374:
1189:
871:
1026:' for the volunteers serving with our auxiliary forces in the SS, recruited from the indigenous populations in the areas acquired in Eastern Europe. They were, in principle, Latvians, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. They were trained at the 'SS-Ausbildungslager-Trawniki' near Lublin. They did not make the best of soldiers, although they were nationalists and anti-Semites. Young people, often without the elementary education, culturally savage, with inclination to cheating. But obedient, physically tough and steadfast against the enemy. Many 'askaris' we used during the '
91:
936:
2762:
114:
381:
31:
1180:
have led to many specific names being publicized in postwar literature and by museums of the
Holocaust, based on Jewish and Polish survivor-testimonies, memoirs, and archives. The long list of at least 234 names of camp guards written out phonetically can be attributed to more than a dozen sources in
1115:
who returned home to USSR. The more conservative number of trials given by
Kudryashov is over 140 between 1944 and 1987. Those brought to trial in the Soviet Union were tried before both civilian courts and military tribunals. Almost all of those tried in the Soviet Union were convicted and some were
351:
Due to successful adaptation of Soviet army's strategy and tactics against German forces, as well as Nazi policy of Soviet war prisoners' extermination, the influx of POW was dramatically reduced, so
Streibel's personnel from the summer of 1942 started to conscript civilians of Ukrainian nationality,
1299:
who was tasked with forcing Jews into the gas chambers; the "motorists" cranking up the gas engine when asked to "turn on the water", called by the Jews "Ivan the
Terrible" (Ivan Grozny), Marchenko exhibited special savagery during the killing process; photographed with Ivan Tkachuk at Treblinka. In
1135:
in 1976 including commandant
Streibel. The main difference between them and the Trawnikis apprehended in the Soviet Union was that the former claimed lack of awareness and left no live witnesses who could testify against them, while the latter were charged with treason and therefore were doomed from
833:
operators. They came under the jurisdiction of the relevant camp commandant. Almost all of the
Trawniki guards were involved in shooting, beating, and terrorizing Jews. The Russian historian Sergei Kudryashov, who made a study of the Trawniki men serving at death camps, claimed that there was little
366:
Also very interesting are the remarks of the French publicist Louis Saurel. In an analogous book about the death camps he writes: "Part of the SS soldiers were not
Germans. There were many Romanians, Slovaks, Hungarians, Croats and so on… Interpreters were required to convey explanations between the
800:
forces. In the summer of 1942 they were issued brown
Belgian Army uniforms for warm weather wear. The guardsmen tended to wear a mixture of the two. They were usually issued captured enemy weapons but sometimes received German Mauser Kar-98 carbines. Automatic rifles and pistols were issued when on
907:
from
Hamburg "would not go crazy" from the horror of hands-on killing for hours or days on end. The Trawnikis used to arrive in squads numbering around 50 at the killing site, and start by sitting down to a sandwich and bottles of vodka from their knapsacks behaving like guests, while the Germans
362:
camp, relates in his memoirs that he engaged in conversation with members of an auxiliary guard detachment in the second half of 1943: "To the extent of that I could determine, it was a unit comprised of representatives of various so called "Eastern peoples"-primarily
Russians, Belorussians,
600:> "platoon") of around 90 to 120 men. These were further assigned to companies and battalions, under German officers and higher-level NCOs. After they abandoned Trawniki in 1944 ahead of the Soviet advance, they were reorganized into combat units. This is when they introduced the
1110:
who in turn were executed on site upon the completion of their task by the end of 1943. The Soviets entered the completely empty training facility on July 23, 1944. After the war, the Soviet authorities arrested and prosecuted hundreds, possibly as many as one thousand
1346:. He was one of two Ukrainian guards (along with Ivan Marchenko) in charge of the motor that produced the exhaust fumes which were fed through pipes into the gas chambers during the killing process. Tried by the Soviets after the war for treason and sentenced to death.
1216:, but his conviction was overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court after new evidence cast doubt on the identity of Demjanjuk as "Ivan the Terrible". In 2009, Demjanjuk was deported to Germany where he was convicted in 2011 for having been a guard at Sobibor.
1042:
pod Lublinem. Nie najlepsi żołnierze, choć nacjonaliści i antysemici. Młodzi, bez podstawowego najczęściej wykształcenia, o kulturze dzikusów i skłonnościach do kantów. Ale posłuszni, wytrwali fizycznie i twardzi wobec wroga. Wielu "askarisów" użytych w
1037:
Myśmy nazywali "askarisami" ochotników do służb pomocniczych w SS, którzy rekrutowali się z ludności autochtonicznej na terenach zdobytych w Europie Wschodniej. Byli to w zasadzie Łotysze, Litwini, Białorusini i Ukraińcy. Przeszkalano ich w
2532:
1239:, sent to Warsaw and to Treblinka death camp in September 1942. After the war Federenko settled in the US; he was extradited to the Soviet Union in December 1984. He was found guilty of treason, sentenced to death, and executed in 1987.
574:("riflemen") and given different uniforms and rank insignia. A practical reason for this policy was that there was a dearth of German equipment to be spared, yet piles of captured war materiel that would otherwise be unused.
1030:' (especially in its initial stages) were Latvians. They did not understand Polish and therefore were unable to communicate with the people of Warsaw. This was exactly what we wanted. We also called them "Trawniki men".
373:
565:
and not deserving to be treated as German soldiers. There was also a real fear of mutiny or desertion by foreigners in German uniform. To reinforce the social levels between them, guards were therefore referred to as
2543:
344:
from Operation Reinhard as the key person for this new secret project. Streibel, with the assistance of his officers, visited all POW camps for the Soviets behind the lines of the advancing
5726:
1185:) based on memory alone, by which the perpetrators could not be legally identified. The following are the most notable of them, confirmed by the courts, and arranged in alphabetical order.
6994:
3570:
2381:
228:
280:
from Eastern Europe among them, valued because of their ability to speak Russian, Ukrainian and other languages of the occupied territories. All the officers at the Trawniki camp were
971:. Some German police officers felt uneasy about killing non-Jewish Poles. Their unit shot 4,600 Jews by September 1942, but disproportionately only 78 ethnic Poles. In contrast, the
3881:
1047:(szczególnie we wstępnych działaniach) to Łotysze. Nie znali języka polskiego, więc trudno im się było porozumiewać z ludnością Warszawy. A o to nam szło. Nazywaliśmy ich również
2443:
7021:
1090:
himself, were transported west to continue their deeds at the still functioning death camps. The Jews of the adjacent Trawniki labor camp were massacred in November 1943 during
5446:
4690:
3310:
2889:
6656:
2129:
5047:
1282:
1276:
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among them. He claimed that most of the guards volunteered in order to leave the POW camps and/or because of self-interest. On the other hand, the Holocaust historian
2278:
5082:
5037:
5077:
5072:
5057:
581:
M37 tunic with blue facings. This was to mark them out from the men they commanded, but at the same time denoted them as auxiliaries rather than regular troops.
5062:
7046:
6691:
5067:
5042:
4800:
3874:
5300:
3129:
2297:
5011:
557:
Auxiliaries were not allowed to wear German uniforms or insignia, carry German weapons, or use German ranks. This was mostly for political reasons. The
6822:
5698:
3351:
3303:
1635:
in support of extermination policies in 1941 and 1942, and in providing assistance for the deportations to camps in Germany, mainly in 1942 and 1943.
189:
5804:
3867:
3441:
3250:
2360:
1788:
1747:
794:
The guards initially wore their Soviet Army uniforms. In the autumn of 1941 they were given the dyed-black Polish Army uniforms worn by the former
5006:
367:
Germans and the foreign SS troops". In Saurel's account Ukrainians are not mentioned at all, and probably fall under the category of "and so on".
6407:
2043:
1792:
1360:; had his U.S. citizenship revoked in 2005 at the age of 90; at the time he was reported to be 95, but he was born in 1915. Died 2013, aged 97.
