527:
43:
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Towards the end of
October, the entire slave-labour workforce of KL Lublin/Majdanek including Jewish prisoners of the Trawniki concentration camp were ordered to begin the construction of trenches that would become mass graves. Although the trenches were supposedly for defense against air raids, and
1696:
457:, the camp commander, and his officers used to induce Ukrainian, Latvian and Lithuanian men already familiar with firearms to take the initiative of their own free will. The total of 5,082 men were prepared at Trawniki for duty in German
616:
himself, were transported west to work at the still functioning death camps. The
Soviets entered the completely empty facility on July 23, 1944. After the war, they captured and prosecuted hundreds, possibly as many as one thousand
685:
once already sober. Only twelve men arrived in
Trawniki. At the first opportunity they got into a major fistfight with the Ukrainians, causing havoc. They were arrested and sent away. The whole idea was abandoned as impossible by
482:
from
Eastern Europe among them, valued because of their ability to speak Ukrainian, Russian, Polish and other languages of the occupied territories. They became the only squad commanders. Trawniki men took major part in
1322:
1707:
600:
Operation
Harvest Festival, with approximately 43,000 victims, was the single largest German massacre of Jews in the entire war. It surpassed the notorious massacre of more than 33,000 Jews at
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1982:
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5771:
346:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The new barracks behind the barbed-wire fence were erected by the prisoners themselves. In 1942 the camp was enlarged to include the
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2060:
5406:
1580:
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1954:
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3787:
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There were 12,000 Jews imprisoned at
Trawniki as of 1943 sorting through trainsets of clothing delivered from Holocaust locations. They were all massacred during
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their zigzag shape granted some plausibility to this lie, the prisoners guessed their true purpose. The massacres, later assumed to have been revenge for German
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Wojciech
Lenarczyk, Dariusz Libionka (eds.), Erntefest 3–4 listopada 1943. Zapomniany epizod Zagłady" (Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 2009), 183–210.
2009:
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in World War II. Throughout its existence the camp served a dual function. It was organized on the grounds of the former Polish sugar refinery of the
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in 1976 including commandant
Streibel. The Trawniki men apprehended in Soviet Union were charged with treason (not the shootings) and therefore were
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From
September 1941 until July 1944, the facility served as the full-fledged training base with dining rooms and sleeping quarters for the new
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outside Kiev by 10,000 victims. The
Trawniki training camp was dismantled in July 1944 because of the approaching front line. The last 1,000
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4229:
3846:
2046:
1629:
Thompson, Larry V. (1967). "Nazi Administrative Conflict. The Struggle for Executive Power in the General Government of Poland 1939–1943".
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Ukraine differs from other parts of the Nazi-occupied eastern territories because the local administrators were able to form the Ukrainian
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tried in the West was very small by comparison. Six defendants were acquitted on all charges and set free by a West German court in
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by an official letter of April 5, 1943. The failure probably contributed to his dismissal on November 9, 1943, by Governor General
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Arad, Yitzak (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps by Yitzhak Arad, Indiana University Press,
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in support of the extermination policies in 1941 and 1942, providing assistance for the deportations to camps in 1942 and 1943.
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signed up, while offered unlimited supply of alcohol. They boarded a passenger train to Trawniki, but most left the train in
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Kudryashov, Sergei, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards," in Mark and Ljubica Erickson (eds),
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Markus Eikel (2013). "The local administration under German occupation in central and eastern Ukraine, 1941–1944".
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embarked on a recruitment drive with an idea of forming a brand new Waffen-SS highlander division. Some 200 young
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subcamps. The bodies of Jews shot in the pits by Trawniki men aided by Battalion 101 were later incinerated by a
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edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004; pages 226–227 & 234-235.
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Macht Arbeit Frei?: German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943
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battalions before the end of 1944 – across from the forlorn Jewish camp separated by an inner fence.
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as well. The Jewish inmates of Trawniki provided slave labour for the makeshift industrial plants of
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with the Soviet Union, intended to hold Soviet POWs, with rail lines in all major directions in the
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1218:. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 110–122 in PDF.
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The Nazi camp at Trawniki was first established in July 1941 to hold prisoners of war captured in
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meant for the Polish Jews from across General Government. Within a year, under the management of
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362:, the camp included a number of forced labour workshops such as the fur processing plant (
8:
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476:) came from among the willing prisoners of war of Ukrainian ethnicity, there were also
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as well as selected transit ghettos across Europe (Germany, Austria, Slovakia) under
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1804:. Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Kuria Diecezjalna w Drohiczynie. p. 87.
1303:
Sergei Kudryashov, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards" (in)
597:, who were executed on site upon the completion of their task by the end of 1943.
211:
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1955:"Convicted Nazi criminal Demjanjuk deemed innocent in Germany over technicality."
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1610:[How to make highlanders into SS men. The story of Goralenvolk Legion].
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Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
1638:
1387:
1323:
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
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349:
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852:(permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Knowledge;
422:
379:
355:
49:
Original German site plan of the Trawniki camp (as of June 21, 1942).
5384:
3596:
3558:
987:
694:
149:"Accommodations for the Estonians and Latvians at the training camp"
5249:
5049:
4011:
2003:"Яків Палій." Україна Молода, June 17, 2004. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
668:
644:
from the start of judicial proceedings. In the U.S. some 16 former
601:
544:
259:
1983:"Accused Nazi Guard Speaks Out, Denying He Had Role in Atrocities"
1897:
In depth overview of the Trawniki Camp, Trawniki Staff, Photos. -
1726:
Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson
1305:
Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson
637:
4249:
1579:
Georg Bönisch, Jan Friedmann and Cordula Meyer (July 10, 2009).
