1025:, seek to empower individuals and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities. These skills often assist in building political power through the formation of large social groups working for a common agenda. Community development practitioners must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions. Public administrators, in contrast, need to understand community development in the context of rural and urban development, housing and economic development, and community, organizational and business development.
42:
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primarily through community transmission. In the case of community transmission, contact tracing is inadequate in containing the disease. This is particularly worrisome for health officials because that means the virus is in the community but no one knows where it has come from or track its origins. This also means the virus can be widespread in a community.
662:—from house types to styles of pottery—to reconstruct communities in the past. This classification method relies on the assumption that people or households will share more similarities in the types and styles of their material goods with other members of a social community than they will with outsiders.
1489:
and harassment has arisen from the exchange of information between strangers, especially among teenagers, in virtual communities. Despite attempts to implement anti-bullying policies, Sheri Bauman, professor of counselling at the
University of Arizona, claims the "most effective strategies to prevent
1670:
without interaction , a category of collectivity is likely to remain a conceptual category rather than become a community. It seems likely that some sort of social intimacy, particularly when this takes place at vulnerable times, must occur to serve as a paradigmatic vehicle for the wider sense of
1377:
The usual categorizations of community relations have a number of problems: (1) they tend to give the impression that a particular community can be defined as just this kind or another; (2) they tend to conflate modern and customary community relations; (3) they tend to take sociological categories
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and other organizations that can help in community building. The
Institute focuses on helping communities develop by "mobilizing neighborhood assets" – building from the inside out rather than the outside in. In the disability field, community building was prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s with
1930:
when the source of transmission for a large number of people is not traceable it is called a community transmission. Most types of influenza and bird flu outbreaks in the past were known to have spread through community transmission. The outbreak of H1N1 in 2009, commonly known as swine flu, was
1571:
we define community very broadly as a group or network of persons who are connected (objectively) to each other by relatively durable social relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties and who mutually define that relationship (subjectively) as important to their social identity and
1898:
Community is a very troublesome word then, having a wide range of meanings and connotations but little in the way of specific content. It is particularly useful as a rhetorical device because of its democratic and populist connotations, being associated with 'the people', as distinct from 'the
1212:
Community organizing can focus on more than just resolving specific issues. Organizing often means building a widely accessible power structure, often with the end goal of distributing power equally throughout the community. Community organizers generally seek to build groups that are open and
1132:
argues that the almost accidental sense of community that exists at times of crisis can be consciously built. Peck believes that conscious community building is a process of deliberate design based on the knowledge and application of certain rules. He states that this process goes through four
653:
on a small scale can be difficult to identify with archaeological data. Most reconstructions of social communities by archaeologists rely on the principle that social interaction in the past was conditioned by physical distance. Therefore, a small village settlement likely constituted a social
1204:
Community building that is geared toward citizen action is usually termed "community organizing". In these cases, organized community groups seek accountability from elected officials and increased direct representation within decision-making bodies. Where good-faith negotiations fail, these
706:, a community is an assemblage of populations—potentially of different species—interacting with one another. Community ecology is the branch of ecology that studies interactions between and among species. It considers how such interactions, along with interactions between species and the
905:
A "sense of community index" (SCI) was developed by Chavis and colleagues, and revised and adapted by others. Although originally designed to assess sense of community in neighborhoods, the index has been adapted for use in schools, the workplace, and a variety of types of communities.
1726:
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A simplified example of a community. A community includes many populations and how they interact with each other. This example shows interaction between the zebra and the bush, and between the lion and the zebra, as well as between the bird and the organisms by the water, like the
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or social resource. What differentiates virtual communities from their physical counterparts is the extent and impact of "weak ties", which are the relationships acquaintances or strangers form to acquire information through online networks. Relationships among members in a
766:
The concept of "community" often has a positive semantic connotation, exploited rhetorically by populist politicians and by advertisers to promote feelings and associations of mutual well-being, happiness and togetherness—veering towards an almost-achievable
624:
of social communities use the term "community" in two ways, mirroring usage in other areas. The first meaning is an informal definition of community as a place where people used to live. In this literal sense it is synonymous with the concept of an ancient
909:
Studies conducted by the APPA indicate that young adults who feel a sense of belonging in a community, particularly small communities, develop fewer psychiatric and depressive disorders than those who do not have the feeling of love and belonging.