5016:
1295:
in the Red Army since 1941, brought to Trawniki from POW camp in Chełm, a guard at the Jewish ghetto in Lublin and in Treblinka together with
7026:
5343:
5021:
2663:
1882:, Forschungen zum Nationalsozialismus und dessen Nachwirkungen in Österreich Festschrift für Brigitte Bailer, p.117 (footnote 108). Vienna,
1857:, Forschungen zum Nationalsozialismus und dessen Nachwirkungen in Österreich Festschrift für Brigitte Bailer, p.117 (footnote 108). Vienna,
549:
shooting everyone unable to move or attempting to flee, while the Trawnikis conducted large-scale civilian massacres in the same locations.
5809:
5721:
5479:
5096:
3296:
3209:
6725:
6549:
5328:
3159:
6686:
5613:
4685:
2874:
2714:
1273:
trained at Trawniki, charged in Bonn, Germany in July 2010 with being a Belzec camp guard. Kunz died in November 2010 before his trial.
5484:
5052:
4793:
5909:
3535:
1131:
tried in the West was very small by comparison. Six defendants were acquitted on all charges and set free by a West German court in
7209:
6760:
6209:
5293:
3687:
960:
951:
The Trawniki men shot so fast and so wildly that the German policemen "frequently had to take cover to avoid being hit." Ukrainian
546:
2012:
854:
expectations in the mistreatment of Jews. Most Trawniki men had executed Jews already as part of their job training. Similarly to
296:
included Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Estonians, Georgians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Russians, Tatars, and Ukrainians. The
7179:
7108:
6629:
6357:
5752:
5703:
5521:
5418:
4715:
3473:
3144:
2786:
1626:
1411:
336:
to start recruiting mainly Ukrainian auxiliaries among the Soviet POWs, due to ongoing close relations with the local Ukrainian
7184:
5933:
4747:
3051:
2451:
1457:
967:
lasting non-stop for several days were conducted by the Trawniki battalion of about 350 to 400 men, same as in Parczew, or the
4640:
292:(people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship). The conscripted civilians and
5151:
4645:
2228:
7174:
6313:
5731:
5571:
5348:
4831:
4786:
3434:
213:
78:
7118:
6951:
6596:
6059:
5799:
5286:
1288:
1257:
at Trawniki, stripped of his US citizenship in 2005 and deported to Austria in March 2009. Escaped responsibility due to
1209:
363:
Caucasians and others, and least of all Ukrainians, although for some reason the unit was officially called 'Ukrainian'"
3846:
3595:
612:("half-platoons" or "Sections"). This was perhaps adopted to deter desertion, a big problem towards the end of the war.
6147:
5469:
4826:
3525:
2879:
2655:
2578:
1923:
1899:
Black, Peter. Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution, p.117 (footnote 109).
1531:
1318:. Deported from United States on 21 August 2018 at the age of 95. He later died on January 10, 2019, at the age of 95.
5928:
5673:
2613:
1656:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
1631:
Ukraine differs from other parts of the Nazi-occupied Soviet Union, whereas the local administrators have formed the
1181:
which they appear. They often feature arbitrary spellings in English and Polish translation (or transliteration from
1012:
5943:
5879:
4887:
3001:
2843:
231:"), Nazi auxiliary forces recruited from native subjects serving in various jobs such as concentration camp guards.
6714:
6171:
5948:
5889:
5864:
5653:
5581:
4377:
3139:
3134:
2587:
Kudryashov, Sergei, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards," in Mark and Ljubica Erickson (eds),
1978:
1647:
1188:
976:
929:
526:
7214:
7194:
5792:
5787:
5431:
3427:
2791:
608:> "File" or "Fire Team") level of organization at a time when the depleted German Army was consolidating into
293:
3625:
2848:
1310:
guard who was deported in the U.S. in 1949 and claimed to have worked on his father's farm, was stripped of his
6609:
6422:
5884:
5404:
4759:
4735:
3530:
2965:
2707:
2630:
2598:
1723:
1663:
1569:
1474:
885:(on the right), 1943 at the Umschlagplatz, with Stawki 5/7 in the back. Their military overcoats came from the
305:
6584:
4882:
1107:
850:." Despite the generally apathetic views of the Trawniki guards, the vast majority faithfully carried out the
348:, and after individual screening recruited Ukrainian as well as Latvian and Lithuanian volunteers as ordered.
7081:
6921:
6084:
5938:
5919:
5899:
5869:
5762:
5426:
5236:
3149:
2319:
1651:
1066:
uprising of October 1942 among similar others. In other locations, the lists compiled by the local Ukrainian
862:, Kudryashov argued that the Trawniki men were examples of how ordinary people could become willing killers.
558:
5991:
3755:
3478:
2159:
1078:
The Trawniki training camp was dismantled in July 1944 because of the approaching frontline. The last 1,000
964:
6946:
6509:
6137:
6006:
5981:
5859:
4892:
3505:
3234:
3229:
2960:
1343:
1332:
in 1944. Denaturalized in 2002; died in 2005 before he could be deported from the United States to Germany.
900:
534:
530:
494:
450:
6579:
4877:
1601:
edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004; pages 226–227 & 234-235.
1059:
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7014:
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5914:
5814:
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5514:
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4727:
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3115:
3083:
3041:
2418:
1329:
414:
389:
245:
51:
6106:
4472:
3974:
3590:
2604:
Witold Mędykowski, "Obóz pracy dla Żydów w Trawnikach," in Wojciech Lenarczyk, Dariusz Libionka (eds.),
2463:
6986:
6865:
6835:
6754:
6671:
6504:
6142:
6040:
6001:
5958:
5894:
5767:
5643:
5373:
5315:
5256:
5197:
4851:
4755:
4695:
4278:
3841:
3555:
3500:
3381:
3056:
2884:
2868:
2051:
1909:
1253:
1193:
1196:, taken in 1943. Demjanjuk has been "inconclusively identified" as the guard in the middle front left.
6624:
6439:
5986:
5963:
5874:
5736:
5588:
5576:
5563:
5358:
5146:
4731:
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3836:
3565:
3545:
3495:
3401:
3356:
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2700:
2565:
1153:
1027:
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which permanently traumatized the untrained executioners. The wave of mass killings of Jews from the
442:
441:. It was their primary purpose of training. They took an active role in the extermination of Jews at
2264:
1503:
7103:
7058:
6604:
6384:
5923:
5904:
5851:
5835:
5782:
5777:
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5603:
5593:
5558:
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5177:
4739:
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3517:
3456:
3406:
3391:
3371:
3361:
3346:
3341:
3046:
2899:
1561:
6529:
4569:
1316:"made material misrepresentations in his application for a visa to immigrate to the United States"
1279:
born 1921; ordered to be deported from the United States in December 1995; repatriated to Ukraine.
421:. The complex (serving dual purpose in 1941–43) was set up in the industrialized village of
7199:
7189:
7096:
7086:
6812:
6366:
6094:
5772:
5757:
5683:
5663:
5658:
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5608:
5598:
5187:
5116:
4841:
4675:
3800:
3396:
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3366:
3319:
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3095:
3016:
3006:
839:
810:
538:
139:
6163:
2761:
2745:
1615:
1349:
975:, saw the Christian Poles as equal opportunity offenders. When they got too drunk to show up in
7204:
6807:
6574:
6053:
5631:
5625:
5507:
4897:
4447:
4362:
3245:
2279:"Sobibor perpetrator collection - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
1396:
1258:
996:
878:
870:
313:
6318:
3123:
2863:
1300:
1943 he was transferred to Trieste, and in 1944 fled to Yugoslavia. Fate unknown, never tried.
909:
701:
506:
270:
are known to have run away during field operations. Although the majority of Trawniki men or
7041:
6666:
6619:
6283:
6034:
5436:
4856:
1685:
1555:
1521:
1400:
1311:
3710:
2102:
2073:
1616:"The local administration under German occupation in central and eastern Ukraine, 1941–1944"
1285:
born 1920; came to US in 1955; ordered deported 2005; Not deported because of age; died 2017
651:
458:
7004:
6941:
6524:
6308:
6199:
6177:
6072:
6067:
6048:
4913:
4624:
4509:
4145:
4070:
4014:
2894:
2781:
2528:
1208:. Demnjanjuk immigrated to the United States, but was deported to Israel to stand trial as
855:
205:
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4751:
4589:
3610:
2499:
1992:
by Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert (PDF 1.86 MB, available from Scribd.com). Page 103. Retrieved
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8:
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2020:
1741:
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guard units (between 70 and 120 depending on location) and were selected to act as the
816:
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The Trawniki shooters were assigned to the worst of the "on-the-spot dirty work" by
542:
352:
generally young males, from Western Ukraine (Galicia, Volhynia, Podolia and Lublin).
