232:
4471:
535:
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33:
485:. Its speeds are very slow even compared to the movement of the bottom water masses. It is therefore difficult to measure where upwelling occurs using current speeds, given all the other wind-driven processes going on in the surface ocean. Deep waters have their own chemical signature, formed from the breakdown of particulate matter falling into them over the course of their long journey at depth. A number of scientists have tried to use these tracers to infer where the upwelling occurs.
41:
5359:
301:
5380:
4112:
696:
436:
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timeframe over which such collapse may occur, and the regional impacts it would cause, much less equivalent research exists for the
Southern Ocean overturning circulation as of the early 2020s. There has been a suggestion that its collapse may occur between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F), but this estimate is much less certain than for many other tipping points.
576:
triggered, the collapse of the gyre would occur between 5 and 50 years, and most likely at 10 years. The loss of this convection is estimated to lower the global temperature by 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) while the average temperature in Europe would decrease by around 3 °C (5.4 °F). There would also be substantial effects on regional precipitation levels.
608:; at least one such event has been connected to a temporary slowing of the AMOC. This effect would be caused by increased warming and thermal expansion of coastal waters, which would transfer less of their heat toward Europe; it is one of the reasons sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast is estimated to be three-to-four times higher than the global average.
46:
42:
43:
570:
identified 16 plausible climate tipping points, including a collapse of the AMOC. It said a collapse would most likely be triggered by 4 °C (7.2 °F) of global warming but that there is enough uncertainty to suggest it could be triggered at warming levels of between 1.4 °C (2.5 °F)
492:
Computer models of ocean circulation increasingly place most of the deep upwelling in the
Southern Ocean, associated with the strong winds in the open latitudes between South America and Antarctica. Direct estimates of the strength of the thermohaline circulation have also been madeat 26.5°N in the
455:
The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water makes the sea level of the
Atlantic slightly lower than the Pacific and salinity or halinity of water at the Atlantic higher than the Pacific. This generates a large but slow flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific to the
414:
is left behind as the sea ice forms around it (pure water preferentially being frozen). Increasing salinity lowers the freezing point of seawater, so cold liquid brine is formed in inclusions within a honeycomb of ice. The brine progressively melts the ice just beneath it, eventually dripping out of
646:
currently disagree on whether the
Southern Ocean circulation would continue to respond to changes in SAM the way it does now, or if it will eventually adjust to them. As of early 2020s, their best, limited-confidence estimate is that the lower cell would continue to weaken, while the upper cell may
438:
682:
is only inhabited by 10% of the world's population, and the
Southern Ocean overturning circulation has historically received much less attention than the AMOC. Consequently, while multiple studies have set out to estimate the exact level of global warming which could result in AMOC collapsing, the
589:
As of 2024, there is no consensus on whether a consistent slowing of the AMOC circulation has occurred but there is little doubt it will occur in the event of continued climate change. According to the IPCC, the most-likely effects of future AMOC decline are reduced precipitation in mid-latitudes,
442:
441:
437:
2283:
Douville, H.; Raghavan, K.; Renwick, J.; Allan, R. P.; Arias, P. A.; Barlow, M.; Cerezo-Mota, R.; Cherchi, A.; Gan, T.Y.; Gergis, J.; Jiang, D.; Khan, A.; Pokam Mba, W.; Rosenfeld, D.; Tierney, J.; Zolina, O. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.;
559:
again said the AMOC is "very likely" to decline within the 21st century and that there was a "high confidence" changes to it would be reversible within centuries if warming was reversed. Unlike the Fifth
Assessment Report, it had only "medium confidence" rather than "high confidence" in the AMOC
506:
The thermohaline circulation plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in regulating the amount of sea ice in these regions, although poleward heat transport outside the tropics is considerably larger in the atmosphere than in the ocean. Changes in the thermohaline
2689:
Bakker, P; Schmittner, A; Lenaerts, JT; Abe-Ouchi, A; Bi, D; van den Broeke, MR; Chan, WL; Hu, A; Beadling, RL; Marsland, SJ; Mernild, SH; Saenko, OA; Swingedouw, D; Sullivan, A; Yin, J (11 November 2016). "Fate of the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Strong decline under continued
575:
as a separate tipping point that could tip at between 1.1 °C (2.0 °F) degrees and 3.8 °C (6.8 °F), although this is only simulated by a fraction of climate models. The most likely tipping point for the collapse of
Northern Subpolar Gyre is 1.8 °C (3.2 °F) and once
443:
45:
259:
transfer exist, but require that "heating occurs at a greater depth than cooling". Normally, the opposite occurs, because ocean water is heated from above by the Sun and becomes less dense, so the surface layer floats on the surface above the cooler, denser layers, resulting in
497:
from temperature and salinity measurements to provide continuous, full-depth, basin-wide estimates of the meridional overturning circulation. However, it has only been operating since 2004, which is too short when the timescale of the circulation is measured in centuries.
440:
670:. It is possible that both circulations may not simply continue to weaken in response to increased warming and freshening, but eventually collapse to a much weaker state outright, in a way which would be difficult to reverse and constitute an example of
148:. This name is used because not every circulation pattern caused by temperature and salinity gradients is necessarily part of a single global circulation. Further, it is difficult to separate the parts of the circulation driven by temperature and
427:
will flow towards the
Pacific Ocean. At the Indian Ocean, a vertical exchange of a lower layer of cold and salty water from the Atlantic and the warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific occurs, in what is known as
2197:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
655:
models - the most advanced generation available as of early 2020s. Further, the largest long-term role in the state of the circulation is played by
Antarctic meltwater, and Antarctic ice loss had been the least-certain aspect of future
2746:
Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).
1098:
Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).
489:, using box models, has asserted that the bulk of deep upwelling occurs in the North Pacific, using as evidence the high values of silicon found in these waters. Other investigators have not found such clear evidence.
571:
and 8 °C (14 °F). The assessment estimates once AMOC collapse is triggered, it would occur between 15 and 300 years, and most likely at around 50 years. The assessment also treated the collapse of the
291:
only gets denser as it cools, up until it reaches the freezing point. That freezing point is also lower than for fresh water due to salinity, and can be below −2 °C, depending on salinity and pressure.
