47:
31:
487:
648:
2904:
3284:
2892:
749:
500:
740:. It was discovered in the early 18th century by British whalers and since late 1750s was used for seal hunting. The hunting was especially intensive in the 19th century, but declined in the 20th century because of hunting restrictions and lower market demand. Around 5 April 1952, a major storm resulted in disappearance of ships with 79 Norwegian seal hunters on board. Seven other Norwegian seal hunting vessels shipwrecked the same month.
74:
709:
54:
456:. At that point, the formerly rich whale population here, was so depleted that the industry was no longer profitable. The remaining whales of the Greenland Sea has been protected ever since, but the populations have not shown any proof of significant regeneration. Since the late 1990s, polar biologists reports an increase in the local
1013:
664:
0 °C (32 °F) in the north. The summer is very short: The number of days per year when the temperature rises above 0 °C (32 °F) varies between 225 in the north to 334 in the south. The annual precipitation is 250 mm (10 in) in the north, but 500 mm (20 in) in the south.
771:
The Odden had a length of about 1,300 km (810 mi) and covered an area of up to 330,000 km (130,000 sq mi) in most years. It extended eastward from the main East
Greenland ice edge in the vicinity of 72–74°N during the winter because of the presence of very cold polar surface
699:
Because of frequent fogs, winds, and currents, which continuously transport ice and icebergs through the
Greenland Sea to the south, the Greenland Sea has a narrow window for commercial navigation: The ice season starts in October and ends in August. Three types of floating ice are distinguished:
667:
Northern winds continue through the whole year, cooling the surface water and bringing ice to the south. The average surface water temperature is about −1 °C (30 °F) or lower in the north and 1–2 °C (34–36 °F) in the south; the corresponding summer temperatures are about 0 and
663:
in winter and 25 °C (77 °F) off
Greenland in summer. Averages are −10 °C (14 °F) in the south and −26 °C (−15 °F) in the north in February, which is the coldest month. The corresponding values for the warmest month, August, are 5 °C (41 °F) in the south and
460:
population and in 2015, arctic scientists discovered a surprising abundance of them in a small area. These results may be interpreted as an early sign of a beginning recovery for this particular species, that once formed the largest bowhead population in the world, at an estimated 52,000 whales.
440:
While the sea has been known for millennia, the first scientific investigations were carried out in 1876–1878 as part of the
Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition. Since then, many countries, mostly Norway, Iceland and Russia have sent scientific expeditions to the area. The complex water current
788:
in the rough seas, producing a giant tongue shape. The salt rejected back into the ocean from this ice formation caused the surface water to become denser and sink, sometimes to great depths (2,500 m (8,200 ft) or more), making this one of the few regions of the ocean where winter
1021:
638:
gave Norway jurisdiction over the island, in 1921 Norway opened the first meteorological station there, which was a subject of contention between
Germany and United Kingdom during World War II. Several radio and meteorological stations operate on the island nowadays.
668:
6 °C (32 and 43 °F) respectively. The bottom water temperatures are below −1 °C (30 °F). The surface water salinity is 3.30–3.45% in the eastern and below 3.20% in the western parts, increasing to 3.49% toward the bottom. The water is green.
953:, the largest oil company in the world and with a lot of experience in the Arctic, was also applying for oil extraction rights in the Greenland Sea initially, but pulled out in December 2013 for unexplained reasons, concentrating efforts on
968:
to take place no sooner than the mid 2020s. They estimate that a full preliminary program with seismic surveys, exploratory drills, and proper safety measures will take about 16 years and an investment of about
885:
has estimated that at least 13% of the world's undiscovered oil deposits and 30% of the world's undiscovered gas pockets are located in the Arctic, with the
Greenland Sea potentially holding large amounts of
672:
are semidiurnal with the average height of 4.4 m (14.4 ft). Together with the water currents, they break up the floating ice sheets and mix various water layers both laterally and along the depth.
918:
960:
Drilling for oil in deep waters in an ice-filled Arctic environment is a potential new undertaking for the oil industry, and poses many risks and dangers. Because of these difficulties, the
902:
to offer a large number of off-shore concessions to potential hydrocarbon (oil and gas) extraction. The majority of the concessions are located in seas west of
Greenland (primarily the
868:, but the whaling industry decimated them greatly from the beginning of the 1600s till 1911. In the last few decades there have been a few signs indicating a beginning recovery.
