861:
1076:
910:. A total of 45 people were sentenced to death and 37 were executed (25 Norwegians and 12 Germans). Both at the time and later these sentences were the subject of some debate, since the decision to reintroduce capital punishment to the Norwegian legal system for the post war trials was based on clauses in military law. Capital punishment in the Criminal Code had been abolished in 1904. The decision was made by the exiled Norwegian government in London in 1944, later to be debated three times in the Parliament during the trials, and to be confirmed by the Supreme Court.
501:, property of untrustworthy persons was put under national administration. Untrustworthy were considered German and Hungarian nationals, and people who were active in destruction of the Czechoslovak state and its democratic government, supported Nazi occupation by any means, or were members of organisations considered fascist or collaborator. By the same decree, property of people of German and Hungarian nationality, who could prove they were anti-Nazi, could be returned to them.
127:
25:
581:
265:" for those suspected of having been collaborators, in which vigilantism and summary justice were common. After a first period of spontaneous pursuit, provisional governments took the matter into their own hands and brought suspected criminals to court. The Nuremberg Trial in Germany judged only the highest German Nazi authorities, and each country prosecuted and sentenced their own collaborationists.
997:
340:(nicknamed the "Auschwitz of the Balkans"), was interviewed on national television in Argentina, where he had lived for over 50 years. During the interview, he admitted to his leadership position, but denied killing anyone. The interview caused a public uproar. In May 1998, Šakić was arrested by Argentine police. The following month, he was extradited to
741:
percent were commuted by de Gaulle, and 767 carried out. In addition, about 770 executions were ordered by the military tribunals. Thus the total number of people executed before and after the
Liberation was approximately 10,500, including those killed in the épuration sauvage", notably including members and leaders of the
663:
was however, executed after his trial. Most convicted people were given amnesty a few years later. In the police, collaborators often resumed official responsibilities. For example, Maurice Papon, who would be convicted in the 1990s for his role in the Vichy collaborationist government, was in the
988:. Those who decided to apply became subject to a verification process. At the beginning of the process, many acts of violence against Volksdeutsche took place. However, soon the verification of Volksdeutsche became controlled by the juridical process and was completed in a more controlled manner.
740:
Reliable statistics of the death toll do not exist. At the low end, one estimate is that approximately 10,500 were executed, before and after liberation. "The courts of
Justice pronounced about 6,760 death sentences, 3,910 in absentia and 2,853 in the presence of the accused. Of these 2,853, 73
745:. US forces put the number of "summary executions" following liberation at 80,000. The French Minister of the Interior at the time, March 1945, reported that the number executed was 105,000. Modern scholarship estimates a total number of summary executions between 10,000 and 15,000.
225:
was plausible); widespread sense that genocide of whole communities and cultures on such a scale was intolerable and must not be left unprosecuted even despite the inadequacy of existing laws; and fear that a "Nazi underground" of some kind existed, such as the mythical
1178:
was sentenced to life in prison after being found guilty of murdering 18 Jews in
Britain's first Nazi war crimes trial. Sawoniuk had led "search-and-kill" police squads to hunt down Jews trying to escape after nearly 3,000 were massacred at Domachevo in Nazi-occupied
516:, special tribunals were started. These people's courts had right to sentence to long term imprisonment, life sentence or death. Prosecutions varied from verbal support to those who had committed crimes against humanity, no prosecution was based on ethnicity. By
477:
and
American armies, in an atmosphere of chaos, wild chases began. Individual acts of revenge, mob violence, and simply criminal acts motivated by the possibility to rob or loot targets, occurred. In some places were conducted, by organised groups of self-styled
783:, their anti-Communist credentials were more important than their collaboration. Indeed, in many cases the same people who had collaborated with the Germans and staffed the post-war security establishment persecuted leftist former Resistance members.
1147:, who was the leader of the eponymous commando unit which helped the Nazis murder the Jews of Latvia and Belarus, had been captured in the British zone of occupied Germany after the war, and was released in 1949 after spending several years in a
486:. In most places this stopped when the provisional Czech government and local authorities took power. Other forms included legal action, undertaken by the state administration, after the war, until the regular Czech parliament was established.
