417:) started to drift away from Africa and South America. The Pacific Plate grew, and subduction led to a shrinking of its bordering plates. The Pacific Plate continues to move northward. Around 130 million years ago the South Atlantic started to form, as South America and Africa started to separate. At around this time India and Madagascar rifted northwards, away from Australia and Antarctica, creating seafloor around Western Australia and East Antarctica. When Madagascar and India separated between 90 and 80 million years ago, the spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean were reorganized. The northernmost part of the Atlantic Ocean was also formed at this time when Europe and Greenland separated. About 60 million years ago a new rift and oceanic ridge formed between Greenland and Europe, separating them and initiating the formation of oceanic crust in the Norwegian Sea and the Eurasian Basin in the eastern Arctic Ocean.
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232:. With this approach the five main ocean basins are still the North and South Atlantic, North and South Pacific and the Arctic Ocean, but with different boundaries between the basins. These boundaries show the lines of very little surface connectivity between the different regions which means that a particle on the ocean surface in a certain region is more likely to stay in the same region than to pass over to a different one.
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and crustal extensions: to compensate the extension of continents due to continental rifting, oceanic crust decreases and therefore so does the volume of the ocean basin. However, the increase in continental area leads to a stretching and thinning of the continental crust, much of which ends up below
214:
The flow in the ocean is not uniform but varies with depth. Vertical circulation in the ocean is very slow compared to horizonal flow and observing the deep ocean is difficult. Defining the ocean basins based on connectivity of the entire ocean (depth and width) is therefore not possible. Froyland et
450:
Changes in biodiversity, floodings and other climate variations are linked to sea-level, and are reconstructed with different models and observations (e.g., age of oceanic crust). Sea level is affected not only by the volume of the ocean basin, but also by the volume of water in them. Factors that
430:
The area occupied by the individual ocean basins has fluctuated in the past due to, amongst other, tectonic plate movements. Therefore, an oceanic basin can be actively changing size and/or depth or can be relatively inactive. The elements of an active and growing oceanic basin include an elevated
397:
219:
model of the surface ocean dynamics using short term time trajectory data from a global ocean model. These trajectories are of particles that move only on the surface of the ocean. The model outcome gives the probability of a particle at a certain grid point to end up somewhere else on the ocean's
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The oldest oceanic crust is in the far western equatorial
Pacific, east of the Mariana Islands. It is located far away from oceanic spreading centers, where oceanic crust is constantly created or destroyed. The oldest crust is estimated to be only around 200 million years old, compared to the
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Plate tectonics and the volume of mid-ocean ridges: the depth of the seafloor increases with distance to a ridge, as the oceanic lithosphere cools and thickens. The volume of ocean basins can be modeled using reconstructions of plate tectonics and using an age-depth relationship (see also
105:, published by the International Hydrographic Office in 1953, is a document that defined the ocean's basins as they are largely known today. The main ocean basins are the ones named in the previous section. These main basins are divided into smaller parts. Some examples are: the
409:, which started to split up. During the splitting process of Pangea, some ocean basins shrunk, such as the Pacific, while others were created, such as the Atlantic and Arctic basins. The Atlantic Basin began to form around 180 million years ago, when the continent
133:, and many more. The limits were set for convenience of compiling sailing directions but had no geographical or physical ground and to this day have no political significance. For instance, the line between the North and South Atlantic is set at the
141:
had been omitted until 2000, but is now also recognized by the
International Hydrographic Office. Nevertheless, and since ocean basins are interconnected, many oceanographers prefer to refer to one single ocean basin instead of multiple ones.
482:
is shrinking. The
Pacific Ocean is also an active, shrinking oceanic basin, even though it has both spreading ridge and oceanic trenches. Perhaps the best example of an inactive oceanic basin is the Gulf of Mexico, which formed in
81:(20 million km/ 7 million mi). All ocean basins collectively cover 71% of the Earth's surface, and together they contain almost 97% of all water on the planet. They have an average depth of almost 4 km (about 2.5 miles).
