppression, Opportunism and Religious Identity in Tsarist Moscow

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R. O. Crummey (2008). "Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the age of the Counter-Reformation".

3918: 3516: 3465: 3303:, are descendants of the Old Believers who left Russia in around 1740 to avoid religious persecutions. 2763: 2216: 2132:

passed an act that allowed Old Believers to practise their faith openly without interference. In 1905,

1991: 1524:, who reigned from 1762 to 1796. Those who adopted new liturgical practices started to call themselves 4483: 4149:

The Old Believers in Imperial Russia: Oppression, Opportunism and Religious Identity in Tsarist Moscow

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traditions, as well as the belief that the reformed church's heresy is coeval with the arrival of the

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Boyaryna Morozova showing two fingers, painting by Surikov – detail, sketch 04 from Tretyakov gallery

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through three full immersions, in agreement with the Greek practice, but reject the validity of any

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and All Rus', the Studite liturgical practices were gradually replaced in Russia with the so-called

2534:"Grandmother's confession" or the Self-baptized: practiced self-baptism or the baptism by midwives ( 2176:

priests of the old rite would have soon become extinct. Two responses appeared to this dilemma: the

4740:, том I и II, Москва 2006 / Zenkovsky S.A.: "Russia's Old Believers", volumes I and II, Moscow 2006 3100: 2649:(essentially, a guide-book for liturgical and monastic life) reflected the traditions of the urban 2043: 1774: 1289: 1092: 712: 645: 2254:—The largest popovtsy denomination. One can refer to the Russian part of this denomination as the 4187: 3525: 3489: 3079:

rights for their churches. Moscow has churches for all the most important Old Believer branches:

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global: the episcopate, the clergy, both regular and monastic, the laity and the ordinary people.

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between 1652 and 1666. Resisting the accommodation of Russian piety to the contemporary forms of

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Small hidden communities have been found in the Russian Far North (specifically remote areas of

1603:, Stefan Vonifatiev, sponsored a group, mainly composed of non-monastic clergy and known as the 1492:

and texts, ordered an adjustment of the Russian rites to align with the Greek ones of his time.

4865: 3797: 3506: 3251: 1568:, observing church festivals and marking births, marriages, and deaths with Orthodox rituals. 1270: 1154: 886: 729: 702: 20: 2336:(Russian Old Believers) during a ceremony in front of their church in the Romanian village of 1619:

established, but the way that Nikon did this caused disputes between him and other reformers.

4648:———————— (1956), "The Old Believer Avvakum", 3185: 2650: 2220: 2133: 2091: 1683: 1627: 1557: 1485: 1417: 1294: 1260: 1240: 1176: 739: 707: 662: 125: 113: 24: 3008:

verse after the psalmody twice rather than the three times mandated by the Nikonite reforms.

1164: 4778:, Париж, 1959 / Kartašov A.V.: "Outlines of the history of the Russian church", Paris, 1959 3203: 2361: 2263: 2170: 2122: 1548:, but resident in Moscow, by a council of Russian bishops in 1448 without consent from the 1314: 1181: 1107: 1102: 1087: 995: 936: 921: 901: 866: 734: 4551:

The Old Believers & The World Of Antichrist; The Vyg Community & The Russian State

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officially converted the Eastern Slavs to Christianity in 988, and the people had adopted

1665: 8: 4584: 4419: 3479: 3457: 3080: 3054: 2129: 1650: 1639: 1631: 1521: 1489: 1435: 1383: 1328: 1309: 1186: 1027: 1022: 985: 833: 749: 491: 483: 3610:"Tieslietu ministrijā iesniegtie reliģisko organizāciju pārskati par darbību 2011. gadā" 1964:

reforms would have objected as much to the manner of imposition as to the alterations.

4843: 4668:———————— (1957), "The Russian Schism", 4069: 3892: 3706: 3259: 3243: 3215: 3211: 3199: 3190: 3115: 3096: 2888: 2844: 2787: 2731: 2630: 2409: 2357: 2266:

played a major role in the creation of the denomination and remains as the seat of the

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revoked the anathemas imposed on the Old Believers in the 17th century. In 1974, the

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Take up your Cross: most influential persons and events in the history of Old Belief

2337: 2329: 3876: 3533: 3469: 3207: 3174: 3159: 3139: 3122:) and various regions of Siberia, especially concentrated in the areas between the 3015:

singing as the new-style Russian practice, but only the monodic, unison singing of

3005: 2739: 2727: 2662: 2306: 2067: 1917: 1604: 1596: 1565: 1403: 1250: 1112: 1057: 1032: 787: 476: 118: 4785:, I–VIII, Москва, 1956–1959 / Ključevskij I.P.: "Works", I–VIII, Moscow, 1956–1959 4437: 4250: 4161: 2302:; in some places, they had no priests and so belonged to the Bezpopovtsy (extinct) 4850: 4401: 3318: 3314: 3123: 3041: 3020: 2975:, striving to preserve intact the "pre-Nikonite" practices of the Russian Church. 2968: 2964: 2735: 2695:, used by the Russian Orthodox Church, and the pre-Nikonite Russian recension of 2611: 2431: 2371:

The Bezpopovtsy movement has many sub-groups. Bezpopovtsy have no priests and no

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The unrevised Muscovite service-books derived from a different, and older, Greek

1679: 1473: 1304: 1279: 1203: 1077: 1011: 941: 515: 223: 4312: 2782:(beginning of the 20th century), the oldest centre of the priestly Old Believers 4669: 3521: 3255: 3247: 3069: 3016: 2994: 2915: 2887:

prevailing over form. To illustrate this issue, the renowned Russian historian

2803: 2654: 2634: 2615: 2489: 2107: 2095: 2059: 1794: 1724: 1670: 1580: 1572: 1393: 1388: 1378: 1255: 990: 931: 906: 843: 838: 823: 697: 468: 441: 233: 4713:, Москва, 1900 / Golubinskij EE: "History of the Russian Church", Moscow, 1900 4196: 4034:

Russia, Ritual and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century

3988:

Russia, Ritual and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century

3880: 3036: 2618:, is a proponent of edinoverie, since it combines Apostolic succession of the 2234:

Not all popovtsy Old Believers recognized this hierarchy. Dissenters known as

1520:). They became known as "Old Ritualists", a name introduced under the empress 4859: 4605:

Russia—Ritual and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century

3888: 3511: 3495: 3330: 3239: 3223: 3170: 3127: 3119: 2811: 2799: 2555: 2292: 2207: 2117:(reigned 1682–1725) (Old Believers had to pay double taxation and a separate 2083: 1781: 1623: 1332: 1198: 963: 926: 896: 891: 3501: 3300: 3274: 3143: 2936: 2815: 2405: 2110:

said that they belonged to one of the Old Believer branches (census data).

2087: 2075: 1371: 813: 776: 687: 518:, who was banished to a monastery), so the Old Believers had no ability to 1985: 3613: 3398: 3338: 3131: 3108: 3076: 2477: 2449: 2437: 2421: 2184: 1713: 1507:

itself, as well as those who were reluctant to pass to the revised rite.

1265: 1235: 1213: 1072: 1017: 980: 955: 677: 603: 546: 534: 527: 507: 198: 179: 3777:"Kazakhstan: Russian Old Believers Cling to Faith amid Uncertain Future" 3581: 2578:"no", since they have "no" sacraments, "no" churches, "no" priests, etc. 1488:

churches. Nikon, having noticed discrepancies between Russian and Greek

4542:

Shevchenko I., "Ideological Repercussions of the Council of Florence",

4535:

Cherniavsky, M.: "The Reception of the Council of Florence in Moscow",

4394: 4131: 3685:"Population by religious community to which they attributed themselves" 3589: 3342: 3289: 3231: 3012: 2987: 2949: 2945: 2603: 2588: 2521: 2427: 2349: 2345: 2173: 2155: 2014: 1907: 1608: 1002: 801: 682: 623: 618: 500: 495: 169: 3019:. In this respect it represents a tradition that parallels the use of 4115:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 3529: 2998: 2983: 2814:, but also carefully preserving Church tradition, which contains the 2503: 2372: 2244: 2240: 2118: 2098:

self-declared as Old Believers or other denominations split from the

1961: 1912: 1892: 1690: 1622:

In 1646, Nikon first met Tsar Aleksei, who immediately appointed him

1615: 1600: 1477: 1245: 1037: 692: 628: 542: 533:

The widespread persecution of Old Believers came to an end with Tsar

4745:Патриарх Никон и его противники в деле исправления церковныx обрядов 2855:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2113:

Government oppression could vary from relatively moderate, as under

2102:. By the 1910s, in the last Imperial Russian census just before the 1780:

It is argued that changing the wording of the eighth article of the

1579:

throughout the Muscovite realm. This resulted in the holding of the

1571:

The main objectives of reformers in the 16th century, many from the

4723:/ "Contribution to our polemic with the Old believers", ČOIDR, 1905 4251:"Vladimir Basenkov. Getting To Know the Old Believers: How We Pray" 3408: 3381: 3357: 3296: 3235: 3135: 3104: 3084: 2911: 2333: 2314: 2224: 2203: 2178: 2071: 1635: 1561: 1496: 613: 608: 523: 445: 146: 4658:———————— (1967) , 3707:"Table 8.11 Population (urban, rural) by Age and Religious Belief" 2818:

power and knowledge of past centuries, embodied in external forms.