2942:
579:
Although the deepest point inside of the sea is 4,846 m (15,899 ft), depths down to 5,570 m (18,270 ft) have been measured in the Molloy Deep of the
254:. However, definitions of the Arctic Ocean and its seas tend to be imprecise or arbitrary. In general usage the term "Arctic Ocean" would exclude the Greenland Sea. In
780:
at that latitude. Most of the already formed ice continued floating south, driven by the wind, so a cold open water surface was exposed on which new ice formed as
1345:
1988:
1852:
1962:
1904:
696:, which might contribute to thermohaline circulation. The combination of those currents creates a counter-clockwise water flow in the central part of the sea.
2017:
965:
773:
1394:
Soltwedel, T., Miljutina, M., Mokievsky, V., Thistle, D., Vopel, K. (2003). "The meiobenthos of the Molloy Deep (5600 m), Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean".
2935:
565:
1423:
1319:
1396:
266:. The Nordic Seas are the main connection between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans and, as such, could be of great significance in a possible
1245:
2928:
376:
Island, down the West coast of that island to its
Southern extreme, thence a Line to the Eastern extreme of Gerpir (67°05′N, 13°30′W) in
684:, an important part of the Atlantic conveyor belt, which flows along the western part of the sea. Along the eastern part flows the warm
102:
46:
1936:
576:
fill the submarine hollows and gorges; silty sands, gravel, boulders, and other products of erosion coat the shelves and ridges.
330:
2051:
1878:
3342:
1760:
1734:
1589:
1529:
1189:
1160:
1124:
1097:
270:. In oceanography the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas are often referred to collectively as the "Arctic Mediterranean Sea", a
267:
3347:
3322:
3307:
877:
1686:
634:
islands. Of those, only the
Svalbard islands are inhabited, and Jan Mayen has only temporal military staff. After the
3317:
1992:
1856:
1785:
1711:
1643:
1616:
1562:
659:
and varies significantly across the vast sea area. Air temperatures fluctuate between −49 °C (−56 °F) near
541:(Norway). The southern part of the Greenland Sea, roughly the area south of the Jan Mayen Francture Zone or the line
281:
with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 °C (32 °F). It previously contained the
1911:
1659:
Fra meteorologihistorien: Orkanen i
Vestisen, april 1952 (From meteorology story: Hurricane, West Ice, April 1952)
468:
hunted whales on a non-industrial scale in the Greenland Sea since the 15th century, as evidenced by archaeology.
397:
3332:
1502:
789:
convection occurred, which helped drive the entire worldwide system of surface and deep currents known as the
1477:
3352:
1297:
1153:
The Nordic seas: an integrated perspective : oceanography, climatology, biogeochemistry, and modeling
615:
764:) was a key winter ice formation area in the Arctic. It was known for a long time and was encountered by
603:
572:). To the west, the bottom rises first slowly, but then rapidly toward the wide Greenland coastal strip.
1252:
3327:
3120:
2270:
2044:
1670:
1017:
1380:
1393:
790:
627:
557:
472:
1658:
1060:
3337:
2222:
1801:
1548:
1073:
961:
899:
700:
Arctic pack ice (several meters thick), sea ice (about a meter thick), and freshwater icebergs.
3312:
2543:
1802:"90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic"
1375:
864:
The Greenland Sea was formerly home to a large population of various whale species, especially
777:
692:. Mixtures of cold, freshwater ice melt and the warm, salty Spitsbergen Current may experience
681:
677:
476:
1724:
1633:
1606:
1579:
1552:
1519:
1177:
2068:
2064:
2037:
1824:"Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province"
1750:
1706:, ("The West Ice Mystery: The Seal Hunting Tragedy that Stunned the Nation") Samlaget, 2001,
1604:
1417:
1148:
1114:
656:
611:
278:
134:
1853:"Greenland's New Frontier: Oil and Gas Licenses Issued, Though Development Likely Years Off"
1087:
3084:
2390:
1823:
1280:
1276:
882:
553:
801:
The Greenland Sea is densely inhabited by the organisms that form the base of the oceanic
431:
The East and Northeast coast of Greenland between Cape Nansen and the northernmost point.