125:, the oldest waters (with a transit time of about 1000 years) upwell in the North Pacific. Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the
44:
480:
As the deep waters sink into the ocean basins, they displace the older deep-water masses, which gradually become less dense due to continued ocean mixing. Thus, some water is rising, in what is known as
339:, in part due to high windiness. When water evaporates, it leaves salt behind, and so the surface waters of the North Atlantic are particularly salty. North Atlantic is also an already cool region, and
410:). Meanwhile, sea ice starts reforming, so the surface waters also get saltier, hence very dense. In fact, the formation of sea ice contributes to an increase in surface seawater salinity; saltier
560:
avoiding a collapse before the end of the 21st century. This reduction in confidence was likely influenced by several review studies that draw attention to the circulation stability bias within
129:. The water in these circuits transport both energy (in the form of heat) and mass (dissolved solids and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the
3412:
2936:
2099:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
439:
1501:
Williams, G. D.; Herraiz-Borreguero, L.; Roquet, F.; Tamura, T.; Ohshima, K. I.; Fukamachi, Y.; Fraser, A. D.; Gao, L.; Chen, H.; McMahon, C. R.; Harcourt, R.; Hindell, M. (23 August 2016).
464:. This is also known as 'haline forcing' (net high latitude freshwater gain and low latitude evaporation). This warmer, fresher water from the Pacific flows up through the South Atlantic to
219:. In the Northern Hemisphere, AMOC's collapse would also substantially lower the temperatures in many European countries, while the east coast of North America would experience accelerated
223:. The collapse of either circulation is generally believed to be more than a century away and may only occur under high warming, but there is a lot of uncertainty about these projections.
2579:
Li, Qian; England, Matthew H.; Hogg, Andrew McC.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; Morrison, Adele K. (29 March 2023). "Abyssal ocean overturning slowdown and warming driven by Antarctic meltwater".
2911:
investigates on the topic "Thermohaline overturning- at risk?" and the predictability of changes of the THC. THOR is financed by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission.
590:
changing patterns of strong precipitation in the tropics and Europe, and strengthening storms that follow the North Atlantic track. In 2020, research found a weakened AMOC would slow
2423:
Stewart, K. D.; Hogg, A. McC.; England, M. H.; Waugh, D. W. (2 November 2020). "Response of the Southern Ocean Overturning Circulation to Extreme Southern Annular Mode Conditions".
287:
expands, but more dense as the salinity increases, since there is a larger mass of salts dissolved within that water. Further, while fresh water is at its most dense at 4 °C,
1281:
Stommel, H., & Arons, A. B. (1960). On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean. – I. Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere. Deep Sea Research (1953), 6, 140–154.
522:
in North America are thought to have led to a shifting of deep water formation and subsidence in the extreme North Atlantic and caused the climate period in Europe known as the
2334:
2315:
2929:
493:
North Atlantic, by the UK-US RAPID programme. It combines direct estimates of ocean transport using current meters and subsea cable measurements with estimates of the
582:
2293:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2204:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2922:
1059:
447:
Surface water flows north and sinks in the dense ocean near Iceland and Greenland. It joins the global thermohaline circulation into the Indian Ocean, and the
548:
3460:
136:
The thermohaline circulation is sometimes called the ocean conveyor belt, the great ocean conveyor, or the global conveyor belt, coined by climate scientist
331:
ratios) which can be traced, their flow rate calculated, and their age determined. NADW is formed because North Atlantic is a rare place in the ocean where
1077:
432:. In the Pacific Ocean, the rest of the cold and salty water from the Atlantic undergoes haline forcing, and becomes warmer and fresher more quickly.
619:
5099:
678:
evidence for the overturning circulation being substantially weaker than now during past periods that were both warmer and colder than now. However,
1743:
5089:
4148:
3121:
2398:
419:. The resulting Antarctic bottom water sinks and flows north and east. It is denser than the NADW, and so flows beneath it. AABW formed in the
1257:
187:, the AMOC has been far better studied, but both are very important for the global climate. Both of them also appear to be slowing down due to
1972:
Weijer, W.; Cheng, W.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Fedorov, A. V.; Hu, A.; Jackson, L. C.; Liu, W.; McDonagh, E. L.; Mecking, J. V.; Zhang, J. (2019).
272:
caused by tidal currents being one example. This mixing is what enables the convection between ocean layers, and thus, deep water currents.
2493:. Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Vol. 2021. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1239–1241.
36:
A summary of the path of the thermohaline circulation. Blue paths represent deep-water currents, while red paths represent surface currents.
2352:
Karmalkar, Ambarish V.; Horton, Radley M. (23 September 2021). "Drivers of exceptional coastal warming in the northeastern United States".
3381:
884:"Characterizing transport between the surface mixed layer and the ocean interior with a forward and adjoint global ocean transport model"
663:
160:
564:, and simplified ocean-modelling studies suggesting the AMOC may be more vulnerable to abrupt change than larger-scale models suggest.
3386:
2483:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021).
1615:
1115:
5005:
3141:
2319:
647:
strengthen by around 20% over the 21st century. A key reason for the uncertainty is the poor and inconsistent representation of
5372:
4420:
4188:
3193:
3060:
3025:
860:
168:
2487:. In Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
2168:
3217:
3126:
1719:
1667:
Talley, Lynne (1999). "Some aspects of ocean heat transport by the shallow, intermediate and deep overturning circulations".
1205:
652:
630:(SAM), which has been spending more and more years in its positive phase due to climate change (as well as the aftermath of
4652:
3188:
671:
567:
200:
842:
Lappo, SS (1984). "On reason of the northward heat advection across the Equator in the South Pacific and Atlantic ocean".
4141:
3254:
1568:"Zonal Distribution of Circumpolar Deep Water Transformation Rates and Its Relation to Heat Content on Antarctic Shelves"
4542:
1566:
Narayanan, Aditya; Gille, Sarah T.; Mazloff, Matthew R.; du Plessis, Marcel D.; Murali, K.; Roquet, Fabien (June 2023).
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403:
1647:
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2832:
2506:
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252:
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94:
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239:
It has long been known that wind can drive ocean currents, but only at the surface. In the 19th century, some
3934:
3259:
3159:
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in this scenario (middle). The collapse of the entire Atlantic Meriditional Overturning Circulation (bottom).
