62:
1048:
878:
1402:
1388:
33:
1424:
1452:
83:
471:
126:
1966:), although they asked a halt because of the inflicted burden for the Allies to feed and house the destitute expellees and to share that burden among the Allies. France, which was not represented in Potsdam, rejected the decision of the Three of Potsdam and did not absorb expellees in its zone of occupation. The three Allies had to accept the reality on the ground, since expulsions of Volksdeutsche and Central and Eastern European nationals of German or alleged German ethnicity who never had enrolled as Volksdeutsche, were going on already.
816:
343:
555:
1998:
2064:
974:
2050:
617:" centralising control over the myriad of groups and individuals inside the Reich promoting the Volksdeutsche cause. Himmler did not initiate the process but rather discovered it in progress and directed it to its conclusion and to his advantage. His principal instrument in this effort was an office from outside the SS, a Nazi party organ, the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi), translated as the Ethnic German Liaison Office."
1001:, the Polish citizens of German ancestry that identified with the Polish nation faced the dilemma whether to register in the Deutsche Volksliste. Many families had lived in Poland for centuries and more-recent immigrants had arrived over 30 years before the war. They faced the choice of registering and being regarded as traitors by the Poles, or not signing and being treated by the Nazi occupation as traitors to the
1887:"fter the initial rush of Volksdeutsche to join, voluntary enlistments tapered off, and the new unit did not reach division size. Therefore, in August 1941, the SS discarded the voluntary approach, and after a favourable judgement from the SS court in Belgrade, imposed a mandatory military obligation on all Volksdeutsche in Serbia-Banat, the first of its kind for non-Reich Germans."
741:
1906:
775:. In November 1938 Nazi Germany organized German paramilitary units made out German minority members in Polish Pomerania that were to engage in diversion, sabotage as well as political murder and ethnic cleansing upon German invasion of Poland. Reich intelligence was actively recruiting ethnic Germans and the Nazi secret service "
1493:
to settle all of the open disputes which the
Soviets had argued. The agreement covered protected migration to Germany within two and a half months of Volksdeutsche, and similar migration to the Soviet Union of ethnic Russians, Baltic and "White Russian" "nationals" from German-held territories. In
2357:
established in the
Bismarck era could in the course of two decades bring no more than 11,957 families to the eastern territories, Frederick settled a total of 57,475.... It increased the German character of the population in the monarchy's provinces to a very significant degree.... in West Prussia
1961:
had agreed to the expulsions during negotiations in the midst of war. The western powers hoped to avoid ethnic
Germans being an issue again in Central and Eastern Europe. The three Allies at the Conference of Potsdam considered the "transfer" of "German populations" from Czechoslovakia, Poland and
374:
spent much time in the 'German' quarter. When he became Tsar, he brought more German experts (and other foreigners) into Russia, and particularly into government service, in his attempts to westernise the empire. He also brought in German engineers to supervise the construction of the new city of
2369:"In fact from Hitler to Hans we find frequent references to Poles and Jews as Indians. This, too, was a long standing trope. It can be traced back to Frederick the Great, who likened the 'slovenly Polish trash' in newly' reconquered West Prussia to Iroquois". David Blackbourn, James N. Retallack,
1485:
and 350 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ for the
Volksdeutsche, while the Soviets requested 50 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ for their property claims in German-occupied territories. The two nations reached general agreement on German shipments of 10.5-cm flak cannons, gold, machinery and other
801:
During the early years of the Second World War (i.e., before the US entered the war), a small number of
Americans of German origin returned to Germany; generally they were immigrants or children of immigrants, rather than descendants of migrations more distant in time. Some of these enlisted and
1480:
In
October 1940, Germany and the Soviet Union negotiated about the Volksdeutsche in Soviet-occupied territories and their property. Instead of permitting full indemnification, the Soviets put restrictions on the wealth that the Volksdeutsche could take with them and limited the totals that the
993:
organised large-scale looting of property and redistributed goods to the
Volksdeutsche. They were given apartments, workshops, farms, furniture, and clothing confiscated from Jews and Poles. In turn, hundreds of thousands of the Volksdeutsche joined the German forces, either willingly or under
367:(which also included Dutch, British and other western or northern European settlers whom the Russians came to indiscriminately refer to as "Germans"). They were only gradually allowed in other cities, so as to prevent the spread of alien ideas to the general population.
417:
culture derived in part from their German heritage, often mingled into the ethnic German culture, thus forming part of the various ethnic German minorities. But anti-Semitic Nazis later rejected Jewish ethnic
Germans and all Jewish German citizens as 'racially' German.
392:
Also in other areas with an ethnic German minority people of other than German descent assimilated with the ethnic German culture and formed then a part of the minority. Examples are people of Baltic and
Scandinavian descent, who assimilated into the minority of the
1950:– naturalised many more East European nationals of German ethnicity, who were neither German citizens nor had enrolled in any 'Volksliste', but had been stranded as refugees in West Germany and fled or were expelled due to their German or alleged German ethnicity.
358:
invited small numbers of craftsmen, traders and professionals to settle in Russia from areas that would later become
Germany so that Muscovy could exploit their skills. These settlers (many of whom intended to stay only temporarily) were generally confined to the
970:. The German occupants encouraged such registration, in many cases forcing it or subjecting Poles of German ethnicity to terror assaults if they refused. Those who joined this group were given benefits including better food, as well as a better social status.
1373:
created domestic problems for Hitler. Supporting the Soviet invasion became one of the most ideologically difficult aspects of the countries' relationship. The secret protocols caused Hitler to hurriedly evacuate ethnic German families, who had lived in the
1468:
In August 1940, Soviet Foreign minister Molotov told the Germans that, with the government change, they could close down their Baltic consulates by September 1. The Soviet annexations in Romania caused further strain. While Germany had given the Soviets
781:" (SD) was forming them as early as October 1938 into armed unit that were to serve Nazi Germany. Historian Matthias Fiedler typified ethnic German collaborationists as former "nobodies" whose major occupation was the expropriation of Jewish property.
1378:
for centuries and now classified as Volksdeutsche, while officially condoning the invasions. When the three Baltic countries, not knowing about the secret protocols, sent letters protesting the Soviet invasions to Berlin, Ribbentrop returned them.
632:
in foreign lands before and during the war, to help justify the aggression of Nazi Germany. The annexation of Poland was presented as necessary to protect the ethnic German minorities there. Massacres of ethnic Germans, such as
1477:. Germany wanted guarantees of the safety of property of ethnic Germans, security for the 125,000 Volksdeutsche in Bessarabia and North Bukovina, and reassurance that the train tracks carrying Romanian oil would be left alone.
1498:
resulted in resettlement of Volksdeutsche on land previously held by ethnic Poles or Jews in now German-occupied territories. The agreement formally defined the border between Germany and the Soviet Union areas between the
1715:
590:. Because of widespread assimilation some people whom the Nazis called Volksdeutsche could no longer speak German and in fact were culturally regionalized as Poles, Hungarians, Romanians, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.
127:
1897:(Swabian German Cultural Association), and reprisals on this group by Tito's partisans resulted in many immediate revenge killings in 1944 and incarceration of approximately 150,000 ethnic Germans in 1945.