8:
3250:
2691:
2485:
2114:
926:
917:
obtained hydrocarbon extraction rights to four large areas of the Greenland Sea from the
891:
685:
584:
298:
294:
2686:
2583:
2227:
2089:
1457:
757:
569:
387:
2920:
1940:
3210:
3089:
2445:
2395:
2187:
2129:
1781:
1756:
1730:
1707:
1639:
1612:
1585:
1558:
1525:
1498:
1185:
1156:
1120:
1093:
853:. Mosses, lichens, and scanty bushes around the coasts serve as food to the deer and
635:
2706:
2558:
2109:
2029:
1882:
1449:
1405:
1225:
728:, is covered by continuous ice. It is a major breeding ground for seals, including
631:
503:
84:
486:
301:
during the winter and acted as a key winter ice formation area in the Arctic. The
3125:
3054:
3049:
3033:
2992:
2826:
2796:
2776:
2696:
2360:
2355:
2340:
2310:
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2197:
2094:
2023:
1690:
1481:
830:
765:
442:
88:
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2470:
3265:
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3074:
3059:
2952:
2766:
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2711:
2701:
2681:
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2500:
2490:
2380:
2365:
2247:
2099:
2076:
865:
623:
515:
251:
146:
30:
1939:. Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland). 31 October 2015. Archived from
305:
forms in winter in the Greenland Sea, north of Iceland, between Greenland and
3301:
3288:
3225:
3195:
3155:
3130:
3079:
3069:
2987:
2908:
2896:
2716:
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2578:
2563:
2553:
2533:
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2430:
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2375:
2330:
2300:
2280:
2167:
542:
527:
457:
412:
399:
263:
239:
117:
104:
1910:. Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland). February 2016. Archived from
1683:
1409:
3260:
3245:
3230:
3205:
3190:
3185:
3150:
3135:
3105:
3064:
3002:
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2761:
2636:
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2573:
2568:
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2515:
2495:
2480:
2465:
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2425:
2415:
2370:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2290:
2255:
2177:
2159:
2084:
1230:
1213:
982:
903:
806:
318:
271:
255:
247:
235:
1605:
Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce Carlyle; Chapman, Joseph A. (2003).
1547:
3240:
3215:
3170:
3115:
3017:
2839:
2811:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2736:
2731:
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2656:
2651:
2616:
2528:
2523:
2475:
2450:
2265:
2217:
2212:
2182:
2172:
2149:
2119:
942:
887:
785:
733:
689:
660:
619:
607:
580:
561:
546:
538:
531:
475:
crossing of the Greenland Sea was achieved in 2017 by rowing expedition,
453:
391:
314:
259:
231:
227:
647:
3270:
3200:
3175:
3160:
3140:
3110:
3007:
2982:
2966:
2875:
2849:
2816:
2806:
2751:
2631:
2538:
2505:
2435:
2405:
2400:
2345:
2335:
2295:
2285:
2260:
2232:
2207:
2139:
2124:
950:
914:
907:
858:
802:
781:
480:
3283:
2891:
1577:
1554:
Ocean processes in climate dynamics: global and mediterranean examples
1461:
1437:
748:
506:, the longest fjord in Northern Iceland, belongs to the Greenland Sea.
499:
3220:
3180:
3145:
3012:
2771:
2741:
2666:
2646:
2641:
2626:
2598:
2455:
2420:
2410:
2320:
2237:
2144:
2104:
1661:, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 4 April 2008 (in Norwegian)
954:
934:
895:
737:
729:
721:
717:
693:
599:
588:
523:
511:
373:
349:
310:
306:
220:
152:
1608:
Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation
768:
but was only fully understood with the advent of satellite imagery.
530:, of which Greenland Sea may be considered an extension. Across the
368:
A line joining the Southernmost point of West Spitzbergen [
2844:
2834:
2801:
2756:
2726:
2721:
2621:
2202:
2134:
1453:
1320:"Speaking With the Men of the Record-Breaking Polar Row Expedition"
850:
838:
725:
595:
535:
345:
302:
224:
1752:
Carbon Cycling in Arctic Marine Ecosystems: Case Study Young Sound
73:
2593:
1474:
1211:
946:
922:
854:
846:
826:
822:
818:
708:
519:
449:
377:
243:
156:
602:
as well as coastal islands off the NE Greenland shores, such as
246:
to the south. The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the
1251:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from
834:
340:
A line joining the Northernmost point of Spitzbergen [
160:
680:
sink in the Arctic Ocean, returning south in the form of cold
2865:
2060:
1881:. Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland). Archived from
842:
583:
which connects the sea to the Arctic Ocean on the north. The
465:
289:) area, which extended eastward from the main East Greenland
1704:
Mysteriet i Vestisen: selfangsttragedien som lamslo nasjonen
949:. Since then, a fifth hydrocarbon concession has been sold.
