European Economic Community

2125:

States belonging to it". Given the fear of the Cold War, many Western Europeans were afraid that poverty would make "the population vulnerable to communist propaganda" (Meurs 2018, p. 68), meaning that increasing prosperity would be beneficial to harmonise power between the Western and Eastern blocs, other than reconcile Member States such as France and Germany after WW2. The tasks entrusted to the Community were divided among an assembly, the European Parliament, Council, Commission, and Court of Justice. Moreover, restrictions to market were lifted to further liberate trade among Member States. Citizens of Member States (other than goods, services, and capital) were entitled to freedom of movement. The CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, regulated and subsided the agricultural sphere. A European Social Fund was implemented in favour of employees who lost their jobs. A European Investment Bank was established to "facilitate the economic expansion of the Community by opening up fresh resources" (Art. 3 Treaty of Rome 3/25/1957). All these implementations included overseas territories. Competition was to be kept alive to make products cheaper for European consumers.

2879: 3396: 3390: 274: 3384: 3378: 4758:. Under the header of "strengthening of the Community's image and identity", the Committee suggested the introduction of "a flag and an emblem", recommending a design based on the Council of Europe flag, but with the addition of "a gold letter E" in the center of the circle of stars: "bearing in mind the independence and the different nature of the two organizations, the Committee proposes to the European Council that the European Community emblem and flag should be a blue rectangle with, in the center, a circle of twelve five-pointed gold stars which do not touch, surrounding a gold letter E, of the design already used by the Commission." Adonnino Report, p. 31. 3630: 3517: 2172: 1854: 3636: 2222: 7291: 3617: 2532: 2416: 3567: 2053: 2378: 4019: 215: 2631: 2604: 2491: 2454: 5589: 1292: 2567: 740: 820: 3736: 3331: 3309: 2302: 2740: 2267: 3525: 1636: 2341: 2647: 3562: 2726:

The Council represents the state governments, the Parliament represents citizens and the Commission represents the European interest. Essentially, the Council, Parliament or another party place a request for legislation to the Commission. The Commission then drafts this and presents it to the Council for approval and the Parliament for an opinion (in some cases it had a veto, depending upon the

2929:). After that, Parliament was elected every five years. In the following 20 years, it gradually won co-decision powers with the Council over the adoption of legislation, the right to approve or reject the appointment of the Commission President and the Commission as a whole, and the right to approve or reject international agreements entered into by the Community. 1957:

Article 235 of the Treaty of Rome. Competencies were added to cover trans-European networks, and the work of the Culture Committee and Education Committee that were previously sharing existing competencies. The only entry in Article 3 that represented something new is the competence covering the entry and movement of persons in the internal market.

2838:

systems. Votes were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament. Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of heads of government and heads of state; these

1383:(ECM) in the English-speaking countries, and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993. In 2009, the EC formally ceased to exist and its institutions were directly absorbed by the EU. This made the Union the formal successor institution of the Community. 1689:. The Communities still had independent personalities although were increasingly integrated. Future treaties granted the community new powers beyond simple economic matters which had achieved a high level of integration. As it got closer to the goal of political integration and a peaceful and united Europe, what 262: 2775:

There was greater difference between these than name: the French government of the day had grown suspicious of the supranational power of the High Authority and sought to curb its powers in favour of the intergovernmental style Council. Hence the Council had a greater executive role in the running of

1631:

sphere. The EEC rapidly became the most important of these and expanded its activities. The first move towards political developments came at the end of 1959 when the foreign ministers of the six members announced that would be meeting quarterly to discuss political issues and international problems.

2725:

There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC, plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975. These institutions (except for the auditors) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities.

2124:

Citing Article 2 from the original text of the Treaty of Rome of the 25th of March 1957, the EEC aimed at "a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increase in stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between the

2949:

and was composed of one judge per state with a president elected from among them. Its role was to ensure that Community law was applied in the same way across all states and to settle legal disputes between institutions or states. It became a powerful institution as Community law overrides national

1956:

There are more competencies listed in Article 3 of the European Communities pillar than there are in Article 3 of the Treaty of Rome. This is due to the fact that some competencies were already inherent in the Treaty of Tome, some were referred to in the Treaty of Rome, and some were extended under

2837:

from each member state. However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political

2730:

in use). The Commission's duty is to ensure it is implemented by dealing with the day-to-day running of the Union and taking others to Court if they fail to comply. After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, these institutions became those of the European Union, though limited in some areas due to the

256: 245: 258: 248: 252: 250: 260: 253: 247: 246: 261: 257: 255: 251: 249: 259: 254: 244: 2731:

pillar structure. Despite this, Parliament in particular has gained more power over legislation and security of the Commission. The Court of Justice was the highest authority in the law, settling legal disputes in the Community, while the Auditors had no power but to investigate.

1660:'s opposition to supranationalism and fear of the other members challenging the CAP led to an "empty chair policy" whereby French representatives were withdrawn from the European institutions until the French veto was reinstated. Eventually, a compromise was reached with the 2801: 2925:. The Parliament's members, up-until 1980 were national MPs serving part-time in the Parliament. The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting system, but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 (see 1796:

to agree on a common voting system first. The Council procrastinated on the issue and the Parliament remained appointed, French President Charles de Gaulle was particularly active in blocking the development of the Parliament, with it only being granted

1450:, which allowed for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC. In 1994 the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement. This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of the 2128:

For the customs union, the treaty provided for a 10% reduction in custom duties and up to 20% of global import quotas. Progress on the customs union proceeded much faster than the twelve years planned. However, France faced some setbacks due to their

2083:

The main aim of the EEC, as stated in its preamble, was to "preserve peace and liberty and to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe". Calling for balanced economic growth, this was to be accomplished through:

1465:

in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy. This was also when the three European Communities, including the EC, were collectively made to constitute the first of the

1632:

One of the first important accomplishments of the EEC was the establishment (1962) of common price levels for agricultural products. In 1968, internal tariffs (tariffs on trade between member nations) were removed on certain products.

7272: 6753: 2866:. It was designed to be independent, representing the interest of the Community as a whole. Every member state submitted one commissioner (two from each of the larger states, one from the smaller states). One of its members was the 2976:

for each financial year to the Council and Parliament and gave opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. It is the only institution not mentioned in the original treaties, having been set up in 1975.

1912:

respectively. In a single document it dealt with reform of institutions, extension of powers, foreign policy cooperation and the single market. It came into force on 1 July 1987. The act was followed by work on what would be the

4291:

The compromise was widely disregarded from the beginning, and the "European logo" in spite of the explicit avoidance of giving it the status of a "flag" was referred to as "Community flag" or even "European flag" from the

4691: 1804:

Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election, deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day. During the tenure of

242: 5414: 2163:

countries: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s. The former

1544:, a leading figure behind the communities, resigned from the High Authority in protest and began work on alternative communities, based on economic integration rather than political integration. Following the 2759:

of the ECSC had their authority extended to the EEC and Euratom in the same role. However the EEC, and Euratom, had different executive bodies to the ECSC. In place of the ECSC's Council of Ministers was the

243: 2694:

they are not supposed to represent their national interest but that of the Community. Prior to 2004, the larger members (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom) have had two Commissioners. In the

4873: 774:¹ The information in this infobox covers the EEC's time as an independent organisation. It does not give details of post-1993 operation within the EU as that is explained in greater length in the 5345: 3861: 1885:

re-applied to join the community on 12 June 1975, following the restoration of democracy, and joined on 1 January 1981. Following on from Greece, and after their own democratic restoration,

7449: 7331: 7279: 7197: 2780:

in 1967, the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC, creating a single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities. From here on, the term

3713: 7202: 5407: 1735:

became the first country to join the EC in 1961 as an associate member, however its membership was suspended in 1967 after a coup d'état established a military dictatorship called the

6912: 1964:, which gave it equal legislative power with the Council on Community matters. This replaced the informal parliamentary blocking powers established by the 1979 Isoglucose decision. 6617: 2017:

which established the ECSC expired, having reached its 50-year limit (as the first treaty, it was the only one with a limit). No attempt was made to renew its mandate; instead, the

1941:

structure of the EEC. The EEC institutions became those of the EU, however the Court, Parliament and Commission had only limited input in the new pillars, as they worked on a more

7394: 4699: 1653:, which came into force in 1962. The transitional period whereby decisions were made by unanimity had come to an end, and majority-voting in the council had taken effect. Then- 5423: 5400: 7257: 5365: 1846:'s resentment at the domination of supranational institutions (e.g. the Commission) over the integration process. It was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in the 1580: 2036:, was absorbed into the newly consolidated European Union which merged in the other two pillars (however Euratom remained distinct). This was originally proposed under the 7207: 6016: 4553: 1273: 1839:

The European Council, or European summit, had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of heads of state. It had originated from then-

4513: 2168:

became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990. Following the creation of the EU in 1993, it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013.