602:(Foreign Organisation of the Nazi Party), whose task it was to disseminate Nazi propaganda among the ethnic German minorities viewed as Volksdeutsche in Nazi ideology. In 1936, the government set up the
1738:
where they lived in a prison-like environment, and sometimes, together with regular inmates, were put in prison camps. Hundreds of thousands died or became incapacitated due to the harsh conditions.
1734:
of August 28, 1941, and from the beginning of 1942 those Soviet Germans who were deemed suitable for hard work (men aged from 15 to 55 and women from 16 to 45) were mobilised for forced labour into
785:
remarked that whatever objections ethnic Germans might have against serving in the Waffen-SS, they would be forced into conscription in any case. According to head of recruitment for the Waffen SS,
1313:. Particularly in Polish Pomerania and Polish Silesia, many of the people who were forced to sign the Volksliste played crucial roles in the anti-Nazi underground, which was noted in a memo to the
2218:
1044:
mandatory and empowered local authorities to use force and threats to implement the decree. Consequently, the number of signatories rose to almost a million, or about 55% of the 1944 population.
1772:
in the Volksbund fled from the region. They were called 'Svabo' by their Serbian, Hungarian, Croatian, and Romanian neighbors. Most of the Danube Swabians who were not members in the so-called
61:
951:, some ethnic German minority groups assisted Nazi Germany in the war effort: they committed sabotage, diverted regular forces and committed numerous atrocities against civilian population.
3143:
570:
years, the German Nazis used the term "Volksdeutsche", by which they meant racially German since they believed in a German 'race' or 'Volk', to refer to foreign nationals of some German
705:
depicted the suffering of a village of Volga Germans in the Soviet Union; it also depicted the murder of a young woman for an affair with a Russian—in accordance with Nazi principle of
316:
a special role in German plans, to bring them back to German citizenship and to elevate them to power over the native populations in those areas. The Nazis detailed such goals in
1067:, where terror against civilians was particularly intense, and where, unlike in rest of occupied Poland, signing of the list was mandatory for many people, was recognised by the
1800:, which deployed SS personnel to several settlements. They eventually contained German mayors, farms, schools and ethnic German paramilitary groups functioning as police called
2382:
Wielka historia Polski t. 4 Polska w czasach walk o niepodległość (1815–1864). Od niewoli do niepodległości (1864–1918)Marian Zagórniak, Józef Buszko 2003 page 186
4472:
429:
of 1772, with the intention of replacing the Polish nobility. He treated the Poles with contempt and likened the "slovenly Polish trash" in newly occupied West Prussia to
4012:
2123:
3826:
3809:
4033:
347:
1953:
An estimated 12 million people fled or were expelled from the Soviet Union and non-German-speaking Central Europe, many of them being 'Volksdeutsche'. Most left the
1040:
ordered a list of people considered of German ethnicity to be made in 1941. Due to insignificant voluntary registrations by February 1942, Forster made signing the
789:, no one in Germany or elsewhere cared for what happened with the ethnic Germans anyway, making forced recruitment easy to force upon ethnic German communities.
1084:
Category III: Persons of German descent who had become partly "Polonised", e.g., through marrying a Polish partner or through working relationships (especially
226:
3246:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 419: "largest population movement between European countries in the twentieth century and one of the largest of all time."
193:
were further divided into "racial" groups—minorities within a state minority—based on special cultural, social, and historic criteria elaborated by the Nazis.
4249:
1969:
Local authorities forced most of the remaining ethnic Germans to leave between 1945 and 1950. Remnants of the ethnic German community survive in the former
1934:
and Reichsdeutsche, retained German citizenship during the years of Allied military occupation. Citizenship was further retained after the establishment of
4305:
1294:
for high treason. In the postwar period, many other ethnic Germans were expelled to the west and forced to leave everything. In post-war Poland, the word
4329:
4293:
3891:
4266:
2258:
1762:
from the area of Danube who served with the SS were from Hungary. As early as 1942, some 18,000 Hungarian Germans joined the SS. they have been called
4351:
4283:
4271:
2661:. Kielce: Wydział Zarządzania i Administracji Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej im. J. Kochanowskiego w Kielcach: 102 – via direct download, 808 KB.
1707:
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1957:-occupied territories of Central and Eastern Europe; they comprised the largest migration of any European people in modern history. The then three
4489:
3489:"Heimkehr"? "Volksdeutsche fremder Staatsangehörigkeit" aus Ost-, Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa im deutschen Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik
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as "people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship". After 1945, the Nazi citizenship laws of 1935 (
4525:
2801:
Historia społeczno-polityczna Górnego Śląska i Śląska w latach 1918-1945 Maria Wanatowicz - 1994 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 1994, p. 180
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was sufficiently impressed by the Volksdeutsche communities and the work of the Selbstschutz to order that these methods be copied in Ukraine.
1500:
2713:
Wittmann, A.M., "Mutiny in the Balkans: Croat Volksdeutsche, the Waffen-SS and Motherhood", East European Quarterly XXXVI No. 3 (2002), p. 259
2704:
Wittmann, A.M., "Mutiny in the Balkans: Croat Volksdeutsche, the Waffen-SS and Motherhood", East European Quarterly XXXVI No. 3 (2002), p. 258
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Wittmann, A.M., "Mutiny in the Balkans: Croat Volksdeutsche, the Waffen-SS and Motherhood", East European Quarterly XXXVI No. 3 (2002), p. 257
1923:
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who played important roles in intelligence activities of the Polish resistance, and were at times the primary source of information for the
1099:
Volksdeutsche of statuses 1 and 2 in the Polish areas annexed by Germany numbered 1 million, and Nos. 3 and 4 numbered 1.7 million. In the
763:), actively supported the Nazis in countries such as Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia. During the social and economic tensions of the
3423:
Volkstumspolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1933–1938. Die Auslandsdeutschen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Traditionalisten und Nationalsozialisten
1243:
Total 2.75 million on Volkslisten plus non-German population (Polish) of 6.015 million- Grand Total 8.765 million in annexed territories.
4085:
236:) - and the associated regulations that referred to the National Socialist concepts of blood and race in connection with the concept of
1013:, advised Poles to sign up to the Volksliste in order to avoid atrocities and mass murder that happened in other parts of the country.
2686:
Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933-1945 Valdis O. Lumans page 98
653:
s introduction explicitly states that hundreds of thousands of Poles of German ethnicity suffered as the characters in the film did.
1047:
4561:
1756:, which was a pattern repeated also in Romania (with 54,000 locals serving in the SS by the end of 1943). The majority of 200,000
947:
organization was disbanded, and its members transferred to various units of the SS, Gestapo and the German police. Throughout the
901:, and profited from the expulsion and murder of their non-German neighbors throughout Eastern Europe. For example, in Ukraine the
3279:
Der Weg zur Vertreibung 1938–1945: Pläne und Entscheidungen zum "Transfer" der Deutschen aus der Tschechoslowakei und aus Polen
1064:
3276:
3191:
2162:
Bergen, Doris (1994). "The Nazi Concept of 'Volksdeutsche' and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe, 1939-45".
4203:
3519:
3437:
3298:
2959:
2945:
2904:
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Bergen, Doris (1994). "The Nazi Concept of 'Volksdeutsche' and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe 1939-45".
2128:
324:. In some areas, such as in Poland, Nazi authorities compiled specific lists and registered people as ethnic Germans in the "
4441:
3997:
2008:
Instead, ethnic Germans of foreign citizenship living outside of Germany are called "Deutsche Minderheit" (meaning "German
1495:
1481:
Soviets would apply to the Reich's clearing accounts. The parties discussed total compensation of between 200 million
1110:
1071:
and other anti-Nazi resistance movements, which tried to explain the situation to other Poles in underground publications.