2691:. This explains the differences between the modern version of the 2531:): second half of the 18th century, a spin-off of the Fillipovtsy. 1960:

consultation of the subject people. Those who reacted against the

4753:Характер отношений России к православному востоку в XVI и XVII вв 4751:———————— (1914), 4727:———————— (2004), 4717:———————— (1905), 3965:. Vol. 5: Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. 3451: 3322: 3307: 2979: 2972: 2919: 2543: 2538:), since a valid priesthood—in their opinion—had ceased to exist; 2520:): refused to use money and passports (as containing the seal of 2365: 2166: 2079: 2063: 2018: 1731: 1707: 1611: 1576: 1430: 1067: 667: 425: 3913:

S. Rock (2008). "Russian piety and Orthodox culture 1380–1589".

4820: 4357:"Old Believers preserve rare Russian dialects in South America" 3472:

Church, founded for similar reasons when it split off from the

3361: 3334: 3278: 3270: 3219: 3178: 2563: 2401: 2353: 2047: 2007: 1735: 911: 519: 511: 454: 429: 261: 4797:Возьми крест свой: история старообрядчества в событиях и лицах 4729:Исправление книг при патриархе Никоне и последующих патриархах 4095:

Kratkaja istorija drevlepravoslavnoj (staroobradčeskoj) cerkvi

4640:

Zenkovsky, Serge A.: "The ideology of the Denisov brothers",

4381: 3345:

Island. Their proximity to Lake Peipus gives them their name

3326: 3063: 2344:

The Bezpopovtsy rejected "the World" where they believed the

2158:

before admitting a member of another group into their midst.

2055: 1835: 1822: 1754: 1702: 4790:Краткая история древлеправославной (старообрядческой) церкви 2606:

of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate –

2412:). Initially they rejected marriage and prayer for the Tsar. 3158:

Russian Old Believers, 1 of 14 congregations in and around

3146:, fled later into the wild to avoid Communist persecution. 2711:

treatises and catecheses, including, for example, those by

2548: 2499: 2161:

Since none of the bishops joined the Old Believers, except

480: 23:. For the album by Cory Chisel and The Wandering Sons, see 4837: 4331:"La "colonia de los barbudos", un clan aislado en Uruguay" 3732:"At least 15-year-old persons by religion, sex and place" 2498:

confession (troparschiki): a group that commemorated the

2223:

bishop whom Turkish pressure had removed from his see at

2094:, 2,204,596 people, about 1.75% of the population of the 1746:

and exile and, in some cases, imprisonment or execution.

4434:"24 'old believers' settle in Primorye: Voice of Russia" 4313:"Alaska Economic Trends November 2002: the Delta region" 2017:. The Old Believers, under the leadership of Archpriest 1971:

According to a source sympathetic to the Old Believers:

4876:

Christian denominations established in the 17th century

4235:, (4 Volumes), J.M. Dent/E.P. Dutton, London/NY, 1911. 2202:

Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church paschal procession in

1705:

and exhorted the clergy on the need to compare Russian

1560:. By then, apart from Muslim and Jewish minorities and 3072:

with the majority of Orthodox Christianity worldwide.

2622:, while preserving pre-Nikonite liturgical tradition. 2558:): practised a peculiar lay "quasi-Eucharistic" rite; 2348:

reigned; they preached the imminent end of Creation,

2106:, approximately ten percent of the population of the 1872:(And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life) 1719:

result, given the complex development of the Russian

3798:"Azerbaijan is a model of coexistence for the world" 3447: 2668:

At the end of the 14th century, through the work of

2375:. Priestless churches, however, may elect a mentor ( 2305:

There have also been Old Believer members, like Fr.

1723:

over the previous centuries and the lack of textual

4197:"Время может быть обращено вспять. Александр Дугин" 3661:"What does the 2011 census tell us about religion?" 3602: 3356:Two Old Believer missions have been established in 2625: 2360:who had ever used the Nikonite Rites had forfeited 4831: 2956:, as these parts of the body are used to make the 2952:is used to keep one's face and hands clean during 2551:and prayed to the East through a hole in the wall; 4451: 4027: 4025: 4023: 3979: 2476:(extinct in the twentieth century): emerged from 2418:Staropomortsy, or "Old Pomortsy": reject marriage 1630:in Moscow. In 1649, Nikon was consecrated as the 479:. This group of church reformers gathered around 464:), etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart". 4857: 4125: 3579: 2665:and was accepted throughout the Russian lands. 2661:predominated throughout the western part of the 2614:, sociologist and a former strategic adviser to 2509:Daniel's confession of the "partially married" ( 2415:Novopomortsy, or "New Pomortsy": accept marriage 490:in the late 1630s, and also included the future 4844:Old Believers in North America — a bibliography 3388:Old-Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church of Fedoseevtsy 3306:There are approximately 3,000 Old Believers in 2931:Old Believers use two fingers while making the 2434:as a means for the "preservation of the faith". 2145:were forbidden from joining the civil service. 4623:, Cambridge University University Press, 2008 4020: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 2971:translation of the Greek texts, including the 2883:The Old Believers reject the idea of contents 2295:(extinct, now the Russian Old-Orthodox Church) 4607:, Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press 4265: 4031: 3985: 3960: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3277:of New Zealand. A large community existed in 2597: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2148: 1531: 1525: 1515: 1453: 459: 40: 4726: 4484:"Mission of the Old-Rite Church in Pakistan" 4415:Saving the souls of Russia's exiled Lipovans 4382:Slavo-Georgian (Iberian) Old-Orthodox Church 4271: 4242: 3862:"Traditional Culture and the Old Ritualists" 1552:initiated the effective independence of the 467:The leaders of the Old Believers, including 4716: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3935: 3908: 3906: 3753:"Population and the demographic structure1" 3284:Old Believer communities are also found in 2324: 1614:as a founder-member, as well as the future 4765:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4602: 4490:. The Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church 4395:Kazakhstan's Old Believers Keep the Faith. 4074:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3829: 2746:. Research was continued later mainly by 2730:, A. K. Borozdin, N. Gibbenet and, later, 2393:) to lead the community and its services. 2258:(the "Belokrinitsky Agreement") or as the 2215:Nikonite reforms. In 1846, they convinced 1870:; И в Духа Свѧтаго, Господа Животворѧщаго 1536:, 'those believing rightly', 'orthodox'). 1460: 1446: 133:and Novozybkovskaya hierarchies (Popovtsy) 4838:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church of Lithuania 4667: 4657: 4647: 4457: 3417:Union of Old Believer Parishes in Estonia 3414:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church of Lithuania 2967:. Thus they continue to use the previous 2871:Learn how and when to remove this message 1929:(alleluia alleluia, glory to Thee, o God) 1564:subject peoples, the Russian people were 4750: 4574:, I. B. Tauris, 2018 ISBN 978-1784538927 4476: 4248: 4151:, I. B. Tauris, 2018 ISBN 978-0755601325 4056: 4004: 3903: 3367: 3184: 3164: 3153: 3035: 2978:Old Believers only recognize performing 2910: 2773: 2480:, supported the use of the inscription " 2328: 2197: 2029: 1984: 1950: 1664: 1182:Postliberal • Narrative 4354: 4322: 3912: 2400:or Danilovtsy (not to be confused with 1645:In 1649, a Greek delegation, headed by 1599:(r. 1645–1676), the young tsar and his 19:For the political party in Latvia, see 4886:History of the Russian Orthodox Church 4858: 4637:Washington: Library of Congress, 1990. 3091:official center), a cathedral for the 3059:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 2608:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 2268:Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia. 2191: 1550:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1051:From the Reformation to the World Wars 4871:17th-century establishments in Russia 4633:Smith, Abby, and Vladimir Budaragin. 4464:Smithsonian Journeys Travel Quarterly 4328: 4276:. Chemaninus Free Press. p. 267. 4138:(New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 294. 3963:The Cambridge History of Christianity 3917:. Vol. 5: Eastern Christianity. 3915:The Cambridge History of Christianity 3573: 2707:repeatedly in the textbooks and anti- 2034:A map of Old Believer settlements in 1927:Аллилуїа, аллилуїа, слава Тебѣ, Боже 599:Diversity in early Christian theology 3899:– via Peeters Online Journals. 3869:Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 3859: 3031: 2820: 2742:. The last four were members of the 2641:, d. 1074) introduced the so-called 2262:. The Old Rite community founded at 1590: 297:Regions with significant populations 4731:, Москва: Языки славянской культуры 4560:, Cambridge University Press, 2008 4460:"Tracing Alaska's Russian Heritage" 4249:Basenkov, Vladimir (10 June 2017). 