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If communities are developed based on something they share in common, whether location or values, then one challenge for developing communities is how to incorporate individuality and differences. Rebekah Nathan suggests in her book,
1406:. This involves giving primacy to communities coming together around particular chosen ways of life, such as morally charged or interest-based relations or just living or working in the same location. Hence the following sub-forms:
1064:
at
Syracuse University in New York State offers core courses in community and economic development, and in areas ranging from non-profit development to US budgeting (federal to local, community funds). In the United Kingdom, the
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tradition, the most important period of socialization is between the ages of one and ten. But socialization also includes adults moving into a significantly different environment where they must learn a new set of behaviors.
493:) or in virtual space through communication platforms. Durable good relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of community, important to people's identity, practice, and roles in social
2590:
On the encrypted messaging app
Telegram, however, which is currently serving as a bastion of far-right extremism, the QAnon community is not just thriving, but growing, according to data from the Center for Hate and
1743:
In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.
744:
communities, which rely on other communities (like fungi decomposing a log) and are the building blocks of major communities. Moreover, we can establish other non-taxonomic subdivisions of biocenosis, such as
688:. At the turn of the 21st century the concept of community was rediscovered by academics, politicians, and activists. Politicians hoping for a democratic election started to realign with community interests.
1799:"L. A. Real and J. H. Brown (eds.), Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press (with the Ecological Society of America), 1991. Pp. xiv + 905"
1630:
planning decisions are a form of collective decision making. This is not the same thing as decision making by the local community since that represents only a subset of the broader social collectivity.
1162:
In 1991, Peck remarked that building a sense of community is easy but maintaining this sense of community is difficult in the modern world. An interview with M. Scott Peck by Alan
Atkisson.
2023:
Perkins, D.D., Florin, P., Rich, R.C., Wandersman, A. & Chavis, D.M. (1990). Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context.
1152:: Moves beyond the attempts to fix, heal and convert of the chaos stage, when all people become capable of acknowledging their own woundedness and brokenness, common to human beings.
2540:
86:
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Smith, Peter K.; Mahdavi, Jess; Carvalho, Manuel; Fisher, Sonja; Russell, Shanette; Tippett, Neil (2008). "Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils".
2241:
2001:, East Lansing: Michigan State U.P. Loomis includes as an Introduction, representing Tönnies' "most recent thinking", his 1931 article "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" in
2027:, 18, 83–115. Chipuer, H.M., & Pretty, G.M.H. (1999). A review of the Sense of Community Index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development.
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such as ethnicity or race as given, forgetting that different ethnically defined persons live in different kinds of communities—grounded, interest-based, diasporic, etc.
1427:. This is where a community is self-consciously treated as an entity to be projected and re-created. It can be projected as through thin advertising slogan, for example
1482:
and The
American Life Project in 2001 found those involved in entertainment, professional, and sports virtual-groups focused their activities on obtaining information.
1017:(NGOs), universities or government agencies to progress the social well-being of local, regional and, sometimes, national communities. More grassroots efforts, called
979:, and government. The degree to which the norms of a particular society or community are adopted determines one's willingness to engage with others. The norms of
1447:
In these terms, communities can be nested and/or intersecting; one community can contain another—for example a location-based community may contain a number of
509:, or humanity at large. Although communities are usually small relative to personal social ties, "community" may also refer to large-group affiliations such as
1028:
Formal accredited programs conducted by universities, as part of degree granting institutions, are often used to build a knowledge base to drive curricula in
529:
2631:
Chipuer, H.M., & Pretty, G.M.H. (1999). A review of the Sense of
Community Index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development.
1605:
Rydin, Yvonne (1 October 1999). "Public participation in planning: Public participation and collective decision making". In
Cullingworth, J. Barry (ed.).
1225:, we are drawn to developing communities totally based on sameness, despite stated commitments to diversity, such as those found on university websites.
2670:
2031:, 27(6), 643–658. Long, D.A., & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI.