5441:
5126:
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2046:[70 лет восстанию в Собиборе, международная научная конференция в Варшаве].
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2361:"Last Known WWII Nazi Living In U.S., Deported To Germany Last Year, Is Dead at 95"
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The German officers and senior NCOs were issued the obsolete black M32 SS tunic or
329:
217:
155:
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2223:. Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Kuria Diecezjalna w Drohiczynie. p. 87.
1880:
Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution
1855:
Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution
1597:
Sergei Kudryashov, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards" (in)
992:
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882:
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59:
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846:"were screened on the basis of their anti-Communist and hence almost invariably
726:
493:
itself, and the remaining subcamps of KL Lublin/Majdanek camp complex including
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3810:
3775:
3662:
3272:
3240:
3078:
2540:
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
1551:
1321:
1242:
847:
796:
470:
259:
197:
167:
127:
96:
4100:
2298:"Demjanjuk convicted of helping Nazis to murder Jews during the Holocaust"
2048:Кудряшов С. "Травники. История одного предательства." «Родина». 2007. № 12
7144:
6661:
6278:
6132:
4978:
4514:
4504:
4437:
4417:
4347:
4306:
4243:
4228:
4150:
4110:
3999:
3989:
3172:
3167:
2643:
1303:
1004:
562:
466:
541:
deployed to the occupied territories. The German Order Police performed
216:
until the end of World War II. Trawnikis belonged to a category of
7133:
6968:
6741:
6519:
4564:
4529:
4085:
3934:
2939:
2827:
1058:
Trawniki personnel was also used in the August 1943 suppression of the
913:
510:
393:
113:
2044:"Conference in Warsaw on the 70th anniversary of the Sobibor uprising"
1701:
In the German mills of death, 1941-1945 (U nimetsʹkykh mlynakh smerty)
780:
776:
286:(citizens of the German Reich), and most of the squad commanders were
6973:
6779:
4821:
4258:
3831:
2922:
2751:
2692:
2621:
2408:"Яків Палій." Україна Молода, June 17, 2004. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
2205:
1404:(permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Knowledge;
1169:
1070:
enabled them to quickly and precisely identify their Jewish targets.
730:
655:
486:
359:
345:
263:
40:
6634:
4846:
4808:
956:
502:
6499:
6299:
5261:
1204:, a Ukrainian who joined the Trawniki men and served as a guard at
908:
dealt with unruly crowds of thousands of ghetto inhabitants: as in
578:
482:
422:
208:
launched in June 1941. Thousands of these volunteers served in the
201:
2890:
Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)
2382:"Accused Nazi Guard Speaks Out, Denying He Had Role in Atrocities"
1718:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta.
1713:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1232:
959:, the Germans were "overjoyed" to see them coming after the messy
3267:
2970:
2590:
Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson
1599:
Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson
1205:
1161:
1132:
921:
899:
Karl Streibel (wrote Browning), so the Germans from the parallel
518:
446:
5499:
2128:
Georg Bönisch, Jan Friedmann and Cordula Meyer (July 10, 2009).
1886:(2012). The new auxiliary ranks were first detailed in circular
983:
ordered the release of prisoners rounded up for mass execution.
58:
s, they were tasked with liquidating Nazi-era Jewish ghettos in
7009:
5333:
3449:
1760:
1578:
1143:
1023:
426:
1557:
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
6374:
2567:
Hitler's Willing Executioners, Ordinary Germans and Holocaust
2444:"Judge Revokes Citizenship of Man Linked to Nazi War Crimes".
2080:
1117:
804:
3890:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
1425:
1405:
1356:
shooter deployed to participate in the annihilation of the
380:
2419:"Demjanjuk Trial Resumes With Testimony on KGB Forgeries"
2365:
2109:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC
437:
shooters were deployed to all major killing sites of the
5447:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1439:
1437:
312:
and played an important role in the annihilation of the
5308:
3318:
2608:(Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 2009), 183–210.
2606:
Erntefest 3–4 listopada 1943. Zapomniany epizod Zagłady
236:
6892:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1884:
Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes
1859:
Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes
1623:
The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives
1148:
The notoriety of crimes committed by Trawnikis at the
274:
came from among the prisoners of war, there were also
234:
Between September 1941 and September 1942, the German
2656:
article Project MUSE 90 (abstract and for-pay access)
2474:
1826:
1434:
1212:
in 1986. Demjanjuk was found guilty and sentenced to
1003:
itself – responsible for the massacre of over 50,000
248:; by the end of 1944, 5,082 men were on active duty.
2593:(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), 226–239.
2345:
German Nazi suspect Samuel Kunz dies ahead of trial.
2094:
1716:
Ukrainian-Jewish relations in historical perspective
1973:
1971:
192:, consisting of either volunteers or recruits from
2071:
1646:
1395:
1011:, published in his original Polish edition of the
2573:. Random House, New York. pp. 203, 232–233.
1908:
529:and all other locations, augmented by the SS and
7166:
4809:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
2622:"The Chameleon of Trawniki: Jack Reimer, Soviet
1968:
1526:. Francis & Bernard Publishing. p. 35.
1519:
6667:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2542:, Penguin Books, pp. 1–298, archived from
2506:. United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit
2041:
943:at Zamenhofa 42 / Kupiecka 18.<. Photo from
240:and police trained 2,500 Trawniki men known as
204:soldiers captured in the border regions during
146:; shooting actions, deportations to death camps
16:Central and Eastern European Nazi military unit
2246:(AGP), t. 104, "Budowa i odbudowa, 1946–1947".
2010:
425:about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of
358:, who himself was a political prisoner in the
7027:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
5515:
5294:
4794:
3875:
3435:
3304:
2708:
2497:
2491:
939:"Trawniki" men during the destruction of the
5480:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
2547:(PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete)
1787:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1746:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1613:
1550:
1455:
1424:Text from USHMM has been released under the
1144:Known Trawnikis having served at death camps
1007:– later remarked in a prison interview with
995:who was in charge of the suppression of the
6726:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
3450:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
2354:
2352:
2160:"Trawniki Staff Page. Alphabetical Listing"
2006:
2004:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1761:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002).
1714:Aster, Howard. Potichnyj, Peter J. (1990).
1096:. Their exhumed bodies were incinerated in
246:training camp at Trawniki outside of Lublin
5522:
5508:
5301:
5287:
4801:
4787:
3882:
3868:
3442:
3428:
3311:
3297:
2715:
2701:
2153:
2151:
1915:German Security and Police Soldier 1939-45
1791:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1523:Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers
1515:
1513:
1459:Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard
805:Role of Trawniki men in the Final Solution
2619:
2560:
2399:
2379:
2201:
2199:
1754:
1640:
1625:. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies,
1546:
1544:
429:with rail lines in all directions in the
2527:
2358:
2349:
2295:
2289:
2001:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1814:
1799:
1443:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1306:, (August 16, 1923- January 10, 2019) a
1187:
934:
889:surplus no longer used by the German SS.
869:
738:Created in 1944. Highest enlisted rank.
547:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
5405:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2452:"A Face Seen and Unseen on the Subway".
2148:
2121:
2050:. p. 7/20 in DOC format. Archived from
1627:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1609:
1607:
1510:
1412:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
7167:
5388:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
4748:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
2722:
2359:Schwartz, Matthew (January 11, 2019).
2242:Archiwum Państwowe w Siedlcach (APS),
2196:
2065:
1769:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
1541:
1136:the start. In the U.S. some 16 former
1020:
6891:
6712:
6343:
5834:
5833:
5503:
5282:
4782:
3863:
3423:
3292:
2885:Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)
2880:Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)
2696:
2475:Aktion Reinhard Camps (May 6, 2005).
2442:Benjamin Weiser (September 6, 2002).
2380:Kilgannon, Corey (November 1, 2003).