3990:. St Vladimir's Press. p. 42. 3524:— a denominational movement within 2906: 2798:background of its time: increasing 2025: 1800: 1660: 1546:Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia 1499:and suppressed—with the support of 448:, together with their ritual, in a 436:as they were before the reforms of 13: 4719:К нашей полемике со старообрядцами 4686: 4117:. November 5, 2010. Archived from 3313:Old Believers from Russia fled to 3189:A Russian Old Believers Church in 3169:Inside an Old Believers church in 2182:(поповцы, "with priests") and the 1686:with the other Orthodox churches. 141:Independent councils (Bezpopovtsy) 14: 4902: 4813: 4318:. AK, US: Labor State Department. 3149: 2169:, who was put to death for this, 2070:. The 40,000-strong community of 1539: 514:opposed Nikon's reforms (besides 475:, were originally members of the 4832:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 4819: 4799:. Барнаул, 2009. / Urushev D.A. 4776:Очерки по истории русской церкви 4062:Очерки по истории русской церкви 4059:Očerki po istorii russkoj cerkvi 3450: 3433:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 3374:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church 2825: 2790:points out in his standard work 2626:Validity of the reformist theory 2260:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 1429: 1341:Indigenous church mission theory 656:Template:History of Christianity 575: 165:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church 155:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 56: 4674:, vol. XVI, pp. 37–58 4660:Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia 4502: 4426: 4407: 4387: 4374: 4348: 4329:Rojas, Daniel (27 March 2016). 4305: 4280: 4225: 4212: 4203: 4180: 4154: 4141: 4107: 4083: 4050: 3853: 3811: 3790: 3547: 3040:Old Believer church outside of 2895:severe impact on the faithful. 2554:Melchisedecs (in Moscow and in 2456: 2317:, who would also be classed as 2092:Imperial Russian census of 1897 1771:Patriarch Paisios of Alexandria 553: 444:worship, these Christians were 4891:17th-century Eastern Orthodoxy 4136:Catherine the Great: A Profile 3769: 3745: 3724: 3699: 3677: 3653: 3628: 2582: 2492:, which other groups rejected; 2404:) originated in North Russia ( 1895:in the Liturgy and Artoclasia 1696:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1673:of the Russian Orthodox Church 1647:Patriarch Paisios of Jerusalem 291:(including Lipovans, Molokans) 1: 4703: 4529: 4458:Montaigne, Fen (2016-07-07). 3540: 2769: 2722:, and theologians, including 2670:Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev 2277:Novozybkovskaya hierarchy or 1858:(And in the Holy Spirit, the 4652:, vol. I, pp. 1–51 4166:Lac La Biche Regional Museum 4017:Kapterev, N. F., 1913, 1914. 3850:Zenkovskiy S.A., 1995, 2006. 3612:(in Latvian). Archived from 3536:since the early 20th century 3485:Continuing Anglican movement 3405:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church 3134:region in desolate areas of 3048: 2744:Imperial Academy of Sciences 2398:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church 2002:Schism of the Russian Church 1791:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 526:(the priested ones) and the 188:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church 98:Independent Eastern Orthodox 16:Russian religious dissenters 7: 4361:Russia beyond the headlines 4355:Fedorov, Gleb (July 2016). 3580:Ol'ga Filina (2012-08-27). 3474:Assyrian Church of the East 3443: 3423:Russian Old-Orthodox Church 2851:the claims made and adding 2547:): relinquished the use of 2279:Russian Old-Orthodox Church 1852:; И в Духа Свѧтаго, Господа 1759:Patriarch Pitirim of Moscow 1655:Patriarch of Constantinople 1526: 1516: 1355:in the broader movement of 641:Proto-orthodox Christianity 422:Eastern Orthodox Christians 160:Russian Old-Orthodox Church 10: 4907: 4524: 4488:Russian Oldbeliever Church 3919:Cambridge University Press 3636:"Recensamantul populatiei" 3466:Ancient Church of the East 2993:Old Believers perform the 2778:The Uspensky cathedral in 2764:Slavic Greek Latin Academy 2738:, A. A. Dmitriyevsky, and 2586: 2217:Ambrose of Belaya Krinitsa 2149:Old Believer denominations 1999: 1765:, which brought Patriarch 1575:, were to standardise the 18: 4589:A History of Christianity 4220:Russkoe staroobrjadčestvo 3881:10.2143/JECS.50.3.2003049 3555:староверы or старообрядцы 3554: 3528:over differences such as 3437:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 3427:Novozybkovskaya Hierarchy 3378:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 3269:Two communities exist in 3093:Novozybkovskaya hierarchy 3089:Belokrinitskaya hierarchy 3011:Old Believers do not use 2598: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2252:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 2229:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 1980: 1767:Macarius III Ibn al-Za'im 1532: 1511: 1300:Conservative Christianity 745:Persecution and tolerance 486:and the tsar's confessor 460: 438:Patriarch Nikon of Moscow 400: 389: 378: 367: 356: 345: 334: 323: 312: 301: 296: 272: 260: 248: 240: 229: 218: 210: 178: 145: 137: 124: 112: 102: 94: 84: 76: 50: 41: 37: 32: 4738:Русское старообрядчество 4693:Old Orthodox Prayer Book 4616:20 (Spring 1971): 19–32. 4222:, 1970, 1990, pp. 19–20. 4061: 4057:Kartašov, A. V. (1959). 