1913:
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community-life as interest-based, including sporting, leisure-based and business communities which come together for regular moments of engagement.
1061:
1357:: a mix of all three previous types, these are highly cohesive residential communities with a common social or spiritual purpose, ranging from
681:
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that maps community relations, and recognizes that actual communities can be characterized by different kinds of relations at the same time:
2458:
Wellman, B., & Gulia, M. (1999a). The network basis of social support: A network is more than the sum of its ties. In B. Wellman (Ed.),
670:
Early sociological studies identified communities as fringe groups at the behest of local power elites. Such early academic studies include
1435:
based on professional projects, associative communities which seek to enhance and support individual creativity, autonomy and mutuality. A
1140:: When people first come together, they try to be "nice" and present what they feel are their most personable and friendly characteristics.
2706:
Long, D.A., & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Confirmatory Factor
Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI.
2432:
Ridings, Catherine M., Gefen, David (2017). The kindness of strangers: The usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice.
2371:
Tropman John E., Erlich, John L. and
Rothman, Jack (2006), "Tactics and Techniques of Community Intervention" (Wadsworth Publishing)
2624:
Chavis, D.M., Hogge, J.H., McMillan, D.W., & Wandersman, A. 1986. "Sense of community through Brunswick's lens: A first look."
2151:
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1879:. Welfare and society : studies in welfare policy, practice and theory (reprint ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 21.
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community-life as proximately-related, where neighbourhood or commonality of association forms a community of convenience, or a
1174:
building, and "institution-based community organizing", (also called "broad-based community organizing", an example of which is
710:
environment, affect social structure and species richness, diversity and patterns of abundance. Species interact in three ways:
1396:. This involves enduring attachment to particular places and particular people. It is the dominant form taken by customary and
2380:
Ridings, Catherine M., Gefen, David (2017). From the couch to the keyboard: Psychotherapy in cyberspace. In S. Kiesler (Ed.),
405:
2419:
Ridings, Catherine M., Gefen, David (2017). Atheism, sex and databases: The Net as a social technology. In S. Kiesler (Ed.),
2127:
1957:
1736:
1237:
Participants in Diana Leafe Christian's "Heart of a Healthy Community" seminar circle during an afternoon session at O.U.R.
2384:(pp. 71–102). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, cited in Binik, Y. M., Cantor, J., Ochs, E., & Meana, M. (1997).
2263:
Building Powerful Community Organizations: A Personal Guide To Creating Groups That Can Solve Problems and Change the World
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2102:
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432:
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1884:
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are a number of programs and organizations with community development tools. One example of this is the program of the
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Etienne Wenger, Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
1781:
1656:
1616:
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constituency-led organizations seek to pressure the decision-makers through a variety of means, including picketing,
1085:
2737:"Platforms, communities and business ecosystems: Lessons learned about entrepreneurship in an interconnected world"
1986:, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. Loomis appeared in 1940 as
1294:
1045:
2189:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Center on Human Policy, Research and Training Center on Community Integration.
1146:: People move beyond the inauthenticity of pseudo-community and feel safe enough to present their "shadow" selves.
1728:
City Competitiveness and Improving Urban Subsystems: Technologies and Applications: Technologies and Applications
984:
383:
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or community planning, and may involve stakeholders, foundations, governments, or contracted entities including
2825:
2329:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In – Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
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Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In – Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
394:
356:
351:
188:
2406:
Ridings, Catherine M., Gefen, David (2017). A slice of life in my virtual community. In L. M. Harasim (Ed.),
802:
2138:
1092:. The institute makes available downloadable tools to assess community assets and make connections between
1014:
399:
142:
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edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 263–279. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
389:
17:
1842:. Reprints of economic classes (reprint ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 39.
1244:
A number of ways to categorize types of community have been proposed. One such breakdown is as follows:
1971:
There is, as I have said, a law enforcement community but not a criminal community. Why should that be?
862:
stress indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions.
341:
35:
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community and spatial subdivisions of cities and other large settlements may have formed communities.
1690:
1510:
1214:
474:
278:
1758:. Routledge, New York. Hegmon, Michelle (2002) Concepts of Community in Archaeological Research. In
2423:(pp. 35–51). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, cited in Sproull, L., & Faraj, S. (1997).