448:
347:, fills the Arctic Ocean Basin and spills southwards through the Greenland-Scotland-Ridge – crevasses in the
4410:
4074:
3407:
3090:
2985:
933:
751:
556:
311:
These density differences caused by temperature and salinity ultimately separate ocean water into distinct
17:
4079:
4064:
2764:"No detectable Weddell Sea Antarctic Bottom Water export during the Last and Penultimate Glacial Maximum"
4470:
4607:
4069:
3863:
3767:
3116:
1438:"Warm Circumpolar Deep Water transport toward Antarctica driven by local dense water export in canyons"
1221:
Wyrtki, K (1961). "The thermohaline circulation in relation to the general circulation in the oceans".
244:
2908:
2632:"Marine ice sheet instability amplifies and skews uncertainty in projections of future sea-level rise"
2162:
2160:
883:
5142:
4547:
4507:
3020:
2524:"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S"
733: – Process of accumulation and sinking of higher density material beneath lower density material
626:
Additionally, the main controlling pattern of the extratropical Southern Hemisphere's climate is the
561:
316:
235:
Effect of temperature and salinity upon sea water density maximum and sea water freezing temperature.
231:
110:
1078:"NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean"
538:
Modelled 21st century warming under the "intermediate" global warming scenario (top). The potential
305:
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4577:
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3893:
3807:
3797:
3736:
3726:
3706:
3005:
3000:
2157:
1567:
1390:
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323:(AABW). These two waters are the main drivers of the circulation, which was established in 1960 by
1925:"The effect of model bias on Atlantic freshwater transport and implications for AMOC bi-stability"
5309:
5292:
5129:
4622:
4487:
4425:
4415:
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3853:
3812:
3762:
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3330:
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3015:
2902:
2402:
2094:
2092:
736:
2228:"Climate impacts of a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a warming climate"
2193:
2191:
2189:
2169:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
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102:
2206:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362,
2089:
1891:
1060:"El Niño may be drying out the southern hemisphere – here's how that affects the whole planet"
666:(AMOC), which is also affected by the ocean warming and by meltwater flows from the declining
359:
and Great Britain. It cannot flow towards the Pacific Ocean due to the narrow shallows of the
300:
5137:
5119:
4627:
4522:
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3903:
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and Arnold B. Arons. They have chemical, temperature and isotopic ratio signatures (such as
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3496:
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2535:
2522:
Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022).
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1985:
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1402:
1361:
1304:
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898:
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328:
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in ocean layer formation. Salinity is important because like temperature, it affects water
261:
141:
604:
A decline in the AMOC would be accompanied by an acceleration of sea level rise along the
199:. Either one could outright collapse to a much weaker state, which would be an example of
8:
5319:
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4597:
4557:
4273:
3978:
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3575:
3527:
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3249:
1612:
1503:"The suppression of Antarctic bottom water formation by melting ice shelves in Prydz Bay"
679:
667:
494:
486:
469:
340:
216:
203:. The hemisphere which experiences the collapse of its circulation would experience less
184:
2859:
2779:
2703:
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2030:
2022:
2011:
1954:
1880:
1797:"RAPID: monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5N since 2004"
1737:
1543:
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1325:
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1040:
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914:
824:
2221:
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2100:
1974:"Stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A Review and Synthesis"
1293:"Water Vapor Transfer and Near-Surface Salinity Contrasts in the North Atlantic Ocean"
406:. The ocean, no longer protected by sea ice, suffers a brutal and strong cooling (see
248:
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2015:
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1418:
1350:"The distribution and formative processes of latent heat polynyas in East Antarctica"
1330:
1242:
1201:
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1032:
1001:
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918:
816:
283:. Water becomes less dense as its temperature increases and the distance between its
105:
from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high
2841:
2515:
1884:
1759:"Closure of the meridional overturning circulation through Southern Ocean upwelling"
868:
594:. and result in atmospheric trends similar to those that likely occurred during the
335:, which adds fresh water to the ocean and so reduces its salinity, is outweighed by
5299:
5267:
5237:
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Huang, Huang; Gutjahr, Marcus; Eisenhauer, Anton; Kuhn, Gerhard (22 January 2020).
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2031:"Risk of tipping the overturning circulation due to increasing rates of ice melt"
1711:
The great ocean conveyor : discovering the trigger for abrupt climate change
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1619:
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631:
605:
416:
2755:
2490:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I
1374:
1349:
712: – Climate cycle that affects the surface temperature of the North Atlantic
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will mainly fill the Atlantic and Indian Basins, whereas the AABW formed in the
399:
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Mecking, J.V.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Jackson, L.C.; Andrews, M.B. (1 January 2017).
1796:
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992:
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657:
602:. Changes in precipitation under high-emissions scenarios would be far larger.
534:
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and sinks to the ocean floor, providing a continuous thermohaline circulation.
375:
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348:
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reduces water temperature even further. Thus, this water sinks downward in the
275:
In the 1920s, Sandström's framework was expanded by accounting for the role of
256:
220:
188:
122:
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2300:
2211:
2101:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
1910:
1142:
5399:
5384:
5232:
5152:
5041:
4960:
4935:
4870:
4800:
4707:
4602:
4479:
4400:
4360:
4333:
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4193:
4116:
4100:
4059:
4054:
4004:
3555:
3543:
3183:
3151:
2980:
2572:
2480:
2295:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: 1055–1210.
2134:
2064:
2007:
1729:
1632:
1599:
1534:
1469:
1422:
945:
701:
643:
635:
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62:
32:
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1868:
1028:
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5287:
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5056:
5051:
5026:
5010:
4985:
4702:
4592:
4532:
4318:
4228:
4203:
4014:
3918:
3691:
3512:
3310:
2805:
2675:
2608:
2565:
2269:
2251:
2226:
Liu, Wei; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Hu, Shineng (26 June 2020).
2142:
2082:
1876:
1645:
1552:
1487:
1461:
1334:
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675:
519:
515:
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79:
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4567:
4527:
4517:
4492:
4375:
4348:
4328:
4288:
4253:
3671:
2711:
2444:
1998:
1973:
1591:
1414:
1258:"Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density"
1138:
730:
420:
391:
379:
336:
153:
126:
114:
98:
4126:
2720:
2125:
1526:
5147:
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4772:
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4697:
4617:
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4395:
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3953:
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3300:
3075:
2975:
2868:
2843:
2453:
1684:
1436:
Morrison, A. K.; Hogg, A. McC.; England, M. H.; Spence, P. (May 2020).