2100:
1698:
1370:
417:built for the Jews deported from the
409:The Trawniki-men were assembled at a
175:
6314:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
2468:
2179:Yitzhak Arad, Thomas (Toivi) Blatt,
2157:
1890:. It was issued on October 19, 1942.
1820:
1604:
1449:
955:were perceived as indispensable. In
865:
7119:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
5309:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3320:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2875:Economics and Administration Office
2320:Press release; case of Josias Kumpf
2221:(PDF file, direct download 15.1 MB)
1116:executed. Most were sentenced to a
1073:
39:(some of them still wearing Soviet
13:
6713:
5470:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
2217:Treblinka concentration camp staff
2191:; museums and private collections.
2019:. Ossietzky 9/2010. Archived from
1469:. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348.
999:and the methodical destruction of
663:Created in 1944 Highest NCO rank.
592:> "squad") of about 50 men and
584:Units were initially organized in
14:
7226:
5529:
5152:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
2450:Barry, Dan (September 17, 2005).
1918:. Osprey Publishing. p. 44.
1703:. New York-London: Vantage Press.
1013:Conversations with an Executioner
6682:Polish leaders and intellectuals
6172:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
5329:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4378:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2760:
2333:German Nazi suspect Samuel Kunz.
2209:, Paweł Rytel-Andrianik (2011).
1227:, the Soviet POW recruited from
379:
372:
112:
89:
29:
7210:Collaborators with Nazi Germany
5432:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5344:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
2792:Allgemeine-SS regional commands
2498:Circuit Judge (July 13, 2010).
2457:
2436:
2411:
2373:
2337:
2325:
2312:
2296:Matussek, Karin (12 May 2011).
2271:
2035:
1902:
1893:
1872:
1847:
1763:"Hitlerowski obóz w Trawnikach"
1707:
1692:
1251:who took part in the murderous
559:racial policies of Nazi Germany
552:
501:, and also during massacres in
304:, the Nazi plan to exterminate
7180:1941 establishments in Germany
6610:Attack on the twentieth convoy
6423:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
4760:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
4736:36th Estonian Police Battalion
3002:SS-Begleitkommando des Führers
2844:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS
2631:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2479:. ARC. (see: Nikolay Shalayev)
2406:Report on Palij (in Ukrainian)
2183:, Rudolf Reder, Tom Teicholz,
1827:Aktion Reinhard Camps (2004).
1817:, pp. 52, 77, 79, 80, 135
1678:
1192:Picture of Trawniki guards at
1062:, as well as the lesser-known
1:
7185:1941 establishments in Poland
5427:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
5257:Human medical experimentation
2971:Secret State Police (Gestapo)
2849:Command Staff Reichsführer-SS
2521:
1977:Andrzej Szczypiorski (1977),
1040:SS-Ausbildungs-lager-Trawniki
877:Trawniki shooters during the
819:extermination camps Trawniki
735:File Leader or Lance Corporal
390:SS Trawniki training compound
52:SS Trawniki training division
6947:Jewish war conspiracy theory
6138:Extermination through labour
3235:German Earth and Stone Works
3230:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3183:Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen
3106:Security Battalions (Greece)
2976:State Security Police (SiPo)
2949:Police and security services
2653:– via Project MUSE 90.
1408:ticket no. 2007071910012533)
1344:Treblinka extermination camp
901:Reserve Police Battalion 101
535:Reserve Police Battalion 101
7:
7175:Trawniki concentration camp
7129:Righteous Among the Nations
6344:
5815:Righteous Among the Nations
5462:Righteous Among the Nations
5349:Ministry of Public Security
4728:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3338:Related articles by country
3210:Finnish Volunteer Battalion
3178:Germaansche SS in Nederland
2986:Customs Border Guards (ZGS)
2620:Steinhart, Eric C. (2009).
1140:guards were denaturalized.
497:, Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy,
415:Trawniki concentration camp
323:
10:
7231:
6866:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
6836:Lithuanian Security Police
6755:Reich Security Main Office
5722:Evidence and documentation
5374:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4756:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2869:Reich Security Main Office
2318:US Department of Justice.
2134:Germany > The Holocaust
2130:"A Very Ordinary Henchman"
1658:. McFarland. p. 217.
1456:David Bankir, ed. (2006).
1035:
965:Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto
834:sign of any attraction to
808:
788:Created October 19, 1942.
763:Created October 19, 1942.
713:Created October 19, 1942.
489:, not to mention Trawniki
7082:Books and other resources
7069:
6985:
6914:
6910:
6887:
6821:
6793:
6734:
6721:
6708:
6647:
6595:
6548:
6485:
6455:
6393:
6365:
6356:
6352:
6339:
6297:
6256:
6208:
6194:
6156:
6115:
6015:
5972:
5850:
5846:
5829:
5745:
5714:
5614:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
5541:
5537:
5460:
5417:
5387:
5366:
5357:
5314:
5278:
5229:
5209:
5170:
5147:Sobibor perpetrator album
5104:
5095:
5030:
4999:
4992:
4906:
4865:
4814:
4778:
4732:Estonian Auxiliary Police
4714:
4658:
4633:
4497:
4490:
4391:
4335:
4277:
4219:
4048:
3902:
3895:
3859:
3842:Human medical experiments
3824:
3686:
3644:
3583:
3516:
3464:
3455:
3419:
3415:
3326:
3223:SS-controlled enterprises
3222:
3158:
3114:
3024:
3015:
2994:
2948:
2913:
2836:
2800:
2769:
2758:
2733:
1652:"Ukrainian Collaboration"
1520:Gregory Procknow (2011).
1312:United States citizenship
1120:, and released under the
1060:Białystok Ghetto Uprising
932:and all other locations.
688:Created October 19, 1942
632:Equivalent SS / Heer Rank
617:
570:("watchmen") rather than
537:, part of over two dozen
340:. Globocnik had selected
223:(German abbreviation for
150:
134:
123:
108:
84:
74:
66:
28:
21:
6672:People with disabilities
6605:Aid and Rescue Committee
5395:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
4740:Latvian Auxiliary Police
4473:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
3975:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2981:SS Security Service (SD)
2915:Ideological institutions
2529:Browning, Christopher R.
2343:BBC (November 22, 2010)
2072:Holocaust Encyclopedia.
2042:Леонид Терушкин (2013).
2017:Den Aufsatz kommentieren
1562:Indiana University Press
1364:
1289:Ivan Ivanovych Marchenko
1033:
710:Squad Leader or Corporal
244:(guards) at the special
188:) were Eastern European
6813:Order Police battalions
5485:Garden of the Righteous
5237:Identification in camps
5230:Technical and logistics
4676:Order Police battalions
3096:Order Police battalions
3007:Reichssicherheitsdienst
2966:Criminal police (Kripo)
2956:Uniformed police (Orpo)
2864:Head Operational Office
2679:51.139267°N 22.993140°E
2562:Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah
2477:"Volunteer Auxiliaries"
2212:Treblinka. Załoga obozu
2136:. Spiegel International
2011:Ralph Hartmann (2010).
1699:Petro, Mirchuk (1976).
848:anti-Semitic sentiments
840:Christopher R. Browning
811:The Holocaust in Poland
660:Senior Platoon Sergeant
539:Order Police battalions
140:Order Police battalions
138:Logistical support for
7215:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
7195:1943 disestablishments
6662:Soviet urban residents
5753:International response
5727:Contemporary knowledge
4898:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4363:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
3246:German Equipment Works
2961:Schutzpolizei (Schupo)
2571:(Google Books preview)
2500:"Vladas Zajanckauskas"
2107:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2103:"Trawniki: Chronology"
2101:USHMM (May 11, 2012).
1833:Occupation of the East
1397:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1324:a.k.a. Jack Reimer, a
1259:statute of limitations
1235:, guard at the Jewish
1197:
997:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
948:
890:
879:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
648:"Senior Platoon Guard"
332:instructed SS officer
314:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
308:. They also served at
214:German-occupied Poland
185:
79:German-occupied Poland
7109:Memorials and museums
7047:Reparations Agreement
7042:Holocaust restitution
6620:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
6143:Human experimentation
5982:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
5437:Majdanek State Museum
4570:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
3474:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3140:SS Division Totenkopf
3135:SS Division Das Reich
3130:Leibstandarte (LSSAH)
2283:collections.ushmm.org
1979:Moczarski Kazimierz,
1869:were created in 1944.