3641:(in Romanian). p. 9 3337:on the western coast of 3299:, who live in Romania's 3218:and in various parts of 3101:Preobrazhenskaya Zastava 3004:Old Believers chant the 2639:Феодосий Киево-Печерский 2325:Priestless (Bezpopovtsy) 2298:Luzhkane, also known as 2044:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1989:A 6th-century icon, the 1866:рожденна, не сотворенна 1775:Moscow as the Third Rome 1727:techniques at the time. 1638:and, in 1652, he became 1290:Progressive Christianity 1103:Fundamental/foundational 713:Theological hermeneutics 4579:The Council of Florence 4253:. Orthodox Christianity 4036:. St Vladimir's Press. 3860:Howe, Jovan E. (1998). 3526:Eastern Orthodox Church 3517:Traditionalist Catholic 3349:("Peipus Russians") in 3273:, Australia and in the 2511:danilovtsy polubrachnye 2311:Russian Catholic Church 2256:Belokrinitskoe Soglasie 2121:)—to intense, as under 2119:tax for wearing a beard 2100:Russian Orthodox Church 1862:Lord and Giver of Life) 1554:Eastern Orthodox Church 1482:Russian Orthodox Church 1436:Christianity portal 880:Post-Nicene development 651:History of Christianity 561:Part of a series on the 434:Russian Orthodox Church 267:Russian Orthodox Church 67:Two Old Believers from 4711:История русской церкви 4650:Indiana Slavic Studies 4642:Harvard Slavic Studies 4603:Meyendorff, P (1991), 4553:, Wisconsin U.P., 1970 4064:. Vol. II. Paris. 4032:P. Meyendorff (1991). 3986:P. Meyendorff (1991). 3507:Old Believers (Latvia) 3194: 3182: 3162: 3045: 2927: 2812:commandments of Christ 2792:Russia's Old Believers 2783: 2448:(in the lands east of 2341: 2272:Neokruzhniki (extinct) 2211: 2039: 1997: 1978: 1956: 1943:, glory to Thee, o God 1674: 1544:The installation of a 1503:state power—the prior 1187:Continental philosophy 730:Philosophical theology 244:Anti-reform dissenters 21:Old Believers (Latvia) 4881:Old Believer movement 4591:, 2009, Penguin 2010 4570:De Simone, Peter T.: 4546:XXIV (1955), 291–323. 4288:"Community Snapshots" 4272:Polly Elders (1995). 3368:Old Believer churches 3188: 3168: 3157: 3039: 2914: 2777: 2752:Orthodox Christianity 2678:Typicon of St. Sabbas 2651:Monastery of Stoudios 2381:) or church leaders ( 2332: 2201: 2033: 1988: 1973: 1954: 1668: 1628:Novospassky monastery 1607:. These included the 1558:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1295:Moderate Christianity 1285:extraterrestrial life 740:Christian apologetics 663:Ecclesiastical polity 71:in traditional dress. 25:Old Believers (album) 4828:at Wikimedia Commons 4585:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 4556:Crummey, Robert O.: 4549:Crummey, Robert O.: 4539:XXIV (1955), 147–57. 4274:All Things Will Pass 4199:– via YouTube. 4147:De Simone, Peter T. 4121:on November 5, 2010. 3490:Independent Catholic 3204:Hines Creek, Alberta 3142:. Others, like the 2541:"Hole-worshippers" ( 2527:Aaron's confession ( 2516:Adamant confession ( 2362:apostolic succession 2300:Luzhkovskoe soglasie 2264:Rogozhskoye Cemetery 1937:, слава Тебѣ, Боже ( 1933:Аллилуїа, аллилуїа, 1678:developed rites and 1597:Aleksei Mikhailovich 1595:During the reign of 1315:Evangelical theology 1148:Since the World Wars 1088:Restoration Movement 902:Byzantine Iconoclasm 735:Christian philosophy 506:As a result of this 4420:The Daily Telegraph 4233:A History of Russia 4093:" Mel'nikov, F. E. 3480:Confessing Movement 3458:Christianity portal 3173:, near Gervais and 3081:Rogozhskaya Zastava 3055:Moscow Patriarchate 2740:Nikolai F. Kapterev 2192:Priested (Popovtsy) 2130:Catherine the Great 1868:(begotten not made) 1651:Council of Florence 1640:Patriarch of Moscow 1522:Catherine the Great 1310:Confessing Movement 834:Cappadocian Fathers 750:Historical theology 492:Patriarch of Moscow 484:Alexei Mikhailovich 293: 4849:2012-03-02 at the 4736:Зеньковский С.А.: 4644:, 1957. III, 49–66 4614:The Book Collector 4404:" November 4, 2010 4400:2017-10-15 at the 4239:vol. 3 pp. 298–299 4218:Zenkovsky, S. A., 3216:Erskine, Minnesota 3212:Erie, Pennsylvania 3200:Plamondon, Alberta 3195: 3191:Nikolaevsk, Alaska 3183: 3163: 3116:Arkhangelsk Oblast 3046: 2928: 2924:Boyarynya Morozova 2920:Archpriest Avvakum 2889:Vasily Klyuchevsky 2836:possibly contains 2788:Serge A. Zenkovsky 2784: 2748:Serge A. Zenkovsky 2567:) or "Wanderers" ( 2410:Arkhangelsk Oblast 2342: 2212: 2104:October Revolution 2086:of Romania in the 2040: 2036:Moscow Governorate 1998: 1992:Christ Pantocrator 1957: 1939:alleluia alleluia 1763:Great Moscow Synod 1761:convened the 1666 1675: 1671:three-barred cross 1166:Nouvelle théologie 1160:Situational ethics 1118:Catholic Modernism 819:ante-Nicene period 636:Early Christianity 594:Christian theology 569:Christian theology 287: 236:(Russian modified) 214:15 or 20 countries 69:Nikolaevsk, Alaska 4824:Media related to 4781:Ключевский И.П.: 4629:978-0-52181-113-2 4597:978-0-14-102189-8 4581:, Cambridge, 1959 4566:978-0-52181-113-2 4043:978-0-88141-090-7 3997:978-0-88141-090-7 3972:978-0-52181-113-2 3928:978-0-52181-113-2 3230:area villages of 3032:Present situation 3025:neumatic notation 2958:sign of the cross 2942:Feodosia Morozova 2933:Sign of the Cross 2899:Patriarch Nikon. 2881: 2880: 2873: 2838:original research 2713:Dimitry of Rostov 2697:Jerusalem Typicon 2689:Jerusalem Typicon 2674:Jerusalem Typicon 2645:to Russia. This 2284:Nekrasov Cossacks 2082:) of Ukraine and 2052:Russian Far North 1949: 1948: 1879:Sign of the cross 1740:sign of the cross 1591:Origins of reform 1470: 1469: 1357:Feminist theology 1329:Contextualisation 1192:Radical orthodoxy 1098:Dogmatic theology 1083:Holiness movement 829:Apostolic Fathers 764:Ecumenical Creeds 673:Nontrinitarianism 488:Stefan Vonifatyev 432:practices of the 424:who maintain the 411: 410: 406:(2021 estimation) 395:(2015 estimation) 384:(2010 estimation) 307:(2012 estimation) 292: 282: 281: 255:Tsardom of Russia 107:Russian Orthodoxy 4898: 4823: 4788:Мельников Ф.