724:
639:
312:
180:
5379:
4111:
2630:
Robel, Alexander A.; Seroussi, Hélène; Roe, Gerard H. (23 July 2019).
2488:
2203:
1500:
1116:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050"
910:
695:
583:
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation § Effects of AMOC slowdown
5219:
5081:
5066:
4980:
4825:
4664:
4659:
4442:
4370:
4298:
4218:
4208:
4165:
4009:
1903:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
1782:
1709:
934:"Wallace Broecker, 87, Dies; Sounded Early Warning on Climate Change"
482:
465:
352:
192:
118:
2335:"Why the U.S. East Coast could be a major 'hotspot' for rising seas"
1855:
Broecker, WS (2006). "Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?".
1815:
811:
5314:
5036:
4895:
4787:
4777:
4722:
4198:
3350:
2909:
http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141126093524/http%3A//www.eu%2Dthor.eu/
2842:
Gnanadesikan, A.; R. D. Slater; P. S. Swathi; G. K. Vallis (2005).
2478:
1905:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA.
1758:
507:
circulation are thought to have significant impacts on the Earth's
424:
395:
387:
288:
284:
276:
212:
149:
106:
90:
2745:
1097:
549:
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation § Major review studies
207:
and become drier, while the other hemisphere would become wetter.
5183:
5173:
4343:
4313:
3345:
3325:
3305:
3070:
2688:
1631:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
407:
383:
356:
280:
130:
718: – Measure of fluid stability against vertical displacement
4890:
4303:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3269:
3201:
3065:
2521:
1565:
1389:
Tamura, Takeshi; Ohshima, Kay I.; Nihashi, Sohey (April 2008).
620:
Southern Ocean overturning circulation § Climate change impacts
152:
alone from those driven by other factors, such as the wind and
1922:
1816:"Estimates of Meridional Atmosphere and Ocean Heat Transports"
1671:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 112. pp. 1–22.
1391:"Mapping of sea ice production for Antarctic coastal polynyas"
5252:
5071:
4850:
4805:
3402:
3371:
3355:
3264:
3100:
1902:
1669:
Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales
411:
2282:
1613:
The Thermohaline Circulation – The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
1348:
Massom, R.; Michael, K.; Harris, P.T.; Potter, M.J. (1998).
846:. Moscow Department of Gidrometeoizdat (in Mandarin): 125–9.
4684:
3315:
3212:
3080:
2945:
Atmospheric, oceanographic, cryospheric, and climate models
2399:"Why the U.S. Northeast Coast Is a Global Warming Hot Spot"
1971:
1841:
10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3433:EOMAAO>2.0.CO;2
1644:
United Nations Environment Programme / GRID-Arendal, 2006,
1081:
1015:
Wunsch, C (2002). "What is the thermohaline circulation?".
864:
265:
70:
2761:
1435:
1347:
2422:
2029:
Lohmann, Johannes; Ditlevsen, Peter D. (2 March 2021).
1291:
Reagan, James; Seidov, Dan; Boyer, Tim (11 June 2018).
756:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
741:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
720:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2316:"Extreme sea level rise event linked to AMOC downturn"
2314:
Yin, Jianjun & Griffies, Stephen (25 March 2015).
415:
the ice matrix and sinking. This process is known as
2578:
1756:
1388:
748: – Circulation of water driven by heat exchange
691:
844:
Study of Ocean and Atmosphere Interaction Processes
304:The global conveyor belt on a continuous-ocean map
183:. Because 90% of the human population lives in the
566:In 2022, an extensive assessment of all potential
5100:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
2200:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
1757:Marshall, John; Speer, Kevin (26 February 2012).
1625:, visualizations by Greg Shirah, 8 October 2009.
1290:
5397:
2629:
2028:
5090:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2636:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2351:
2225:
2166:
2035:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
777:
775:
773:
771:
612:
529:
1929:Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
1813:
1051:
754: – Diagrams used to identify water masses
378:blowing from the Antarctic continent onto the
268:cause mixing between these water layers, with
159:This global circulation has two major limbs -
4142:
3528:
2930:
784:"The concept of the thermohaline circulation"
739: – Part of large-scale ocean circulation
514:Large influxes of low-density meltwater from
167:), centered in the north Atlantic Ocean, and
3542:
1742:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
768:
501:
97:. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the
2313:
2167:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
1126:
1093:
1091:
664:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
161:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
4149:
4135:
3535:
3521:
2937:
2923:
965:
855:
853:
4156:
2867:
2795:
2719:
2665:
2655:
2555:
2452:
2284:Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
2259:
2124:
2072:
2054:
1997:
1948:
1839:
1542:
1477:
1373:
1324:
1255:
1155:
1107:
991:
861:"What is the global ocean conveyor belt?"
810:
781:
642:, freshening the Southern Ocean further.
255:which proved that the currents driven by
2844:"The energetics of ocean heat transport"
2485:"Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
1854:
1848:
1088:
931:
662:Similar processes are taking place with
533:
434:
363:, but it does slowly flow into the deep
299:
230:
113:). This dense water then flows into the
39:
31:
2396:
1978:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1572:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1132:
1070:
1057:
881:
850:
251:performed a series of experiments at a
93:, factors which together determine the
69:created by surface heat and freshwater
14:
5398:
4421:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
2876:
2332:
1666:
1220:
1014:
598:, such as a southward displacement of
247:could drive deeper currents. In 1908,
226:
169:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
4130:
3516:
3042:
2954:
2918:
2879:Introduction to Physical Oceanography
2749:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023
1113:
1101:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023
841:
634:), which means more warming and more
173:Southern Ocean meridional circulation
27:Part of large-scale ocean circulation
5368:
3230:Regional and mesoscale oceanographic
2822:
2397:Krajick, Kevin (23 September 2021).
1623:NASA Scientific Visualization Studio
1187:
968:"Wallace Smith Broecker (1931–2019)"
672:tipping points in the climate system
201:tipping points in the climate system
3043:
1165:Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences
966:de Menocal, Peter (26 March 2019).