970:
810:
669:
573:
510:
The Greenland Sea is bounded to the west by the island of
2870:
1372:
Glossary of Physical Oceanography and Related Disciplines
930:
814:
793:. Since the 1990s, the Odden ice tongue rarely develops.
290:
139:
1517:
2950:
1673:. fiskeribladetfiskaren.no, 8 April 2008 (in Norwegian)
938:
933:, but includes several other smaller companies such as
452:
industry for 300 years, until 1911, primarily based in
448:
The Greenland Sea was a popular hunting ground for the
1521:
The oceanic thermohaline circulation: an introduction
441:
system in the Greenland Sea was described in 1909 by
2059:
1497:, pp. 24–25. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books,
333:
defines the limits of the Greenland Sea as follows:
1578:Johnsen, Geir; Sakshaug, Egil; Kovacs, Kit (2009).
756:The Odden ice tongue or simply the Odden (Odden is
2024:Greenland Sea ice cover, data animations 1979–1998
1214:"The Arctic Ocean–Nordic Seas thermohaline system"
849:) all feed on the smaller invertebrates and small
1755:. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2007. pp. 20–21.
1146:
910:), but with 19 concessions in the Greenland Sea.
716:In winter, a large area north of Iceland between
3299:
1722:
1184:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–493.
1076:, MarBEF Data System – European Marine Gazetteer
921:. The consortia are led by the oil companies of
95:
1277:Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition (1876–1878)
1106:
594:Major islands of the Greenland Sea include the
1212:Meincke, J; Rudels, B; Friedrich, H J (1997).
1155:. American Geophysical Union. pp. 11–38.
1149:"The Nordic Seas, Main Oceanographic Features"
1113:Serreze, Mark C.; Barry, Roger Graham (2005).
642:
534:to the northeast, the sea is delimited by the
2936:
2045:
1775:
1631:
1484:, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
1442:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
1438:"Aspects of the Coast of Northeast Greenland"
776:, which diverts some water eastward from the
526:island (Norway) lies the vast expanse of the
358:The West coast of West Spitzbergen [
2018:Measurements of the Greenland Sea ice extent
1989:"If Exxon speaks, will oil industry listen?"
1986:
1422:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1112:
258:the Greenland Sea is considered part of the
1850:
1804:. US Geological Survey (USGS). 23 July 2008
1778:A Farewell to Ice: A Report from the Arctic
1295:
1291:
1289:
1287:
900:Greenland's minister and provincial council
198:1,747,250 km (419,000 cu mi)
174:1,205,000 km (465,300 sq mi)
2943:
2929:
2052:
2038:
1829:. US Geological Survey (USGS). August 2007
1147:Blindheim, Johan; Østerhus, Svein (2005).
1119:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
2020:– University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
1513:
1511:
1379:
1229:
1169:
1140:
919:Greenland Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum
309:island. It is a major breeding ground of
1543:
1541:
1284:
1246:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
1079:
747:
707:
646:
545:– Jan Mayen is sometimes referred to as
498:
494:
485:
2026:– Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
1905:"Map of exclusive hydrocarbon licences"
556:bounded to the south by the underwater
331:International Hydrographic Organization
3300:
1982:
1980:
1855:. The Arctic Institute. Archived from
1846:
1844:
1693:, FiskeribladetFiskaren (in Norwegian)
1508:
1205:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
2924:
2033:
1538:
1487:
1175:
1085:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
973:500 million in each concession.
552:The bottom of the Greenland Sea is a
53:
1991:. The Arctic Journal. Archived from
1625:
1369:
1346:"First row across the Greenland Sea"
268:shutdown of thermohaline circulation
1977:
1841:
1518:van Aken; Hendrik Mattheus (2007).
1092:. Taylor & Francis. p. 8.
1036:
878:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
743:
676:The progressively colder waters of
348:] to the Northernmost point of
13:
2011:
1682:Davidsen, Av Bjørn (8 April 2008)
1063:. Encyclopædia Britannica on-line.
995:
857:, which in turn are hunted by the
14:
3364:
1987:Kevin McGwin (12 December 2013).
1937:"Approved Hydrocarbon Activities"
1089:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
957:and the American market instead.
