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substantial reason to "re-evaluate" the "military dimensions" of the overall collaboration. In Müller's estimation, the
Wehrmacht would not have been capable of making it to Moscow in 1941 were it not for the Finnish, Hungarian, and Romanian conscripts; operations in the Volga and Caucasus in 1942 would have ground to a halt without the additional forces; and following the disaster at Stalingrad, it was foreign conscripts and volunteers (60,000 troops) fighting partisans in the Balkans which enabled the Germans to stabilize the Eastern Front in Finland and Ukraine. Müller also carefully reminds readers that on top of the co-opted aide of collaborators, millions of foreign laborers were forced to help provide the Nazis with the needed material resources to carry on the war far longer than otherwise possible without their toils.
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non-Slavic Muslim minorities like the
Turkestanis, the Volga Tatars, Northern Caucasians, and Azerbaijanis, as well as Georgians and Armenians. The overall effectiveness of Nazi Germany's military collaborators was described by one German commander as one-fifth good, one-fifth bad, and three-fifths inconsistent.
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soldiers were captured by the invading German forces for instance, significant numbers of the POWs began immediately aiding the
Wehrmacht. Along with the forces allied to the Nazis, the Russians comprised the "largest contingent of foreign auxiliary troops on the German side with upwards of 1 million
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and Gerd
Ueberschär comment that people in countries from Finland to Romania "suddenly found themselves caught between the 'red' hammer and the 'brown' anvil", leaving them little in terms of options; their subsequent collective "shock over German ruthlessness was surpassed only by their dislike for
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Ultimately, the
European collaborators remained subordinated to German oversight and were "kept on a short leash." Rolf-Dieter Müller puts the figures for the European Wehrmacht allies and volunteers who fought in the eastern campaign at approximately one-million men in total, which he claims gives
206:
fought against the
British on the Japanese side). For the majority of volunteers from Muslim communities, their animosity against the Soviets stemmed from their anti-Russian feelings, religious impulses (their disdain for Soviet atheism for example), coupled by the negative experience of Stalin's
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comprised a fighting force equivalent of 30 German divisions by the end of 1943. By mid-1944 upwards of 600,000 soldiers of the
Eastern Legions/Troops were assembled under the command of General Ernst-August Köstring, stemming mostly from the periphery of the Soviet empire; they consisted of
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Many of the foreign volunteers fought under the banner of the swastika from areas outside Europe and wanted to stave off Soviet domination or be free from
British imperialism. Placing the volunteers from Eastern Europe who fought alongside the Germans into context, German historians
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as part of propaganda-driven "pan-Germanic army" of the future. Besides helping the
Germans fight, foreign auxiliary units across occupied Europe enforced order in the occupied territories, oversaw forced labor, participated in
17:
99:. Though largely recruited from occupied countries, they also came from co-belligerent, neutral, and even active enemy nations. From April 1940 forward, Himmler began recruiting men for the
34:
632:
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Grasmeder, Elizabeth M.F. "Leaning on
Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.
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130:. Generally the non-Germanic troops were permitted into the Wehrmacht, whereas the Germanic volunteers were recruited into the service of the
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63:("volunteers"). At the same time, many non-Germans in the German armed forces were conscripts or recruited from prisoner-of-war camps.
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composed of Flemish, Dutch, Danish, and Norwegian volunteers was formed and placed under German command. Shortly thereafter,
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The non-German troops thus comprised a wide range of ethnicities, ranging from the mainly Turkic peoples in the
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from among the West and Northern European people of Norway and the Low Countries. In 1941, the
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59:. In German war-time propaganda those who volunteered for service were referred to as
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A European Anabasis: Western European Volunteers in the German Army and SS, 1940–1945
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policies on nationality, and by the corresponding disruption to their way of life.
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were volunteers, conscripts and those otherwise induced to join who served in
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An deutscher Seite: Internationale Freiwillige von Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS
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The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers
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Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933–1945
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European non-Germans in the German armed forces during World War II
139:, and assisted in the killing of the Jewish population during the
503:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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Operation Barbarossa: Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945
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men." Many of the foreign volunteers fought in either the
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Non-Germans in the German armed forces during World War II
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The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS
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troops were added from Latvia, Estonia, and elsewhere.
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Hitler's Foreign Executioners: Europe's Dirty Secret
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The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945
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44:with a brochure titled "Islam and Judaism", 1943.
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431:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
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528:Hitler's War in the East: A Critical Assessment
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226:Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts
221:Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts
79:to describe non-German Europeans (neither
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684:(in German). Munich: Universitas.
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91:) who volunteered to fight for
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717:Foreign units of Nazi Germany
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231:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
680:Neulen, Hans Werner (1985).
531:. New York: Berghahn Books.
501:Islam and Nazi Germany's War
368:Müller & Ueberschär 1997
293:Müller & Ueberschär 1997
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484:. New York: Penguin Press.
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662:Littlejohn, David (1972).
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553:. New York: I.B. Taurus.
167:registration point, 1942
568:Stein, George (1984) .
499:Motadel, David (2014).
198:and the Indians of the
193:13th SS Division of SS
105:5th SS Panzer Division
55:'s armed forces during
665:The Patriotic Traitors
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67:Background and history
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637:. The History Press.
480:Höhne, Heinz (2001).
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137:Nazi security warfare
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256:, pp. 150, 153.
204:Indian National Army
547:Müller, Rolf-Dieter
523:Ueberschär, Gerd R.
519:Müller, Rolf-Dieter
423:Hartmann, Christian
334:, pp. 87–102.
174:Rolf-Dieter Müller
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644:978-0-7524-5974-5
629:Hale, Christopher
560:978-1-78076-072-8
510:978-0-67472-460-0
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61:Freiwillige
655:2016-06-29
266:Höhne 2001
254:Stein 1984
237:References
242:Citations
195:Handschar
141:Holocaust
132:Waffen-SS
128:Wehrmacht
124:Waffen-SS
112:Waffen-SS
101:Waffen-SS
71:The term
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119:Red Army
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35:13th
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612:OCLC
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