1052:
930:
2864:
1103:
there were 120,000 Volksdeutsche. Volksdeutsche of Polish ethnic origins were treated by the Poles with special contempt.
877:
267:
and Auslandsdeutsche (German citizens residing abroad) lived outside the Reich. A significant proportion of them were in
4446:
4047:
4006:
2842:
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where he wished to drive out the Polish nobility and bring as many of their large estates as possible into German hands.
32:
3114:
2634:
2314:
Bergen, Doris. "The Nazi Concept of 'Volksdeutsche' and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe, 1939-45",
1364:
434:
954:
After Germany occupied western Poland, it established a central registration bureau, called the German People's List (
4556:
4416:
4168:
3716:
3574:
3474:
3452:
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3370:
3352:
3309:
3287:
3251:
3210:
3187:
3164:
3076:
3037:
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2839:
2651:
2575:
2555:
2532:
2512:
2492:
2469:
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2413:
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1401:
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Sexual contact between what the Nazis viewed as different 'races' followed by remorse and guilt was also featured in
1423:
474:
Distribution of the German population in 1910 on the map of countries existing in 1925 in Central and Eastern Europe
421:
Ethnic Germans were also sent in organised colonisation attempts aiming at Germanisation of conquered Polish areas.
3547:
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is able to avenge her family's deaths, but commits suicide after, unable to live with meaning in the Soviet Union.
1875:
and civilian population. About 100,000 ethnic Germans from the Nazi-conquered former Yugoslavia joined the German
1451:
897:
Ethnic Germans throughout Europe benefited financially during World War II from the Nazi policies of genocide and
767:, some had begun to feel aggrieved with their minority status. They participated in espionage, sabotage and other
526:
nation-states and of Romania. Tensions between the new administration and the ethnic German minority arose in the
2624:
1329:
while in Silesia and Polish Pomerania it's the opposite, the secret organization depends in large measure on the
4411:
2744:
2354:
1985:) but most of it migrated to West Germany throughout the 1980s. There are also remnant German populations near
4236:
4116:
4017:
3656:
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Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National minorities of Europe, 1939-1945
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Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933-1945
2263:
Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933-1945
2133:
2077:
1842:
1830:
1440:
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in the late 19th century. The Prussian Settlement Commission relocated 154,000 colonists, including locals.
1930:
from 1945 to 1948 towards the end and after the war. Those who became ethnic Germans, by registering in the
1303:
In some cases, individuals consulted the Polish resistance first, before signing the Volksliste. There were
1536:
3528:
Thum, Gregor. "Volksdeutsch Revisionism: East Central Europe’s Ethnic Germans and the Order of Paris." In
1095:
Category IV: Persons of German ancestry who had become "Polonised" but were supportive of "Germanisation".
542:
as well as the name "German Austria" was forbidden so the name was changed back to just "Austria" and the
425:(reigned 1740–1786) settled around 300,000 colonists in the eastern provinces of Prussia, acquired in the
1370:
744:
735:
385:, herself ethnically German, invited Germanic farmers to immigrate and settle in Russian lands along the
3223:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
1845:, tens of thousands of Jews were subject to mass shootings, barn burnings and killing by hand grenades.
181:
in a process of self-radicalisation. This process gave the Nazi regime the nucleus around which the new
4193:
3874:
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in Estonia. They were relocated to German-occupied Poland during World War II by an agreement between
1797:
1731:
1695:
1314:
1010:
990:
45:
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The Deutsche Volksliste categorised non-Jewish Poles of German ethnicity into one of four categories:
4065:
3673:
3159:
Jürgen Weber, Germany, 1945–1990: A Parallel History, Central European University Press, 2004, p. 2,
1825:
In the German colony of Shonfeld, Romas were burned in farms. During the winter of 1941/1942, German
1337:(the memo referred to those of Category III, not I and II). In the turmoil of the postwar years, the
479:
426:
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82:
1584:
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402:
120:
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After Romania acquired parts of Soviet Ukraine, the Germans there came under the authority of the
726:, she is seduced and abandoned by a Czech, and such a relationship leads to her drowning herself.
231:
4317:
3879:
3222:
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The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942
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It has been estimated that during his reign 300,000 individuals settled in Prussia.... While the
1893:
1781:
1777:
921:'s right-hand man) or the Becker brothers became an integral part of the Nazi Holocaust machine.
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499:
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with the goal of Germanisation after 1832. Prussia passed laws to encourage Germanisation of the
1973:
republics of Central Asia. A significant ethnic German community has continued in Siebenbürgen (
722:
heroine faces not persecution but the allure of the big city; when she succumbs, in defiance of
4546:
3937:
3772:
3759:
3233:, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. p. 4
2821:(Underground Polish State in Pomerania in the years 1939-1945), Oskar, Gdansk, 2005, pgs. 59-60
2082:
1958:
1310:
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760:
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3922:
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The Expulsion of the "German" communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the 2nd World War
1900:
1059:" action. Poster superimposed with the red outline of Poland missing from the original print.
759:, some ethnic Germans gathered around local Nazi organizations (sponsored financially by the
677:
598:
In 1931, prior to its rise to power, the Nazi party established the Auslandsorganisation der
2371:
Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-speaking Central Europe, 1860-1930
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translation "ethnic Germans". According to German estimates in the 1930s, about 30 million
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1947:
1711:
1689:
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487:
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162:
8:
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1931:
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origins but who did not hold German citizenship." The term is the nominalised plural of
4310:
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3107:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History
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government did not consider this sufficient mitigation. It prosecuted many double-agent
1255:, Bernhard R Kroener, Germany (Federal Republic). Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt,
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606:(Ethnic Germans' Liaison Office), commonly known as VoMi, under the jurisdiction of the
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948:
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156:
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4002:
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The Lure of Neptune: German-Soviet Naval Collaboration and Ambitions, 1919–1941
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Die westdeutsche Oder/Neisse-Debatte: Hintergründe, Prozess und Ende des Bonner Tabus
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2012:"), or names more closely associated with their earlier places of residence, such as
1963:
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371:
342:
216:
182:
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Był rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion
2219:"Negotiating Germanness: National Socialist Germanization policy in the Wartheland'"
815:
138:
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4173:
4156:
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4103:
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3932:
3917:
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3819:
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3787:
3697:
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2289:
2233:
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2100:, for a discussion of the different concepts and the shift of meaning between them.
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1848:
1811:
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782:
764:
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3532:, edited by Marco Bresciani. London and New York: Routledge, 2021, pp. 44–67.
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4131:
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3764:
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3147:
2069:
2005:
The term Volksdeutsche is generally avoided today due to its usage by the Nazis.
1909:
1763:
539:
527:
511:
507:
319:
3203:
Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany
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389:. She guaranteed them the right to retain their language, religion and culture.
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2009:
1512:
1430:
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883:
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723:
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51:
2018:
or Volga Germans, the ethnic Germans living in the Volga basin in Russia; and
849:, Otto Ulitz from Katowice, Gauleiter Josef Wagner, Mayor Rudolf Wiesner from
4540:
4339:
4222:
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2601:
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2019:
1982:
1819:
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939:(Self-Defence) was created. It organised the mass murder of Polish elites in
854:
706:
682:
554:
491:
280:
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1891:
In the former Yugoslavia a majority of ethnic Germans became members of the
610:
as the liaison bureau. It was headed by SS-Obergruppenführer Werner Lorenz.