348:: also called transform fault, occurs when the movement between the plates is horizontal, so no crust is created or destroyed. It can happen both, on land and in the sea, but most of the faults are in the oceanic crust.
400:
This plot shows the age of the oceanic crust. Blue indicates younger crust, red older crust. The dark blue "lines" are regions where continental shelves meet. Data from Heine, C., Yeo, L. G., & MĂĽller, R. D.
714:
228:
are taken. These
Eigenvectors show regions of attraction, aka regions where things on the surface of the ocean (plastic, biomass, water etc.) become trapped. One of these regions is for example the
372:
The Earth's longest trench runs alongside the coast of Peru and Chile, reaching a depth of 8065 m (26460 feet) and extending for approximately 5900 km (3700 miles). It occurs where the oceanic
289:
Tectonic plates move very slowly (5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) per year) relative to each other and interact along their boundaries. This movement is responsible for most of the Earth's
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These are the ocean basins defined by
Froyland et al. (2014), based on surface connectivity. The black dashed lines indicate the basins as defined in "Limits of Oceans and Seas".
524:
336:. The most active divergent boundaries lie under the sea. In the ocean, if magma or molten rock ascent from the mantle and fill the gap created by two diverging plates, a
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This figure shows the main ocean basins as they are defined in "Limits of Oceans and Seas". The boundaries are based on geography of continents and the equator.
798:
Huerta, Audrey D. and Harry, Dennis L. (2012) "Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North
American Gulf of Mexico continental margin"
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plains, than as sedimentary depositories, since most sedimentation occurs on the continental shelves and not in the geologically defined ocean basins.
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International
Hydrographic Organization (IHO), (1953): Limits of Oceans and Seas, International Hydrographic Organization., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA,
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so derived ending up in the ocean basins. This vision is supported by the fact that oceans lie lower than continents, so the former serve as
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is composed of the crust (oceanic and continental) and the uppermost part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into sections called
273:. The former is thinner and is composed of relatively dense basalt, while the latter is less dense and mainly composed of granite. The
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Marine sedimentations: these influence global mean depth and volume of the ocean, but they are difficult to determine and reconstruct.
814:
Verzhbitsky, E. V.; M. V. Kononov; V. D. Kotelkin (5 February 2007). "Plate
Tectonics of the Northern Part of the Pacific Ocean".
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Sea-level fluctuations driven by changes in global ocean basin volume following supercontinent break-up. Earth-Science
Reviews
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Depending on the chemical composition and the physical state, the Earth can be divided into three major components: the
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Froyland, G., Stuart, R., van
Sebille, E., 2014. How well-connected is the surface of the global ocean? Chaos 24, 033126.
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316:. It can also take place between an oceanic and a continental crust, forming a mountain range in the continent like the
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and volcanic activity. Depending on how the plates interact with each other, there are three types of boundaries.
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332:: the plates move apart from each other. If this occurs on land a rift is formed, which eventually becomes a
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sediments, as well as precipitation sediments. Ocean basins also serve as repositories for the skeletons of
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308:: the plates collide, and eventually the denser one slides underneath the lighter one, a process known as
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The Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean are good examples of active, growing oceanic basins, whereas the
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in the West Pacific. Its deepest point is 10994 m (nearly 7 miles) below the surface of the sea.
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Older references (e.g., Littlehales 1930) consider the oceanic basins to be the complement to the
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721:. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
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257:. The crust is referred to as the outside layer of the Earth. It is made of solid rock, mostly
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al. (2014) defined ocean basins based on surface connectivity. This is achieved by creating a
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Most commonly the ocean is divided into basins following the continents distribution: the
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Nicky M. Wright, Maria Seton, Simon E. Williams, Joanne M. Whittaker, R. Dietmar MĂĽller,
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2016:
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Sedimentary geology: sedimentary basins, depositional environments, petroleum formation
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American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pages 102–103, ISBN 978-0-87590-414-6
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is another example of a relatively inactive oceanic basin. The Japan Basin in the
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which extends for about 2500 km (1600 miles) across the seabed. It is near the
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Movements of tectonic plates and the formation of oceanic ridges and trenches.