767:, the first collaborationist prime minister, was tried by the Greek Special Collaborators Court in 1945 and sentenced to death, but his penalty, like most death sentences, was commuted to life imprisonment. The second collaborationist leader,
775:, the third collaborationist prime minister, was tried on a treason charge; the court sentenced him to life imprisonment. However, several lower and middle figures that had collaborated with the Germans, especially members of the
1037:, and spent the war in a camp. Many such unfortunate Soviet citizens were persecuted upon their repatriation to the Soviet Union. In general, after a short trial, if they were not executed, Nazi collaborators were imprisoned in
1460:
527:, concerning resistance to the Nazi regime, which shifted limit of immunity to the year 1946, effectively amnestying all crimes, acts of individual revenge and atrocities against Germans and Hungarians long after the war.
204:
There were a number of motives for the apprehension of suspected collaborators. The main motives were: revenge for those murdered, especially those murdered on ethnic grounds in the
Holocaust (principally among
678:
who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms; some of them were given the option of serving time in
221:); a means of ensuring that criminal acts done were brought to light and placed on the official record, with evidence, so that they could never be disproven (some of the acts being so unthinkable that
648:
Between 1944 and 1951, official courts in France sentenced 6,763 people to death (3,910 in absentia) for treason and other offences, and 791 executions were actually carried out. More common was
278:
258:. Individuals reported seeing someone they recognised, now living under a false identity. Specific individuals were named and sought by groups or governments for their crimes during the war.
771:, who had fled to Germany after the Wehrmacht's withdrawal, was caught by the US military and was condemned to life imprisonment. In 1951, he was given parole and thus died outside prison.
473:
Actions against Nazi collaborators in
Czechoslovakia, real or alleged, had two significant forms, by judiciary or by mob action. Immediately after the liberation of Czechoslovakia by
292:" and those believed to have aided and abetted them. However, many suspected war criminals were also given amnesty, and some reached high positions in post-war administrations (e.g.
801:
to death (decision no. 344/1945). The next year the same court condemned an additional 179. However, the war crimes remained unpunished since the criminals had already fled abroad.
423:
from
Argentina; however, the Argentine Government ignored this request. Now secure in his freedom, Pierre Daye resumed his writing activities, becoming the editor of an official
1155:
put him on trial. One of Arajs's deputies, Harijs
Svikeris, settled in Britain after the war and in the 1990s was thought to be a strong candidate to be prosecuted under the
1619:
Ben-Naftali, Orna; Tuval, Yogev (1 March 2006). "Punishing
International Crimes Committed by the Persecuted: The Kapo Trials in Israel (1950s–1960s)". Rochester, NY.
659:, was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life imprisonment.
1422:
1015:
1317:
1174:, but the request for extradition was refused by the British government, claiming that the Soviet government had insufficient evidence. On 1 April 1999,
1243:
1048:
508:, farm property of German and Hungarian nationals or citizens was confiscated, unless they could prove active resistance against Nazism. Property of
185:
1121:, the British handed back many Soviet citizens to the Soviet authorities for trial. Some of these were collaborators who had served in the pro-Nazi
1536:
605:
After the liberation, France was briefly swept by a wave of executions of suspected collaborators. At least some of the women suspected of having
1540:
566:, who had been sentenced to death in absentia, was finally deported by the United States in 1987, and died in a prison hospital shortly after.
437:
theoreticians of his period, who collaborated with Nazi
Germany during World War II. After the liberation of Belgium, he crossed the border to
42:
1191:
The reprisals for collaboration with the Nazis were particularly harsh in Yugoslavia, because collaborators were also on the losing side of a
520:
people of German and Hungarian nationality or ethnicity lost their Czechoslovakian citizenship. However, they had right to apply for renewal.