1861:(2012). The ranks of
1614:Markus Eikel (2013).
1191:
1084:SS Battalion Streibel
938:
873:
809:Further information:
773:"Watchman" or "Guard"
300:took a major part in
229:those willing to help
6309:Jewish Ghetto Police
6178:Politische Abteilung
6073:Risiera di San Sabba
5934:Natzweiler-Struthof
4914:Mordechai Anielewicz
4625:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4510:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
4146:Arthur Liebehenschel
4071:Hermine Braunsteiner
4015:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2782:SS and police leader
2746:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2684:51.139267; 22.993140
2626:, and the Holocaust"
2446:The New York Times.
2331:BBC (July 29, 2010)
2322:(PDF), 16 June 2008.
1350:Vladas Zajančkauskas
856:Christopher Browning
801:special assignment.
206:Operation Barbarossa
45:SS-Hauptsturmführer
7087:Days of remembrance
7000:Holocaust survivors
6995:Depopulated shtetls
6846:Rollkommando Hamann
6692:Jehovah's Witnesses
6510:Kamianets-Podilskyi
5572:Bohemia and Moravia
5452:March of the Living
5324:Holocaust survivors
5188:Vrba–Wetzler report
4964:Alexander Pechersky
4924:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4373:Alexander Palfinger
4196:Johann Schwarzhuber
3756:Międzyrzec Podlaski
3735:Lviv pogroms (1941)
3636:Sonderaktion Krakau
3145:SS Polizei Division
3124:SS-Verfügungstruppe
3116:Waffen-SS divisions
3069:Rollkommando Hamann
2675: /
2533:"Arrival in Poland"
2454:The New York Times.
2023:on December 2, 2013
1210:"Ivan the Terrible"
1150:extermination camps
1009:Kazimierz Moczarski
702:SS-Unterscharführer
310:extermination camps
177:[travˈniki]
7070:History and memory
6974:Forced euthanasia
6922:Nazi racial policy
6625:Danish underground
6472:Operation Reinhard
6467:Wannsee Conference
5367:West German trials
5162:Wannsee Conference
4949:Itzhak Katzenelson
4701:General Government
4186:Franz Reichleitner
4116:Fritz Hartjenstein
4106:Maximilian Grabner
4025:Bruno Streckenbach
3837:Grossaktion Warsaw
3490:Operation Reinhard
3200:British Free Corps
3188:Germanske SS Norge
3150:SS Division Wiking
2929:Das Schwarze Korps
2644:10.1093/hgs/dcp032
2549:on 19 October 2013
2464:Axis history Forum
2244:Akta Gminy Prostyń
1648:Tadeusz Piotrowski
1629:. 110–122 in PDF.
1198:
1178:Operation Reinhard
1122:Khrushchev amnesty
1022:We used the word '
949:
891:
836:National Socialism
823:men served as the
817:Operation Reinhard
652:SS-Oberscharführer
621:Ranks (1942–1945)
561:regarded Slavs as
491:concentration camp
433:. From there, the
431:occupied territory
402:General Government
398:Lublin Reservation
302:Operation Reinhard
294:former Soviet POWs
252:were organized by
210:General Government
190:Nazi collaborators
144:Operation Reinhard
142:and the SS during
7162:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7005:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
6952:Jewish emigration
6942:Hitler's prophecy
6937:Haavara Agreement
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6871:Ypatingasis būrys
6768:Sicherheitsdienst
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6643:
6642:
6563:Bielski partisans
6335:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6166:Totenkopfverbände
5825:
5824:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5413:
5412:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5225:
5224:
5217:Sonderaktion 1005
5091:
5090:
4774:
4773:
4752:Ypatingasis būrys
4654:
4653:
4595:Johanna Langefeld
4590:Hildegard Lächert
4486:
4485:
4322:Alfred Trzebinski
4287:Franz von Bodmann
4239:Lorenz Hackenholt
4081:Theodor van Eupen
4020:Jakob Sporrenberg
3855:
3854:
3579:
3578:
3286:
3285:
3218:
3217:
2995:Führer protection
2935:SS-Junker Schools
2423:Los Angeles Times
2230:978-83-7257-496-1
2185:Samuel Willenberg
2013:"Der Alibiprozeß"
1910:Gordon Williamson
1888:CA 156/KdG Lublin
1342:guard serving at
1293:
1267:
1225:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1099:Sonderaktion 1005
1056:
1055:
866:Murder operations
792:
791:
533:, as well as the
411:training facility
320:), among others.
161:
160:
118:Totenkopfverbände
7222:
7054:Holocaust denial
7032:Nuremberg trials
7022:Postwar violence
6977:
6912:
6911:
6889:
6888:
6851:Special Brigades
6841:Nederlandsche SS
6808:Police Regiments
6732:
6731:
6710:
6709:
6570:Ghetto uprisings
6558:Jewish partisans
6505:Harvest Festival
6477:Holocaust trains
6363:
6362:
6354:
6353:
6341:
6340:
6206:
6205:
6102:
6080:
6062:
6043:
6025:
5848:
5847:
5831:
5830:
5539:
5538:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5379:Treblinka trials
5364:
5363:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5178:Graebe affidavit
5171:Witness accounts
5117:Frank memorandum
5102:
5101:
4997:
4996:
4984:Szmul Zygielbojm
4974:Frumka Płotnicka
4934:Leon Feldhendler
4919:Icchak Cukierman
4873:Ghetto uprisings
4803:
4796:
4789:
4780:
4779:
4724:Schutzmannschaft
4545:Feodor Fedorenko
4495:
4494:
4403:Wolfgang Birkner
4191:Heinrich Schwarz
4181:Josef Oberhauser
4156:Heinrich Matthes
4040:Dieter Wisliceny
4030:Richard Thomalla
4005:Heinz Reinefarth
3955:Heinrich Himmler
3900:
3899:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3825:Other atrocities
3462:
3461:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3258:Allach porcelain
3205:Kaminski Brigade
3160:Foreign SS units
3037:Schutzmannschaft
3022:
3021:
2905:Education Office
2900:Personnel Office
2859:SS Medical Corps
2837:Main departments
2823:Heinrich Himmler
2813:Joseph Berchtold
2764:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2584:
2572:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2537:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2173:
2171:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:August 28, 2014.
1975:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1767:The camp history
1758:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1595:
1576:
1575:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1393:
1336:Nikolay Shalayev
1297:Nikolay Shalayev
1292:
1269:, former Soviet
1266:
1261:in that country.