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Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War
3141:"Mutiny in the Balkans: Croat Volksdeutsche, the Waffen-SS and Motherhood."
2480:
2103:
2092:
2027:
2014:
1974:
1970:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1802:
1727:
1714:, the German invasion of the USSR. Most of Soviet Germans in the USSR were
1699:
1320:
1285:
998:
935:
862:
838:
826:
768:
756:
692:
579:
495:
453:
441:
244:
202:
104:
1901:
Expulsion and exodus from Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the war
846:
72:
4518:
3966:
2087:
1532:
1351:
Volksdeutsche in the territories annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940
1169:
Note: In Polish Pomerania, unlike in the rest of occupied Poland, signing
1078:
Category I: Persons of German descent committed to the Reich before 1939.
918:
858:
386:
337:
3345:
Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941
3180:
Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study,
3092:
2063:
1997:
1879:
and Waffen-SS, the majority conscripted involuntarily as judged by the
1020:
enjoyed privileges and were subject to conscription, or draft, into the
890:" action from Central and Eastern Europe to occupied Poland - March 1944
4322:
3542:
3050:
Enzyklopädie Migration in Europa. Vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart
2737:
Gray Zones: Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
1926:
from European countries (Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary) under the
1723:
1642:
1615:
1504:
1482:
1470:
1412:
1089:
307:
4259:
3683:
2854:
Himmlers Raumplanung im Osten: Der Generalplan Ost in Polen, 1940-1944
1393:
Volksdeutsche resettling after the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland
911:
and were involved in deportation of local farmers and their families;
257:" also carried overtones of blood and race not captured in the common
4080:
3613:
2113:
1986:
1876:
1567:
1435:
1338:
1145:
1029:
1025:
1021:
982:(Eng. "Only for German passengers") on the tram number 8 in occupied
908:
748:
626:
Nazi propaganda used the existence of ethnic Germans who they called
571:
531:
206:
3323:"World in Ukraine: German heritage alive in Transcarpathian Ukraine"
2832:
Ethnische Schulpolitik im besetzten Polen: Der Mustergau Wartheland,
983:
924:
637:, or alleged atrocities, were used in such propaganda, and the film
586:
and Eastern Europe. They constituted an important minority far into
559:
4344:
4334:
2792:, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i, Warszawa" Pedagogiczne, 1993, pp. 357, 358
1834:
1580:
1408:
973:
672:
657:
639:
599:
430:
406:
292:
886:
welcoming the millionth resettler of German ethnicity during the "
4399:
4394:
4389:
4356:
3583:
2395:, Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press,
1978:
1719:
1554:
1085:
866:
414:
410:
288:
284:
276:
133:
4366:
3552:
3190:: "… largest movement of any European people in modern history"
2958:
Among the resettled people were the parents of Germany's former
1081:
Category II: Persons of German descent who had remained passive.
4482:
4477:
4254:
4161:
1868:
1550:
830:
772:
587:
567:
364:
300:
296:
272:
93:
2599:
2034:, and most were expelled to the West after the war, under the
1905:
1288:, after the end of the war, the Polish authorities tried many
1171:
of the list was mandatory for a good portion of the population
4298:
3264:
Text of Churchill Speech in Commons on Soviet=Polish Frontier
1864:
1005:. Polish Silesian Catholic Church authorities, led by bishop
792:
Among the indigenous populations in the Nazi-occupied lands,
771:
means in their countries of origin, trained and commanded by
519:
169:
Ethnic Germans living outside Germany shed their identity as
3304:, Berlin, Hamburg and Münster: LIT Verlag, 2005, pp. 19–20,
3093:"Die Vertreibung – Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Ungarn"
2124:
Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans
1489:
On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the
4494:
4361:
3282:, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005, pp. 398ff,
3244:
Barbarism and civilization: a history of Europe in our time
2724:
German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration, and Loss
1838:
1655:
699:
saved them; it was the first movie to win the state prize.
1962:
Hungary an effort to be undertaken (see article 12 of the
498:. Ethnic German inhabitants of provinces of the dissolved
3492:
1942:
in 1949, and later in the reunified Germany. In 1953 the
1457:
Baltic German settlers are shown their new possession in
3150:
East European Quarterly XXXVI No. 3 (2002), pp. 256-257.
1854:
1683:
437:
confederacy based in what is now the state of New York.
2568:
Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich
2406:
Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich
1753:
1407:
Volkdeutsche resettling after the Soviet occupation of
607:
2444:
Robert Edwin Hertzstein, The War That Hitler Won p287
1863:
was formed with about 50,000 ethnic Germans from the
2337:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.
1300:
is regarded as an insult, synonymous with "traitor".
534:
also found themselves not allowed to join Germany as
3381:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
2045:
3530:
Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe
3130:(University of North Carolina Press, 1993), p. 235.
2671:
2626:
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa Vol. 5
1871:. It was conspicuous in its operations against the
1259:, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 132,133,
1051:Origin of ethnic German colonisers, resettled into
593:
549:
3404:Nazi Fifth Column Activities: A List of References
2600:H. Kennard to Viscount Halifax (August 24, 1939).
1829:units participated in the shooting, together with
215:which appeared in a 1938 memorandum of the German
3484:, Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 2001.
2817:Chrzanowski, B., Gasiorowski, A., and Steyer, K.
925:'Volksdeutsche' in German-occupied western Poland
4538:
3514:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 533–549.
3506:, Florence: European University Institute, 2004.
3256:
3064:
2652:"II Oddział Sztabu Głównego II RP (Chapter 3.3)"
2622:
295:, where many were located in villages along the
3410:The German fifth column in the Second World War
2588:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II
1473:in the secret protocols, it had not given them
729:
582:, more than 10 million ethnic Germans lived in
3174:
3172:
2819:Polska Podziemna na Pomorzu w Latach 1939-1945
2649:
2590:, p20 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
1861:7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen
643:drew on such putative events as the rescue of
132:) were "people whose language and culture had
4220:
3568:
2997:
2995:
2916:
2914:
2022:, who generally called themselves Balts, and
1491:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
1284:and particularly the atrocities committed by
486:(1919) made ethnic German minorities of some
4516:
3688:
3620:
3604:
3597:
3482:Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
3270:
2944:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShirer1990 (
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2903:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShirer1990 (
1767:
1766:. After World War II, approximately 185,000
1757:
1747:
1342:
1330:
1324:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1279:
965:
912:
902:
793:
644:
627:
317:
311:
262:
252:
220:
210:
188:
176:
149:
143:
109:
87:
66:
43:
37:
4526:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
3510:Stiller, Alexa (2018). "'Ethnic Germans'".
3360:
3169:
3071:. Manchester University Press. p. 53.
2886:
2874:
2659:Totalna Wojna Informacyjna XX Wieku a II RP
2119:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
1918:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
1791:
1741:
185:was established across the German borders.
3575:
3561:
3007:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2911:
2880:
1806:("Self-protection"). German colonists and
613:According to the historian Valdis Lumans,
3320:
3195:
3060:
3058:
3024:
3022:
2926:
2892:
2868:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2674:Stutthof: hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny
2616:
2334:Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile
2321:
3052:, Munich: K.J.Bade, 2007, ss. 1082–1083.