И.: 4770: 4764: 4756: 4732: 4722: 4709:Голубинский ЕЕ: 4675: 4663: 4653: 4608: 4518: 4517: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4436:. Archived from 4430: 4424: 4423:. April 9, 2013. 4411: 4405: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4290:. Archived from 4284: 4278: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4246: 4240: 4237:from Archive.org 4231:Klyuchevsky, V. 4229: 4223: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4111: 4105: 4097:, Barnaul 1999, 4092: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4065: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4029: 4018: 4015: 4002: 4001: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3958: 3933: 3932: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3875:(3–4): 211–228. 3866: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3827: 3826: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3582:"Верю — не верю" 3577: 3565: 3556: 3551: 3534:Calendar reforms 3460: 3455: 3454: 3396: 3264:Raspberry Island 3208:Woodburn, Oregon 3160:Woodburn, Oregon 3140:Zabaykalsky Krai 2907:Main differences 2876: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853:inline citations 2829: 2828: 2821: 2732:E. E. Golubinsky 2663:Byzantine Empire 2601: 2600: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2313:united with the 2307:Potapy Emelianov 2243:, including the 2188:("priestless"). 2134:Tsar Nicholas II 2068:Russian Far East 2026:After the schism 1918:Counterclockwise 1856:и Животворѧщаго 1808: 1807: 1801:Main alterations 1721:liturgical texts 1680:liturgical books 1661:Reforms of Nikon 1605:Zealots of Piety 1535: 1534: 1529: 1519: 1513: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1434: 1433: 1130:Critical realism 1078:Great Awakenings 922:East–West Schism 718:African American 579: 558: 557: 541:, ending during 477:Zealots of Piety 463: 462: 450:Synod of 1666–67 294: 290: 286: 89:Eastern Orthodox 60: 46: 44: 43: 30: 29: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4856: 4855: 4851:Wayback Machine 4816: 4803:, Barnaul, 2009 4774:Карташов А.В.: 4758: 4757: 4743:Каптерев Н.Ф.: 4706: 4689: 4687:Further reading 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4516:. May 19, 2013. 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4402:Wayback Machine 4392: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4230: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4195: 4192:Wayback Machine 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4168:. 23 March 2017 4162:"Old Believers" 4160: 4159: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4130: 4126: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4030: 4021: 4016: 4005: 3998: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3959: 3936: 3929: 3911: 3904: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3830: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3592: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3456: 3449: 3446: 3390: 3370: 3347:peipsivenelased 3315:Swedish Estonia 3222:including near 3152: 3124:Altai Mountains 3097:Zamoskvorech'ye 3051: 3042:Gervais, Oregon 3034: 3021:Byzantine chant 2969:Church Slavonic 2965:Patriarch Nikon 2909: 2877: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2842: 2834:This paragraph 2830: 2826: 2780:Belaya Krinitsa 2772: 2736:A. V. Kartashev 2724:S. A. Belokurov 2659:Studite typicon 2643:Studite Typicon 2628: 2612:Alexander Dugin 2591: 2585: 2459: 2432:self-immolation 2327: 2219:(1791–1863), a 2194: 2151: 2123:Tsar Nicholas I 2115:Peter the Great 2074:still lives in 2058:region, in the 2028: 2004: 1983: 1803: 1744:excommunication 1725:historiographic 1663: 1593: 1542: 1505:liturgical rite 1474:Nikon of Moscow 1466: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1336: 1335: 1320: 1319: 1305:Emerging church 1204:Paleo-orthodoxy 1150: 1149: 1140: 1139: 1053: 1052: 1043: 1042: 1012:Book of Concord 959: 958: 947: 946: 882: 881: 872: 871: 855: 809: 808: 793: 792: 781: 767: 766: 755: 754: 589: 588: 568: 556: 516:Paul of Kolomna 407: 396: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 319: 308: 289: 285: 253: 252:1652/1658–1685 224:Church Slavonic 206: 174: 131:Belokrinitskaya 72: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 38: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4904: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4854: 4853: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4815: 4814:External links 4812: 4805: 4804: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4724: 4714: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4671:Russian Review 4665: 4655: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4617: 4610: 4600: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4554: 4547: 4544:Church History 4540: 4537:Church History 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4501: 4475: 4450: 4425: 4406: 4386: 4373: 4347: 4321: 4304: 4279: 4264: 4241: 4224: 4211: 4202: 4179: 4153: 4140: 4124: 4106: 4082: 4049: 4042: 4019: 4003: 3996: 3978: 3971: 3934: 3927: 3902: 3852: 3828: 3810: 3789: 3768: 3744: 3723: 3698: 3676: 3652: 3627: 3601: 3588:(in Russian). 