1254:Aktion Erntefest
1237:ghetto in Lublin
1224:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1093:Aktion Erntefest
1074:End and post-war
1018:
1017:
989:SS-Gruppenführer
961:Józefów massacre
947:Report, May 1943
896:Hauptsturmführer
685:Platoon Sergeant
615:
614:
413:adjacent to the
388:Location of the
383:
376:
196:camps set up by
179:
116:
95:
93:
92:
50:(center) at the
33:
19:
18:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7150:
7065:
6981:
6975:
6964:Madagascar Plan
6957:Kindertransport
6906:
6905:
6875:
6817:
6789:
6774:Ordnungspolizei
6730:
6717:
6696:
6639:
6591:
6544:
6515:Maly Trostenets
6486:Mass executions
6481:
6451:
6389:
6348:
6323:
6293:
6252:
6190:
6152:
6111:
6100:
6078:
6060:
6041:
6023:
6011:
5968:
5842:
5821:
5741:
5732:Hidden children
5710:
5568:Czechoslovakia
5533:
5528:
5498:
5489:
5456:
5409:
5400:Stutthof trials
5383:
5353:
5310:
5307:
5266:
5252:Holocaust train
5221:
5205:
5193:Witold's Report
5183:Gerstein Report
5166:
5132:Katzmann Report
5112:Auschwitz Album
5087:
5026:
4988:
4954:Michał Klepfisz
4902:
4861:
4810:
4807:
4770:
4710:
4680:Ordnungspolizei
4650:
4629:
4610:Erich Muhsfeldt
4540:Margot Dreschel
4525:Alexander Bülow
4482:
4478:Udo von Woyrsch
4468:Hermann Schaper
4463:Emanuel Schäfer
4448:Josef Meisinger
4408:Helmut Bischoff
4387:
4343:Heinz Auerswald
4331:
4273:
4221:
4215:
4211:Christian Wirth
4121:Gottlieb Hering
4044:
4010:Julian Scherner
3995:Georg Michalsen
3980:Franz Kutschera
3940:Odilo Globocnik
3891:
3888:
3851:
3820:
3682:
3640:
3621:Kielce cemetery
3575:
3512:
3451:
3448:
3411:
3322:
3317:
3287:
3282:
3214:
3193:Schalburg Corps
3154:
3110:
3017:Waffen-SS units
3011:
2990:
2944:
2909:
2832:
2796:
2777:Reichsführer-SS
2765:
2756:
2729:
2721:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2648:
2646:
2581:
2570:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2374:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2204:
2197:
2181:Alexander Donat
2169:
2167:
2164:Aktion Reinhard
2156:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1981:Rozmowy z katem
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1867:Oberzugwachmann
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1800:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1645:
1641:
1633:Hilfsverwaltung
1618:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1579:
1572:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1518:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1466:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1435:
1416:
1414:
1403:
1394:
1371:
1367:
1220:Fedor Federenko
1146:
1104:Sonderkommandos
1076:
1068:Hilfsverwaltung
1052:
1049:Trawniki-Männer
1031:
868:
815:At each of the
813:
807:
727:SS-Rottenfuhrer
694:Gruppenwachmann
673:"Platoon Guard"
644:Oberzugwachmann
555:
457:(three times),
407:
406:
405:
386:
385:
384:
338:Hilfsverwaltung
334:Odilo Globocnik
326:
242:Hiwi Wachmänner
202:Soviet Red Army
194:prisoner-of-war
164:
90:
88:
70:Founded in 1941
62:
60:occupied Poland
17:
12:
11:
5:
7228:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7200:1943 in Poland
7197:
7192:
7190:1942 in Poland
7187:
7182:
7177:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7059:trivialization
7051:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7037:Eichmann trial
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6932:Nuremberg Laws
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6915:Early elements
6908:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6896:Early elements
6893:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6831:Arajs Kommando
6827:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6802:Einsatzgruppen
6797:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6752:
6744:
6738:
6736:
6729:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6715:Responsibility
6706:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6554:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6494:Einsatzgruppen
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6458:Final Solution
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6360:
6350:
6349:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6319:Ústredňa Židov
6316:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6284:Theresienstadt
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6203:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6123:Einsatzgruppen
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Mittelbau-Dora
5926:
5917:
5912:
5910:Kraków-Płaszów
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5800:Rescue of Jews
5797:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5442:Sobibór Museum
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:Sonderkommando
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5142:Posen speeches
5139:
5137:Korherr Report
5134:
5129:
5127:Höfle telegram
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4969:Witold Pilecki
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4944:Henryk Iwański
4941:
4939:Paweł Frenkiel
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4783:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4744:Arajs Kommando
4720:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4666:Einsatzgruppen
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4620:Alice Orlowski
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4535:John Demjanjuk
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:Gerhard Flesch
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4394:Einsatzgruppen
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4336:Ghetto command
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:Horst Schumann
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:Johann Niemann
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Hermann Michel
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Karl-Otto Koch
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Irmfried Eberl
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Fritz Katzmann
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:Arthur Greiser
3947:
3945:Richard Glücks
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Ludwig Fischer
3927:
3922:
3920:Adolf Eichmann
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3864:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3584:Mass shootings
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3571:Danzig-Matzkau
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Kraków-Płaszów
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3251:Klinker-Zement
3248:
3243:
3238:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:Volksdeutscher
3076:
3074:Arajs Kommando
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3032:Einsatzgruppen
3028:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:SS Main Office
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Julius Schreck
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2659:
2658:
2638:(2): 239–262.
2617:
2602:
2585:
2580:978-0307426239
2579:
2558:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2490:
2467:
2456:
2435:
2410:
2398:
2386:New York Times
2372:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2311:
2288:
2270:
2229:
2207:Edward Kopówka
2195:
2189:Richard Glazar
2147:
2120:
2093:
2064:
2034:
2000:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1925:978-1782000075
1924:
1901:
1892:
1878:Black, Peter.
1871:
1853:Black, Peter.
1846:
1819:
1798:
1753:
1724:
1706:
1691:
1677:
1664:
1639:
1603:
1577:
1570:
1564:. p. 21.
1540:
1533:978-0986837401
1532:
1509:
1475:
1467:(Google Books)
1463:Peter R. Black
1448:
1433:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1333:
1319:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1262:
1240:
1217:
1202:John Demjanjuk
1145:
1142:
1127:The number of
1075:
1072:
1054:
1053:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1021:
867:
864:
826:Sonderkommando
806:
803:
790:
789:
786:
783:
774:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:Senior Private
758:
752:SS-Oberschütze
749:
748:"Senior Guard"
746:
740:
739:
736:
733:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
708:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
683:
681:Unterfeldwebel
677:SS-Scharführer
674:
671:
665:
664:
661:
658:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
623:
622:
554:
551:
439:Final Solution
387:
378:
377:
371:
370:
369:
325:
322:
283:Reichsdeutsche
250:Trawnikimänner
186:Trawnikimänner
162:
159:
158:
152:
148:
147:
136:
132:
131:
130:police reserve
125:
121:
120:
110:
106:
105:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
37:Trawnikimänner
35:Inspection of
34:
26:
25:
23:Trawnikimänner
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7227:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7205:The Holocaust
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6927:Nazi eugenics
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Topf and Sons
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6823:Collaborators
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6761:Referat IV B4
6759:
6758:
6757: (RSHA)
6756:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6748:Schutzstaffel
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:Organizations
6733:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6711:
6707:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6677:Romani people
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6630:Working Group
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6615:Kastner train
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6402:Kristallnacht
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6185:Sanitätswesen
6182:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6148:Death marches
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5974:Extermination
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:Sachsenhausen
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Herzogenbusch
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:Bergen-Belsen
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5852:Concentration
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:United States
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:and colonies
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5531:The Holocaust
5525:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Kielce pogrom
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Stroop Report
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Documentation
5094:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Marek Edelman
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:Organizations
4813:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4716:Collaboration
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:Organizations
4657:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Eduard Lorenz
4603:
4601:
4600:Anton Lechner
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Josef Kollmer
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Kurt Gerstein
4553:
4551:
4550:Hans Hoffmann
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Juana Bormann
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Erich Naumann
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Lothar Beutel
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4383:Jürgen Stroop
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Josef Blösche
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4327:Eduard Wirths
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Josef Mengele
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:Horst Fischer
4300:
4298:
4297:Karl Gebhardt
4295:
4293:
4292:Carl Clauberg
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Ludwig Plagge
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Herbert Lange
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Kurt Bolender
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:Gustav Wagner
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Franz Hössler
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Karl Fritzsch
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Wilhelm Boger
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Erwin Lambert
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Wilhelm Koppe
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Hermann Höfle
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Theodor Eicke
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Aktion Krakau
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Bloody Sunday
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3518:Concentration
3515:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:Extermination
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:The Holocaust
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Courts Office
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Erhard Heiden
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Allgemeine SS
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:Schutzstaffel
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2624:Volksdeutsche
2618:
2615:
2614:9788392518754
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2161:
2158:S.J. (2007).
2154:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2054:on 2016-09-09
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1965:, p. 77.
1964:
1963:Browning 1998
1959:
1953:, p. 93.
1952:
1951:Browning 1998
1947:
1941:, p. 95.
1940:
1939:Browning 1998
1935:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1815:Browning 1998
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1446:, p. 52.