932:Schwartz, John (20 February 2019).
727: – Type of sedimentary deposit
468:, where it cools off and undergoes
24:
5248:National Oceanographic Data Center
4675:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
4563:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
3172:Regional and mesoscale atmospheric
1707:
1656:Potential Impact of Climate Change
1058:Collins, Kevin (3 November 2023).
25:
5422:
5095:Global Sea Level Observing System
2896:
2333:Mooney, Chris (1 February 2016).
710:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
211:are also likely to receive fewer
5378:
5367:
5358:
5357:
4553:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
4469:
4458:
4110:
4099:
2816:
2690:warming and Greenland melting".
2286:"Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes"
1626:
1158:"Thermohaline Ocean Circulation"
891:Journal of Physical Oceanography
694:
618:This section is an excerpt from
581:This section is an excerpt from
547:This section is an excerpt from
195:dilutes salty flows such as the
140:. It is also referred to as the
5283:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5006:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
2996:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2991:Tropical cyclone forecast model
2955:
2751:(Report). University of Exeter.
2682:
2623:
2390:
2345:
2326:
2307:
1965:
1916:
1814:Trenberth, K; Caron, J (2001).
1807:
1789:
1750:
1701:
1660:
1638:
1606:
1559:
1494:
1429:
1382:
1341:
1284:
1275:
1249:
1214:
1181:
1149:
1103:(Report). University of Exeter.
638:over the ocean due to stronger
61:) is a part of the large-scale
1714:. Princeton University Press.
1708:S., Broecker, Wallace (2010).
1133:Schmidt, Gavin (26 May 2005).
1008:
959:
925:
875:
835:
660:projections for a long time.
600:Intertropical Convergence Zone
460:to replace the cold and salty
127:Earth's oceans a global system
13:
1:
1950:10.1080/16000870.2017.1299910
1114:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023).
761:
592:the decline in Arctic sea ice
540:collapse of the subpolar gyre
449:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
253:Bornö Marine Research Station
83:referring to temperature and
4543:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
4513:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
4269:Luke's variational principle
3396:Land surface parametrization
2986:Numerical weather prediction
2692:Geophysical Research Letters
2425:Geophysical Research Letters
1395:Geophysical Research Letters
1243:10.1016/0146-6313(61)90014-4
752:Temperature-salinity diagram
613:Slowdown or collapse of SMOC
557:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
530:Slowdown or collapse of AMOC
475:
295:
144:overturning circulation, or
7:
2825:Principles of Ocean Physics
1375:10.3189/1998aog27-1-420-426
687:
382:will blow the newly formed
10:
5427:
4608:Ocean dynamical thermostat
4456:
2788:10.1038/s41467-020-14302-3
2601:10.1038/s41586-023-05762-w
2548:10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5
2376:10.1038/s41558-021-01159-7
1317:10.1038/s41598-018-27052-6
993:10.1038/d41586-019-00993-2
617:
580:
562:general circulation models
546:
5353:
5192:
5166:
5143:Ocean acoustic tomography
5128:
5080:
5019:
4956:Mohorovičić discontinuity
4914:
4786:
4683:
4548:General circulation model
4478:
4184:Benjamin–Feir instability
4164:
4095:
4027:
3997:
3961:
3952:
3927:
3821:
3745:
3594:
3563:
3554:
3482:
3437:
3421:
3395:
3364:
3278:
3229:
3171:
3109:
3053:
3049:
3038:
3021:Meteorological reanalysis
2961:
2950:
2499:10.1017/9781009157896.011
2301:10.1017/9781009157896.010
2212:10.1017/9781009157896.011
2173:climatetippingpoints.info
1911:10.1017/9781009157964.001
1163:. In Elias, S. A. (ed.).
502:Effects on global climate
456:Indian Ocean through the
317:North Atlantic Deep Water
111:North Atlantic Deep Water
65:that is driven by global
5273:Ocean surface topography
4648:Thermohaline circulation
4638:Subsurface ocean current
4578:Hydrothermal circulation
4411:Wave–current interaction
4189:Boussinesq approximation
4087:Thermohaline circulation
3006:Upper-atmospheric models
3001:Chemical transport model
2318:. CLIVAR. Archived from
1899:Summary for Policymakers
1618:19 December 2022 at the
1256:Pawlowicz, Rich (2013).
746:Hydrothermal circulation
191:, as the melting of the
55:Thermohaline circulation
50:Thermohaline circulation
5310:Sea surface temperature
5293:Outline of oceanography
4488:Atmospheric circulation
4426:shallow water equations
4416:Waves and shallow water
4309:Significant wave height
4035:Atmospheric circulation
3586:Transpolar Drift Stream
3016:Model output statistics
2698:(23): 12, 252–12, 260.
2657:10.1073/pnas.1904822116
2403:Columbia Climate School
2117:10.1126/science.abn7950
2056:10.1073/pnas.2017989118
1869:10.1126/science.1123253
1650:28 January 2017 at the
1135:"Gulf Stream slowdown?"
1029:10.1126/science.1079329
737:Halothermal circulation
716:Brunt-Väisälä frequency
367:of the south Atlantic.
215:and experience greater
117:. While the bulk of it
5305:Sea surface microlayer
4670:Wind generated current
4106:Environment portal
4060:Marine garbage patches
3874:Indonesian Throughflow
3778:Indonesian Throughflow
3279:Atmospheric dispersion
2252:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876
1462:10.1126/sciadv.aav2516
1188:Eden, Carsten (2012).
573:Northern Subpolar Gyre
568:climate tipping points
543:
462:Antarctic Bottom Water
458:Indonesian Archipelago
452:
321:Antarctic Bottom Water
308:
236:
197:Antarctic bottom water
138:Wallace Smith Broecker
51:
37:
5411:Chemical oceanography
5406:Physical oceanography
5138:Deep scattering layer
5120:World Geodetic System
4628:Princeton Ocean Model
4508:Coriolis–Stokes force
4158:Physical oceanography
3935:Antarctic Circumpolar
2768:Nature Communications
2528:Nature Communications
2431:(22): e2020GL091103.
2355:Nature Climate Change
1507:Nature Communications
1196:. Springer. pp.
1156:Rahmstorf, S (2006).
782:Rahmstorf, S (2003).