1297:
5759:
4083:
2199:
1090:
1045:
888:
728:
263:
1259:
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
5124:
1531:
701:. Krüger committed suicide in upper Austria two years later.
622:
2640:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
421:
at the camp training plaza (some still wearing their Soviet
285:
territory. Between 1941 and 1944, the camp expanded into an
16:
Nazi forced labor and SS training camp near Lublin in Poland
1470:
870:
853:
1608:"Jak zrobić z górali esesmanów? Legion Góralski Waffen SS"
495:, and played an important role in the annihilation of the
177:
1560:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC
318:
stationed at the same location, helped by the travelling
4197:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1772:
Witold Mędykowski, "Obóz pracy dla Żydów w Trawnikach,"
385:
The Jews who worked there from June 1942 to May 1944 as
128:"Accommodations for the Ukrainians at the training camp"
4058:
2068:
1904:
Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide, Sources of Manpower
661:
33:
5642:
1212:
The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives
144:
Unterkünfte der Esten und Letten des Ausbildungslagers
1129:
510:
274:, and subdivided into at least three distinct zones.
1545:
1350:
Gates of Tears: The Holocaust in the Lublin District
307:, working in appalling conditions with little food.
1728:(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), 226–239.
1522:
846:
773:
621:who returned home to USSR. Most were sentenced to
89:north of the former sugar refinery with kitchen (
56:Slave labor camp for condemned Jewish prisoners.
5916:
3559:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1734:"The Chameleon of Trawniki: Jack Reimer, Soviet
1614:. Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak sp. z o.o.
655:
5417:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
1917:. United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit
1706:, Penguin Books, pp. 1–298, archived from
1095:[Escapes from the concentration camp].
933:
337:
314:of November 3, 1943, by the auxiliary units of
244:At least 12,000 Jews at the labour camp (left)
1827:(AGP), t. 104, "Budowa i odbudowa, 1946–1947".
1491:
1418:
551:(extreme southwest) and Trawniki in the centre
262:about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of
123:Unterkünfte der Ukrainer des Ausbildungslagers
5777:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
4265:
4044:
3544:
2625:
2185:
2054:
1908:
981:
884:
882:
61:Supply road with two gates, north and south.
4230:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1711:(PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete)
1310:
1208:
1147:
1117:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1072:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
915:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
869:Text from USHMM has been released under the
755:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
72:shooters around the military training plaza
5476:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2200:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
1855:"Trawniki Staff Page. Alphabetical Listing"
1605:
1487:
1485:
1346:
1340:
1091:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002).
1046:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002).
889:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002).
729:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002).
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
449:camps for service with Nazi Germany in the
293:, mainly Ukrainian. In 1942, it became the
4272:
4258:
4051:
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3551:
3537:
2632:
2618:
2192:
2178:
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1891:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum -
1373:
1367:
1241:, Francis & Bernard Publishing, 2011,
1238:Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers
1151:Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard
1121:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1084:
1076:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1039:
998:. Columbia University Press. p. 210.
919:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
879:
759:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1980:
1412:
858:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
767:
567:for November 3, 1943, under the codename
408:
397:, and from September 1943 as part of the
277:The Trawniki camp first opened after the
1691:
1628:
1482:
1476:
1316:
1229:
1135:
1050:[The Jews of Trawniki village].
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
711:
412:
4155:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1823:Archiwum Państwowe w Siedlcach (APS),
1768:Project MUSE 90 (abstract; paid access)
1572:
189:the Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
101:quarters with infirmary and storeroom (
5917:
4138:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
3498:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1651:
1516:
1099:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
1054:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
927:
897:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
893:[Operation Harvest Festival].
737:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
387:slave labour for the German war effort
5641:
5462:
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4584:
4583:
4253:
4032:
3532:
2613:
2173:
2042:
1981:Kilgannon, Corey (November 1, 2003).
1551:
1427:. About.com Education. Archived from
1202:
1141:
940:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 264–265.
821:
733:[The Nazi camp at Trawniki].
5064:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
1874:Yitzhak Arad, Thomas (Toivi) Blatt,
1852:
1374:Mędykowski, Witold Wojciech (2018).
236:1941 – November 1943
5869:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
4059:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
2070:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
1802:(PDF file, direct download 15.1 MB)
1660:. Nova Publishers. pp. 11–12.
1449:
1443:
289:training camp for collaborationist
187:Location of Trawniki on the map of
13:
5463:
4220:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1886:; museums and private collections.
1798:Treblinka concentration camp staff
1599:
1500:. Ossietzky 9/2010. Archived from
1161:. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348.
511:Camp liquidation, November 3, 1943
299:Majdanek concentration camp system
14:
5961:
4279:
3902:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
1606:Rafał Kuzak (12 September 2012).
507:among other ghetto insurgencies.
491:and foreign Jews. They served at
297:for thousands of Jews within the
5945:1943 disestablishments in Poland
5432:Polish leaders and intellectuals
4922:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
4079:Population transfers (1944–1946)
3128:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1931:"Nazi camp guard Demjanjuk dies"
1790:, Paweł Rytel-Andrianik (2011).
1633:. University of Wisconsin: 260.
934:Jack R. Fischel (Jul 17, 2010).
525:
326:. The first camp commandant was
176:
169:
116:From the original German legend:
41:
4182:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4094:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1909:Circuit Judge (July 13, 2010).