1445:
1444:Browning 1998
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1358:Warsaw Ghetto
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:Hilfswilliger
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:Volksdeutsche
1245:, a Yugoslav
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:Karl Streibel
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:Mizocz Ghetto
1061:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:Jürgen Stroop
991:
990:
984:
982:
981:Wilhelm Trapp
978:
974:
970:
969:Izbica Ghetto
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
945:Jürgen Stroop
942:
941:Warsaw Ghetto
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
897:
888:
887:Allgemeine-SS
884:
883:Jürgen Stroop
880:
876:
875:Stroop Report
872:
863:
861:
858:'s 1992 book
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
827:
822:
818:
812:
802:
799:
798:
787:
784:
782:
778:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
757:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
732:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
707:
706:Unteroffizier
703:
700:
698:"Squad Guard"
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
682:
678:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
657:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
620:
616:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
564:
560:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Warsaw Ghetto
416:
412:
403:
399:
395:
391:
382:
375:
368:
364:
361:
357:
356:Petro Mirchuk
353:
349:
347:
343:
342:Karl Streibel
339:
335:
331:
321:
319:
318:Stroop Report
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
289:Volksdeutsche
285:
284:
279:
278:
277:Volksdeutsche
273:
269:
266:. Some 1,000
265:
262:
261:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
232:
230:
227:, literally "
226:
225:Hilfswilliger
222:
220:
215:
212:territory of
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
173:
169:
163:Military unit
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
103:
98:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Karl Streibel
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
24:
20:
7139:Yizkor books
6800:
6747:
6492:
6440:in Lithuania
6400:
6298:
6183:
6176:
6165:
6099:
6077:
6058:
6039:
6022:
5805:by Catholics
5674:Soviet Union
5542:By territory
5198:
5122:Höcker Album
5105:Nazi sources
4993:Victim lists
4959:Miles Lerman
4766:Trawniki men
4765:
4706:Hotel Polski
4615:Detlef Nebbe
4580:Oswald Kaduk
4575:Karl Jeschke
4453:Bruno Müller
4443:Felix Landau
4428:Ernst Damzog
4423:Karl Brunner
4392:
4368:Franz Konrad
4269:Adolf Theuer
4222:executioners
4201:Franz Stangl
4171:Robert Mulka
4141:Josef Kramer
4091:Karl Frenzel
4061:Richard Baer
4056:Hans Aumeier
4049:Camp command
4035:Otto Wächter
3915:Josef Bühler
3910:Viktor Brack
3896:Perpetrators
3488:
3330:Main article
3273:Sudetenquell
3241:Ostindustrie
3090:
3079:Selbstschutz
3042:Byelorussian
3025:Paramilitary
2927:
2871: (RSHA)
2723:
2660:
2647:. Retrieved
2635:
2629:
2623:
2605:
2588:
2566:
2551:, retrieved
2544:the original
2539:
2508:. Retrieved
2503:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2470:
2459:
2447:
2438:
2427:. Retrieved
2425:. 1987-10-26
2422:
2413:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:
2375:
2364:
2339:
2327:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2273:
2243:
2241:
2234:. Retrieved
2216:
2211:
2176:
2175:
2168:. Retrieved
2163:
2138:. Retrieved
2133:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2106:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2047:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2016:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1914:
1904:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1863:Rottwachmann
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1655:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1598:
1556:
1552:Yitzhak Arad
1522:
1480:. Retrieved
1462:
1458:
1451:
1423:
1422:
1415:. Retrieved
1353:
1339:
1325:
1322:Jakob Reimer
1315:
1307:
1291:
1283:Ivan Mandycz
1277:Wasyl Lytwyn
1265:
1264:Samuel Kunz
1252:
1246:
1243:Josias Kumpf
1228:
1223:
1222:(Fedorenko)
1172:
1164:
1156:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1082:forming the
1079:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1039:
987:
985:
972:
952:
950:
905:Order Police
894:
892:
886:
860:Ordinary Men
859:
851:
843:
831:gas chambers
824:
820:
814:
797:Selbstschutz
795:
793:
768:
744:Oberwachmann
743:
723:"File Guard"
719:Rottwachmann
718:
693:
668:
643:
618:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
583:
576:
571:
567:
556:
553:Organization
451:Treblinka II
434:
408:
394:target camps
365:
354:
350:
337:
327:
297:
287:
281:
275:
271:
267:
260:Sonderdienst
257:
249:
241:
235:
233:
224:
218:
198:Nazi Germany
172:Trawniki men
171:
168:World War II
165:
128:Paramilitary
100:
97:Nazi Germany
55:
44:
36:
22:
7145:Never again
6976:(Action T4)
6902:Remembrance
6687:Homosexuals
6657:Soviet POWs
6585:Częstochowa
6133:Gas chamber
5944:Ravensbrück
5885:Gross-Rosen
5880:Flossenbürg
5763:Philippines
5695:Yugoslavia
5654:Netherlands
5582:Sudetenland
5242:Gas chamber
5210:Concealment
5201:photographs
5048:Gross-Rosen
5017:Lviv (Lwów)
4979:Roza Robota
4883:Częstochowa
4515:Herta Bothe
4505:Hans Anhalt
4498:Camp guards
4438:Ludwig Hahn
4418:Paul Blobel
4358:Franz Bürkl
4348:Hans Biebow
4307:Fritz Klein
4244:Josef Klehr
4229:Erich Bauer
4220:Gas chamber
4166:Karl Möckel
4151:Maria Mandl
4126:Rudolf Höss
4111:Otto Hantke
4000:Oswald Pohl
3990:Ernst Lerch
3801:Stanisławów
3711:Częstochowa
3601:Bronna Góra
3531:Gross-Rosen
3526:Auschwitz I
3278:Anton Loibl
3263:Apollinaris
3173:Germanic-SS
3168:Austrian SS
2787:SS commands
2682: /
2300:. Bloomberg
2261:|work=
2166:. H.E.A.R.T
1997:(in Polish)
1829:"Erntefest"
1500:|work=
1314:for having
1304:Jakiw Palij
1045:Grossaktion
1028:Grossaktion
1005:Polish Jews
977:Aleksandrów
842:wrote that
756:Oberschütze
669:Zugwachmann
629:Translation
545:inside the
485:as well as
459:Częstochowa
392:in between
154:Over 5,000
7169:Categories
7134:Yad Vashem
7114:Uniqueness
6969:Nisko Plan
6742:Nazi Party
6550:Resistance
6520:Ninth Fort
6385:Vel' d'Hiv
6157:Nazi units
6095:Westerbork
6085:Amersfoort
5939:Neuengamme
5920:Mauthausen
5900:Kaiserwald
5870:Buchenwald
5649:Luxembourg
4565:Irma Grese
4560:Paul Götze
4530:Luise Danz
4279:Physicians
4086:Kurt Franz
3935:Hans Frank
3903:Organizers
3847:Heidelager
3052:Lithuanian
2940:Lebensborn
2828:Karl Hanke
2770:Leadership
2670:22°59′35″E
2667:51°08′21″N
2649:31 January
2599:0297849131
2522:References
2504:Petitioner
2429:2019-11-12
2074:"Trawniki"
2058:2018-01-19
1984:text with
1725:0920862535
1686:"Trawniki"
1671:2014-07-12
1665:0786429135
1571:0253342937
1476:192963160X
1401:"Trawniki"
1229:Stalag 319
1001:the Ghetto
926:Końskowola
910:Międzyrzec
777:SS-Schütze
626:Dienstgrad
619:Wachmänner
579:field-grey
568:Wachmannen
523:Końskowola
507:Międzyrzec
264:battalions
85:Allegiance
41:Budenovkas
7092:Education
6987:Aftermath
6899:Aftermath
6861:Trawnikis
6785:Wehrmacht
6780:Waffen-SS
6580:Białystok
6408:Bucharest
6380:Marseille
6257:Elsewhere
6218:Białystok
6030:Breendonk
6007:Treblinka
5860:Auschwitz
5644:Lithuania
5419:Memorials
5316:Aftermath
5083:Treblinka
5038:Auschwitz
4893:Treblinka
4878:Białystok
4866:Uprisings
4646:Treblinka
4491:Personnel
4259:Otto Moll
4249:Hans Koch
4101:Amon Göth
3832:Action T4
3796:Sosnowiec
3766:Nowy Sącz
3701:Białystok
3668:Szczuczyn
3616:Erntefest
3606:Bydgoszcz
3591:Białystok
3506:Treblinka
3382:Lithuania
3091:Trawnikis
3057:Ukrainian
2923:Ahnenerbe
2752:Waffen-SS
2564:(2007) .