3571: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3563:staroobryadtsy 3545: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3522:True Orthodoxy 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3402: 3385: 3369: 3366: 3256:Kodiak, Alaska 3252:Delta Junction 3151: 3150:Outside Russia 3148: 3070:full communion 3050: 3047: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3017:Znamenny chant 3009: 3002: 2991: 2976: 2961: 2916:Boris and Gleb 2908: 2905: 2879: 2878: 2833: 2831: 2824: 2804:secularization 2771: 2768: 2756:Oko Tserkovnoe 2728:A. P. Shchapov 2701:Oko Tserkovnoe 2655:Constantinople 2635:Greek Orthodox 2627: 2624: 2616:Vladimir Putin 2587:Main article: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2559: 2552: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2514: 2507: 2502:in the hymns ( 2493: 2490:Orthodox cross 2471: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2435: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2338:Slava Cercheză 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2221:Greek Orthodox 2193: 2190: 2150: 2147: 2108:Russian Empire 2096:Russian Empire 2060:Ural Mountains 2027: 2024: 2000:Main article: 1982: 1979: 1947: 1946: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1844:не сотворенна 1838: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1802: 1799: 1795:Ottoman Empire 1662: 1659: 1592: 1589: 1581:Stoglavy Synod 1573:secular clergy 1541: 1540:Prior to Nikon 1538: 1486:Greek Orthodox 1468: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1401: 1399:Latin American 1396: 1391: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1346:Sino-Christian 1337: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1258: 1256:Transmodernism 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1211: 1209:Reconciliation 1206: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1123:Anglo-Catholic 1120: 1115: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1093:Existentialism 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1000: 999: 998: 991:Evangelicalism 988: 983: 978: 977: 976: 971: 960: 954: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 883: 879: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 864: 859: 853: 848: 847: 846: 844:Desert Mothers 841: 839:Desert Fathers 836: 831: 824:Church Fathers 821: 816: 810: 800: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 785: 779: 774: 768: 762: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 726: 725: 723:Asian American 720: 710: 705: 700: 698:Biblical canon 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 668:Trinitarianism 665: 660: 659: 658: 648: 643: 638: 633: 632: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 596: 590: 586: 585: 584: 581: 580: 572: 571: 563: 562: 555: 552: 508:eschatological 469:Avvakum Petrov 442:Greek Orthodox 418:Old Ritualists 416:, also called 409: 408: 405: 402: 398: 397: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 380: 376: 375: 372: 369: 365: 364: 361: 358: 354: 353: 350: 347: 343: 342: 339: 336: 332: 331: 328: 327:23,487–32,558 325: 321: 320: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 303: 299: 298: 283: 280: 279: 277:Old Ritualists 274: 270: 269: 264: 262:Separated from 258: 257: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 234:Byzantine Rite 231: 227: 226: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 205: 204: 201: 196: 193: 190: 184: 182: 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 151: 149: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 95:Classification 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 66: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4903: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866:Old Believers 4864: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826:Old Believers 4822: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4754: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4440:on 2012-08-28 4439: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4314: 4308: 4294:on 2006-09-24 4293: 4289: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4221: 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3400: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3262:area, and on 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Kachemak Selo 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171:McKee, Oregon 3167: 3161: 3156: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128:Tuva Republic 3125: 3121: 3120:Komi Republic 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3053:In 1971, the 3043: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2948:known as the 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2875: 2872: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2590: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2556:Bashkortostan 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2293:Beglopopovtsy 2291: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2236:beglopopovtsy 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2208:Moscow region 2205: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2171:apostolically 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:Tulcea County 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906:Direction of 1905: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816:New practice 1815: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1782:Nicaean Creed 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1667: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:archimandrite 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 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