1645:
1622:
1280:
1252:
731:"Hitlerowski obóz w Trawnikach"
487:, the Nazi plan to exterminate
401:system of subcamps such as the
5930:1941 establishments in Germany
5360:Attack on the twentieth convoy
5173:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
3510:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
3486:36th Estonian Police Battalion
2001:Report on Palij (in Ukrainian)
1965:"In Memory of John Demjanjuk."
1878:, Rudolf Reder, Tom Teicholz,
1743:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
652:, some of whom were very old.
1:
5935:1941 establishments in Poland
4177:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
4007:Human medical experimentation
1685:
656:Failed attempts at recruiting
5950:Reserve Police Battalion 101
5697:Jewish war conspiracy theory
4888:Extermination through labour
1765:– via Project MUSE 90.
856:ticket no. 2007071910012533)
403:Poniatowa concentration camp
338:Concentration camp operation
320:Reserve Police Battalion 101
160:"Stables in stone building"
7:
5925:Trawniki concentration camp
5879:Righteous Among the Nations
5094:
4565:Righteous Among the Nations
4212:Righteous Among the Nations
4099:Ministry of Public Security
3478:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
2088:Related articles by country
1732:Steinhart, Eric C. (2009).
1347:Silberklang, David (2013).
1326:. New York: HarperCollins.
774:Tadeusz Piotrowski (2006).
399:Majdanek concentration camp
370:), the bristles finishing (
252:Trawniki concentration camp
24:Trawniki concentration camp
10:
5966:
5616:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
5586:Lithuanian Security Police
5505:Reich Security Main Office
4472:Evidence and documentation
4124:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
3506:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
1585:Germany > The Holocaust
1581:"A Very Ordinary Henchman"
1148:David Bankir, ed. (2006).
780:. McFarland. p. 217.
569:Operation Harvest Festival
517:Operation Harvest Festival
514:
432:
312:Operation Harvest Festival
66:Training compound for the
5832:Books and other resources
5819:
5735:
5664:
5660:
5637:
5571:
5543:
5484:
5471:
5458:
5397:
5345:
5298:
5235:
5205:
5143:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5089:
5047:
5006:
4958:
4944:
4906:
4865:
4765:
4722:
4600:
4596:
4579:
4495:
4464:
4364:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
4291:
4287:
4210:
4167:
4137:
4116:
4107:
4064:
4028:
3979:
3959:
3920:
3897:Sobibor perpetrator album
3854:
3845:
3780:
3749:
3742:
3656:
3615:
3564:
3528:
3482:Estonian Auxiliary Police
3464:
3408:
3383:
3247:
3240:
3141:
3085:
3027:
2969:
2798:
2652:
2645:
2609:
2592:Human medical experiments
2574:
2436:
2394:
2333:
2266:
2214:
2205:
2169:
2165:
2076:
1658:Suicide and the Holocaust
1353:. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
625:, and released under the
505:Białystok Ghetto Uprising
466:Although the majority of
389:were brought in from the
374:), and the new branch of
272:Central Industrial Region
240:
232:
221:
207:
195:
40:
28:
23:
5422:People with disabilities
5355:Aid and Rescue Committee
4145:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
3490:Latvian Auxiliary Police
3223:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2725:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1693:Browning, Christopher R.
1654:"Who Committed Suicide?"
1523:Holocaust Encyclopedia.
1498:Den Aufsatz kommentieren
1318:Browning, Christopher R.
1267:Indiana University Press
847:Holocaust Encyclopedia.
704:
671:in the heartland of the
549:Kreis Neumarkt am Dohnst
5563:Order Police battalions
4235:Garden of the Righteous
3987:Identification in camps
3980:Technical and logistics
3426:Order Police battalions
2025:51.139267°N 22.993140°E
1967:Retrieved Apr 24, 2012.
1793:Treblinka. Załoga obozu
1612:Ciekawostki historyczne
1587:. Spiegel International
1492:Ralph Hartmann (2010).
777:Ukrainian Collaboration
535:subcamps on the map of
155:Ställe in Steingebäuden
5412:Soviet urban residents
4503:International response
4477:Contemporary knowledge
3648:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
3113:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
1911:"Vladas Zajanckauskas"
1652:Lester, David (2005).
1558:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1554:"Trawniki: Chronology"
1552:USHMM (May 11, 2012).
1456:Occupation of the East
1388:10.2307/j.ctv75d8v5.13
1380:Academic Studies Press
995:Trawniki. A labor camp
665:Germanische Leitstelle
497:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
430:
409:Trawniki training camp
366:), the brush factory (
92:hand-coloured in brown
5859:Memorials and museums
5797:Reparations Agreement
5792:Holocaust restitution
5370:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4893:Human experimentation
4732:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
4187:Majdanek State Museum
3320:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
2224:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1976:BBC November 22, 2010
1959:Semotiuk, Andrij A. (
610:SS Battalion Streibel
416:
364:Pelzverarbeitungswerk
5059:Jewish Ghetto Police
4928:Politische Abteilung
4823:Risiera di San Sabba
4684:Natzweiler-Struthof
3664:Mordechai Anielewicz
3375:Elisabeth Volkenrath
3260:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
2896:Arthur Liebehenschel
2821:Hermine Braunsteiner
2765:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2030:51.139267; 22.993140
1738:, and the Holocaust"
1431:on December 27, 2016
1425:20th Century History
1419:Jennifer Rosenberg.
1048:"Żydzi w Trawnikach"
688:SS-Obergruppenführer
660:In January 1943 the
642:guilty of enlistment
571:, simultaneously at
561:defeat at Stalingrad
405:and several others.