1133:
who had never been Soviet citizens, and who were subsequently murdered by the Soviet authorities. Yugoslav collaborators were handed over to
816:
810:
754:
622:
89:
936:. The Volksliste had 4 categories. No. 1 and No. 2 were considered ethnic Germans, while No. 3 and No. 4 were ethnic Poles that signed the
860:
1371:
61:
759:
Greece was under the control of the Third Reich from 1941 to 1944. After the liberation, the country followed a controversial period of
395:; however, he was one of the first Nazi collaborators to escape Europe, and unusually by plane. He fled to Argentina with the help of
1214:, was sent overseas to find and eliminate several former Ustashe who fled the country, including the leader of the Ustashe and their
798:
277:
later commuted that to a life sentence. Governments investigated and interrogated people suspected of collaboration, for example the
68:
1730:
855:
625:(GPRF, 1944–46) quickly reestablished order and brought collaborators before the courts. Many of the convicted were later granted
1258:
718:
391:
imprisoned Belgian nationals who had collaborated with the Nazis and executed some. One Belgian to be sentenced to execution was
1582:
Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania
1735:
1448:
75:
1086:" to British wartime listeners, now silenced and under arrest, lies in an ambulance under armed guard before being taken from
1693:
763:. Many collaborators and especially former leaders of the Nazi-held puppet regime in Athens were sentenced to death. General
360:, but he died on 8 November 2001 before he could be extradited. Kalējs migrated to Australia in 1950 and took citizenship.
57:
217:); a desire after the war to see those responsible face justice, and be categorised as criminals by a court of law (See
1720:
1497:
940:. No. 1 and No. 2 in the Polish areas re-annexed by Germany numbered ~1,000,000 and No. 3 and No. 4 ~1,700,000. In the
148:
1740:
543:
108:
1449:"Henri de Man, 1885–1953, Professeur à l'Université libre de Bruxelles, Député et ministre dans le parlement belge"
1095:
827:
was sentenced to death as well, but the guilty verdict was later overturned by the Supreme Court on 29 July 1993.
947:
After the war, Volksdeutsche of Polish origins were treated by Poles with special contempt, and also considered
419:) was created, to organise the escape of collaborators and former Nazis. On 17 June 1947, Belgium requested his
985:
377:
313:
46:
1321:
734:
597:
344:. In 1999, a Zagreb court sentenced him to 20 years in prison for his crimes. Šakić died in prison in 2008.
261:
Others were subject to after-war spontaneous retaliation in occupied countries, which in some areas led to "
1215:
768:
337:
82:
242:
The pursuit took many forms, both individual and organised. Several organisations and individuals (famous
1344:
919:
730:
1167:
1087:
1033:
were seen to have collaborated with the Nazis, even if they had done no more than been captured by the
555:
144:
1075:
907:
820:
714:
176:
refers to the post-World War II pursuit and apprehension of individuals who were not citizens of the
139:
1645:
1401:
880:
707:
606:
684:
649:
1122:
1011:
933:
672:
255:
35:
1581:
1253:
297:
1379:
1227:
1200:
1138:
726:
665:
630:
451:
after the war. He died on 20 June 1953, together with his wife, in a collision with a train in
1725:
1632:
1624:
1554:
Pendas, Devin O. (June 2009). "Seeking Justice, Finding Law: Nazi Trials in Postwar Europe".
899:
717:
spent decades trying to bring them to justice. A fair number of collaborationists joined the
642:
1151:, the British being ignorant to his true identity. He remained at large until 1979 when the
562:. Many of the accused escaped punishment by escaping into exile or by suicide. The infamous
491:
1453:
1288:
1268:
1148:
764:
559:
1231:
1223:
969:
or being expelled to Germany. The property that belonged to Germans, German companies and
8:
1156:
819:
on 1 August 1950. Between 1950 and 1961, this law was used to prosecute around 40 Jewish
779:
and the gendarmerie, were soon released and reinstated in their posts; in the developing
776:
637:, escaped prosecution altogether and succeeded in holding important positions even under
531:
479:
462:
353:
305:
1195:
civil war fought on the Yugoslav territory during the war. The Communists executed many
575:
1530:
1106:
966:
941:
891:
530:
People who lost Czechoslovakian citizenship and failed to apply or did not get it were
416:
289:
1686:
Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes: French Writers Who Flirted with Fascism, 1930–1945.