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854:(Second ed.). Oxford, England: Open University, Butterworth-Heinemann.
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times and has been doing nothing but collecting sediments since then. The
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200 million years ago nearly all land mass was one large continent called
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sea level, thus again leading to an increase in ocean basin volume.
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137:. The Antarctic or Southern Ocean, which reaches from 60° south to
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Continent-Ocean Interactions Within East Asian Marginal Seas
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that collect sediment eroded from the continents, known as
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The configuration of the oceanic basins Graficas Reunidas
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77:(14 million km/ 5.4 million mi). Also recognized is the
69:(together approximately 155 million km/ 59 million mi),
65:(together approximately 75 million km/ 29 million mi),
265:. The crust that lies below sea level is known as the
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8(2): pp. 374–385, first published on March 6, 2012,
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Luyendyk, B. Peter (2016, September 2). Ocean basin.
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762:Heine, C., Yeo, L. G., & MĂĽller, R. D. (2015).
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632:Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, ISBN 978-0-216-92697-4
577:https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/29772/1/IHO1953a.pdf
1854:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
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818:. 47 (5): 705–717. Bibcode:2007Ocgy...47..705V.
788:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103293.
1844:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
851:The Ocean Basins: Their Structure and Evolution
820:doi:10.1134/S000143700705013X. S2CID 140689505.
692:"plate tectonics - Earth's layers | Britannica"
645:Editions Technip, Paris, ISBN 978-2-7108-0802-2
284:
848:Wright, John; et al. (January 26, 1998).
752:https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean-basin
451:influence the volume of the ocean basins are:
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816:Oceanology (In Translation from Okeanologiya)
786:, Volume 208, 2020, 103293, ISSN 0012-8252,
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42:) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by
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525:List of abyssal plains and oceanic basins
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202:Definition based on surface connectivity
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589:"Do You Know the World's Newest Ocean?"
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236:Formation of oceanic crusts and basins
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2002:National Oceanographic Data Center
1429:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1317:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
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357:The Earth's deepest trench is the
220:surface. With the model outcome a
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1849:Global Sea Level Observing System
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560:"How much water is in the ocean?"
426:State of the current ocean basins
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1307:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
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384:History and age of oceanic crust
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154:dominating the latter, and the
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224:can be created from which the
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2170:Coastal and oceanic landforms
876:Global Solid Earth Topography
772:10.1080/08120099.2015.1018321
393:which is 4.6 billion years.