2393:
Ridings, Catherine M., Gefen, David (2017). Asynchronous learning networks as a virtual classroom.
1335:
2727:– philosophical questioning of the concept of community and the possibility of encountering a non-
2275:
1952:. Volume 4 of The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 103.
967:
Socialization is influenced primarily by the family, through which children first learn community
2349:
Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea (pdf download)
1861:
In Britain, by far the more fashionable concern is that for advertising's value to the community.
1695:
1432:
1093:
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514:
425:
162:
127:
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Discovering Community Power: A Guide to Mobilizing Local Assets and Your Organization's Capacity
726:
Competition typically results in a double negative—that is both species lose in the interaction.
1057:
782:" can have negative implications, and instead of a "criminal community" one often speaks of a "
779:
323:
2014:
McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. 1986. "Sense of community: A definition and theory," p. 16.
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influence: mattering, making a difference to a group and of the group mattering to its members
2684:
2343:
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1711:
1585:
1560:
1525:
1382:
1353:
1175:
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1029:
1004:
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In a seminal 1986 study, McMillan and Chavis identify four elements of "sense of community":
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communities, which are self-sustaining and self-regulating (such as a forest or a lake), and
332:
218:
208:
132:
54:
31:
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community-life as morally bounded, a form taken by many traditional faith-based communities.
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1535:
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with a focus on the general health of the community rather than a specific interest group.
1190:
1066:
1022:
943:. The most fertile time of socialization is usually the early stages of life, during which
377:
361:
193:
183:
117:
41:
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A Neighborhood Politics of Last Resort: Post-Katrina New Orleans and the Right to the City
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Community building can use a wide variety of practices, ranging from simple events (e.g.,
814:
8:
1540:
1479:
1431:, or can take the form of ongoing associations of people who seek political integration,
1370:
783:
719:
697:
198:
1651:. European Association of Social Anthropologists. London: Psychology Press. p. 98.
2820:
2785:
2765:
2070:
1448:
1440:
1416:
1397:
1018:
1010:
956:
898:
871:
853:
650:
606:
477:. Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a
418:
346:
273:
268:
258:
243:
238:
223:
213:
203:
112:
69:
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San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1986. "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center."
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enterprises, or professional associations at a small, national or international scale.
1158:: Deep respect and true listening for the needs of the other people in this community.
453:(a group of living things) with a shared socially-significant characteristic, such as
2689:
2574:
2541:"Instagram, Facebook and Twitter struggle to contain the epidemic in online bullying"
2521:
2513:
2509:
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Online communities: Networks that nurture long-distance relationships and local ties.
2202:. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Center of Urban Affairs and Policy Research.
2123:
1953:
1880:
1843:
1818:
1777:
1732:
1652:
1645:(2002). "Community beyond place: Adoptive families in Norway". In Amit, Vered (ed.).
1612:
1520:
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988:
768:
518:
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288:
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107:
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1451:. Both lists above can be used in a cross-cutting matrix in relation to each other.
49:
2748:
2505:
1914:"What is community transmission — how one can contract COVID-19 without travelling"
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tend to focus on information exchange about specific topics. A survey conducted by
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procession commemorating 17 Protestant martyrs burnt at the stake from 1555 to 1557
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626:
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Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea
649:: a community is a group of people living near one another who interact socially.
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2483:
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1947:
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Seeking the Center: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region,
1646:
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746:
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549:
147:
102:
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752:
2800:
2720:
2436:, 7 (2), 119–135, cited in Constant, D., Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1996).
2099:
1798:
1530:
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membership: feeling of belonging or of sharing a sense of personal relatedness,
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as a way to think about social ties. No group is exclusively one or the other.
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318:
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253:
167:
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1814:
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308:
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The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology.
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1642:
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projects that involve local participants rather than outside contractors).
1198:
928:
775:
525:
298:
263:
2410:(pp. 57–80). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, cited in Rheingold, H. (1993a).
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in common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of
1684:
1060:
are examples of national community development in the United States. The
711:
677:
655:
621:
494:
122:
2659:. Translated by S.A. Solovay and J.H. Mueller. New York: The Free Press.