6885: 1917:, which was agreed on 10 December 1991, signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union, and paving the way for the 1828:

committee for this purpose. The European Council in 1985 largely followed the Committee's recommendations, but as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a

6612: 1778: 4449:, The American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May 1958), pp. 428–441 7090: 6125: 3706: 3492: 4527: 2765: 1320: 7429: 6924: 6772: 5922: 4094:, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit. 7321: 7265: 6602: 4036: 3542: 949: 939: 7573: 7419: 7414: 7362: 7336: 6453: 6277: 5988: 5681: 5676: 5671: 3699: 3144: 3139: 851: 846: 841: 4472:

European Parliament Political Committee 'Towards Political Union', General Directorate Parliamentary Documentation and Information, January 1964, p. 5.

4040: 3816: 2800: 1525: 1474:, which incorporated the EC's institutions into the EU's wider framework and provided that the EU would "replace and succeed the European Community". 7341: 7316: 6824: 6783: 6737: 4003: 2201: 1972: 1918: 1257: 4738: 1813:). The new Parliament, galvanised by direct election and new powers, started working full-time and became more active than the previous assemblies. 5564: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5510: 4395: 1757:

succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 under the pro-European UK government of

1607:(EURATOM or sometimes EAEC). These were markedly less supranational than the previous communities, due to protests from some countries that their 7512: 7483: 7346: 6120: 5626: 4078: 2819: 4828: 7424: 7409: 7404: 7389: 2918: 1798: 7287: 7553: 7399: 6182: 5686: 4756:

Regarding The "Adonnino Report" - Report to the European Council by the ad hoc committee "On a People's Europe", A 10.04 COM 85, SN/2536/3/85

3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 2037: 856: 4326: 6566: 6035: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5573: 4580: 4815: 4010:

superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955

1615:). Germany became a founding member of the EEC, and Konrad Adenauer was made leader in a very short time. The first formal meeting of the 7558: 7295: 7085: 6701: 6098: 4739:"Report on the Insertion of a new Rule 202a on the use by Parliament of the symbols of the Union (2007/2240(REG))- Explanatory Statement" 2707:) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance, not national origin. Most other institutions, including the 1976: 1313: 4991: 4111:, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a 1945:

system than the European Communities. This was reflected in the names of the institutions, the Council was formally the "Council of the

7548: 6895: 6607: 6581: 6480: 5978: 1770: 5120: 5095: 3571: 1645:

vetoed British membership, held back the development of Parliament's powers and was at the centre of the 'empty chair crisis' of 1965.

7568: 7326: 7217: 6177: 6071: 5541: 5038: 3149: 294: 7013: 7008: 1379:, in spite of the latter designation covering all the three constituent entities of the first pillar. The EEC was also known as the 7445: 6934: 6856: 5691: 5500: 2700: 861: 4939: 2748: 7106: 6961: 6875: 5505: 4895: 3919: 7563: 7543: 6485: 6398: 6242: 6207: 6076: 6008: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5833: 5666: 2878: 1306: 1278: 800: 17: 5378:

Papers of J. Robert Schaetzel, ambassador to European Economic Community, 1966–1972, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

4856: 4802: 4755: 7179: 7150: 7035: 6929: 6732: 6081: 6003: 5973: 5824: 5266: 5182: 5068: 4969: 4672: 4645: 4505: 1999: 273: 7538: 7075: 7030: 6944: 6492: 6172: 6086: 6066: 5983: 5743: 4491: 2895: 2867: 2804: 2727: 397: 5013: 4609: 2894:(formerly the European Parliamentary Assembly) had an advisory role to the Council and Commission. There were a number of 1564:

formed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse conference centre in 1956. Together with the

7187: 7145: 6890: 6590: 6463: 6359: 5661: 5619: 4769: 4713: 4108: 4091: 3604: 3549: 3500: 3344: 3134: 3129: 2986: 1930: 1774: 1529: 1467: 1362: 836: 5371: 7055: 6795: 6790: 6527: 6044: 5998: 5968: 5909: 5801: 5708: 5653: 4421: 4120: 4116: 3635: 3629: 3596: 3019: 2720: 2686:

is also composed of one national minister who represents their national government. Each state also has a right to one

2196: 2142: 1514: 1423: 959: 829: 4015: 34:

that existed from 1958 until 2009 and was renamed European Community in 1993. Not to be confused with the present-day

7192: 7080: 6807: 6758: 6507: 6421: 6393: 6155: 5851: 5748: 5296: 5281: 5209: 4284: 3399: 2926: 2818:

was a body holding legislative and executive powers and was thus the main decision making body of the Community. Its

2704: 2146: 2117: 1810: 1708: 1498: 1427: 1265: 892: 1675:

came into operation, combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC, they already shared a

6800: 6556: 6497: 6416: 6303: 6247: 6091: 5779: 5462: 5214: 3794: 1727:(in 1962), applied to join the three Communities. However, President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership as a 916: 4006:

of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was

3200:(EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the 2064: 7500: 7140: 7045: 7025: 6763: 5963: 5951: 5859: 3582: 3114: 2156: 1451: 339: 5927: 7155: 7070: 7003: 6949: 6939: 6917: 6817: 6631: 6522: 6517: 6458: 6375: 6217: 5612: 5532: 4070: 2863: 998: 50: 7232: 7165: 7135: 6998: 6971: 6812: 6539: 6473: 6426: 6326: 6115: 6108: 5644: 3109: 2815: 2761: 2683: 1793: 1506: 1483: 809: 517: 6993: 6880: 6839: 6551: 6331: 5816: 2969: 2922: 1836:, was controversial, the "flag of Europe" design was adopted only with the status of a "logo" or "emblem". 6716: 3070: 2830:, which was an informal gathering of national leaders (started in 1961) on the same basis as the Council. 7477: 7160: 7065: 6844: 6502: 5806: 5475: 5289:

Governing Europe in a Globalizing World. Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis

4637: 3042: 2842:

followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not a formal formation of it.

2823: 1960:

However, after the Treaty of Maastricht, Parliament gained a more formal role. Maastricht brought in the

601:

EEC becomes the European Community, one of the 3 European Communities constituting the I pillar of the EU

5392: 4920: 6870: 6706: 6468: 6272: 4679:

De Gaulle's resignation in 1969 brought new energy. The European Parliament gained budgetary powers ...

4634:

Democratizing the European Union: Issues for the twenty-first Century (Perspectives on Democratization)

3566: 3058: 3009: 2960: 2422: 2099: 1942: 1769:. Nevertheless, two years later the accession treaties were signed so that Denmark, Ireland and the UK 1762: 1650: 4123:. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and 1731:

for U.S. influence and vetoed membership, and the applications of all four countries were suspended.

1620: 1584: 41:"European Common Market", "Common Market", and "EEC" redirect here. For the EU's internal market, see 7125: 6747: 6561: 6264: 6212: 6021: 5932: 5200: 4172:

The Belgian and Luxembourgish francs were 1:1 and theoretically interchangeable as a single currency.