2593:
2580:
1996:
1904:
1046:
972:
933:, an armed ethnic German militia called
739:
675:, using many of the same atrocities. In
553:
469:
341:
331:
16:Title for ethnic Germans in Nazi Germany
4106:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
4100:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3543:Hitler's Fifth column in Czechoslovakia
3509:
3378:
3342:
3321:Grushenko, Kateryna (14 October 2010).
3178:Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski,
3013:
3001:
2986:
2974:
2920:
2760:, IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2009
2318:Vol. 29, No. 4 (Oct. 1994), pp. 569-582
518:, became citizens of newly established
459:
175:(Germans abroad), and morphed into the
4539:
3365:, University of South Carolina Press,
3153:
3055:
3032:, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2000,
3019:
2939:
2898:
2804:
2643:
2327:
2279:
2161:
1439:after their forced abandonment by the
917:figures like Arthur Boss from Odessa (
805:
621:
574:living in countries newly occupied by
3556:
3266:, The United Press, December 15, 1944
2676:. Wydawnictwo Interpress. p. 13.
2129:World War II evacuation and expulsion
1855:'Volksdeutsche' in Serbia and Croatia
1684:After the German invasion of the USSR
440:Prussia encouraged a second round of
196:
119:
2735:Jonathan Petropoulos, John K. Roth,
2275:
2273:
2271:
2216:
2212:
2210:
1810:forces engaged in extensive acts of
821:Poles of German ethnicity decorated
671:s effort to justify the invasion of
3215:
1631:(South Bukovina and North Dobruja)
1269:Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik
13:
3502:Prauser, Steffen and Rees, Arfon.
3418:, London: Hutchinson & Co Ltd,
2604:. 2008 Lillian Goldman Law Library
1527:Number of resettled Volksdeutsche
1433:take possession of empty homes in
1365:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
1053:German-annexed and occupied Poland
14:
4573:
3582:
3536:
3499:, 2011, retrieved: June 16, 2011.
3416:The German Fifth Column in Poland
3109:, Berghahn Books, December 2009,
3068:Righting Wrongs in Eastern Europe
3030:Soviet Diplomacy 1925–41: 1925–27
2268:
2207:
1922:Most ethnic Germans fled or were
695:refugees in Manchuria, and how a
558:Entry to Volksdeutsche office in
166:conveyed the meanings of "folk".
3548:Hitler's Fifth column in Croatia
3462:, Munich: Aufstieg Verlag, 1980.
3425:, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2004
3205:, Berghahn Books, 1997, p. 156,
2834:Waxmann Verlag, 1995, pp. 30ff,
2316:Journal of Contemporary History,
2062:
2048:
1450:
1422:
1400:
1386:
1357:Nazi-Soviet population transfers
1257:Germany and the Second World War
943:. At the beginning of 1940, the
876:
814:
649:by the arrival of German tanks.
594:Pre-war relations with the Nazis
550:The Nazi era before World War II
148:denoting a singular female, and
81:
60:
31:
4562:Collaboration with Nazi Germany
3467:Geschichte der Sudetendeutschen
3432:, Yale University Press, 2012.
3397:
3361:Philbin III, Tobias R. (1994),
3314:
3292:
3236:
3182:Lexington Books, 2007, p. 100,
3133:
3120:
3099:
3085:
3043:
2952:
2856:, Birkhäuser, 1993, pp. 109ff,
2846:
2824:
2795:
2783:
2770:
2750:
2729:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2665:
2629:. Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 339.
2560:
2537:
2517:
2497:
2474:
2454:
2438:
2418:
2398:
2385:
2282:Journal of Contemporary History
2164:Journal of Contemporary History
1894:Schwäbisch-Deutscher Kulturbund
1117:Deutsche Volksliste, early 1944
538:was strictly forbidden to join
310:goal of expansion assigned the
75:greeting German cavalry in 1939
3347:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
3201:Peter H. Schuck, Rainer Münz,
2376:
2363:
2355:Prussian Settlement Commission
2308:
2252:
2190:
2155:
1859:In the former Yugoslavia, the
709:—as an ancient German custom.
578:or the Soviet Union. Prior to
1:
3497:Institute of European History
3493:EGO – European History Online
3336:
2790:Historia Encyklopedia Szkolna
2373:, University of Toronto, 2007
2238:10.1080/14623528.2017.1313519
2134:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
2078:Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
1698:, the government granted the
1347:and sentenced some to death.
1323:there's bitter hatred of the
1165:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
907:directly participated in the
857:, senator Erwin Hasbach from
240:- were rescinded in Germany.
154:, a singular male. The words
2672:Konrad Ciechanowski (1988).
2226:Journal of Genocide Research
1784:in 1946-1948, following the
1537:South Tyrol Option Agreement
1009:and with agreement from the
802:fought in the German army.
730:Collaboration with the Nazis
7:
4007:Alsatians and Lotharingians
3512:A Companion to Nazi Germany
3406:, Library of Congress, 1943
3343:Ericson, Edward E. (1999),
2041:
2001:Badge worn by Volksdeutsche
1944:Federal Republic of Germany
1912:expelled after World War II
1278:Because of actions by some
798:became a term of ignominy.
745:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
736:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
691:depicted the sufferings of
201:According to the historian
10:
4578:
3445:Sudetendeutsche Geschichte
3379:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006),
2602:"The British War Bluebook"
2294:10.1177/002200949402900402
2176:10.1177/002200949402900402
1915:
1831:Ukrainian People's Militia
1798:Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
1732:Supreme Soviet of the USSR
1696:Russian Revolution of 1917
1687:
1494:many cases, the resulting
1354:
1315:Polish Government in Exile
1011:Polish Government in Exile
991:Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
979:Nur für deutsche Fahrgäste
861:, Gero von Gersdorff from
733:
655:
604:Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
463:
335:
46:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
4509:
4455:
4377:
4235:
4046:
4026:
3990:
3910:
3862:
3725:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3590:
3383:, Yale University Press,
3065:Istvan S. Pogany (1997).
2776:Browning, Christopher R.
2623:Wacław Uruszczak (2012).
2460:Robert Edwin Hertzstein,
2424:Robert Edwin Hertzstein,
1992:
1746:A significant portion of
1702:an autonomous republic.
1331:
1325:
1247:
1242:
1223:
1115:
1108:
962:Poles of German ethnicity
427:First Partition of Poland
354:In the sixteenth century
348:German eastern settlement
253:
219:. That document defined
80:
59:
44:
30:
23:
4557:German words and phrases
3105:Moses, Dirk A. (editor)
2196:As to older meanings of
2149:
1792:Volksdeutsche in Romania
1742:Volksdeutsche in Hungary
1441:legitimate Polish owners
1369:The secret protocols of
1069:Polish Underground State
480:reconstitution of Poland
448:including the provinces
4027:Multinational dimension
2650:Józef Kossecki (1997).
2462:The War That Hitler Won
2426:The War That Hitler Won
1782:Allied-occupied Austria
1778:Allied-occupied Germany
1371:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
544:First Austrian Republic
500:Austro-Hungarian Empire
494:citizens of the Polish
251:of his time, the term "
121:[ˈfɔlksˌdɔʏtʃə]
4517:
4221:
3948:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3689:
3621:
3605:
3598:
3421:Luther, Tammo (2004).