628:Southern Annular Mode
537:
446:
390:in locations such as
303:
234:
49:
35:
5158:Underwater acoustics
4718:Perigean spring tide
4583:Langmuir circulation
4294:Rossby-gravity waves
3497:Scientific modelling
3011:Ensemble forecasting
2712:10.1002/2016GL070457
2445:10.1029/2020GL091103
1999:10.1029/2019JC015083
1592:10.1029/2022JC019310
1415:10.1029/2007GL032903
1354:Annals of Glaciology
1167:. Elsevier Science.
1145:on 20 February 2006.
871:on 31 December 2017.
649:ocean stratification
264:. However, wind and
262:ocean stratification
95:density of sea water
5320:Science On a Sphere
4926:Convergent boundary
4598:Modular Ocean Model
4558:Geostrophic current
4274:Mild-slope equation
3979:South Atlantic Gyre
3974:North Atlantic Gyre
3502:Computer simulation
2971:Oceanographic model
2903:Ocean Conveyor Belt
2877:Knauss, JA (1996).
2860:2005JCli...18.2604G
2780:2020NatCo..11..424H
2704:2016GeoRL..4312252B
2648:2019PNAS..11614887R
2642:(30): 14887–14892.
2593:2023Natur.615..841L
2540:2022NatCo..13..340B
2437:2020GeoRL..4791103S
2368:2021NatCC..11..854K
2339:The Washington Post
2244:2020SciA....6.4876L
2047:2021PNAS..11817989L
1990:2019JGRC..124.5336W
1941:2017TellA..6999910M
1832:2001JCli...14.3433T
1775:2012NatGe...5..171M
1677:1999GMS...112....1T
1584:2023JGRC..12819310N
1527:10.1038/ncomms12577
1519:2016NatCo...712577W
1454:2020SciA....6.2516M
1407:2008GeoRL..35.7606T
1366:1998AnGla..27..420M
1309:2018NatSR...8.8830R
1235:1961DSR.....8...39W
984:2019Natur.568...34D
903:2005JPO....35..545P
882:Primeau, F (2005).
803:2003Natur.421..699R
680:Southern Hemisphere
668:Greenland ice sheet
495:geostrophic current
470:evaporative cooling
341:evaporative cooling
243:suggested that the
227:History of research
217:ocean deoxygenation
185:Northern Hemisphere
4976:Seafloor spreading
4966:Outer trench swell
4931:Divergent boundary
4831:Continental margin
4816:Carbonate platform
4713:Lunitidal interval
3989:South Pacific Gyre
3984:North Pacific Gyre
3864:Equatorial Counter
3768:Equatorial Counter
3487:Mathematical model
3422:Cryospheric models
3365:Chemical transport
2907:THOR FP7 projects
2869:10.1175/JCLI3436.1
2848:Journal of Climate
2827:. Academic Press.
2111:(6611): eabn7950.
2041:(9): e2017989118.
1820:Journal of Climate
1685:10.1029/GM112p0001
1297:Scientific Reports
938:The New York Times
544:
453:
309:
245:convection of heat
237:
52:
38:
5393:
5392:
5385:Oceans portal
5345:World Ocean Atlas
5335:Underwater glider
5278:Ocean temperature
4941:Hydrothermal vent
4906:Submarine volcano
4841:Continental shelf
4821:Coastal geography
4811:Bathymetric chart
4693:Amphidromic point
4381:Wave nonlinearity
4239:Infragravity wave
4124:
4123:
4117:Oceans portal
4023:
4022:
3969:Indian Ocean Gyre
3948:
3947:
3510:
3509:
3492:Statistical model
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3034:
3033:
2976:Cryospheric model
2966:Atmospheric model
2881:. Prentice Hall.
2823:Apel, JR (1987).
2587:(7954): 841–847.
1763:Nature Geoscience
1721:978-0-691-14354-5
1223:Deep-Sea Research
1207:978-3-642-23449-1
1023:(5596): 1179–81.
911:10.1175/JPO2699.1
444:
209:Marine ecosystems
67:density gradients
63:ocean circulation
47:
16:(Redirected from
5418:
5383:
5382:
5371:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5300:Pelagic sediment
5238:Marine pollution
5032:Deep ocean water
4901:Submarine canyon
4836:Continental rise
4728:Rule of twelfths
4643:Sverdrup balance
4573:Humboldt Current
4498:Boundary current
4473:
4462:
4279:Radiation stress
4249:Iribarren number
4224:Equatorial waves
4179:Ballantine scale
4174:Airy wave theory
4151:
4144:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4103:
4040:Boundary current
3959:
3958:
3914:South Equatorial
3899:North Korea Cold
3894:North Equatorial
3808:South Equatorial
3798:North Madagascar
3737:West Spitsbergen
3727:South Equatorial
3707:North Equatorial
3561:
3560:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3039:
2952:
2951:
2939:
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2892:
2873:
2871:
2838:
2810:
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2734:
2733:
2723:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2479:Fox-Kemper, B.;
2476:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2238:(26): eaaz4876.
2232:Science Advances
2223:
2214:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2128:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2058:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2001:
1984:(8): 5336–5375.
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1920:
1914:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1863:(5777): 1146–8.
1852:
1846:
1845:
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1811:
1805:
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1793:
1787:
1786:
1783:10.1038/ngeo1391
1754:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1664:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1448:(18): eaav2516.
1442:Science Advances
1433:
1427:
1426:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1141:. Archived from
1130:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1084:. 29 March 2023.
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:The Conversation
1055:
1049:
1048:
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
929:
923:
922:
888:
879:
873:
872:
867:. Archived from
857:
848:
847:
839:
833:
832:
814:
788:
779:
757:
742:
721:
704:
699:
698:
509:radiation budget
487:Wallace Broecker
445:
270:diapycnal mixing
87:
73:. The adjective
48:
21:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5377:
5349:
5188:
5162:
5124:
5105:Sea-level curve
5076:
5015:
5001:Transform fault
4951:Mid-ocean ridge
4917:
4910:
4876:Oceanic plateau
4782:
4768:Tidal resonance
4738:Theory of tides
4679:
4588:Longshore drift
4538:Ekman transport
4474:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4454:
4406:Wave turbulence
4339:Trochoidal wave
4264:Longshore drift
4160:
4155:
4125:
4120:
4109:
4098:
4091:
4050:Ekman transport
4019:
3993:
3944:
3923:
3859:East Korea Warm
3854:East Australian
3817:
3813:West Australian
3763:East Madagascar
3741:
3590:
3576:North Icelandic
3550:
3541:
3511:
3506:
3470:
3433:
3417:
3391:
3360:
3274:
3225:
3167:
3105:
3045:
3044:Specific models
3030:
3026:Parametrization
2957:
2946:
2943:
2899:
2889:
2854:(14): 2604–16.