344:Operation Barbarossa
268:occupation of Poland
227:Operation Barbarossa
201:SS-Totenkopfverbände
109:Commandant's house (
104:hand-coloured in red
5837:Days of remembrance
5750:Holocaust survivors
5745:Depopulated shtetls
5596:Rollkommando Hamann
5442:Jehovah's Witnesses
5260:Kamianets-Podilskyi
4322:Bohemia and Moravia
4202:March of the Living
4074:Holocaust survivors
3938:Vrba–Wetzler report
3714:Alexander Pechersky
3674:Mordechai Tenenbaum
3123:Alexander Palfinger
2946:Johann Schwarzhuber
2506:Międzyrzec Podlaski
2485:Lviv pogroms (1941)
2386:Sonderaktion Krakau
2021: /
1899:All about Trawniki
1697:"Arrival in Poland"
1504:on December 2, 2013
1479:, pp. 135–136.
937:Trawniki labor camp
493:extermination camps
5820:History and memory
5724:Forced euthanasia
5672:Nazi racial policy
5375:Danish underground
5222:Operation Reinhard
5217:Wannsee Conference
4117:West German trials
3912:Wannsee Conference
3699:Itzhak Katzenelson
3451:General Government
2936:Franz Reichleitner
2866:Fritz Hartjenstein
2856:Maximilian Grabner
2775:Bruno Streckenbach
2587:Grossaktion Warsaw
2240:Operation Reinhard
1825:Akta Gminy Prostyń
1756:10.1093/hgs/dcp032
1713:on 19 October 2013
1421:"Aktion Erntefest"
1235:Gregory Procknow,
1093:"Ucieczki z obozu"
990:Francis R. Nicosia
988:Donald L. Niewyk,
627:Khrushchev amnesty
537:General Government
485:Operation Reinhard
451:General Government
442:Schutzmannschaften
431:
395:Operation Reinhard
372:Borstenzurichterei
283:General Government
258:in the village of
225:POW camp for 1941
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5755:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
5702:Jewish emigration
5692:Hitler's prophecy
5687:Haavara Agreement
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5621:Ypatingasis būrys
5518:Sicherheitsdienst
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5393:
5392:
5313:Bielski partisans
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
4916:Totenkopfverbände
4575:
4574:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4163:
4162:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
3975:
3974:
3967:Sonderaktion 1005
3841:
3840:
3524:
3523:
3502:Ypatingasis būrys
3404:
3403:
3345:Johanna Langefeld
3340:Hildegard Lächert
3236:
3235:
3072:Alfred Trzebinski
3037:Franz von Bodmann
2989:Lorenz Hackenholt
2831:Theodor van Eupen
2770:Jakob Sporrenberg
2605:
2604:
2329:
2328:
1971:BBC July 29, 2010
1963:, Mar 21, 2012).
1953:, Mar 23, 2012),
1880:Samuel Willenberg
1811:978-83-7257-496-1
1667:978-1-59454-427-9
1494:"Der Alibiprozeß"
1360:978-965-308-464-3
1333:978-0-06-230303-5
683:Maków Podhalański
295:forced-labor camp
248:
247:
161:
150:
139:
129:
111:
106:
94:
86:
77:
5957:
5804:Holocaust denial
5782:Nuremberg trials
5772:Postwar violence
5727:
5662:
5661:
5639:
5638:
5601:Special Brigades
5591:Nederlandsche SS
5558:Police Regiments
5482:
5481:
5460:
5459:
5320:Ghetto uprisings
5308:Jewish partisans
5255:Harvest Festival
5227:Holocaust trains
5113:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5091:
5090:
4956:
4955:
4852:
4830:
4812:
4793:
4775:
4598:
4597:
4581:
4580:
4289:
4288:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4129:Treblinka trials
4114:
4113:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4029:
3928:Graebe affidavit
3921:Witness accounts
3867:Frank memorandum
3852:
3851:
3747:
3746:
3734:Szmul Zygielbojm
3724:Frumka Płotnicka
3684:Leon Feldhendler
3669:Icchak Cukierman
3623:Ghetto uprisings
3553:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3474:Schutzmannschaft
3295:Feodor Fedorenko
3245:
3244:
3153:Wolfgang Birkner
2941:Heinrich Schwarz
2931:Josef Oberhauser
2906:Heinrich Matthes
2790:Dieter Wisliceny
2780:Richard Thomalla
2755:Heinz Reinefarth
2705:Heinrich Himmler
2650:
2649:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2575:Other atrocities
2212:
2211:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1937:. March 17, 2012
1926:
1924:
1922:
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1371:
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1344:
1338:
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1314:
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1301:
1295:
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1199:
1193:
1189:
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1177:
1175:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1097:The camp history
1088:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1052:The camp history
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
985:
979:
978:
972:
968:
966:
958:
956:
954:
931:
925:
924:
914:
906:
904:
902:
895:The camp history
886:
877:
876:
865:
863:
857:
844:
819:
818:
812:
808:
806:
798:
796:
794:
771:
765:
764:
754:
746:
744:
742:
735:The camp history
726:
529:
425:), inspected by
291:auxiliary police
180:
173:
159:
157:
148:
146:
138:
136:
127:
125:
117:
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102:
93:
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50:
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5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5900:
5815:
5731:
5725:
5714:Madagascar Plan
5707:Kindertransport
5656:
5655:
5625:
5567:
5539:
5524:Ordnungspolizei
5480:
5467:
5446:
5389:
5341:
5294:
5265:Maly Trostenets
5236:Mass executions
5231:
5201:
5139:
5098:
5073:
5043:
5002:
4940:
4902:
4861:
4850:
4828:
4810:
4791:
4773:
4761:
4718:
4592:
4571:
4491:
4482:Hidden children
4460:
4318:Czechoslovakia
4283:
4278:
4248:
4239:
4206:
4159:
4150:Stutthof trials
4133:
4103:
4060:
4057:
4016:
4002:Holocaust train
3971:
3955:
3943:Witold's Report
3933:Gerstein Report
3916:
3882:Katzmann Report
3862:Auschwitz Album
3837:
3776:
3738:
3704:Michał Klepfisz
3652:
3611:
3560:
3557:
3520:
3460:
3430:Ordnungspolizei
3400:
3379:
3360:Erich Muhsfeldt
3290:Margot Dreschel
3275:Alexander Bülow
3232:
3228:Udo von Woyrsch
3218:Hermann Schaper
3213:Emanuel Schäfer
3198:Josef Meisinger
3158:Helmut Bischoff
3137:
3093:Heinz Auerswald
3081:
3023:
2971:
2965:
2961:Christian Wirth
2871:Gottlieb Hering
2794:
2760:Julian Scherner
2745:Georg Michalsen
2730:Franz Kutschera
2690:Odilo Globocnik
2641:
2638:
2601:
2570:
2432:
2390:
2371:Kielce cemetery
2325:
2262:
2201:
2198:
2161:
2072:
2067:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1991:
1989:
1949:Aderet, Ofer. (
1940:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1876:Alexander Donat
1864:
1862:
1859:Aktion Reinhard
1841:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1760:
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1731:
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1505:
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1413:
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1341:
1334:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1257:
1253:
1234:
1230:
1222:Hilfsverwaltung
1215:
1207:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1171:
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1158:
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861:
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792:
790:
788:
772:
768:
748:
747:
740:
738:
727:
712:
707:
673:Tatra mountains
658:
565:Christian Wirth
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
541:occupied Poland
530:
519:
513:
445:recruited from
437:
411:
360:Odilo Globocnik
340:
304:SS-Ostindustrie
279:outbreak of war
191:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
163:
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83:
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62:
57:
51:
48:
32:(left) and the
17:
12:
11:
5:
5963:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:1942 in Poland
5937:
5932:
5927:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5809:trivialization
5801:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5787:Eichmann trial
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5682:Nuremberg Laws
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5665:Early elements
5658:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5646:Early elements
5643:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5581:Arajs Kommando
5577:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5552:Einsatzgruppen
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5465:Responsibility
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
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5409:
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5327:
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5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5244:Einsatzgruppen
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5208:Final Solution
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5187:
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5160:
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5100:
5099:
5087:
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5078:
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5074:
5072:
5071:
5069:Ústredňa Židov
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5034:Theresienstadt
5031:
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5016:
5010:
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5003:
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5000:
4995:
4990:
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4964:
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4941:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4873:Einsatzgruppen
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4679:Mittelbau-Dora
4676:
4667:
4662:
4660:Kraków-Płaszów
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4550:Rescue of Jews
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Sobibór Museum
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:Sonderkommando
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Posen speeches
3889:
3887:Korherr Report
3884:
3879:
3877:Höfle telegram
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Witold Pilecki
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Henryk Iwański
3691:
3689:Paweł Frenkiel
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3494:Arajs Kommando
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3416:Einsatzgruppen
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3370:Alice Orlowski
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:John Demjanjuk
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Gerhard Flesch
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3144:Einsatzgruppen
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3086:Ghetto command
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Horst Schumann
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Johann Niemann
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Hermann Michel
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Karl-Otto Koch
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:Irmfried Eberl
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Fritz Katzmann
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Arthur Greiser
2697:
2695:Richard Glücks
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Ludwig Fischer
2677:
2672:
2670:Adolf Eichmann
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2334:Mass shootings
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2321:Danzig-Matzkau
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Kraków-Płaszów
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1987:New York Times
1978:
1973:
1968:
1957:
1947:
1927:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1884:Richard Glazar
1850:
1810:
1788:Edward Kopówka
1784:
1770:
1750:(2): 239–262.
1729:
1722:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1666:
1644:
1621:
1598:
1571:
1544:
1515:
1481:
1469:
1442:
1411:
1406:j.ctv75d8v5.13
1396:
1366:
1359:
1339:
1332:
1309:
1296:
1279:
1251:
1228:
1201:
1167:
1159:(Google Books)
1155:Peter R. Black
1140:
1128:
1083:
1038:
1005:978-0231528788
1004:
980:
947:978-0810874855
946:
926:
878:
820:
786:
766:
709:
708:
706:
703:
657:
654:
632:The number of
590:Sonderkommando
563:, were set by
531:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:Main article:
512:
509:
410:
407:
339:
336:
330:, replaced by
328:Hermann Hoefle
254:was set up by
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
223:
219:
218:
209:
205:
204:
197:
193:
192:
175:
174:
168:
167:
166:
165:
114:
47:
46:
38:
37:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5962:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:Nazi eugenics
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:Topf and Sons
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5573:Collaborators
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5511:Referat IV B4
5509:
5508:
5507: (RSHA)
5506:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5498:Schutzstaffel
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:Organizations
5483:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Romani people
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:Working Group
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:Kastner train
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5152:Kristallnacht
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4935:Sanitätswesen
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4898:Death marches
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4724:Extermination
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Sachsenhausen
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Herzogenbusch
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Bergen-Belsen
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4602:Concentration
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:United States
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:and colonies
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:The Holocaust
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Kielce pogrom
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Stroop Report
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Documentation
3844:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
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3727:
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3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Marek Edelman
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
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3649:
3646:
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3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:Organizations
3563:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:Collaboration
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:Organizations
3407:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Eduard Lorenz
3353:
3351:
3350:Anton Lechner
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Josef Kollmer
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Kurt Gerstein
3303:
3301:
3300:Hans Hoffmann
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Juana Bormann
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Erich Naumann
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Lothar Beutel
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3133:Jürgen Stroop
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Josef Blösche
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:Eduard Wirths
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Josef Mengele
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Horst Fischer
3050:
3048:
3047:Karl Gebhardt
3045:
3043:
3042:Carl Clauberg
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Ludwig Plagge
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Herbert Lange
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Kurt Bolender
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Gustav Wagner
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Franz Hössler
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Karl Fritzsch
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Wilhelm Boger
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Erwin Lambert
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Wilhelm Koppe
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Hermann Höfle
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Theodor Eicke
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Aktion Krakau
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Bloody Sunday
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2268:Concentration
2265:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2216:Extermination
2213:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:The Holocaust
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2002:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1856:
1853:S.J. (2007).