2217:Wolf, Gerhard (2017).
2083:German nationality law
2002:
1981:and in Oberschlesien (
1913:
1889:
1768:
1758:
1752:in Hungary joined the
1748:
1343:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1060:
986:
966:
931:German occupied Poland
913:
903:
843:Deutscher Volksverband
794:
752:
645:
628:
563:
475:
351:
318:
312:
263:
221:
211:
189:
177:
150:
144:
110:
88:
67:
38:
3242:Bernard Wasserstein,
2000:
1908:
1885:
1688:Further information:
1355:Further information:
1050:
976:
929:In September 1939 in
761:German Foreign Office
743:
557:
546:was created in 1919.
473:
345:
332:Historical background
117:German pronunciation:
4447:United Arab Emirates
3755:Transylvanian Saxons
3460:Die Sudetendeutschen
1989:in western Ukraine.
1948:Federal Expellee Law
1712:Operation Barbarossa
1690:Operation Barbarossa
1521:Territory of origin
1496:population transfers
1063:The special case of
1016:In occupied Poland,
941:Operation Tannenberg
853:, Obergruppenführer
837:in 1939. From left:
516:Transylvanian Saxons
484:Treaty of Versailles
466:Treaty of Versailles
460:Treaty of Versailles
92:meeting in occupied
4034:Central and Eastern
3938:Italy (South Tyrol)
3469:, Nuremberg: 1988.
3139:Wittmann, Anna M.,
1932:Deutsche Volksliste
1658:(pre-1939 borders)
1614:North Bukovina and
1517:
1207:South East Prussia
1190:East Upper Silesia
1034:Danzig-West Prussia
964:were registered as
957:Deutsche Volksliste
806:During World War II
697:heroic blond leader
622:Internal propaganda
423:Frederick the Great
383:Catherine the Great
326:Deutsche Volksliste
4179:Pennsylvania Dutch
3447:, Mannheim: 1978.
3228:2009-10-01 at the
3146:2017-04-04 at the
3126:Valdis O. Lumans,
2756:Maria Wardzyńska,
2544:Richard Grunberger
2186:– via JSTOR.
2003:
1914:
1873:Yugoslav Partisans
1602:General Government
1510:
1483:ℛ︁ℳ︁
1267:, citing Broszat,
1101:General Government
1061:
987:
949:invasion of Poland
835:Invasion of Poland
823:Golden Party Badge
755:Before and during
753:
564:
488:Prussian provinces
476:
446:Prussian Partition
352:
227:Reichsbürgergesetz
209:the definition of
197:Origin of the term
4534:
4533:
4505:
4504:
4042:
4041:
3842:Russian Mennonite
3521:978-1-118-93689-4
3480:Naimark, Norman.
3465:Meixner, Rudolf.
3438:978-0-300-16660-6
2766:978-83-7629-063-8
2722:Mathias Schulze,
2548:The 12-Year Reich
2202:Völkisch movement
2109:Heimatvertriebene
2036:Potsdam Agreement
1964:Potsdam Agreement
1928:Potsdam Agreement
1841:. In the camp of
1837:, of some 18,000
1786:Potsdam Agreement
1776:were expelled to
1730:by Decree of the
1708:Volga German ASSR
1681:
1680:
1461:in November 1939.
1276:
1275:
1272:
1172:
1007:Stanisław Adamski
778:SicherheitsDienst
715:Die goldene Stadt
702:Frisians in Peril
664:Menschen im Sturm
217:Reich Chancellery
183:Volksgemeinschaft
101:
100:
4569:
4522:
4473:Papua New Guinea
4311:Kapitaï and Koba
4277:Kapitaï and Koba
4226:
4104:Los Lagos Region
4086:British Columbia
3694:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3626:
3610:
3601:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3525:
3487:Oltmer, Jochen.
3393:
3375:
3357:
3331:
3330:
3318:
3312:
3296:
3290:
3277:Detlef Brandes,
3274:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3199:
3193:
3176:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2890:
2887:Philbin III 1994
2884:
2878:
2875:Philbin III 1994
2872:
2866:
2850:
2844:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2586:Anthony Rhodes,
2584:
2578:
2564:
2558:
2541:
2535:
2521:
2515:
2501:
2495:
2478:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2442:
2436:
2422:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2277:
2266:
2259:Valdis O. Lumans
2256:
2250:
2249:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2139:Nur für Deutsche
2098:Imperial Germans
2072:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
1881:Nuremberg Trials
1849:Heinrich Himmler
1812:ethnic cleansing
1771:
1761:
1751:
1589:Nerewdeutschland
1518:
1509:
1454:
1426:
1404:
1390:
1376:Baltic countries
1346:
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1065:Polish Pomerania
969:
960:, DVL), whereby
916:
906:
899:ethnic cleansing
880:
818:
797:
783:Heinrich Himmler
765:Great Depression
751:(Bromberg), 1939
648:
631:
532:Austrian Germans
504:Bukovina Germans
377:Saint Petersburg
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172:Auslandsdeutsche
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4098:Los Ríos Region
4038:
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3911:Southern Europe
3906:
3880:North Schleswig
3863:Northern Europe
3858:
3721:
3662:Sudeten Germans
3629:
3586:
3581:
3539:
3522:
3458:Franzel, Emil.
3443:Franzel, Emil.
3412:, by L. de Jong
3400:
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3299:Klaus Rehbein,
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2070:Politics portal
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1995:
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1910:Sudeten Germans
1903:
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1764:Danube Swabians
1744:
1736:Working columns
1692:
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1466:
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1459:occupied Poland
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528:Polish Corridor
512:Sudeten Germans
508:Danube Swabians
468:
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435:Native American
433:, the historic
372:Peter the Great
340:
334:
320:Generalplan Ost
229:
205:, Adolf Hitler
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3991:Western Europe
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3885:Potato Germans
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3820:North Caucasus
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3726:Eastern Europe
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3657:Czech Republic
3653:
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3650:Central Europe
3644:
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3628:
3627:
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3607:Reichsdeutsche
3602:
3599:Bundesdeutsche
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3538:
3537:External links
3535:
3534:
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3441:
3428:Douglas, R.M.
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3028:Johari, J.C.,
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2889:, p. 129]
2879:
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2852:Bruno Wasser,
2845:
2830:Georg Hansen,
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2636:978-8323388685
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2523:Erwin Leiser,
2516:
2503:Erwin Leiser,
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2288:(4): 569–582.
2267:
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2251:
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2170:(4): 569–582.