376:slides under the continental
1297:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1267:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1023:Luke's variational principle
285:Processes of tectonic plates
226:Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues
27:Geologic basin under the sea
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2180:Oceanographical terminology
672:Understanding Global Change
641:Biju-Duval, Bernard (2002)
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103:"Limits of Oceans and Seas"
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530:List of oceanic landforms
85:Definitions of boundaries
2027:Ocean surface topography
1402:Thermohaline circulation
1392:Subsurface ocean current
1332:Hydrothermal circulation
1165:Wave–current interaction
943:Boussinesq approximation
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63:North and South Atlantic
2064:Sea surface temperature
2047:Outline of oceanography
1242:Atmospheric circulation
1180:shallow water equations
1170:Waves and shallow water
1063:Significant wave height
830:Clift, Peter D. (2004)
748:Encyclopædia Britannica
735:Encyclopedia Britannica
421:Changes in ocean basins
67:North and South Pacific
2059:Sea surface microlayer
1424:Wind generated current
804:doi:10.1130/GES00725.1
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230:Atlantic garbage patch
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2160:Physical oceanography
1892:Deep scattering layer
1874:World Geodetic System
1382:Princeton Ocean Model
1262:Coriolis–Stokes force
912:Physical oceanography
458:Seafloor depth vs age
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1912:Underwater acoustics
1472:Perigean spring tide
1337:Langmuir circulation
1048:Rossby-gravity waves
628:Floyd, P. A. (1991)
495:which formed in the
378:South American Plate
2074:Science On a Sphere
1680:Convergent boundary
1352:Modular Ocean Model
1312:Geostrophic current
1028:Mild-slope equation
731:"Peru-Chile Trench"
413:(North America and
306:Convergent boundary
1730:Seafloor spreading
1720:Outer trench swell
1685:Divergent boundary
1585:Continental margin
1570:Carbonate platform
1467:Lunitidal interval
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330:Divergent boundary
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2099:World Ocean Atlas
2089:Underwater glider
2032:Ocean temperature
1695:Hydrothermal vent
1660:Submarine volcano
1595:Continental shelf
1575:Coastal geography
1565:Bathymetric chart
1447:Amphidromic point
1135:Wave nonlinearity
993:Infragravity wave
861:978-0-08-053793-1
668:"Plate Tectonics"
615:, Madrid, Spain,
480:Mediterranean Sea
271:continental crust
241:Earth's structure
16:(Redirected from
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1992:Marine pollution
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1327:Humboldt Current
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1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:Ocean dynamics
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1257:Coriolis force
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:Stokes problem
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Kinematic wave
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
922:
916:
915:
908:
907:
900:
893:
885:
879:
878:
871:
870:External links
868:
867:
866:
860:
843:
840:
837:
836:
823:
807:
791:
775:
755:
739:
723:
707:
683:
659:
647:
634:
621:
604:
580:
565:
550:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
520:
504:
501:
489:Aleutian Basin
476:
475:
467:
466:
462:
461:
445:oceanic trench
441:abyssal plains
427:
424:
422:
419:
385:
382:
359:Mariana Trench
354:
351:
350:
349:
342:
341:
326:
325:
314:oceanic trench
286:
283:
242:
239:
237:
234:
203:
200:
127:Gulf of Mexico
99:
96:
86:
83:
79:Southern Ocean
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2192:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Marine energy
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Acidification
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:SOFAR channel
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Oceanic crust
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Fracture zone
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Oceanic basin
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Abyssal plain
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Internal tide
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Ocean current