3616: 2946: 2938: 2756: 2708: 1680: 4447:

The Lessons of Benelux and the European Coal and Steel Community for the European Economic Community

4347:

The European Community originally consisted of three separate Communities founded by treaty ...

3830: 3516: 464: 6778: 6316: 6311: 6103: 5716: 4074: 3620: 1665: 1224: 980: 639: 2171: 1897:

formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country.

221: 7241: 7020: 6907: 4112: 4022:

that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus

3415: 3093: 3014: 1766: 1154: 4124: 1470:, which the treaty also founded. The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 7130: 6976: 6865: 6834: 6768: 6711: 6142: 5721: 5377: 5359: 3812: 3639: 2899: 2886:

held its first elections in 1979, slowly gaining more influence over Community decision making.

2855: 2093: 2014: 1494: 1455: 1447: 1007: 970: 643: 587: 42: 4662: 4381: 1900:

With the prospect of further enlargement, and a desire to increase areas of co-operation, the

7246: 6851: 6671: 6237: 5793: 5593: 4334: 4274: 3798: 2911: 2834: 2687: 2433: 1661: 1342: 1296: 440: 428: 1998:) from the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) pillar to the European Community (JHA was renamed 7050: 6656: 6646: 6512: 6448: 6336: 5879: 5731: 5128: 4181: 4132: 4053: 3334: 3201: 3181: 2010:

to nearly all policy areas, giving Parliament equal power to the Council in the Community.

2007: 1961: 1695: 1685: 1616: 1612: 1510: 1435: 1375: 1350: 1104: 881: 779: 54: 31: 5046: 8: 7212: 7040: 6981: 6900: 6691: 6676: 6187: 6167: 6061: 5449: 5124: 5042: 4943: 4128: 3942: 3902: 3205: 3176:

countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or

3154: 3124: 3088: 3024: 2991:

At the time of its abolition, the European Community pillar covered the following areas;

2973: 2903: 2891: 2883: 2851: 2769: 2752: 2696: 2691: 2620: 2497: 2400: 2103: 1991: 1983: 1938: 1901: 1847: 1840: 1789: 1716: 1676: 1654: 1533: 1521: 1502: 1252: 1134: 1124: 1095: 1057: 1037: 684: 522: 382: 168: 2032:

in 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist. The European Community, together with its

214: 7060: 6661: 6440: 6354: 5766: 5568: 5387: 5204: 4947: 4011: 3915: 3779: 3078: 2859: 2025:

and hence its work continued as part of the EC area of the European Community's remit.

1853: 1545: 1214: 1204: 5274:

The European Community and the Crises of the 1960s. Negotiating the Gaullist Challenge

4483: 5993: 5514: 5468: 5292: 5277: 5262: 5219: 5196: 5178: 4668: 4641: 4280: 4247: 3931: 3764: 3739: 3119: 3053: 2625: 2151:

The six states that founded the EEC and the other two Communities were known as the "

1914: 1843: 1821: 1690: 1657: 1642: 1611:

was being infringed (however there would still be concerns with the behaviour of the

1537: 1536:, the ECSC parliamentary chamber, the proposed defence community was rejected by the 1462: 1247: 1184: 1174: 1144: 1047: 694: 600: 4320:

The term also commonly refers to the 'European Communities', which comprise ...

4090:

Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of

6988: 6666: 6150: 4853: 4243: 4235: 4207: 3964: 3753: 2907: 2839: 2827: 2743:

The High Authority had more executive powers than the Commission which replaced it.

2663: 2511: 2357: 2029: 1754: 1639: 1576: 1549: 1471: 1194: 1164: 1077: 613: 416: 387: 377: 357: 302: 233: 183: 153: 5917: 4307: 6696: 5559: 5162:

Trade and direct investment within the EC: The impact of strategic considerations

5154: 5069:"Europeans used to ignore their parliament. Not any longer | Caroline de Gruyter" 4924: 4860: 4239: 3884: 3189: 3170: 2999: 2902:, which meant Parliament had to be consulted, although it was often ignored. The 2470: 2246: 2242: 2107: 1995: 1905: 1816:

Shortly after its election, the Parliament proposed that the Community adopt the

1747: 1561: 1386:

The Community's initial aim was to bring about economic integration, including a

367: 362: 347: 307: 123: 108: 78: 5259:

The Choice for Europe. Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht

788:

only, these cities hosted the main institutions but were not titled as capitals.

7290: 6681: 5635: 5550: 5457: 4223: 4219: 4215: 3953: 3849: 3845: 3735: 3561: 3330: 3312: 3308: 3197: 3004: 2807: 2668: 2588: 2583: 2551: 2538: 2507: 2238: 2022: 2018: 2003: 1968: 1833: 1817: 1785: 1720: 1592: 1588: 1569: 1366: 1346: 1114: 1067: 1017: 775: 765: 759: 733: 704: 699: 669: 561: 548: 500: 452: 372: 352: 287: 138: 93: 35: 4776: 2972:

had been correctly spent by the Community's institutions. The ECA provided an

7532: 6742: 5311:

The political development of the European Community: a documentary collection

4366:

European Community (EC). The often used singular of the European Communities.

4127:

is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly

3873: 3469: 3083: 3033: 3029: 2942: 2777: 2438: 2395: 2325: 2251: 2089: 1829: 1672: 1649:

Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the

1628: 1624: 1603:

The resulting communities were the European Economic Community (EEC) and the

1553: 1443: 1439: 1391: 1387: 1027: 689: 664: 649: 574: 46: 6229: 5523: 4805:. Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe, Universite de Luxembourg. 4211: 4194: 4104: 4057: 3524: 3166: 2475: 2362: 2308: 2286: 2165: 2130: 2033: 1758: 1728: 1565: 1557: 1419: 679: 659: 654: 488: 5604: 5231: 5223: 4354: 3976: 1893:

applied to the communities in 1977 and joined on 1 January 1986. In 1987,

1753:

The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with

6160: 6053: 5422: 5227: 4770:"Evolution of the European Council: The implications of a permanent seat" 2914:

giving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous.

2516: 1987: 1806: 1736: 1608: 1541: 1415: 674: 476: 5382: 4103:

The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities'

2052: 6651: 6252: 2384: 2111: 1591:

in 1957. The conference led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the

1411: 312: 7446:

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

7119: 6199: 6130: 5480: 5236:

Etzioni, Amitai. 1964. "European Unification: A Strategy of Change".

2870:, appointed by the Council, who chaired the body and represented it. 2862:, dealing with the day to running of the Community and upholding the 2630: 2152: 1909: 1809:, in June 1979, the elections were held in all the then-members (see 1395: 2682:

Member states are represented in some form in each institution. The

1623:. The EEC (direct ancestor of the modern Community) was to create a 6829: 6686: 6571: 5355: 3245: 2965: 2610: 1979:, a procedure more commonly used in international organisations. 1933:. The EEC's areas of activities were enlarged and were renamed the 1890: 535: 1904:

was signed by the foreign ministers on 17 and 28 February 1986 in

6595: 4934: 4932: 3357: 2739: 2460: 2312: 2228: 2160: 1712: 1604: 1431: 1399: 1373:

was sometimes inaccurately used in the wider sense of the plural

819: 5350: 1635: 5937: 5096:"The European Parliament needs independence and a strong voice" 4352: 3173: 2573: 2273: 1986:

transferred responsibility for free movement of persons (e.g.,

1894: 1882: 1750:

was not a democracy, all members rejected the request in 1964.

1732: 1724: 1668:

permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest.