3282:
2903:
2902:
2890:
1638:. Stackpole Books. p. 341.
1182:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
219:is a body of water that borders
72:
52:
45:
29:
1955:
1929:
1897:
1871:
1851:Kevin Casey (20 January 2014).
1816:
1794:
1769:
1743:
1729:. Springer. pp. 366, 383.
1716:
1696:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1598:
1571:
1468:
1430:
1387:
1370:Baum, Steven K. (26 May 2004),
1363:
1338:
1312:
1270:
913:In late 2013, a total of three
522:. To the southeast, behind the
372:] to the Northern point of
1557:. Springer. pp. 216–217.
1475:Islands of Greenland (Denmark)
1238:
1218:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1067:
871:
837:(including various species of
1:
1671:Orkanen i Vestisen april 1952
1551:; Robinson, Allan R. (1994).
988:
190:4,846 m (15,899 ft)
1296:Matt Walker (22 July 2015).
182:1,444 m (4,738 ft)
7:
1963:"Managing Arctic resources"
1180:. In Symon, Carolyn (ed.).
1178:"Chapter 9: Marine Systems"
976:
703:
651:A beach on Jan Mayen island
643:Hydrology, climate, and ice
587:reaches down to the sea at
390:(NW extreme of Iceland) to
250:, sometimes as part of the
10:
3369:
3348:Geography of North America
3323:Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
3308:Bodies of water of Iceland
3121:American Mediterranean Sea
2271:American Mediterranean Sea
1684:Da alarmen gikk i Vestisen
1611:. JHU Press. p. 812.
1151:. In Drange, Helge (ed.).
962:Greenland Minister Council
875:
514:, and to the south by the
435:
3279:
3098:
3042:
3026:
2975:
2959:
2884:
2858:
2825:
2607:
2514:
2246:
2158:
2075:
1723:Comiso, Josefino (2010).
1116:The Arctic climate system
1018:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
324:
321:for more than 200 years.
206:
202:
194:
186:
178:
170:
166:
145:
133:
94:
80:
71:
40:
28:
23:
3343:Greenland–Iceland border
3318:Seas of the Arctic Ocean
2077:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1584:. Tapir Academic Press.
1549:Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola
1086:Reddy, M. P. M. (2001).
796:
791:thermohaline circulation
293:edge in the vicinity of
2223:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
1726:Polar Oceans from Space
1689:19 January 2011 at the
560:and to the east by the
558:Greenland-Iceland ridge
317:that has been used for
2544:Great Australian Bight
1776:Peter Wadhams (2016).
1632:Mowat, Farley (2004).
1350:Guinness World Records
1231:10.1006/jmsc.1997.0229
1176:Loeng, Harald (2005).
890:and lesser amounts of
778:East Greenland Current
753:
713:
682:East Greenland Current
678:North Atlantic Current
652:
507:
491:
433:
238:to the north, and the
3333:Seas of North America
2951:Marginal seas of the
1581:Ecosystem Barents Sea
1493:Rigge, Simon (1980),
1480:19 April 2016 at the
1298:"secret whale refuge"
751:
711:
650:
502:
495:Geography and geology
489:
335:
256:oceanographic studies
35:Greenland Sea iceberg
3085:Gulf of St. Lawrence
2391:Gulf of St. Lawrence
1524:. pp. 127–130.
883:US Geological Survey
3353:Geography of Europe
3251:Sea of the Hebrides
2692:Gulf of Carpentaria
2486:Sea of the Hebrides
2115:King Haakon VII Sea
1495:War in the Outposts
898:. This has led the
892:natural gas liquids
686:Spitsbergen Current
585:Greenland ice sheet
471:The first complete
409: /
114: /
2687:Gulf of California
2584:Mozambique Channel
2228:Queen Victoria Sea
2090:Bellingshausen Sea
1879:"Current Licences"
1448:(2): 92–94. 1909.
1326:. 8 September 2017
966:exploratory drills
964:expects the first
754:
714:
653:
570:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
508:
492:
3328:Seas of Greenland
3295:
3294:
3289:Oceans portal
3211:Mediterranean Sea
3090:Gulf of Venezuela
2918:
2917:
2897:Oceans portal
2446:Mediterranean Sea
2396:Gulf of Venezuela
2188:East Siberian Sea
2130:Riiser-Larsen Sea
1762:978-87-635-1278-7
1736:978-0-387-36628-9
1591:978-82-519-2461-0
1531:978-0-387-36637-1
1258:on 8 October 2011
1191:978-0-521-86509-8
1162:978-0-87590-423-8
1126:978-0-521-81418-8
1099:978-90-5410-706-4
774:Jan Mayen Current
636:League of Nations
413:68.250°N 29.500°W
384:On the Southwest.