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Wave shoaling
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Ursell number
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Internal wave
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Breaking wave
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:
883:
877:
874:
873:
863:
857:
853:
852:
846:
845:
833:
827:
821:
817:
811:
805:
801:
795:
789:
785:
779:
773:
769:
765:
759:
753:
749:
743:
736:
732:
727:
720:
719:The Telegraph
716:
711:
697:
693:
687:
673:
669:
663:
654:
652:
644:
638:
631:
625:
618:
614:
608:
594:
590:
584:
578:
572:
570:
561:
555:
551:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
518:
517:Oceans portal
512:
507:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
459:
454:
453:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:abyssal hills
434:
418:
416:
412:
408:
398:
394:
392:
381:
379:
375:
370:
368:
365:, a volcanic
364:
360:
347:
344:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
303:
298:
294:
292:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:oceanic crust
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
208:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Norwegian Sea
116:
115:Greenland Sea
112:
108:
104:
91:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:oceanic basin
33:
19:
2094:Water column
2042:Oceanography
2017:Observations
2012:Explorations
1982:Marginal sea
1975:
1933:OSTM/Jason-2
1765:Volcanic arc
1740:Slab suction
1624:
1457:Head of tide
1347:Loop Current
1287:Ekman spiral
1073:Stokes drift
983:Gravity wave
958:Cnoidal wave
850:
831:
826:
815:
810:
799:
794:
783:
778:
763:
758:
747:
742:
734:
726:
718:
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:
686:
675:. Retrieved
671:
662:
642:
637:
629:
624:
612:
607:
596:. Retrieved
592:
583:
554:
493:Sea of Japan
477:
449:
429:
404:
391:age of Earth
387:
371:
356:
288:
244:
217:Markov Chain
213:
192:foraminifera
188:radiolarians
144:
102:
101:
75:Arctic Ocean
71:Indian Ocean
60:
48:Geologically
39:
35:
29:
2084:Thermocline
1801:Mesopelagic
1774:Ocean zones
1745:Slab window
1610:Hydrography
1550:Abyssal fan
1517:Tidal range
1507:Tidal power
1502:Tidal force
1387:Rip current
1322:Gulf Stream
1282:Ekman layer
1272:Downwelling
1247:Baroclinity
1234:Circulation
1130:Wave height
1120:Wave action
1103:megatsunami
1083:Stokes wave
1043:Rossby wave
1008:Kelvin wave
988:Green's law
540:Solid Earth
435:, flanking
374:Nazca Plate
367:archipelago
334:rift valley
275:lithosphere
180:coral reefs
174:-secreting
40:ocean basin
18:Ocean basin
2154:Categories
2022:Reanalysis
1921:Satellites
1902:Sofar bomb
1750:Subduction
1725:Ridge push
1620:Ocean bank
1600:Contourite
1527:Tide gauge
1512:Tidal race
1497:Tidal bore
1487:Slack tide
1452:Earth tide
1372:Ocean gyre
1192:Wind setup
1187:Wind fetch
1150:Wave setup
1145:Wave radar
1140:Wave power
1038:Rogue wave
968:Dispersion
701:2022-04-05
677:2022-04-05
598:2022-04-05
340:is formed.
310:subduction
253:, and the
148:continents
139:Antarctica
123:Laptev Sea
107:Baltic Sea
1884:Acoustics
1836:Sea level
1735:Slab pull
1672:tectonics
1580:Cold seep
1542:Landforms
1419:Whirlpool
1414:Upwelling
1197:Wind wave
1125:Wave base
1053:Sea state
973:Edge wave
963:Cross sea
800:Geosphere
593:ThoughtCo
322:Himalayas
176:organisms
168:carbonate
156:sediments
111:North Sea
56:sea level
32:hydrology
2117:Category
2069:Seawater
1796:Littoral
1791:Deep sea
1650:Seamount
1532:Tideline
1477:Rip tide
1407:shutdown
1377:Overflow
1110:Undertow
953:Clapotis
503:See also
485:Jurassic
411:Laurasia
196:basaltic
178:such as
44:seawater
2127:Commons
1997:Mooring
1947:Related
1938:Jason-3
1928:Jason-1
1811:Pelagic
1806:Oceanic
1781:Benthic
1098:Tsunami
1068:Soliton
619:8506548
497:Miocene
443:and an
415:Eurasia
401:(2015).
291:seismic
263:granite
184:diatoms
164:clastic
152:erosion
150:, with
135:equator
1816:Photic
1645:Seabed
1058:Seiche
858:
407:Pangea
279:plates
259:basalt
249:, the
247:mantle
222:matrix
190:, and
172:silica
170:- and
129:, the
125:, the
121:, the
117:, the
113:, the
2007:Ocean
1976:Alvin
1826:Swash
1670:Plate
1615:Knoll
1605:Guyot
1560:Atoll
1439:Tides
1202:model
1088:Swell
920:Waves
546:Notes
318:Andes
255:crust
34:, an
1974:DSV
1959:Argo
1821:Surf
1277:Eddy
856:ISBN
617:OCLC
261:and
251:core
38:(or
768:doi
447:.
281:.
30:In
2156::
750:.
733:.
717:.
694:.
670:.
650:^
591:.
568:^
460:).
186:,
182:,
58:.
46:.
904:e
897:t
890:v
864:.
770::
704:.
680:.
601:.
562:.
324:.
20:)
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