1851:
1847:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1780:9788392518754
1777:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1736:Volksdeutsche
1730:
1727:
1723:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1477:Browning 1998
1473:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:9781618115966
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1138:, p. 52.
1137:
1136:Browning 1998
1132:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1022:
1007:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
984:
976:
964:
949:
943:
939:
938:
930:
922:
918:
912:
896:
892:
885:
883:
875:
874:
872:
855:
850:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
816:
804:
789:
783:
779:
778:
770:
762:
758:
752:
736:
732:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
710:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
666:
663:
653:
651:
650:denaturalized
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
615:
614:Karl Streibel
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
591:
586:
583:, Puławy and
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
550:
546:
542:
539:territory of
538:
534:
528:
518:
508:
506:
502:
501:Stroop Report
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
480:
479:Volksdeutsche
475:
474:
469:
464:
462:
461:
456:
455:Karl Streibel
452:
448:
444:
443:
436:
428:
427:Karl Streibel
424:
420:
415:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Warsaw Ghetto
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Bürstenfabrik
365:
361:
358:
357:
352:
351:
345:
335:
333:
332:Karl Streibel
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
220:
217:
216:Karl Streibel
213:
212:Hermann Höfle
210:
206:
203:
202:
198:
194:
190:
179:
172:
164:
156:
145:
135:
124:
100:
80:
71:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
39:
36:training camp
35:
31:
30:Forced labour
27:
22:
19:
5889:Yizkor books
5610:
5550:
5497:
5242:
5190:in Lithuania
5150:
5048:
4933:
4926:
4915:
4849:
4827:
4808:
4789:
4772:
4555:by Catholics
4424:Soviet Union
4292:By territory
3948:
3872:Höcker Album
3855:Nazi sources
3743:Victim lists
3709:Miles Lerman
3516:Trawniki men
3456:Hotel Polski
3365:Detlef Nebbe
3330:Oswald Kaduk
3325:Karl Jeschke
3203:Bruno Müller
3193:Felix Landau
3178:Ernst Damzog
3173:Karl Brunner
3142:
3118:Franz Konrad
3019:Adolf Theuer
2972:executioners
2951:Franz Stangl
2921:Robert Mulka
2891:Josef Kramer
2841:Karl Frenzel
2811:Richard Baer
2806:Hans Aumeier
2799:Camp command
2785:Otto Wächter
2665:Josef Bühler
2660:Viktor Brack
2646:Perpetrators
2310:
2238:
2080:Main article
2006:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
1960:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1934:
1919:. Retrieved
1914:
1871:
1870:
1863:. Retrieved
1858:
1824:
1822:
1815:. Retrieved
1797:
1792:
1773:
1759:. Retrieved
1747:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1715:, retrieved
1708:the original
1703:
1671:. Retrieved
1657:
1647:
1631:Dissertation
1630:
1624:
1611:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1497:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1455:
1450:ARC (2004).
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1424:
1414:
1375:
1369:
1349:
1342:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1282:
1263:Yitzhak Arad
1254:
1237:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1172:. Retrieved
1154:
1150:
1143:
1131:
1101:. Retrieved
1096:
1086:
1056:. Retrieved
1051:
1041:
1009:. Retrieved
994:
983:
951:. Retrieved
936:
929:
899:. Retrieved
894:
868:
867:
860:. Retrieved
791:. Retrieved
776:
769:
739:. Retrieved
734:
693:in occupied
687:
676:
667:in occupied
664:
659:
648:guards were
645:
641:
633:
631:
618:
609:
608:forming the
605:
599:
588:
575:, Trawniki,
557:
548:
477:
471:
468:Trawniki men
465:
460:Sonderdienst
458:
440:
438:
435:Trawniki men
384:
376:Das Torfwerk
375:
371:
367:
363:
354:
350:Arbeitslager
347:
341:
316:Trawniki men
309:
302:
276:
256:Nazi Germany
251:
249:
222:Original use
199:
154:
143:
137:
133:
122:
98:
78:
67:
63:
58:
53:
52:
18:
5895:Never again
5726:(Action T4)
5652:Remembrance
5437:Homosexuals
5407:Soviet POWs
5335:Częstochowa
4883:Gas chamber
4694:Ravensbrück
4635:Gross-Rosen
4630:Flossenbürg
4513:Philippines
4445:Yugoslavia
4404:Netherlands
4332:Sudetenland
3992:Gas chamber
3960:Concealment
3951:photographs
3798:Gross-Rosen
3767:Lviv (Lwów)
3729:Roza Robota
3633:Częstochowa
3265:Herta Bothe
3255:Hans Anhalt
3248:Camp guards
3188:Ludwig Hahn
3168:Paul Blobel
3108:Franz Bürkl
3098:Hans Biebow
3057:Fritz Klein
2994:Josef Klehr
2979:Erich Bauer
2970:Gas chamber
2916:Karl Möckel
2901:Maria Mandl
2876:Rudolf Höss
2861:Otto Hantke
2750:Oswald Pohl
2740:Ernst Lerch
2551:Stanisławów
2461:Częstochowa
2351:Bronna Góra
2281:Gross-Rosen
2276:Auschwitz I
2028: /
1861:. H.E.A.R.T
1842:|work=
1452:"Erntefest"
1192:|work=
1029:|work=
971:|work=
811:|work=
678:Goralenvolk
453:territory.