588:
270:
1689:
1620:
1518:
1493:
961:
791:
638:
443:
274:
609:
were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. Those who had engaged in the
1563:
1175:
1118:
978:
895:
864:
483:
333:
247:
222:
218:
1144:
1427:
1134:
1030:
887:
835:
780:
401:
1515:
France: the tragic years, 1939–1947, an eyewitness account of war and occupation
1219:
558:
of 1961 and 1962, several collaborators were sentenced for participation in the
487:
284:
Nazi support and escape organisations were infiltrated; the most famous was the
192:
regime during the war. Hence, this article does not cover former members of the
1263:
1248:
1163:
1126:
956:
903:
824:
795:
772:
760:
396:
365:
357:
1522:
1183:
during September 1942. He died in prison on 7 November 2005 at the age of 84.
1714:
1211:
1110:
1079:
1052:
1019:
1000:
970:
924:
680:
634:
614:
535:
368:
from Australia. He was accused of the murder of Peter Balazs, an 18-year-old
309:
293:
210:
1659:
1609:
Ktistakis, Yiorgos. "Τσάμηδες – Τσαμουριά. Η ιστορία και τα εγκλήματα τους"
1125:. A controversy would emerge years later, as some of those handed over were
406:
1705:
1487:
1418:
1349:
1152:
1114:
1099:
1083:
974:
722:
695:
691:
660:
656:
610:
584:
458:
430:
301:
266:
231:
181:
984:
German owners, as explicitly stated by the law, were not eligible for any
126:
1056:
711:
699:
592:
563:
438:
420:
411:
392:
262:
243:
177:
1170:
in the Soviet Union for his role in the murder of 5,000 foreign Jews in
1060:
1041:
952:
652:
a loss of face and civil rights, which was meted out to 49,723 people.
193:
539:
230:, which could allow the enemy to somehow regroup for their proclaimed
1405:
1103:
1034:
512:
was confiscated, regardless of nationality or citizenship. By decree
434:
251:
702:. The last two were both convicted for their roles in the July 1942
330:
24:
1567:
1130:
876:
868:
787:
474:
424:
373:
214:
996:
1196:
1180:
1171:
1064:
1004:
948:
872:
843:
842:, the Israeli foreign intelligence service, after being lured to
626:
580:
448:
388:
369:
361:
341:
1094:
At the end of the war a number of individuals were tried by the
1584:". In King, Russell, & Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers (eds).
839:
831:
742:
452:
285:
227:
189:
786:
Furthermore, during 1945, a Special Court on Collaborators in
1512:
1038:
1023:
1141:, with many being imprisoned while some killed as a result.
690:
Many war criminals were judged only in the 1980s, including
1207:
633:(1946–1954), while some prominent civil servants, such as
206:
867:
visited Norway in 1941. Seated (from left to right) are
959:
that remained on territory of Poland became as a group
405:. Once in Argentina he attended a meeting organised by
1244:
Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
1199:, as well as their collaborators, particularly in the
1016:
Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
846:
under the pretense of starting an aviation business.
16:
Pursuit of non-German Nazi collaborators after WW II
269:in France was judged and sentenced to death, while
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
482:, violence which resembled what is today known as
1049:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
823:proven to have been Nazi collaborators. In 1988,
1712:
1618:
1311:
1309:
319:
1222:. They conducted a successful assassination of
1022:, were pursued, tried, and were either sent to
883:, the commander of the German forces in Norway.
1706:BBC: UK Life for war criminal Anthony Sawoniuk
928:had many privileges but one big disadvantage:
142:, as many of the "sentences" are only phrases.
1306:
817:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
811:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
755:Axis occupation of Greece during World War II
623:Provisional Government of the French Republic
465:in 1948 and became an Irish citizen in 1954.
356:, allegedly a senior officer in the pro-Nazi
1535:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1442:
1440:
1364:
1315:
1055:were banished from their settlements on the
415:during which a network (colloquially called
1343:Carroll, Rory; Goñi, Uki (8 January 2008).
1342:
494:, which were later ratified by parliament.
1539:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1574:
1437:
352:Latvia applied to Australia to extradite
308:). Others were never even tried, such as
279:U.S. DOJ Office of Special Investigations
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1446:
1394:
1074:
1010:Russian and other Soviet members of the
995:
859:
856:Legal purge in Norway after World War II
579:
312:who resumed his position as head of the
1485:
1447:Tremblay, Jean-Marie (9 October 2006).