2835:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2760:
2756:
2744:
2737:
2687:
2683:
2628:
2624:
2577:
2573:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2477:
2470:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2391:
2362:(10): 854–860.
2350:
2346:
2331:
2327:
2322:on 18 May 2015.
2312:
2308:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2224:
2217:
2196:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2165:
2158:
2097:
2090:
2027:
2023:
1970:
1966:
1921:
1917:
1896:
1892:
1853:
1849:
1826:(16): 3433–43.
1812:
1808:
1801:www.rapid.ac.uk
1795:
1794:
1790:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1665:
1661:
1652:Wayback Machine
1643:
1639:
1627:
1620:Wayback Machine
1611:
1607:
1564:
1560:
1499:
1495:
1434:
1430:
1387:
1383:
1346:
1342:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1262:Nature Magazine
1254:
1250:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1131:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1096:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1013:
1009:
964:
960:
950:
948:
930:
926:
886:
880:
876:
859:
858:
851:
840:
836:
812:10.1038/421699a
786:
780:
769:
764:
755:
740:
719:
700:
693:
690:
685:
684:
632:ozone depletion
623:
615:
610:
609:
606:U.S. East Coast
586:
578:
577:
552:
532:
504:
478:
435:
417:brine rejection
376:katabatic winds
349:submarine sills
298:
249:Johan Sandström
229:
85:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5375:
5365:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5325:Stratification
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5215:Color of water
5212:
5210:Benthic lander
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5115:Sea level rise
5112:
5110:Sea level drop
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4946:Marine geology
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4886:Passive margin
4883:
4881:Oceanic trench
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:Ocean dynamics
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4503:Coriolis force
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4324:Stokes problem
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:Kinematic wave
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4075:North Atlantic
4072:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Coriolis force
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3940:Tasman Outflow
3937:
3931:
3929:
3928:Southern Ocean
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Indian Monsoon
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Agulhas Return
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3732:West Greenland
3729:
3724:
3722:South Atlantic
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:North Atlantic
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3647:East Greenland
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3595:Atlantic Ocean
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:East Greenland
3567:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3544:Ocean currents
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3110:Global weather
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2897:External links
2895:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2874:
2839:
2833:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2754:
2735:
2681:
2622:
2571:
2514:
2507:
2468:
2415:
2389:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2275:
2215:
2185:
2156:
2088:
2021:
1964:
1935:(1): 1299910.
1915:
1890:
1847:
1806:
1788:
1749:
1720:
1700:
1693:
1659:
1637:
1605:
1558:
1493:
1428:
1381:
1340:
1283:
1274:
1248:
1213:
1206:
1192:Ocean Dynamics
1180:
1173:
1148:
1125:
1106:
1087:
1069:
1050:
1007:
958:
924:
874:
849:
834:
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
749:
743:
734:
728:
722:
713:
706:
705:
689:
686:
658:sea level rise
644:Climate models
624:
616:
614:
611:
587:
579:
553:
545:
531:
528:
503:
500:
477:
474:
386:away, opening
372:Southern Ocean
365:abyssal plains
315:, such as the
297:
294:
257:thermal energy
241:oceanographers
228:
225:
221:sea level rise
189:climate change
133:of the Earth.
123:Southern Ocean
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5423:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5366:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Marine energy
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:Acidification
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:SOFAR channel
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Oceanic crust
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Fracture zone
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Oceanic basin
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Abyssal plain
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Internal tide
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Ocean current
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4461:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Wave shoaling
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Ursell number
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Internal wave
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Breaking wave
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4080:South Pacific
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Great Pacific
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Marine debris
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Beaufort Gyre
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:North Pacific
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:Pacific Ocean
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Baffin Island
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Climate model
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2888:0-13-238155-9
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2834:0-12-058866-8
2830:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2817:Other sources
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2508:9781009157896
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:(3): 171–80.
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1694:0-87590-095-X
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1633:public domain
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1174:0-444-52747-8
1170:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:(4): 545–64.
896:
892:
885:
878:
870:
866:
862:
856:
854:
845:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
797:(6924): 699.
796:
792:
785:
778:
776:
774:
772:
767:
753:
750:
747:
744:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
702:Oceans portal
697:
692:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
659:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
636:precipitation
633:
629:
621:
607:
603:
601:
597:
596:Younger Dryas
593:
584:
574:
569:
565:
563:
558:
555:In 2021, the
550:
541:
536:
527:
525:
524:Younger Dryas
521:
517:
512:
510:
499:
496:
490:
488:
484:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
450:
433:
431:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:Bering Strait
358:
354:
351:that connect
350:
346:
345:Norwegian Sea
342:
338:
334:
333:precipitation
330:
326:
325:Henry Stommel
322:
318:
314:
307:
302:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:precipitation
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:referring to
88:
82:
81:
77:derives from
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
34:
30:
19:
5340:Water column
5288:Oceanography
5263:Observations
5258:Explorations
5228:Marginal sea
5221:
5179:OSTM/Jason-2
5011:Volcanic arc
4986:Slab suction
4703:Head of tide
4647:
4593:Loop Current
4533:Ekman spiral
4319:Stokes drift
4229:Gravity wave
4204:Cnoidal wave
4108:
4097:
4086:
4070:Indian Ocean
4015:Weddell Gyre
3919:Tasman Front
3746:Indian Ocean
3702:North Brazil
3652:East Iceland
3564:Arctic Ocean
3438:Discontinued
3311:DISPERSION21
2878:
2851:
2847:
2824:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2721:10150/622754
2695:
2691:
2684:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2489:
2481:Hewitt, H.T.