417:Company of
266:during the
233:Operational
196:Operated by
121:1 & 2.
76:handwritten
5919:Categories
5884:Yad Vashem
5864:Uniqueness
5719:Nisko Plan
5492:Nazi Party
5300:Resistance
5270:Ninth Fort
5135:Vel' d'Hiv
4907:Nazi units
4845:Westerbork
4835:Amersfoort
4689:Neuengamme
4670:Mauthausen
4650:Kaiserwald
4620:Buchenwald
4399:Luxembourg
3315:Irma Grese
3310:Paul Götze
3280:Luise Danz
3029:Physicians
2836:Kurt Franz
2685:Hans Frank
2653:Organizers
2597:Heidelager
2016:22°59′35″E
2013:51°08′21″N
1915:Petitioner
1761:31 January
1686:References
1616:(page two)
1525:"Trawniki"
1378:. Boston:
1294:, page 22.
1292:0253342937
1275:0253342937
1249:(page 35).
1247:0986837407
1168:192963160X
849:"Trawniki"
787:0786429135
699:Hans Frank
579:, Budzyn,
503:) and the
433:See also:
423:Budenovkas
208:Commandant
5842:Education
5737:Aftermath
5649:Aftermath
5611:Trawnikis
5535:Wehrmacht
5530:Waffen-SS
5330:Białystok
5158:Bucharest
5130:Marseille
5007:Elsewhere
4968:Białystok
4780:Breendonk
4757:Treblinka
4610:Auschwitz
4394:Lithuania
4169:Memorials
4066:Aftermath
3833:Treblinka
3788:Auschwitz
3643:Treblinka
3628:Białystok
3616:Uprisings
3396:Treblinka
3241:Personnel
3009:Otto Moll
2999:Hans Koch
2851:Amon Göth
2582:Action T4
2546:Sosnowiec
2516:Nowy Sącz
2451:Białystok
2418:Szczuczyn
2366:Erntefest
2356:Bydgoszcz
2341:Białystok
2256:Treblinka
2132:Lithuania
1961:Kyiv Post
1844:ignored (
1834:cite book
1695:(1998) ,
1320:(2017) .
1277:(page 21)
1194:ignored (
1184:cite book
1031:ignored (
1021:cite book
973:ignored (
963:cite book
891:"Dożynki"
813:ignored (
803:cite book
629:of 1955.
577:Poniatowa
499:(see the
380:Dorohucza
356:Gauleiter
84:red arrow
5827:Academia
5280:Piaśnica
5250:Babi Yar
5178:Jedwabne
5117:Roundups
5050:Judenrat
5014:Budapest
4785:Mechelen
4747:Majdanek
4704:Stutthof
4665:Majdanek
4560:by Poles
4518:Portugal
4496:Response
4487:Timeline
4465:Overview
4327:Slovakia
4314:Bulgaria
4012:Zyklon B
3828:Trawniki
3823:Stutthof
3808:Majdanek
2556:Tarnopol
2496:Lubartów
2408:Jedwabne
2311:Trawniki
2301:Stutthof
2291:Potulice
2234:Majdanek
2152:Slovakia
1992:July 12,
1941:July 12,
1935:BBC News
1921:July 12,
1893:Trawniki
1865:July 12,
1817:July 12,
1717:July 12,
1673:March 3,
1591:July 12,
1564:July 12,
1537:July 12,
1528:(ibidem)
1508:July 12,
1462:July 14,
1435:July 15,
1269:, 1987,
1174:July 12,
1113:cite web
1103:July 12,
1068:cite web
1058:July 12,
1011:July 12,
992:(2012).