1274:
1259:Expulsion of Germans after World War II
1159:, but he died before being prosecuted.
376:in November 1944, while serving in the
1713:
1553:
1513:Huddleston, Sisley, 1883–1952 (1955).
510:traitors, and enemies of the republic
977:along with many other properties in
965:. They had a choice of applying for
671:The French members of the Waffen-SS
668:as the head of the Parisian police.
655:Philippe Pétain, the former head of
120:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1660:"Nazi war criminal dies in Britain"
1412:
1226:and others, and the extradition of
944:there were ~120,000 Volksdeutsche.
237:
13:
1318:"Testimony 'clears' Zentai's name"
664:position of giving orders for the
14:
1752:
1699:
1489:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
1431:, 9 November 1998, vol 152, n°19
1070:
544:Theresienstadt concentration camp
468:
304:(1954–62); he was blamed for the
273:was also sentenced to death, but
1476:, Pimlico (London: 2007), p. 46.
1102:. These included members of the
729:escaped to Quebec, then Brazil.
125:
23:
1731:Collaborators with Nazi Germany
1688:(Sussex Academic Press, 2016).
1678:
1652:
1612:
1603:
1591:
1547:
1506:
1492:. US: Oxford University Press.
1316:Paige Taylor (1 October 2007).
991:
698:, Maurice Papon and his deputy
433:was one of the leading Belgian
364:applied for the extradition of
196:and their fates after the war.
58:"Pursuit of Nazi collaborators"
34:needs additional citations for
1479:
1474:A History of Europe Since 1945
1466:
1336:
1281:
834:aviator and Nazi collaborator
721:terrorist movement during the
607:romantic liaisons with Germans
314:Belgian State Security Service
1:
1736:Political and cultural purges
1556:The Journal of Modern History
1186:
534:to Germany, many through the
523:Most problematic was the law
320:Pursuit in specific countries
199:
174:pursuit of Nazi collaborators
1517:. Devin-Adair. p. 299.
1059:with many being deported to
769:Konstantinos Logothetopoulos
347:
338:Jasenovac concentration camp
324:
7:
1662:. BBC News. 7 November 2005
1345:"The hunt for Doctor Death"
1237:
1090:headquarters to a hospital.
336:, the former commandant of
246:) pursued ex-Nazis or Nazi
138:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
1757:
1586:The new Albanian migration
1402:"La Odessa que creó Perón"
1026:prison camps or executed.
932:were conscripted into the
890:, the war time Norwegian "
853:
808:
752:
613:were also stigmatised as "
573:
556:Estonian war crimes trials
549:
383:
1721:Aftermath of World War II
1597:
1588:. Sussex Academic. p. 16.
973:, was confiscated by the
913:
849:
804:
799:collaborators of the Axis
748:
715:Serge and Beate Klarsfeld
569:
250:who allegedly engaged in
1741:Politics of World War II
1486:Jackson, Julian (2003).
908:executed by firing squad
881:Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
838:was assassinated by the
731:Jacques Ploncard d'Assac
151:may contain suggestions.
136:may need to be rewritten
1123:Russian Liberation Army
1012:Russian Liberation Army
650:"national degradation,"
399:, also collaborator of
298:Police Prefect of Paris
256:crimes against humanity
1640:Cite journal requires
1201:Bleiburg death marches
1153:West German government
1139:Bleiburg repatriations
1091:
1007:
894:", and, among others,
884:
733:became a counselor of
727:Jacques de Bernonville
666:Paris massacre of 1961
645:(1958 and afterward).
602:
288:network, its various "
1472:Judt, Tony, Postwar:
1078:
999:
906:, were convicted and
900:Albert Viljam Hagelin
863:
830:On 23 February 1965,
583:
574:Further information:
300:in charge during the
1454:University of Quebec
1275:References and notes
1269:List of SS personnel
1254:Deschênes Commission
1149:prisoner-of-war camp
765:Georgios Tsolakoglou
619:profiteurs de guerre
43:improve this article
1408:. 15 December 2002.