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2144:Brandenburgers
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2056:Germany portal
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2020:Baltic Germans
1994:
1991:
1916:Main article:
1902:
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1513:Heim ins Reich
1475:North Bukovina
1456:
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1431:Baltic Germans
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1057:Heim ins Reich
1038:Albert Forster
1024:. In occupied
1018:Volksdeutscher
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923:
888:Heim ins Reich
884:Arthur Greiser
882:
875:
874:
873:
820:
813:
812:
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809:
807:
804:
787:Gottlob Berger
734:Main article:
731:
728:
724:blood and soil
720:Sudeten German
678:The Red Terror
656:Main article:
623:
620:
619:
618:
595:
592:
551:
548:
536:German Austria
482:following the
464:Main article:
461:
458:
399:Posen province
395:Baltic Germans
370:In his youth,
361:German Quarter
336:Main article:
333:
330:
269:Eastern Europe
249:ethnic Germans
247:and the other
198:
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151:Volksdeutscher
99:
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65:
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56:
52:Czechoslovakia
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4547:Volksdeutsche
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4174:United States
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3870:Baltic states
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3623:Volksdeutsche
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3475:3-921332-97-4
3472:
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3453:3-8083-1141-X
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3354:0-275-96337-3
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3288:3-486-56731-4
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3165:963-9241-70-9
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3078:9780719030420
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3040:pages 134-137
3039:
3038:81-7488-491-2
3035:
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3016:, p. 150
3015:
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3004:, p. 149
3003:
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2989:, p. 138
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2977:, p. 144
2976:
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2900:
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2862:3-7643-2852-5
2859:
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2840:3-89325-300-9
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2553:
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2471:
2470:0-399-11845-4
2467:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2450:0-399-11845-4
2447:
2441:
2435:
2434:0-399-11845-4
2431:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2414:0-9627613-1-1
2411:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2348:0-520-02775-2
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:Joseph Stalin
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:Wolgadeutsche
2011:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:Upper Silesia
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:and Romanian
1832:
1828:
1823:
1822:populations.
1821:
1817:
1814:, massacring
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1769:Volksdeutsche
1765:
1760:
1759:Volksdeutsche
1755:
1750:
1749:Volksdeutsche
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:Joseph Stalin
1701:
1700:Volga Germans
1697:
1691:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1460:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1344:Volksdeutsche
1340:
1336:
1332:Volksdeutsche
1326:Volksdeutsche
1322:
1317:which stated
1316:
1312:
1307:
1306:Volksdeutsche
1301:
1298:
1297:Volksdeutsche
1292:
1291:Volksdeutsche
1287:
1282:
1281:Volksdeutsche
1271:, p. 134
1270:
1266:
1265:0-19-820873-1
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Wilhelm Deist
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:Germanic race
1000:
995:
992:
985:
981:
980:
975:
971:
968:
967:Volksdeutsche
963:
959:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
922:
920:
915:
914:Volksdeutsche
910:
905:
904:Volksdeutsche
900:
889:
885:
879:
868:
865:, Weiss from
864:
860:
856:
855:Werner Lorenz
852:
851:Bielsko-Biała
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
803:
799:
796:
795:Volksdeutsche
790:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
746:
742:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
716:
710:
708:
707:Rassenschande
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
689:
684:
683:Baltic German
680:
679:
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
654:
652:
647:
646:Volksdeutsche
642:
641:
636:
635:Bloody Sunday
630:
629:Volksdeutsche
616:
615:
614:
611:
609:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
556:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:German Empire
489:
485:
481:
472:
467:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
413:, with their
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
378:
373:
368:
366:
362:
357:
349:
344:
339:
329:
327:
322:
321:
314:
313:Volksdeutsche
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Baltic states
278:
274:
270:
265:
264:Volksdeutsche
260:
254:Volksdeutsche
250:
246:
241:
239:
233:
228:
223:
222:Volksdeutsche
218:
213:
212:Volksdeutsche
208:
204:
194:
191:
190:Volksdeutsche
186:
184:
179:
178:Volksdeutsche
174:
173:
167:
165:
164:
159:
158:
152:
146:
145:Volksdeutsche
141:
140:
135:
128:
122:
114:
112:
111:Volksdeutsche
107:terminology,
106:
95:
90:
89:Volksdeutsche
84:
79:
74:
69:
68:Volksdeutsche
63:
58:
53:
47:
40:
39:Volksdeutsche
34:
29:
26:
25:Volksdeutsche
22:
19:
4318:South Africa
3691:Walddeutsche
3622:
3529:
3511:
3503:
3481:
3466:
3459:
3444:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3398:Bibliography
3380:
3362:
3344:
3326:
3316:
3300:
3294:
3278:
3272:
3263:
3258:
3243:
3238:
3221:
3217:
3202:
3197:
3179:
3155:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3106:
3101:
3087:
3067:
3049:
3045:
3029:
3014:Ericson 1999
3009:
3002:Ericson 1999
2987:Ericson 1999
2982:
2975:Ericson 1999
2970:
2964:Horst Köhler
2954:
2921:Ericson 1999
2894:
2882:
2877:, p. 71
2870:
2853:
2848:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2780:, 2007 p. 33
2777:
2772:
2757:
2752:
2739:, page 199.
2736:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2645:
2625:
2618:
2608:11 September
2606:. Retrieved
2595:
2587:
2582:
2567:
2562:
2547:
2539:
2524:
2519:
2504:
2499:
2484:
2481:Erwin Leiser
2476:
2461:
2456:
2440:
2425:
2420:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2352:
2333:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2285:
2281:
2262:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2197:
2192:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2104:Fifth column
2093:Selbstschutz
2028:Adolf Hitler
2023:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1975:Transylvania
1968:
1952:
1940:West Germany
1936:East Germany
1921:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1858:
1847:
1827:Selbstschutz
1826:
1824:
1808:Selbstschutz
1807:
1803:Selbstschutz
1801:
1795:
1773:
1745:
1735:
1728:Central Asia
1693:
1669:
1588:
1511:
1501:Igorka River
1488:
1479:
1467:
1434:
1368:
1321:Wielkopolska
1318:
1302:
1286:Nazi Germany
1277:
1268:
1256:
1249:
1224:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:Annexed area
1109:
1098:
1073:
1062:
1041:
1017:
1015:
999:World War II
996:
994:compulsion.
988:
977:
955:
953:
945:Selbstschutz
944:
936:Selbstschutz
934:
928:
896:
863:Wielkopolska
839:Ludwig Wolff
827:Adolf Hitler
800:
791:
776:
769:Fifth column
757:World War II
754:
718:, where the
713:
711:
700:
693:Volga German
686:
676:
668:
662:
661:
650:
638:
625:
612:
603:
597:
580:World War II
576:Nazi Germany
565:
496:nation state
477:
454:West Prussia
442:colonisation
439:
420:
391:
381:
369:
353:
305:
245:Adolf Hitler
242:
238:volksdeutsch
237:
203:Doris Bergen
200:
187:
170:
168:
161:
155:
139:volksdeutsch
137:
108:
102:
24:
18:
4519:Ostsiedlung
4468:New Zealand
4442:Philippines
4284:Ivory Coast
4169:Puerto Rico
4122:El Salvador
4013:Netherlands
3967:Gottscheers
3767:(including
3717:Switzerland
2940:Shirer 1990
2899:Shirer 1990
2525:Nazi Cinema
2505:Nazi Cinema
2485:Nazi Cinema
2088:Goralenvolk
1533:South Tyrol
1022:German army
859:Ciechocinek
688:Flüchtlinge
566:During the
387:Volga River
338:Ostsiedlung
230: [
105:Nazi German
4541:Categories
4432:Kyrgyzstan
4422:Kazakhstan
4323:Afrikaners
4117:Costa Rica
4081:Hutterites
3943:Yugoslavia
3923:Azerbaijan
3832:Bessarabia
3591:Historical
3337:References
2962:president
2745:1845453026
2726:, page 126
2232:(2): 215.