366:On the Southeast.
274:of the Atlantic.
262:, along with the
223:to the west, the
213:
212:
3360:
3287:
3286:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2827:Endorheic basins
2707:Gulf of Thailand
2559:Gulf of Khambhat
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1995:on 17 April 2016
1984:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1859:on 27 April 2016
1848:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1702:Arnold Farstad:
1700:
1694:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1635:Sea of slaughter
1629:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1410:10013/epic.16261
1391:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1293:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1020:. Archived from
1010:
744:Odden ice tongue
425:) in Greenland.
424:
423:
421:
420:
419:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
283:Odden ice tongue
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
97:
85:Northern America
76:
56:
55:
49:
33:
21:
20:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3281:
3275:
3126:Archipelago Sea
3094:
3055:Gulf of Finland
3050:Gulf of Bothnia
3038:
3034:English Channel
3022:
2993:Bay of Campeche
2971:
2955:
2949:
2919:
2914:
2889:
2880:
2854:
2821:
2797:South China Sea
2777:Seto Inland Sea
2697:Gulf of Fonseca
2603:
2510:
2361:Gulf of Finland
2356:Gulf of Bothnia
2341:English Channel
2311:Bay of Campeche
2276:Archipelago Sea
2242:
2198:Gulf of Boothia
2154:
2095:Cooperation Sea
2071:
2058:
2014:
2012:Further reading
2009:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:. p. 148.
1774:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1721:
1717:
1701:
1697:
1691:Wayback Machine
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1516:
1509:
1492:
1488:
1482:Wayback Machine
1473:
1469:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1392:
1388:
1381:10.1.1.126.3754
1374:, p. 194,
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1061:"Greenland Sea"
1059:
1058:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1014:"Greenland Sea"
1012:
1011:
996:
991:
979:
880:
874:
799:
766:Fridtjof Nansen
746:
706:
655:The climate is
645:
566:Knipovich Ridge
497:
443:Fridtjof Nansen
438:
418:68.250; -29.500
417:
415:
411:
408:
403:
400:
398:
396:
395:
386:A line joining
327:
149: countries
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
89:Northern Europe
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
57:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Seas of Norway
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:Tyrrhenian Sea
3263:
3258:
3256:Sea of Marmara
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:Gulf of Mexico
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Gulf of Guinea
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:Atlantic Ocean
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Sea of Okhotsk
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Philippine Sea
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Gulf of Tonkin
2709:
2704:
2702:Gulf of Panama
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Gulf of Anadyr
2679:
2677:Gulf of Alaska
2674:
2672:East China Sea
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2501:Tyrrhenian Sea
2498:
2493:
2491:Sea of Marmara
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Gulf of Mexico
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Gulf of Guinea
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:Bay of Bothnia
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2248:Atlantic Ocean
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Cosmonauts Sea
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1976:
1954:
1943:on 13 May 2016
1928:
1917:on 13 May 2016
1896:
1885:on 13 May 2016
1870:
1840:
1815:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1761:
1742:
1735:
1715:
1695:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1644:
1624:
1617:
1597:
1590:
1570:
1563:
1537:
1530:
1507:
1486:
1467:
1454:10.2307/200794
1429:
1386:
1362:
1337:
1311:
1283:
1269:
1237:
1224:(3): 283–299.
1204:
1190:
1168:
1161:
1139:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1078:
1066:
1035:
1024:on 14 May 2013
1016:(in Russian).
993:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
978:
975:
876:Main article:
873:
870:
866:bowhead whales
833:), birds, and
798:
795:
745:
742:
705:
702:
644:
641:
612:Godfred Hansen
568:(parts of the
516:Denmark Strait
496:
493:
490:Sea topography
437:
434:
326:
323:
279:Arctic climate
252:Atlantic Ocean
211:
210:
208:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
163:
150:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
98:
92:
91:
82:
78:
77:
69:
68:
59:
58:
51:
50:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:European seas
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Norwegian Sea
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Levantine Sea
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Greenland Sea
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Caribbean Sea
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Argentine Sea
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Gulf of Sidra
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Gulf of Maine
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Bay of Biscay
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Halmahera Sea
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2609:Pacific Ocean
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Laccadive Sea
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Gulf of Kutch
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Gulf of Aqaba
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Bay of Bengal
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Norwegian Sea
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Levantine Sea
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Gulf of Sidra
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Gulf of Maine
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Greenland Sea
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Caribbean Sea
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Bay of Biscay
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Argentine Sea
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Greenland Sea
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Amundsen Gulf
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:D'Urville Sea
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1958:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1787:9780190691158
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:82-521-5849-8
1709:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1645:0-8117-3169-3
1641:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1618:0-8018-7416-5
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1564:0-7923-2624-5
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:Vie et Milieu
1390:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1325:
1324:Men's Journal
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458:bowhead whale
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240:Norwegian Sea
237:
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230:to the east,
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217:Greenland Sea
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179:Average depth
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60:Greenland Sea
48:
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27:
24:Greenland Sea
22:
19:
16:Body of water
3261:Thracian Sea
3246:Sea of Crete
3236:Sea of Åland
3231:Sargasso Sea
3206:Ligurian Sea
3191:Labrador Sea
3186:Irminger Sea
3165:
3151:Bothnian Sea
3136:Balearic Sea
3106:Adriatic Sea
3065:Gulf of Lion
3003:Bothnian Bay
2998:Bay of Fundy
2907:
2888:
2762:Sea of Japan
2637:Bismarck Sea
2589:Persian Gulf
2574:Gulf of Suez
2569:Gulf of Oman
2549:Gulf of Aden
2516:Indian Ocean
2496:Thracian Sea
2481:Sea of Crete
2471:Sea of Åland
2466:Sargasso Sea
2441:Ligurian Sea
2426:Labrador Sea
2416:Irminger Sea
2371:Gulf of Lion
2350:
2326:Bothnian Sea
2316:Bay of Fundy
2291:Balearic Sea
2256:Adriatic Sea
2192:
2178:Beaufort Sea
2160:Arctic Ocean
2085:Amundsen Sea
1997:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1967:. Retrieved
1965:. ExxonMobil
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:the original
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:the original
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1857:the original
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1818:
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1418:cite journal
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1353:. Retrieved
1349:
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1323:
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1272:
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1253:the original
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1195:. Retrieved
1181:
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1130:. Retrieved
1115:
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1026:. Retrieved
1022:the original
983:List of seas
959:
912:
904:Davis Strait
881:
863:
800:
770:
761:
755:
715:
698:
688:, a part of
675:
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470:
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429:On the West.
428:
427:
383:
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369:
365:
364:
359:
356:On the East.
355:
354:
341:
337:
336:
328:
319:seal hunting
286:
282:
277:The sea has
276:
272:marginal sea
248:Arctic Ocean
236:Arctic Ocean
216:
214:
195:Water volume
171:Surface area
18:
3241:Sea of Azov
3216:Myrtoan Sea
3171:Icarian Sea
3116:Alboran Sea
3018:Pottles Bay
2840:Caspian Sea
2812:Visayan Sea
2792:Solomon Sea
2787:Sibuyan Sea
2782:Shantar Sea
2737:Molucca Sea
2732:Mar de Grau
2662:Chilean Sea
2657:Celebes Sea
2652:Camotes Sea
2617:Arafura Sea
2529:Arabian Sea
2524:Andaman Sea
2476:Sea of Azov
2451:Myrtoan Sea
2266:Alboran Sea
2218:Pechora Sea
2213:Lincoln Sea
2183:Chukchi Sea
2173:Barents Sea
2150:Weddell Sea
2120:Lazarev Sea
1404:(1): 1–13.