1216:pro-Nazi government
1206:After the war, the
1117:. As agreed at the
1088:British Second Army
1042:forced labour camps
962:personae non gratae
815:Israel enacted the
777:Security Battalions
704:Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv
687:instead of prison.
683:(1946–54) with the
463:Republic of Ireland
441:. He was convicted
306:1961 Paris massacre
180:at the outbreak of
1461:Google translation
1376:argentina-rree.com
1324:on 13 October 2008
1113:, better known as
1107:British Free Corps
1096:British government
1092:
1051:was abolished and
1008:
967:Polish citizenship
942:General Government
892:Minister President
885:
708:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
603:
598:Divide and Conquer
560:Estonian holocaust
1694:978-1-84519-784-1
1684:Martin Mauthner.
1423:Perón's Nazi Ties
1382:on 2 October 2020
1232:Andrija Artuković
1228:Zdenko Blažeković
1224:Vjekoslav Luburić
1137:'s forces in the
639:Charles de Gaulle
595:documentary film
490:ruled by issuing
275:Charles de Gaulle
166:
165:
140:quality standards
119:
118:
111:
93:
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1435:
1434:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:. Archived from
1313:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1176:Anthony Sawoniuk
1119:Yalta Conference
1031:prisoners of war
979:Communist Poland
896:Nasjonal Samling
865:Heinrich Himmler
621:). However, the
576:Epuration légale
484:ethnic cleansing
238:Means of pursuit
219:Nuremberg Trials
161:
158:
152:
129:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
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1355:
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1337:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1240:
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1664:. Retrieved
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1380:the original
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1100:high treason
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182:World War II
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145:You can help
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36:verification
33:
1386:27 December
1082:, who was "
1057:Volga River
934:German Army
792:in absentia
790:condemned,
725:(1954–62).
700:Jean Leguay
674:Charlemagne
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564:Karl Linnas
542:, near the
532:transferred
518:33/1945 Sb.
514:16/1945 Sb.
506:12/1945 Sb.
444:in absentia
439:Switzerland
421:extradition
412:Casa Rosada
393:Pierre Daye
334:Dinko Šakić
316:1945–1958.
263:witch hunts
178:Third Reich
1715:Categories
1666:5 November
1562:(2): 356.
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1187:Yugoslavia
1061:Kazakhstan
1018:, such as
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938:Volksliste
753:See also:
629:under the
504:By decree
497:By decree
407:Juan Perón
252:war crimes
200:Background
69:newspapers
1598:King 2005
1531:cite book
1406:Pagina/12
1293:Knowledge
1104:Waffen-SS
1035:Wehrmacht
710:. Famous
681:Indochina
480:partisans
435:socialist
348:Australia
325:Argentina
188:with the
149:talk page
99:June 2013
1238:See also
1193:de facto
1162:In 1961
1131:Cossacks
1014:and the
949:traitors
898:leaders
877:Terboven
869:Quisling
794:, 1,930
788:Ioannina
676:Division
641:and the
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427:review.
425:Perónist
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372:man, in
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1005:Himmler
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743:milices
735:Salazar
627:amnesty
591:in the
554:In the
550:Estonia
540:Terezín
492:decrees
449:treason
409:in the
389:Belgium
384:Belgium
362:Hungary
342:Croatia
331:Ustasha
83:scholar
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1299:9 June
914:Poland
850:Norway
840:Mossad
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749:Greece
601:(1943)
589:Pétain
570:France
499:5/1945
475:Soviet
453:Murten
370:Jewish
286:ODESSA
228:ODESSA
223:denial
213:, and
147:. The
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1039:Gulag
1024:Gulag
821:Kapos
706:, or
211:Poles
194:NSDAP
90:JSTOR
76:books
1690:ISBN
1668:2010
1646:help
1621:SSRN
1600:: 67
1541:link
1537:link
1519:OCLC
1494:ISBN
1428:Time
1388:2007
1358:2013
1330:2013
1301:2023
1208:UDBA
1166:was
1129:and
1109:and
1098:for
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190:Nazi
184:but
172:The
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1063:or
918:In
719:OAS
617:" (
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