1867:region of
1843:Bogdanovka
1724:Kazakhstan
1694:After the
1674:1939–1944
1661:1939–1944
1647:1941–1942
1643:Yugoslavia
1616:Bessarabia
1593:1939–1940
1559:1939–1941
1542:1939–1940
1505:Baltic Sea
1471:Bessarabia
1429:Resettled
1413:Bessarabia
1235:1,678,000
1090:Kashubians
1042:Volksliste
502:, such as
397:. Jews of
356:Vasili III
350:, 700–1400
346:Stages of
299:–, and in
4552:Ethnonyms
4463:Australia
4216:Venezuela
4199:Palatines
4147:Nicaragua
4127:Guatemala
4056:Argentina
3837:Black Sea
3783:Satu Mare
3743:Black Sea
3614:Palatines
3495:, Mainz:
3327:Kyiv Post
2550:, p 384,
2302:159788983
2246:152244621
2184:159788983
2114:Umvolkung
2024:Estländer
1987:Mukachevo
1946:– by its
1877:Wehrmacht
1835:gendarmes
1774:Volksbund
1568:Lithuania
1515:1939–1944
1436:Warthegau
1339:Communist
1146:Warthegau
1086:Silesians
1030:Gauleiter
1026:Pomerania
909:Holocaust
749:Bydgoszcz
669:Heimkehr'
667:reprised
651:Heimkehr'
572:ethnicity
4510:See also
4437:Pakistan
4345:Zanzibar
4335:Bagamoyo
4330:Tanzania
4250:Cameroon
4184:Nebraska
4152:Paraguay
4112:Colombia
4048:Americas
3980:Bosporus
3963:Slovenia
3928:Bulgaria
3788:Bukovina
3773:Highland
3760:Landlers
3705:Slovakia
3635:Diaspora
3226:Archived
3144:Archived
3117:, p. 389
2487:pp 44-5
2331:(1974),
2198:völkisch
2042:See also
2010:minority
1924:expelled
1716:deported
1677:867,000
1664:250,000
1623:137,000
1596:128,000
1581:Volhynia
1503:and the
1409:Bukovina
1232:517,000
1229:484,000
1199:875,000
1196:210,000
1193:130,000
1182:725,000
1176:115,000
1153:190,000
1150:230,000
1134:Cat. III
1055:during "
841:head of
673:Slavonia
658:Heimkehr
640:Heimkehr
600:NSDAP/AO
450:of Posen
431:Iroquois
407:Bukovina
293:Slovakia
271:– i.e.,
163:völkisch
4456:Oceania
4400:Tianjin
4395:Qingdao
4390:Beijing
4357:Baguida
4306:Senegal
4294:Nigeria
4289:Namibia
4260:Yaoundé
4211:Uruguay
4204:by city
4137:Jamaica
4066:Bolivia
3998:Belgium
3953:Croatia
3933:Georgia
3918:Armenia
3897:Finland
3875:Denmark
3852:Galicia
3827:Ukraine
3793:Dobruja
3750:Romania
3738:Moldova
3733:Belarus
3698:Galicia
3684:Olęders
3679:Vistula
3669:Hungary
2527:p39-40
2507:p29-30
2464:p292-3
2339:179–180
2200:, see "
1979:Romania
1720:Siberia
1670:Summary
1650:36,000
1637:77,000
1629:Romania
1609:33,000
1585:Galicia
1575:54,000
1562:69,000
1555:Estonia
1545:83,000
1486:items.
1415:in 1940
1250:Source:
1238:83,000
1216:13,000
1213:22,000
1202:55,000
1179:95,000
1159:25,000
1156:65,000
1139:Cat. IV
1129:Cat. II
1036:region
1032:of the
997:During
867:Jarocin
584:Central
540:Germany
490:of the
415:Yiddish
411:Bohemia
403:Galicia
289:Hungary
285:Romania
277:Ukraine
259:English
142:, with
4483:Rabaul
4478:Kokopo
4412:Israel
4272:Guinea
4255:Douala
4245:Angola
4237:Africa
4162:Pozuzo
4142:Mexico
4076:Canada
4071:Brazil
4061:Belize
4003:France
3975:Turkey
3958:Serbia
3902:Sweden
3892:Norway
3847:Crimea
3810:Russia
3803:Zipser
3777:Walser
3775:, and
3765:Danube
3710:Zipser
3674:Poland
3643:Europe
3518:
3473:
3451:
3436:
3387:
3369:
3351:
3308:
3286:
3250:
3209:
3186:
3163:
3113:
3075:
3036:
2860:
2838:
2764:
2743:
2633:
2574:
2554:
2531:
2511:
2491:
2468:
2448:
2432:
2412:
2345:
2300:
2244:
2182:
1993:Legacy
1971:Soviet
1959:Allies
1955:Soviet
1883:. Yet
1869:Serbia
1816:Jewish
1726:, and
1710:after
1551:Latvia
1363:, and
1311:Allies
1263:
1219:1,000
1210:9,000
1185:2,000
1124:Cat. I
1028:, the
984:Kraków
919:Blobel
833:after
831:Berlin
773:Abwehr
588:Russia
562:, 1940
560:Kraków
530:. The
524:Magyar
520:Slavic
365:Moscow
301:Russia
297:Danube
283:, and
279:, the
273:Poland
207:coined
134:German
96:, 1940
94:Warsaw
54:, 1938
4427:Korea
4417:Japan
4407:India
4385:China
4299:Lagos
4267:Ghana
4194:Omaha
4189:Texas
4132:Haiti
4093:Chile
3815:Volga
3798:Regat
3769:Banat
2655:(PDF)
2428:p289
2408:p145
2298:S2CID
2242:S2CID
2222:(PDF)
2180:S2CID
2150:Notes
1977:) in
1865:Banat
1634:1940
1620:1940
1606:1940
1572:1941
1535:(see
1524:Year
1225:Total
845:from
234:]
4495:Apia
4378:Asia
4367:Lomé
4362:Sebe
4352:Togo
4157:Peru
3516:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3434:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3034:ISBN
2946:help
2905:help
2858:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2610:2014
2572:ISBN
2570:p86
2552:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2030:and
1938:and
1839:Jews
1820:Roma
1818:and
1780:and
1656:USSR
1553:and
1411:and
1319:"In
1261:ISBN
1088:and
989:The
847:Łódź
681:, a
568:Nazi
514:and
478:The
452:and
409:and
308:Nazi
306:The
291:and
243:For
160:and
157:Volk
73:Łódź
2960:CDU
2290:doi
2234:doi
2172:doi
1718:to
829:in
825:by
747:in
522:or
363:in
328:".
103:In
71:of
50:in
42:of
4543::
3771:,
3491:,
3325:.
3171:^
3057:^
3021:^
2994:^
2928:^
2913:^
2806:^
2657:.
2546:,
2483:,
2351:,
2341:,
2296:.
2286:29
2284:.
2270:^
2261:,
2240:.
2230:19
2228:.
2224:.
2209:^
2204:".
2178:.
2168:29
2166:.
2038:.
1788:.
1754:SS
1722:,
1587:,
1583:,
1539:)
1507:.
1359:,
1173:.
1092:).
608:SS
510:,
506:,
405:,
401:,
379:.
303:.
287:,
275:,
232:de
4009:)
4005:(
3969:)
3965:(
3779:)
3576:e
3569:t
3562:v
3524:.
3477:.
3455:.
3440:.
3329:.
3095:.
3081:.
2948:)
2907:)
2747:.
2639:.
2612:.
2304:.
2292::
2248:.
2236::
2174::
1443:.
1335:"
869:.
115:(
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