1403: 326: 5033: 5031: 4929: 4039:(EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the 3196:). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the 4917: 4156:

Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the

4081:(TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties. 3893: 3485: 2776:

the EEC than was the situation in the ECSC. By virtue of the

2653: 2347: 1886: 1743: 1581:

Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom

1407: 5113: 1532:. While the treaty for the latter was being drawn up by the 6576: 5028: 4459: 3528: 3204:(EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the 1949:" while the Commission was formally the "Commission of the 1746:

attempted to join the European Community. However, because

5358:

of the European Economic Community are consultable at the

2159:). The six were France, West Germany, Italy and the three 6754:

European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters

4355:"Glossary of The European Union and European Communities" 2658: 2615: 2578: 2543: 2502: 2465: 2427: 2389: 2352: 2317: 2278: 2233: 2155:" (the "outer seven" were those countries who formed the 1353:

among its member states. It was subsequently renamed the

4060:(i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right). 4043:(EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC. 1552:

was given the task to prepare a report on the idea of a

1929:

The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of its

5744:

International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)

2711:, have some form of national division of its members. 2674: 2637: 2594: 2557: 2522: 2481: 2444: 2406: 2368: 2331: 2292: 2257: 38:, which incorporated the European Communities in 1993. 5424:

Orders, decorations, and medals of the European Union

4631: 4384:. The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. 1761:, who had to deal with disagreements relating to the 1501:(ECSC). This was an international community based on 5802:

European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)

4866: 3544:

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters

2000:

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters

1792:

must be directly elected, however this required the

1369:(EU) in 1993. In the popular language, the singular 950:

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters

5834:

European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–

5749:

European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)

5366:

Treaty establishing the European Economic Community

1773:effective 1 January 1973. The Norwegian people had 5825:European Financial Stability Facility (2010– 5448: 4069:The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's 4041:Treaty establishing the European Defence Community 2784:were used for the institutions (for example, from 5039:"Institutions: The Council of the European Union" 4018:in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the 1568:the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the 7530: 1627:while Euratom would promote co-operation in the 174: 7198:Largest cities by population within city limits 4382:"From 1963: The Two Faces of the Common Market" 4331:Guide to European Union Publications at the EDC 4279:. Manchester University Press. pp. 61–65. 4158:Treaty on the functioning of the European Union 4079:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 3359:European Atomic Energy Community 3145:History of the European Communities (1973–1993) 3140:History of the European Communities (1958–1972) 5006: 4816:The Accession Treaties with Spain and Portugal 69:European Economic Community/European Community 7273: 5807:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998) 5762:European Economic Community (1958–1993) 5620: 5408: 5332:The Continuing Battle: Memories of a European 4800: 4684: 3707: 2786:Commission of the European Economic Community 2040:but that treaty failed ratification in 2005. 1314: 189: 159: 5780:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958) 5574:Western European Union Mission Service Medal 4801:Deschamps, Etienne; Lekl, Christian (2016). 4664:The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics 4276:Political Symbolism and European Integration 2939:Court of Justice of the European Communities 2910:giving it a right to veto proposals and the 2703:related to their population, however these ( 2002:(PJCC) as a result). Both Amsterdam and the 1824:. The European Council in 1984 appointed an 1702: 1595:establishing a European Economic Community. 1505:and international law, designed to help the 129: 114: 84: 7296:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom 5634: 5325:French Policy towards Germany since the war 5195: 4984: 4888: 4829:"The provisions of the Single European Act" 4632:Hoskyns, Catherine; Michael Newman (2000). 3180:) in an increasing number of areas, in the 2021:transferred certain of its elements to the 1598: 144: 99: 7574:States and territories established in 1958 7280: 7266: 6481:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification 5627: 5613: 5415: 5401: 5383:European Customs Information Portal (ECIP) 4962: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4333:. The University of Exeter. Archived from 4056:obtained common institutions and a shared 3714: 3700: 2826:every six months and it is related to the 2762:Council of the European Economic Community 1587:conference centre, which prepared for the 1321: 1307: 5172:Multinational investment in modern Europe 4578: 4168: 4166: 3150:Institutional seats of the European Union 2833:The Council was composed of one national 1524:two further communities were proposed: a 1442:(Treaty of Brussels). In 1993 a complete 6935:European Structural and Investment Funds 6857:European System of Financial Supervision 5722:Western European Union (1954–2011) 5501:European Community Monitor Mission Medal 4761: 4268: 4266: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3160: 2877: 2799: 2738: 2170: 2043: 1852: 1634: 5506:European Union Monitoring Mission Medal 5252:The European Rescue of the Nation-State 4940:"Institutions: The European Commission" 4849: 4847: 4620: 4481: 4297: 4272: 928: 30:This article is about one of the three 14: 7531: 6399:European Economic and Social Committee 6208:Court of Justice of the European Union 5732:European Communities (1967–2009) 5093: 4660: 4163: 2852:Commission of the European Communities 2790:Commission of the European Communities 2770:Commission of the European Communities 1683:. Collectively they were known as the 7261: 7036:Stabilisation and Association Process 6733:Area of freedom, security and justice 5608: 5396: 4854:What are the three pillars of the EU? 4794: 4579:Deschamps, Etienne; Lekl, Christian. 4516:from the original on 1 November 2022. 4353:Derek Urwin, University of Aberdeen. 4263: 4097: 4084: 4063: 4046: 4029: 3983: 3695: 3627: 3614: 3595: 3559: 3514: 3484: 3369: 3282: 3213: 2906:gave Parliament more power, with the 1975:voting in the EEC, replacing it with 1924: 7554:Organizations disestablished in 1993 7031:European Union Association Agreement 5767:European Community (1993–2009) 5094:Sebald, Christoph (31 August 2022). 4844: 4494:from the original on 20 August 2023. 2047: 1877: 1707:The 1960s saw the first attempts at 1361:) upon becoming integrated into the 6360:European Data Protection Supervisor 5662:Ideas of European unity before 1948 4610:"1994: Norway votes 'no' to Europe" 4234:And recognised regional languages: 4206:And recognised regional languages: 3135:European institutions in Strasbourg 3130:European Customs Information Portal 2987:Three pillars of the European Union 2816:Council of the European Communities 2810:, the last EEC Commission President 1765:and the UK's relationship with the 1619:was held on 16 January 1958 at the 1468:three pillars of the European Union 131:Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft 24: 7559:Former international organizations 7056:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus 6796:Common Security and Defence Policy 6791:Common Foreign and Security Policy 5303: 5190:The Theory of Economic Integration 5147: 4484:"Fifty years of fraternal rivalry" 4482:Horsley, William (19 March 2007). 4419: 4160:, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty. 4073:, and are also referred to as the 3598:Common Foreign and Security Policy 3530:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 2721:Institutions of the European Union 2143:Member state of the European Union 2028:After the entry into force of the 1458:, which encompasses 15 countries. 960:Common Foreign and Security Policy 240: 45:. For the type of trade bloc, see 25: 7585: 7549:Organizations established in 1958 6825:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 6422:European Union Military Committee 6394:European Committee of the Regions 5388:The history of the European Union 5339: 5210:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 5121:"Institutions: Court of Auditors" 4767: 4327:"Introduction to EU Publications" 3401:European Coal and Steel Community 2927:1979 European Parliament election 2147:Enlargement of the European Union 1811:1979 European Parliament election 1499:European Coal and Steel Community 1461:Upon the entry into force of the 1428:European Coal and Steel Community 893:European Coal and Steel Community 27:Former international organisation 7569:1993 disestablishments in Europe 7363:Crown Dependencies Customs Union 7289: 6801:Permanent Structured Cooperation 6417:Political and Security Committee 6304:European Atomic Energy Community 5587: 5463:European Charlemagne Youth Prize 5346:EEC on the UK Parliament website 5327:(Oxford University Press, 1954). 5215:Library of Economics and Liberty 4554:"General de Gaulle's first veto" 4528:"General de Gaulle's first veto" 4426:Jammu&Kashmir PCS Exam Notes 3734: 3634: 3628: 3615: 3565: 3560: 3523: 3515: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3329: 3307: 3210: 2896:Community legislative procedures 2645: 2629: 2602: 2565: 2530: 2489: 2452: 2414: 2376: 2339: 2300: 2265: 2220: 2114:designates standards compliance) 2051: 1742:A year later, in February 1962, 1605:European Atomic Energy Community 1432:European Atomic Energy Community 1290: 917:European Atomic Energy Community 818: 738: 272: 213: 116:Communauté économique européenne 101:Europese Economische Gemeenschap 86:Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab 7501:European Free Trade Association 7203:National parties by affiliation 7046:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly 7026:Economic Partnership Agreements 5717:Western Union (1948–1954) 5432:Including its predecessor, the 5087: 5061: 4992:"Council of the European Union" 4910: 4835: 4821: 4809: 4749: 4731: 4706: 4654: 4602: 4572: 4546: 4520: 4498: 4475: 4228: 4200: 4187: 4175: 4014:(MBT). The Brussels Treaty was 3584:European Political Co-operation 3115:Brussels and the European Union 2980: 2921:gave Parliament power over the 2734: 2714: 2157:European Free Trade Association 1967:It also abolished any existing 1779:referendum on 25 September 1972 1452:European Free Trade Association 7208:Presidents of the institutions 7004:European Higher Education Area 6582:International status and usage 6376:Agencies of the European Union 6109:European political foundations 4775:. Dragoman.org. Archived from 4466: 4452: 4439: 4413: 4388: 4374: 4150: 4002:, these treaties affected the 3833:Completing the Brussels Treaty 2898:, at first there was only the 2747:The EEC inherited some of the 1258:History of defence integration 146:Ευρωπαϊκή Οικονομική Κοινότητα 51:Common market (disambiguation) 13: 1: 7564:1958 establishments in Europe 7544:History of the European Union 6999:European Common Aviation Area 6454:Charter of Fundamental Rights 6427:European Union Military Staff 6327:European University Institute 6116:Council of the European Union 5360:Historical Archives of the EU 5201:"European Economic Community" 4874:"The achievements of the EEC" 4422:"European Economic Community" 4256: 3110:Economy of the European Union 2958:The fifth institution is the 2873: 2845: 2179: Founding members of EEC 1664:on 29 January 1966 whereby a 1488: 1484:History of the European Union 176:Comunidade Económica Europeia 6994:European Political Community 6840:European Banking Supervision 6332:European Stability Mechanism 5372:History of the Rome Treaties 5245:A New Path to Peaceful Union 5167:, in: Cantwell, John (ed.), 4896:"The European Customs Union" 4113:distribution of competencies 4037:European Political Community 3924:S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990 3894:European Council conclusions 3820:S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952 3478:European Community (EC) 3182:European integration project 2701:allocated a set number seats 1530:European Political Community 1422:. It gained a common set of 7: 7539:European Economic Community 7507:European Economic Community 7066:Union for the Mediterranean 6845:Single Resolution Mechanism 6784:Vehicle registration plates 6738:Migration and asylum policy 6717:Potential superpower status 5434:European Economic Community 5287:Warlouzet, Laurent (2018). 4970:"Merging of the executives" 4863:, Folketingets EU-Oplysning 4638:Manchester University Press 4109:pillar system was abolished 3435:European Economic Community 3103: 3043:Economic and monetary union 2953: 2858:of the community, drafting 1937:, continuing to follow the 1863: Community enlargement 1801:following his resignation. 