2531:(1998) ,
2483:March 12,
2263:ignored (
2253:cite book
1990:Biography
1839:March 12,
1742:cite book
1502:ignored (
1492:cite book
1417:March 12,
1328:guard at
1170:Treblinka
1124:of 1955.
930:Komarówka
731:Gefreiter
656:Feldwebel
527:Komarówka
495:Poniatowa
487:Auschwitz
481:(twice),
479:Białystok
360:Auschwitz
346:Wehrmacht
316:(see the
298:Trawnikis
256:into two
7077:Academia
6530:Piaśnica
6500:Babi Yar
6428:Jedwabne
6367:Roundups
6300:Judenrat
6264:Budapest
6035:Mechelen
5997:Majdanek
5954:Stutthof
5915:Majdanek
5810:by Poles
5768:Portugal
5746:Response
5737:Timeline
5715:Overview
5577:Slovakia
5564:Bulgaria
5262:Zyklon B
5078:Trawniki
5073:Stutthof
5058:Majdanek
3806:Tarnopol
3746:Lubartów
3658:Jedwabne
3561:Trawniki
3551:Stutthof
3541:Potulice
3484:Majdanek
3402:Slovakia
3062:Estonian
2734:Branches
2510:July 12,
2448:Also in:
2391:July 12,
2236:July 12,
2170:8 August
2140:July 12,
2113:July 12,
2086:July 12,
2077:(ibidem)
2027:July 12,
1912:(2012).
1783:cite web
1773:July 12,
1734:23249506
1650:(2006).
1554:(1987).
1482:July 12,
1330:Trawniki
1183:Cyrillic
979:, Major
769:Wachmann
610:Halbzüge
572:Schützen
563:subhuman
543:roundups
483:Majdanek
423:Trawniki
328:In 1941
324:Creation
254:Streibel
7104:Lessons
6540:Rumbula
6413:Dorohoi
6394:Pogroms
6346:Victims
6196:Ghettos
6128:Gas van
6116:Methods
6090:Schoorl
6068:Bolzano
6016:Transit
6002:Sobibor
5992:Chełmno
5959:Vaivara
5895:Hinzert
5840:ghettos
5793:Vatican
5699:Croatia
5689:Ukraine
5679:Belarus
5669:Romania
5621:Hungary
5604:Germany
5594:Estonia
5589:Denmark
5559:Belgium
5554:Austria
5549:Albania
5247:Gas van
5063:Sobibór
5000:Ghettos
4907:Leaders
4888:Sobibor
4641:Sobibor
4634:By camp
3781:Siedlce
3688:Ghettos
3673:Tykocin
3645:Pogroms
3631:Palmiry
3556:Szebnie
3501:Sobibor
3479:Chełmno
3407:Ukraine
3392:Romania
3372:Germany
3362:Estonia
3357:Denmark
3352:Croatia
3347:Belgium
3342:Belarus
3268:Mattoni
3126:(SS-VT)
3047:Latvian
2801:Leaders
2748:(SS-TV)
2177:Source:
1206:Sobibor
1194:Sobibor
1176:during
1162:Sobibor
1133:Hamburg
1108:Milejów
1086:led by
1024:askaris
922:Parczew
903:of the
881:, with
785:Private
781:Schütze
586:Gruppen
519:Parczew
447:Sobibor
330:Himmler
166:During
75:Country
7010:Bricha
6776:(Orpo)
6649:Others
6635:Żegota
6597:Rescue
6575:Warsaw
6535:Ponary
6445:Kaunas
6248:Warsaw
6233:Lublin
6223:Kraków
6210:Poland
6054:Drancy
5987:Belzec
5964:Warsaw
5875:Dachau
5783:Turkey
5778:Sweden
5704:Serbia
5684:Russia
5664:Poland
5659:Norway
5639:Latvia
5609:Greece
5599:France
5359:Trials
5334:Bricha
5068:Soldau
5053:Izbica
5043:Bełżec
5022:Warsaw
5007:Kraków
4847:Żegota
3816:Warsaw
3791:Słonim
3786:Sambor
3761:Mizocz
3751:Lublin
3726:Kraków
3721:Kielce
3716:Grodno
3696:Będzin
3678:Wąsosz
3654:(1946)
3652:Kielce
3566:Warsaw
3546:Soldau
3496:Belzec
3397:Russia
3387:Norway
3377:Latvia
3367:France
3237:(DEST)
2612:
2597:
2577:
2553:May 1,
2304:12 May
2227:
2219:]
1922:
1732:
1722:
1662:
1568:
1530:
1473:
1168:, and
1154:Belzec
957:Łomazy
918:Radzyń
638:Notes
635:Duties
602:Rotten
590:Gruppe
531:Schupo
515:Radzyń
503:Łomazy
499:Lipowa
475:Kraków
463:Lublin
455:Warsaw
443:Belzec
427:Lublin
182:German
109:Branch
99:, the
94:
67:Active
7124:Humor
7097:Films
6794:Units
6525:Odesa
6375:Izieu
6289:Vilna
6274:Minsk
6269:Kovno
6243:Radom
6107:Sereď
5924:Gusen
5905:Kauen
5836:Camps
5773:Spain
5758:Japan
5632:Libya
5626:Italy
5031:Camps
4691:RKFDV
3811:Wilno
3776:Radom
3771:Pińsk
3706:Brest
3611:Dynów
3457:Camps
2536:(PDF)
2215:[
2081:USHMM
1986:Notes
1835:. ARC
1619:(PDF)
1365:Notes
1233:Chełm
1214:death
1129:Hiwis
1118:Gulag
1113:Hiwis
1106:from
1080:Hiwis
973:Hiwis
953:Hiwis
914:Łuków
844:Hiwis
606:Rotte
511:Łuków
471:Radom
272:Hiwis
268:Hiwis
156:Hiwis
54:. As
43:) by
7015:List
6770:(SD)
6750:(SS)
6433:Lviv
6418:Iași
6358:Jews
6279:Riga
6238:Lwów
6228:Łódź
6200:list
6049:Gurs
5922:and
5838:and
5474:List
5012:Łódź
4832:Bund
4696:VoMi
4686:WVHA
3741:Łódź
3731:Lwów
3663:Lviv
3101:Hiwi
2728:(SS)
2651:2021
2610:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2555:2013
2512:2014
2485:2021
2393:2014
2306:2011
2265:help
2238:2014
2225:ISBN
2172:2013
2142:2014
2115:2014
2088:2014
2029:2014
1988:and
1920:ISBN
1865:and
1841:2021
1793:link
1789:link
1775:2014
1748:link
1730:OCLC
1720:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1504:help
1484:2014
1471:ISBN
1426:GFDL
1419:2021
1406:OTRS
1354:Hiwi
1352:, a
1338:, a
1326:Hiwi
1308:Hiwi
1138:Hiwi
986:The
821:Hiwi
594:Züge
467:Lvov
435:Hiwi
306:Jews
219:Hiwi
200:for
151:Size
135:Role
124:Type
56:Hiwi
6164:SS-
4857:ŻZW
4852:ŻOB
4842:PKB
4827:AOB
2640:doi
2366:NPR
1271:POW
1231:at
1152:of
1102:by
598:Zug
396:of
258:SS
7171::
6101:sk
6079:nl
6061:it
6042:fr
6024:be
4837:GL
4822:AK
4758:/
4754:,
4750:,
4746:,
4742:,
4738:,
4734:/
4730:,
4670:SS
2636:23
2634:.
2628:.
2538:,
2502:.
2421:.
2384:.
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1372:^
1160:,
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928:,
924:,
920:,
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912:,
852:SS
779:/
754:/
729:/
704:/
679:/
654:/
525:,
521:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
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477:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
461:,
453:,
449:,
445:,
237:SS
184::
180:;
170:,
102:SS
7147:"
7143:"
6460:"
6456:"
6202:)
6198:(
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5509:v
5476:)
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5302:e
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2267:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