953:July 12,
911:cite web
901:July 12,
862:July 12,
793:July 12,
751:cite web
741:July 12,
669:Zakopane
602:Babi Yar
573:Majdanek
545:Zakopane
533:Majdanek
429:(centre)
260:Trawniki
5854:Lessons
5290:Rumbula
5163:Dorohoi
5144:Pogroms
5096:Victims
4946:Ghettos
4878:Gas van
4866:Methods
4840:Schoorl
4818:Bolzano
4766:Transit
4752:Sobibor
4742:Chełmno
4709:Vaivara
4645:Hinzert
4590:ghettos
4543:Vatican
4449:Croatia
4439:Ukraine
4429:Belarus
4419:Romania
4371:Hungary
4354:Germany
4344:Estonia
4339:Denmark
4309:Belgium
4304:Austria
4299:Albania
3997:Gas van
3813:Sobibór
3750:Ghettos
3657:Leaders
3638:Sobibor
3391:Sobibor
3384:By camp
2531:Siedlce
2438:Ghettos
2423:Tykocin
2395:Pogroms
2381:Palmiry
2306:Szebnie
2251:Sobibor
2229:Chełmno
2157:Ukraine
2142:Romania
2122:Germany
2112:Estonia
2107:Denmark
2102:Croatia
2097:Belgium
2092:Belarus
1951:Haaretz
1872:Source:
1639:3417584
638:Hamburg
612:led by
595:Milejów
581:Kraśnik
97:German
59:Centre:
5760:Bricha
5526:(Orpo)
5399:Others
5385:Żegota
5347:Rescue
5325:Warsaw
5285:Ponary
5195:Kaunas
4998:Warsaw
4983:Lublin
4973:Kraków
4960:Poland
4804:Drancy
4737:Belzec
4714:Warsaw
4625:Dachau
4533:Turkey
4528:Sweden
4454:Serbia
4434:Russia
4414:Poland
4409:Norway
4389:Latvia
4359:Greece
4349:France
4109:Trials
4084:Bricha
3818:Soldau
3803:Izbica
3793:Bełżec
3772:Warsaw
3757:Kraków
3597:Żegota
2566:Warsaw
2541:Słonim
2536:Sambor
2511:Mizocz
2501:Lublin
2476:Kraków
2471:Kielce
2466:Grodno
2446:Będzin
2428:Wąsosz
2404:(1946)
2402:Kielce
2316:Warsaw
2296:Soldau
2246:Belzec
2147:Russia
2137:Norway
2127:Latvia
2117:France
1808:
1800:]
1778:
1664:
1637:
1404:
1394:
1357:
1330:
1290:
1273:
1245:
1165:
1002:
944:
784:
695:Kraków
691:Krüger
623:Gulags
585:Lipowa
489:Polish
264:Lublin
241:Killed
134:Garage
64:Right:
5874:Humor
5847:Films
5544:Units
5275:Odesa
5125:Izieu
5039:Vilna
5024:Minsk
5019:Kovno
4993:Radom
4857:Sereď
4674:Gusen
4655:Kauen
4586:Camps
4523:Spain
4508:Japan
4382:Libya
4376:Italy
3781:Camps
3441:RKFDV
2561:Wilno
2526:Radom
2521:Pińsk
2456:Brest
2361:Dynów
2207:Camps
1796:[
1700:(PDF)
1532:USHMM
1458:. ARC
1402:JSTOR
1216:(PDF)
705:Notes
634:Hiwis
619:Hiwis
606:Hiwis
593:from
543:with
473:Hiwis
419:Hiwis
322:from
82:with
54:Left:
5765:List
5520:(SD)
5500:(SS)
5183:Lviv
5168:Iași
5108:Jews
5029:Riga
4988:Lwów
4978:Łódź
4950:list
4799:Gurs
4672:and
4588:and
4224:List
3762:Łódź
3582:Bund
3446:VoMi
3436:WVHA
2491:Łódź
2481:Lwów
2413:Lviv
1994:2014
1943:2014
1923:2014
1867:2014
1846:help
1819:2014
1806:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1763:2021
1719:2014
1675:2016
1662:ISBN
1635:OCLC
1593:2014
1566:2014
1539:2014
1510:2014
1464:2014
1437:2014
1392:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1196:help
1176:2014
1163:ISBN
1123:link
1119:link
1105:2014
1078:link
1074:link
1060:2014
1033:help
1013:2014
1000:ISBN
975:help
955:2014
942:ISBN
921:link
917:link
903:2014
871:GFDL
864:2014
854:OTRS
815:help
795:2014
782:ISBN
761:link
757:link
743:2014
646:Hiwi
470:(or
324:Orpo
250:The
153:11.
69:Hiwi
4914:SS-
3607:ŻZW
3602:ŻOB
3592:PKB
3577:AOB
1752:doi
1384:doi
1261:by
547:at
447:POW
378:in
348:SS-
142:4.
132:3.
112:).
107:).
95:).
87:).
5921::
4851:sk
4829:nl
4811:it
4792:fr
4774:be
3587:GL
3572:AK
3508:/
3504:,
3500:,
3496:,
3492:,
3488:,
3484:/
3480:,
3420:SS
1985:.
1933:.
1913:.
1882:,
1869:.
1857:.
1838::
1836:}}
1832:{{
1821:.
1748:23
1746:.
1740:.
1702:,
1656:.
1583:.
1556:.
1530:.
1496:.
1484:^
1454:.
1423:.
1400:.
1390:.
1382:.
1265:,
1188::
1186:}}
1182:{{
1153:by
1115:}}
1111:{{
1070:}}
1066:{{
1025::
1023:}}
1019:{{
967::
965:}}
961:{{
913:}}
909:{{
881:^
866:.
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807::
805:}}
801:{{
753:}}
749:{{
713:^
662:SS
382:.
334:.
287:SS
214:,
99:SS
34:SS
5897:"
5893:"
5210:"
5206:"
4952:)
4948:(
4273:e
4266:t
4259:v
4226:)
4222:(
4052:e
4045:t
4038:v
3552:e
3545:t
3538:v
3512:)
3476:(
3432:)
3428:(
3422:)
3418:(
2633:e
2626:t
2619:v
2487:)
2483:(
2193:e
2186:t
2179:v
2062:e
2055:t
2048:v
1996:.
1945:.
1925:.
1848:)
1782:.
1754::
1677:.
1641:.
1618:.
1595:.
1568:.
1541:.
1512:.
1466:.
1439:.
1408:.
1386::
1363:.
1336:.
1198:)
1178:.
1125:)
1107:.
1080:)
1062:.
1035:)
1015:.
977:)
957:.
923:)
905:.
873:.
817:)
797:.
763:)
745:.
79:①
74:(
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