1520:With the aim of creating a 1446:was achieved, known as the 1335:European Economic Community 905:European Economic Community 191:Comunidad Económica Europea 10: 7590: 7009:EU/ESA Framework Agreement 6707:Differentiated integration 6273:European Court of Auditors 6104:European political parties 5257:Moravcsik, Andrew (1998). 5243:Hallstein, Walter (1962). 4506:"The 'empty chair' policy" 3806:F: 3 August/24 August 1949 3321: 3194:la construction européenne 3067: 3039: 3010:Common Agricultural Policy 2996: 2984: 2961:European Court of Auditors 2795: 2718: 2185: Later members of EEC 2140: 2136: 1763:Common Agricultural Policy 1651:Common Agricultural Policy 1526:European Defence Community 1509:and prevent future war by 1481: 1477: 1349:of 1957, aiming to foster 161:Comunità Economica Europea 40: 29: 7493: 7470: 7463: 7438: 7382: 7375: 7355: 7309: 7302: 7226: 7178: 7126:House of European History 7114: 7105: 6960: 6748:European Judicial Network 6725: 6639: 6630: 6618:Health expense per person 6547: 6538: 6439: 6407: 6384: 6368: 6345: 6292: 6265:Supreme audit institution 6263: 6228: 6198: 6141: 6052: 6043: 6034: 5959: 5950: 5908: 5850: 5815: 5792: 5775: 5757: 5739: 5730: 5707: 5700: 5652: 5643: 5594:European Union portal 5582: 5493: 5441: 5430: 5318:Prospect for a New Europe 5272:Ludlow, N. Piers (2006). 5250:Milward, Alan S. (1992). 4803:"The accession of Greece" 4661:Murphy, Craig N. (2013). 4590:. University of Luxemburg 4581:"The accession of Greece" 4560:. University of Luxemburg 4534:. University of Luxemburg 4310:. Encyclopædia Britannica 4125:qualified majority voting 3998:Although not EU treaties 3962: 3733: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3581: 3577: 3541: 3537: 3506: 3491: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3413: 3408: 3375: 3373: 3364: 3356: 3354: 3343: 3336:European Communities 3328: 3306: 3288: 3285: 3279: 2890:Under the Community, the 2709:European Court of Justice 1977:Qualified Majority Voting 1857:Enlargement, 1957 to 2013 1703:Enlargement and elections 1671:On 1 July 1967, when the 1497:was signed, creating the 1297:European Union portal 772: 754: 713: 627: 623: 610: 597: 584: 571: 558: 545: 541: 531: 510: 506: 494: 482: 470: 458: 446: 434: 422: 410: 406: 396: 332: 322: 293: 283: 271: 228: 210: 205: 182: 167: 152: 145: 137: 122: 107: 92: 77: 64: 7395:Gulf Cooperation Council 6317:European Investment Fund 6312:European Investment Bank 5476:European Citizens' Prize 5177:, E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 4667:. OUP USA. p. 372. 4273:Theiler, Tobias (2005). 4143: 4075:Treaty on European Union 4012:Modified Brussels Treaty 3874:Brussels (Merger) Treaty 3494:Justice and Home Affairs 3254:Rel. w/ EC/EU framework: 2932: 2749:Institutions of the ECSC 1599:Creation and early years 1434:(EURATOM) as one of the 1225:Von der Leyen Commission 940:Justice and Home Affairs 523:European Parliament 7021:European Peace Facility 6248:System of Central Banks 4876:. CVCE. 20 October 2012 4420:by (10 November 2019). 3417:(Distr. of competences) 3094:Trans-European Networks 3015:Common Fisheries Policy 2088:The establishment of a 1919:European Monetary Union 1767:Commonwealth of Nations 1621:Chateau de Val-Duchesse 333:Official languages 7131:2012 Nobel Peace Prize 6977:European Economic Area 6835:European banking union 6712:Privileged partnership 6567:Government procurement 5351:European Union website 5188:Balassa, Bela (1962). 3907:S: 17/28 February 1986 3831:Protocol Modifying and 3641:Western European Union 3193: 3186:construction of Europe 2917:In 1970 and 1975, the 2900:consultation procedure 2887: 2811: 2764:, and in place of the 2744: 2690:each, although in the 2187: 2118:Enlargement of the EEC 2094:common external tariff 1871: 1737:Regime of the Colonels 1677:Parliamentary Assembly 1646: 1456:European Economic Area 1381:European Common Market 1266:History of enlargement 971:Western European Union 465:François-Xavier Ortoli 266: 190: 175: 160: 130: 115: 100: 85: 49:. For other uses, see 43:European single market 18:The European Community 7076:Free trade agreements 6918:Health Insurance Card 6852:Capital Markets Union 6702:Democratic legitimacy 6672:Optimum currency area 6493:Legislative procedure 6238:European Central Bank 5014:"European Commission" 4923:26 March 2012 at the 4445:Raymond F. Mikesell, 4035:Plans to establish a 4020:mutual defence clause 3804:S: 5 May/4 April 1949 3573:Anglo-French alliance 3161:EU evolution timeline 3047:Education and Culture 2985:Further information: 2912:cooperation procedure 2881: 2803: 2742: 2728:legislative procedure 2719:Further information: 2688:European Commissioner 2174: 2141:Further information: 2120:to the rest of Europe 2106:and trade, including 2044:Aims and achievements 2038:European Constitution 1856: 1666:gentlemen's agreement 1662:Luxembourg compromise 1638: 1482:Further information: 1343:regional organisation 441:Franco Maria Malfatti 265: 7188:Books on the subject 7051:EU Gateway Programme 7014:EU/ESA Space Council 6972:Neighbourhood Policy 6930:Regional development 6896:Environmental policy 6886:Educational policies 6813:Neighbourhood Policy 6657:Intergovernmentalism 6647:European integration 6562:Community preference 6513:Enhanced cooperation 6498:Citizens' Initiative 6337:Unified Patent Court 6188:Directorates-General 5979:Environmental issues 4702:on 19 February 2014. 4337:on 24 September 2007 4308:"European Community" 4182:German reunification 4054:European Communities 3202:European Communities 2822:rotated between the 2782:European Communities 2098:Common policies for 2008:codecision procedure 1962:codecision procedure 1951:European Communities 1788:had stated that the 1771:joined the Community 1696:Common European Home 1686:European Communities 1617:Hallstein Commission 1613:Hallstein Commission 1436:European Communities 1396:six founding members 1376:European Communities 1365:of the newly formed 1351:economic integration 1105:Hallstein Commission 882:European Communities 780:European Communities 575:European Communities 518:Council of Ministers 398:Commission President 55:EEC (disambiguation) 32:European Communities 7213:Terrorist incidents 7041:Eastern Partnership 6982:EEA Joint Committee 6901:European Green Deal 6871:Agricultural policy 6677:Supranational union 6168:European Commission 6126:General Secretariat 6062:European Parliament 6017:Special territories 5817:Financial stability 5450:European Parliament 5330:Spaak, Paul-Henri. 5309:Bliss, Howard, ed. 5131:on 22 December 2009 5125:Europa (web portal) 5043:Europa (web portal) 4944:Europa (web portal) 4859:23 May 2010 at the 4743:European Parliament 4696:European Parliament 4616:. 28 November 1994. 4396:"Maastricht Treaty" 4184:took place in 1990. 4026:superseded the WEU. 3968:S: 13 December 2007 3957:S: 26 February 2001 3903:Single European Act 3773:E: 8 September 1997 3771:F: 8 September 1947 3226:F: entry into force 3206:Schuman Declaration 3155:Snake in the tunnel 3125:European Commission 3025:Consumer protection 2964:. Its ensured that 2904:Single European Act 2892:European Parliament 2884:European Parliament 2697:European Parliament 2692:European Commission 2394:French, German and 1992:illegal immigration 1984:Treaty of Amsterdam 1902:Single European Act 1848:Single European Act 1820:design used by the 1790:European Parliament 1775:rejected membership 1493:In April 1951, the 1253:History of the euro 1135:Mansholt Commission 1125:Malfatti Commission 1058:Treaty of Amsterdam 1038:Single European Act 685:Luxembourgish franc 295:Institutional seats 7061:Northern Dimension 6808:Enlargement Policy 6750:(criminal matters) 6662:Multi-speed Europe 6355:European Ombudsman 6011:(first-level NUTS) 5994:Larger urban zones 5542:European Union AMM 5533:EU Support to AMIS 5313:(Blaisdell, 1969). 5205:David R. Henderson 5197:Eichengreen, Barry 5100:The New Federalist 4768:Stark, Christine. 3970:F: 1 December 2009 3959:F: 1 February 2003 3937:F: 1 November 1993 3935:S: 7 February 1992 3897:S: 2 December 1975 3888:S: 27 October 1970 3866:S: 21 October 1959 3837:S: 23 October 1954 3362:(EAEC or Euratom) 3178:pooled sovereignty 3071:Immigration policy 2919:Budgetary treaties 2888: 2812: 2745: 2188: 2110:(for example, the 2063:. You can help by 1935:European Community 1925:European Community 1872: 1647: 1546:Messina Conference 1371:European Community 1355:European Community 1274:List of presidents 1215:Juncker Commission 1205:Barroso Commission 1155:Jenkins Commission 929:European Community 267: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7459: 7458: 7371: 7370: 7255: 7254: 7174: 7173: 7161:Telephone numbers 7101: 7100: 6876:Cultural policies 6626: 6625: 6613:Unemployment rate 6435: 6434: 6295:international-law 6288: 6287: 6278:Secretary-General 6030: 6029: 5989:Geographic centre 5946: 5945: 5846: 5845: 5788: 5787: 5602: 5601: 5515:Operation Artemis 5489: 5488: 5469:Charlemagne Prize 5323:Schuman, Robert. 5267:978-0-8014-8509-1 5183:978-1-8527-8421-8 4674:978-0-19-973859-5 4647:978-0-7190-5666-6 4512:. 7 August 2016. 4400:Maastricht Treaty 4133:intergovernmental 4105:legal personality 4058:legal personality 3975: 3974: 3946:S: 2 October 1997 3932:Maastricht Treaty 3868:F: 1 January 1960 3862:WEU-CoE agreement 3855:F: 1 January 1958 3824:E: 23 July 2002/— 3822:F: 23 July 1952/— 3786:F: 25 August 1948 3741:Council of Europe 3165:Since the end of 3120:Delors Commission 3101: 3100: 3054:Environmental law 2945:of on matters of 2680: 2679: 2081: 2080: 2034:legal personality 1943:intergovernmental 1915:Maastricht Treaty 1878:Toward Maastricht 1844:Charles de Gaulle 1822:Council of Europe 1807:President Jenkins 1691:Mikhail Gorbachev 1658:Charles de Gaulle 1643:Charles de Gaulle 1540:. ECSC President 1538:French Parliament 1507:economy of Europe 1463:Maastricht Treaty 1331: 1330: 1248:History of Europe 1233: 1232: 1185:Santer Commission 1175:Delors Commission 1145:Ortoli Commission 1086: 1085: 1048:Maastricht Treaty 989: 988: 793: 792: 750: 749: 746: 745: 695:Portuguese escudo 496:• 1985–1993 484:• 1981–1985 472:• 1977–1981 460:• 1973–1977 448:• 1972–1973 436:• 1970–1972 424:• 1967–1970 412:• 1958–1967 263: 197: 196: 16:(Redirected from 7581: 7468: 7467: 7380: 7379: 7307: 7306: 7294: 7293: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7235: 7112: 7111: 6989:Energy Community 6908:Fisheries policy 6667:Neofunctionalism 6637: 6636: 6545: 6544: 6487:Official Journal 6474:Citizens' Rights 6213:Court of Justice 6151:European Council 6099:Political groups 6050: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6012: 5957: 5956: 5737: 5736: 5705: 5704: 5650: 5649: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5446: 5445: 5436:(1958–1993/2009) 5417: 5410: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5218: 5213:(1st ed.). 