1300:. BBC Earth
1262:28 December
1197:27 November
1132:27 November
1028:5 September
943:DONG Energy
888:natural gas
872:Oil and gas
786:pancake ice
752:Pancake ice
734:hooded seal
690:Gulf Stream
661:Spitsbergen
581:Fram Strait
562:Mohns Ridge
547:Iceland Sea
539:archipelago
532:Fram Strait
504:Eyjafjörður
473:man-powered
454:Spitsbergen
416: /
392:Cape Nansen
344:] [
315:hooded seal
260:Nordic Seas
232:Fram Strait
228:archipelago
121: /
96:Coordinates
3302:Categories
3271:Wadden Sea
3201:Libyan Sea
3176:Ionian Sea
3161:Celtic Sea
3141:Baltic Sea
3111:Aegean Sea
3008:Hudson Bay
2983:Baffin Bay
2967:Foxe Basin
2876:Superocean
2850:Salton Sea
2817:Yellow Sea
2807:Tasman Sea
2752:Salish Sea
2632:Bering Sea
2539:Flores Sea
2506:Wadden Sea
2436:Libyan Sea
2406:Ionian Sea
2401:Hudson Bay
2346:Foxe Basin
2336:Celtic Sea
2296:Baltic Sea
2286:Baffin Bay
2261:Aegean Sea
2233:Wandel Sea
2208:Laptev Sea
2140:Scotia Sea
2125:Mawson Sea
1503:0809433818
1304:27 October
989:References
951:ExxonMobil
908:Baffin Bay
859:polar bear
803:food chain
782:frazil ice
712:Frazil ice
554:depression
481:Fiann Paul
207:References
187:Max. depth
3221:North Sea
3181:Irish Sea
3146:Black Sea
3013:James Bay
2772:Seram Sea
2742:Moro Gulf
2667:Coral Sea
2647:Bohol Sea
2642:Bohai Sea
2627:Banda Sea
2599:Timor Sea
2456:North Sea
2421:James Bay
2411:Irish Sea
2321:Black Sea
2238:White Sea
2145:Somov Sea
2105:Davis Sea
1376:CiteSeerX
955:shale gas
915:consortia
896:crude oil
855:musk oxen
851:organisms
813:(such as
760:word for
758:Norwegian
738:gray seal
730:harp seal
724:, called
722:Jan Mayen
718:Greenland
694:cabbeling
632:Schnauder
600:Jan Mayen
589:Jokel Bay
524:Jan Mayen
512:Greenland
477:Polar Row
388:Straumnes
374:Jan Mayen
350:Greenland
311:harp seal
307:Jan Mayen
221:Greenland
153:Greenland
3027:Channels
2909:Category
2845:Dead Sea
2835:Aral Sea
2802:Sulu Sea
2757:Savu Sea
2727:Koro Sea
2722:Java Sea
2622:Bali Sea
2203:Kara Sea
2135:Ross Sea
1999:16 April
1969:16 April
1947:16 April
1921:16 April
1889:16 April
1863:16 April
1833:17 April
1808:17 April
1687:Archived
1478:Archived
1330:20 April
977:See also
847:dolphins
805:. Large
762:headland
726:West Ice
704:West Ice
604:Hovgaard
596:Svalbard
536:Svalbard
362:] .
346:Svalbard
303:West Ice
234:and the
225:Svalbard
118:76°N 8°W
81:Location
2594:Red Sea
1279:, also
947:Nunaoil
927:Chevron
923:Statoil
835:mammals
827:halibut
823:redfish
819:herring
520:Iceland
479:led by
450:whaling
436:History
404:29°30′W
401:68°15′N
378:Iceland
244:Iceland
157:Iceland
2960:Basins
2859:Others
2065:oceans
1784:
1759:
1733:
1710:
1642:
1615:
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1501:
1462:200794
1460:
1378:
1355:3 June
1188:
1159:
1123:
1096:
929:, and
845:, and
843:whales
831:plaice
829:, and
736:, and
657:Arctic
624:Norske
325:Extent
161:Norway
159:, and
123:76; -8
3043:Gulfs
2866:Ocean
2061:Earth
1915:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1458:JSTOR
1256:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
935:Shell
839:seals
797:Fauna
670:Tides
628:Gamma
574:Silts
466:Inuit
287:Odden
147:Basin
3099:Seas
2976:Bays
2069:seas
2067:and
2001:2016
1971:2016
1949:2016
1923:2016
1891:2016
1865:2016
1835:2016
1810:2016
1782:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1424:link
1357:2018
1332:2018
1306:2015
1264:2020
1199:2010
1186:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1134:2010
1121:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1030:2010
971:US$
945:and
906:and
894:and
811:fish
784:and
720:and
630:and
620:Lynn
608:Ella
564:and
518:and
464:The
329:The
313:and
299:74°N
285:(or
242:and
215:The
135:Type
106:76°N
87:and
2871:Sea
2063:'s
1450:doi
1406:hdl
1226:doi
931:Eni
815:cod
370:sic
360:sic
342:sic
291:ice
140:Sea
109:8°W
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