2428:
2424:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2392:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2328:
2320:the original
2309:
2292:
2278:
2235:
2231:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:
2126:10871/131584
2108:
2104:
2038:
2034:
2024:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1897:IPCC, 2019:
1893:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1710:
1703:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1622:
1608:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1513:(1): 12577.
1510:
1506:
1496:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1251:
1229:(1): 39–64.
1226:
1222:
1216:
1191:
1183:
1164:
1151:
1143:the original
1128:
1109:
1072:
1053:
1020:
1016:
1010:
978:(7750): 34.
975:
971:
961:
949:. Retrieved
937:
927:
894:
890:
877:
869:the original
843:
837:
794:
790:
676:paleoclimate
651:in even the
625:
588:
554:
520:deglaciation
516:Lake Agassiz
513:
505:
491:
479:
454:
429:
404:Cape Darnley
400:Adélie Coast
369:
313:water masses
310:
274:
238:
176:
172:
164:
158:
154:tidal forces
145:
135:
115:ocean basins
91:salt content
84:
78:
75:thermohaline
74:
58:
54:
53:
29:
18:Thermohaline
5330:Thermocline
5047:Mesopelagic
5020:Ocean zones
4991:Slab window
4856:Hydrography
4796:Abyssal fan
4763:Tidal range
4753:Tidal power
4748:Tidal force
4633:Rip current
4568:Gulf Stream
4528:Ekman layer
4518:Downwelling
4493:Baroclinity
4480:Circulation
4376:Wave height
4366:Wave action
4349:megatsunami
4329:Stokes wave
4289:Rossby wave
4254:Kelvin wave
4234:Green's law
3998:Other gyres
3962:Major gyres
3672:Gulf Stream
3117:IFS (ECMWF)
2956:Model types
2454:1885/274441
1360:: 420–426.
1139:RealClimate
731:Downwelling
674:. There is
430:overturning
421:Weddell Sea
380:ice shelves
337:evaporation
319:(NADW) and
306:(animation)
99:Gulf Stream
5400:Categories
5268:Reanalysis
5167:Satellites
5148:Sofar bomb
4996:Subduction
4971:Ridge push
4866:Ocean bank
4846:Contourite
4773:Tide gauge
4758:Tidal race
4743:Tidal bore
4733:Slack tide
4698:Earth tide
4618:Ocean gyre
4438:Wind setup
4433:Wind fetch
4396:Wave setup
4391:Wave radar
4386:Wave power
4284:Rogue wave
4214:Dispersion
3839:California
3793:Mozambique
3788:Madagascar
3341:PUFF-PLUME
3301:AUSTAL2000
3160:GME / ICON
3127:GEM / GDPS
3076:GFDL CM2.X
2774:(1): 424.
2534:(1): 340.
762:References
725:Contourite
640:westerlies
398:, off the
193:ice sheets
181:Antarctica
179:), around
142:meridional
5130:Acoustics
5082:Sea level
4981:Slab pull
4918:tectonics
4826:Cold seep
4788:Landforms
4665:Whirlpool
4660:Upwelling
4443:Wind wave
4371:Wave base
4299:Sea state
4219:Edge wave
4209:Cross sea
4010:Ross Gyre
3879:Kamchatka
3712:Norwegian
3687:Lomonosov
3642:Caribbean
3637:Cape Horn
3581:Norwegian
3382:GEOS-Chem
2730:133069692
2617:257807573
2463:229063736
2384:237611075
2178:2 October
2151:252161375
2135:0036-8075
2065:0027-8424
2016:199807871
2008:2169-9275
1959:133294706
1738:cite book
1730:695704119
1600:2169-9275
1535:2041-1723
1470:2375-2548
1423:0094-8276
1045:129518576
1002:186242350
946:0362-4331
919:130736022
483:upwelling
476:Upwelling
466:Greenland
396:Ross Seas
374:, strong
353:Greenland
296:Structure
285:molecules
213:nutrients
109:(forming
107:latitudes
103:polewards
101:) travel
5363:Category
5315:Seawater
5042:Littoral
5037:Deep sea
4896:Seamount
4778:Tideline
4723:Rip tide
4653:shutdown
4623:Overflow
4356:Undertow
4199:Clapotis
3889:Mindanao
3884:Kuroshio
3869:Humboldt
3849:Davidson
3844:Cromwell
3834:Aleutian
3717:Portugal
3682:Labrador
3677:Irminger
3657:Falkland
3622:Benguela
3607:Antilles
3556:Currents
3351:SAFE AIR
3184:RR / RAP
2806:31969564
2676:31285345
2609:36991191
2566:35039511
2408:23 March
2270:32637596
2143:36074831
2083:33619095
1885:39544213
1877:16728622
1648:Archived
1616:Archived
1553:27552365
1488:32494658
1335:29891855
1303:: 8830.
1267:11 March
1120:ABC News
1037:12424356
821:12610602
688:See also
425:Ross Sea
388:polynyas
289:seawater
277:salinity
150:salinity
5373:Commons
5243:Mooring
5193:Related
5184:Jason-3
5174:Jason-1
5057:Pelagic
5052:Oceanic
5027:Benthic
4344:Tsunami
4314:Soliton
4028:Related
3909:Oyashio
3783:Leeuwin
3753:Agulhas
3662:Florida
3387:CHIMERE
3346:RIMPUFF
3326:MERCURE
3306:CALPUFF
3156:JMA-GSM
3071:HadGEM1
3054:Climate
2856:Bibcode
2797:6976697
2776:Bibcode
2700:Bibcode
2667:6660720
2644:Bibcode
2589:Bibcode
2557:8764023
2536:Bibcode
2433:Bibcode
2364:Bibcode
2261:7319730
2240:Bibcode
2105:Science
2074:7936283
2043:Bibcode
1986:Bibcode
1937:Bibcode
1857:Science
1828:Bibcode
1771:Bibcode
1673:Bibcode
1580:Bibcode
1544:4996980
1515:Bibcode
1479:7195130
1450:Bibcode
1403:Bibcode
1362:Bibcode
1326:5995860
1305:Bibcode
1231:Bibcode
1017:Science
980:Bibcode
899:Bibcode
829:4414604
799:Bibcode
408:polynya
402:and by
392:Weddell
384:sea ice
370:In the
357:Iceland
329:Pa / Th
281:density
131:climate
121:in the
119:upwells
86:-haline
80:thermo-
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