5176: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5155:Acocella, Nicola 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5127:. Archived from 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5045:. Archived from 5035: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946:. Archived from 4936: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4870: 4864: 4851: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4831:. 7 August 2016. 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4698:. Archived from 4692:"Press releases" 4688: 4682: 4681: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4629: 4618: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4585: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4270: 4250: 4232: 4226: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4161: 4154: 4136: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4033: 4027: 3996: 3943:Amsterdam Treaty 3926:F: 26 March 1995 3853:S: 25 March 1957 3811:Paris treaties: 3784:S: 17 March 1948 3754:Entente Cordiale 3746: 3742: 3738: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3610: 3607: 3599: 3590: 3585: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3555: 3552: 3545: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3479: 3472: 3440: 3436: 3418: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3360: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3211: 2994: 2993: 2970:Community budget 2923:Community budget 2908:assent procedure 2840:European summits 2828:European Council 2757:Court of Justice 2676: 2660: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2639: 2633: 2617: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2596: 2580: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2559: 2545: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2524: 2504: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2483: 2467: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2429: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2408: 2391: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2370: 2354: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2333: 2319: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2294: 2280: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2259: 2235: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2131:war with Algeria 2076: 2073: 2055: 2048: 2030:Treaty of Lisbon 1869: Since 1995 1868: 1862: 1841:French President 1799:Budgetary powers 1786:Treaties of Rome 1755:Georges Pompidou 1655:French President 1640:French President 1577:Paul-Henri Spaak 1556:. The so-called 1550:Paul-Henri Spaak 1503:supranationalism 1472:Treaty of Lisbon 1323: 1316: 1309: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1279:List of founders 1195:Prodi Commission 1165:Thorn Commission 1101: 1100: 1078:Treaty of Lisbon 1004: 1003: 878: 877: 822: 795: 794: 768: 762: 742: 741: 730: 729: 715: 714: 614:Pillar abolished 417:Walter Hallstein 276: 264: 239: 217: 193: 178: 163: 148: 147: 133: 118: 103: 88: 75: 74: 62: 61: 21: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7518: 7489: 7455: 7434: 7367: 7351: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7256: 7251: 7238: 7231: 7222: 7170: 7151:Public holidays 7097: 7071:Global Strategy 6963: 6956: 6925:Labour mobility 6818:Global Strategy 6779:Driving licence 6721: 6697:Pro-Europeanism 6622: 6534: 6459:Competition law 6431: 6409: 6403: 6386: 6380: 6364: 6347: 6341: 6296: 6294: 6284: 6259: 6224: 6194: 6178:Vice-Presidents 6137: 6072:Vice-Presidents 6026: 6010: 6004:Protected areas 5974:External border 5942: 5904: 5842: 5811: 5784: 5771: 5753: 5726: 5696: 5687:1993–2004 5682:1973–1993 5677:1958–1972 5672:1948–1957 5639: 5633: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5560:EUFOR Tchad/RCA 5485: 5458:Sakharov Prize‎ 5437: 5426: 5421: 5374:on CVCE website 5368:on CVCE website 5342: 5337: 5306: 5304:Primary sources 5174: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5148:Further reading 5145: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4950:on 23 June 2007 4938: 4937: 4930: 4925:Wayback Machine 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4861:Wayback Machine 4852: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4818:on CVCE website 4814: 4810: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4714:"European Flag" 4712: 4711: 4707: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4630: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4359: 4357: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4313: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4287: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4233: 4229: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4117:EU institutions 4102: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4068: 4064: 4051: 4047: 4034: 4030: 3997: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3916:Schengen Treaty 3910: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3885:Davignon report 3880: 3878: 3877:S: 8 April 1965 3876: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3844:Rome treaties: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3789: 3788:T: 30 June 2011 3787: 3785: 3783: 3780:Brussels Treaty 3774: 3772: 3770: 3769:S: 4 March 1947 3768: 3759: 3758:S: 8 April 1904 3757: 3744: 3740: 3720: 3640: 3621: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3583: 3572: 3570: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3477: 3470: 3438: 3434: 3420: 3416: 3404: 3400: 3358: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3317: 3313: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3163: 3106: 3079:Schengen treaty 2989: 2983: 2968:funds from the 2956: 2935: 2876: 2848: 2798: 2753:Common Assembly 2737: 2723: 2717: 2646: 2644: 2603: 2601: 2566: 2564: 2531: 2529: 2490: 2488: 2453: 2451: 2415: 2413: 2377: 2375: 2340: 2338: 2301: 2299: 2266: 2264: 2221: 2219: 2213: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2149: 2139: 2108:standardization 2077: 2071: 2068: 2061:needs expansion 2046: 2015:Treaty of Paris 1973:Simple Majority 1927: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1748:Francoist Spain 1705: 1693:described as a 1601: 1562:Spaak Committee 1534:Common Assembly 1495:Treaty of Paris 1491: 1486: 1480: 1448:internal market 1438:under the 1965 1430:(ECSC) and the 1426:along with the 1345:created by the 1327: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1270: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1008:Treaty of Paris 1001: 991: 990: 875: 867: 866: 832: 811: 804: 789: 783: 764: 763: 758: 739: 709: 636: 635: 619:1 December 2009 616: 606:1 November 1993 603: 590: 577: 564: 551: 527: 497: 485: 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 413: 392: 344: 343: 318: 279: 241: 237: 224: 219: 218: 201: 200: 71: 70: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7587: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7513:European Union 7510: 7504: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7481: 7474: 7472: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:European Union 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7285: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7236: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7136:Laissez-passer 7133: 7128: 7123: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7086:Current agenda 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6945:Sport policies 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6832: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6740: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6692:Federalisation 6689: 6684: 6682:Euroscepticism 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 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5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5709:Defence policy 5702: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: articles 5636:European Union 5632: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5551:EUFOR RD Congo 5544: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5340:External links 5338: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5316:Monnet, Jean. 5314: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5285: 5270: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5238:World Politics 5234: 5193: 5186: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5112: 5086: 5060: 5049:on 3 July 2007 5027: 5005: 4983: 4961: 4928: 4918:Populstat.info 4909: 4887: 4865: 4843: 4834: 4820: 4808: 4793: 4782:on 9 July 2007 4760: 4748: 4730: 4718:European Union 4705: 4683: 4673: 4653: 4646: 4619: 4601: 4571: 4545: 4519: 4497: 4474: 4465: 4460:"Spaak report" 4451: 4438: 4412: 4387: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4350: 4323: 4303: 4296: 4285: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4227: 4199: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4096: 4083: 4077:(TEU) and the 4062: 4045: 4028: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3913: 3911: 3909:F: 1 July 1987 3901: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3883: 3881: 3879:F: 1 July 1967 3872: 3870: 3859: 3857: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3826: 3810: 3808: 3792: 3790: 3777: 3775: 3765:Dunkirk Treaty 3762: 3760: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3626: 3612: 3611: 3594: 3591: 3580: 3576: 3557: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3471:Schengen Rules 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3342: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3314:European Union 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3231:T: termination 3198:European Union 3162: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3059:EU Citizenship 3056: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3005:Border control 3002: 2982: 2979: 2955: 2952: 2934: 2931: 2875: 2872: 2847: 2844: 2808:Jacques Delors 2797: 2794: 2766:High Authority 2736: 2733: 2716: 2713: 2699:, members are 2678: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2661: 2659:1 January 1986 2656: 2651: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2623: 2618: 2616:1 January 1986 2613: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2579:1 January 1981 2576: 2571: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2544:1 January 1973 2541: 2539:United Kingdom 2536: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2505: 2503:1 January 1973 2500: 2495: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2466:1 January 1973 2463: 2458: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2306: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2181: 2175: 2138: 2135: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2096: 2079: 2078: 2058: 2056: 2045: 2042: 2023:Treaty of Rome 2019:Treaty of Nice 2006:also extended 2004:Treaty of Nice 1947:European Union 1926: 1923: 1879: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1818:flag of Europe 1721:United Kingdom 1704: 1701: 1600: 1597: 1593:Treaty of Rome 1589:Treaty of Rome 1570:Treaty of Rome 1522:federal Europe 1490: 1487: 1479: 1476: 1454:, forming the 1367:European Union 1347:Treaty of Rome 1329: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1115:Rey Commission 1111: 1110: 1107: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1068:Treaty of Nice 1064: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018:Treaty of Rome 1014: 1013: 1010: 1002: 997: 996: 993: 992: 987: 986: 983: 977: 976: 973: 967: 966: 963: 956: 955: 952: 946: 945: 942: 936: 935: 932: 924: 923: 922:(1958–present) 920: 912: 911: 908: 900: 899: 896: 888: 887: 884: 876: 873: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 837:Pre-1948 ideas 833: 828: 827: 824: 823: 815: 814: 812:European Union 810:History of the 806: 805: 798: 791: 790: 776:European Union 773: 770: 769: 766:United Kingdom 760:European Union 756: 752: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 736: 734:European Union 727: 724: 723: 718: 711: 710: 708: 707: 705:Pound sterling 702: 700:Spanish peseta 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 633: 632: 631: 629: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 611: 608: 607: 604: 598: 595: 594: 593:1 January 1993 591: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 568: 567:1 January 1958 565: 559: 556: 555: 552: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 532:Historical era 529: 528: 526: 525: 520: 514: 512: 508: 507: 504: 503: 501:Jacques Delors 498: 495: 492: 491: 486: 483: 480: 479: 474: 471: 468: 467: 462: 459: 456: 455: 453:Sicco Mansholt 450: 447: 444: 443: 438: 435: 432: 431: 426: 423: 420: 419: 414: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 338: 337: 336: 334: 330: 329: 324: 320: 319: 317: 316: 310: 305: 299: 297: 291: 290: 288:Economic union 285: 281: 280: 277: 269: 268: 226: 225: 220: 212: 211: 208: 207: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 187: 180: 179: 172: 165: 164: 157: 150: 149: 142: 135: 134: 127: 120: 119: 112: 105: 104: 97: 90: 89: 82: 68: 67: 66: 65: 36:European Union 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7586: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7430:United States 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7283: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146:Media freedom 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6891:Energy policy 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881:Customs Union 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6866:Single market 6864: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6769:identity card 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6743:Schengen Area 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Copyright law 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321:EIB Institute 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6218:General Court 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6183:Commissioners 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:Member states 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5595: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5298: 5297:9781138729421 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5282:9780415459570 5279: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5240:16(1): 32-51. 5239: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5163: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5075:. 29 May 2019 5074: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5015: 5009: 4993: 4987: 4971: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4897: 4891: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4804: 4797: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4377: 4367: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4286:9780719069949 4282: 4278: 4277: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4134: 4130: 4129:supranational 4126: 4122: 4121:member states 4118: 4114: 4110: 4107:and that the 4106: 4100: 4093: 4092:three pillars 4087: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3966: 3965:Lisbon Treaty 3955: 3951: 3948:F: 1 May 1999 3944: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3839:F: 6 May 1955 3835: 3834: 3827: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3622:Western Union 3618: 3613: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3510: 3504: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3462: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3265: 3248: 3247: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3084:Social policy 3082: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3034:Single market 3031: 3030:Customs union 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000:Asylum policy 2998: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2951: 2948: 2947:Community law 2944: 2943:highest court 2940: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860:Community law 2857: 2856:executive arm 2853: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824:member states 2821: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Merger Treaty 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2729: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2428:25 March 1957 2426: 2424: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2396:Luxembourgish 2393: 2390:25 March 1957 2388: 2386: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2353:25 March 1957 2351: 2349: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318:25 March 1957 2316: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279:25 March 1957 2277: 2275: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2234:25 March 1957 2232: 2230: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090:customs union 2087: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2072:December 2007 2066: 2062: 2059:This section 2057: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013:In 2002, the 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:supranational 1936: 1932: 1931:three pillars 1922: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1855: 1851: 1850:(see below). 1849: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1832:representing 1831: 1830:national flag 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:Merger Treaty 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1629:nuclear power 1626: 1625:customs union 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:customs union 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:single market 1441: 1440:Merger Treaty 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:customs union 1389: 1388:common market 1384: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1028:Merger Treaty 1026: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 994: 984: 982: 981:Western Union 979: 978: 974: 972: 969: 968: 964: 961: 958: 957: 953: 951: 948: 947: 943: 941: 938: 937: 933: 931: 930: 926: 925: 921: 919: 918: 914: 913: 909: 907: 906: 902: 901: 897: 895: 894: 890: 889: 885: 883: 880: 879: 871: 870: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 831: 826: 825: 821: 817: 816: 813: 808: 807: 802: 797: 796: 787: 781: 777: 771: 767: 761: 757: 755:Today part of 753: 737: 735: 732: 731: 728: 726: 725: 722: 719: 717: 716: 712: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 690:Dutch guilder 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 670:Greek drachma 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 650:Belgian franc 648: 645: 641: 638: 637: 634:13 currencies 630: 626: 622: 618: 615: 609: 605: 602: 596: 592: 589: 588:Single market 583: 579: 576: 570: 566: 563: 557: 554:25 March 1957 553: 550: 549:Treaty signed 544: 540: 537: 534: 530: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 513: 509: 505: 502: 499: 493: 490: 487: 481: 478: 475: 469: 466: 463: 457: 454: 451: 445: 442: 439: 433: 430: 427: 421: 418: 415: 409: 405: 401: 399: 395: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 341: 335: 331: 328: 325: 321: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 298: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 275: 270: 235: 231: 227: 223: 216: 209: 204: 192: 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 155: 151: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 72: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 47:Single market 44: 37: 33: 19: 7506: 7494:Multilateral 7439:Multilateral 7356:Multilateral 7118: 6940:Space policy 6608:Average wage 6603:Minimum wage 6486: 6230:Central bank 6045:Institutions 5969:Demographics 5852:Enlargements 5835: 5826: 5794:Central bank 5761: 5701:Predecessors 5524:EUFOR Althea 5433: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5288: 5273: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5208: 5189: 5171: 5161: 5133:. 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Retrieved 4299: 4290: 4275: 4230: 4202: 4197:: 80,274,200 4195:East Germany 4189: 4177: 4157: 4152: 4099: 4086: 4065: 4048: 4031: 4023: 4007: 3999: 3977: 3914: 3860: 3829: 3793: 3778: 3763: 3752: 3668: 3664: 3647: 3578: 3538: 3476: 3433: 3367: 3322: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3249:supersession 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3185: 3177: 3167:World War II 3164: 3089:Trade policy 2990: 2981:Policy areas 2974:audit report 2959: 2957: 2936: 2916: 2889: 2849: 2832: 2813: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2751:in that the 2746: 2724: 2715:Institutions 2681: 2309:West Germany 2206:Language(s) 2166:East Germany 2150: 2127: 2123: 2082: 2069: 2065:adding to it 2060: 2027: 2012: 1981: 1966: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1934: 1928: 1899: 1881: 1873: 1838: 1825: 1815: 1803: 1783: 1759:Edward Heath 1752: 1741: 1729:Trojan Horse 1706: 1694: 1684: 1670: 1648: 1602: 1585:Val Duchesse 1574: 1566:Ohlin Report 1558:Spaak Report 1519: 1492: 1460: 1424:institutions 1420:West Germany 1394:, among its 1385: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1363:first pillar 1358: 1354: 1338: 1334: 1332: 927: 915: 904: 903: 891: 874:Organisation 862:2004–present 785: 721:Succeeded by 720: 680:Italian lira 660:French franc 655:Danish krone 646:(accounting) 489:Gaston Thorn 323:Largest city 238:(orchestral) 229: 59: 7515:(1993–2020) 7509:(1973–1993) 7503:(1960–1972) 7486:(1862–1897) 7480:(1860–1892) 7420:Switzerland 7415:South Korea 7376:Negotiating 7337:New Zealand 7218:Urban areas 7081:Enlargement 6759:Citizenship 6508:LGBT rights 6346:Independent 6161:Euro summit 6077:Secretariat 6054:Legislature 5910:Withdrawals 5362:in Florence 4841:Case 138/79 4131:and partly 4071:legal basis 4004:development 3954:Nice Treaty 3020:Competition 2423:Netherlands 2100:agriculture 1711:. 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