1073:
used worldwide by sociologists and community development practitioners.
732:
Mutualism sees both species co-operating in some way, with both winning.
532:. In developmental views, a community can emerge out of a collectivity.
2567:"The QAnon Community Is in Crisis — But On Telegram, It's Also Growing"
2150:
ABCD Institute, in cooperation with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. 2006.
1366:
1313:
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1167:
980:
972:
944:
594:
565:
540:
502:
58:
1271:, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These are also called
1494:
1400:. In these kinds of communities, the land is fundamental to identity.
1358:
1346:
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1171:
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976:
843:
715:
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283:
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activity, potentially forming strong and tight-knit groups such as
1386:
1339:
1194:
1166:#29, p. 26. The three basic types of community organizing are
1118:
1114:
936:
893:
462:
2498:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
2238:"Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory — Dr. David McMillan"
1648:
Realizing Community: Concepts, Social Relationships and Sentiments
729:
Predation involves a win/lose situation, with one species winning.
2566:
2397:, 40 (9), 44–49, cited in Hiltz, S. R., & Wellman, B. (1997).
1988:
Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft)
1260:
1206:
1186:
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has led in providing extensive research in the field through its
952:
856:, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions.
707:
703:
685:
634:
506:
482:
478:
2460:
Networks in the global village: Life in contemporary communities
2276:"Power to the People: Thirty-five Years of Community Organizing"
1493:
Virtual Internet-mediated communities can interact with offline
897:
To what extent do participants in joint activities experience a
2608:
Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities.
2301:"Rules for Radicals: A Practical Primer for Realistic Radicals"
1436:
1362:
1327:
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democratic in governance. Such groups facilitate and encourage
586:
543:
510:
498:
466:
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Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community.
645:. The second meaning resembles the usage of the term in other
1498:
578:
561:
2120:
With Head, Heart and Hand: Dimensions of Community Building
1268:
1264:
948:
642:
638:
602:
486:
2495:
2408:
Global networks: Computers and international communication
2664:
Strategies of Community Organization: A Book of Readings.
2346:; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012).
1949:
The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law: Harmless wrongdoing
1563:; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012).
2807:. Last updated: January 28, 2005. Retrieved: 2006-07-15.
2691:
Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
2342:
1992:
Community and Association (Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft
1559:
2763:
Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life,
1997:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; and in 1957 as
1608:
British Planning: 50 Years of Urban and Regional Policy
2662:
Cox, F., J. Erlich, J. Rothman, and J. Tropman. 1970.
2289:, Summer 1994, pp. 52–55. Retrieved on: June 22, 2008.
1754:
Canuto, Marcello A. and Jason Yaeger (editors) (2000)
611:
1326:: range from communities organized informally around
1304:
community cultures of today. They may be included as
995:
put it, in an individual's involvement in community.
528:
categories, a community can seem like a sub-set of a
2447:
Tune in, log on: Soaps, fandom and online community.
2313:
Gerhard Delanty, Community, Routledge, London, 2003.
1569:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 14.
1100:
886:
reinforcement: integration and fulfillment of needs,
2701:
Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.
2471:Horrigan, J. B., Rainie, L., & Fox, S. (2001).
1682:
829:("society" or "association"). Tönnies proposed the
2688:
1683:
959:. For some psychologists, especially those in the
1209:, sit-ins, petitioning, and electoral politics.
736:The two main types of ecological communities are
2812:
2187:Going for it": Life at the Gig Harbor Group Home
1062:Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs
794:
947:develop the skills and knowledge and learn the
2216:The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace
1803:The British Journal for the History of Science
1776:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
1771:
1334:-based guilds and associations to more formal
1126:The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace
971:. Other important influences include schools,
2766:Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"
2071:Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"
2063:
2046:"Sense of community: A definition and theory"
426:
2676:Giddens, A. 1999. "Risk and Responsibility"
1876:Social Justice and the Politics of Community
1439:is one of the largest forms of projected or
1281:: range from the local clique, sub-culture,
857:
847:
838:
831:
824:
818:
808:
554:
2477:http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/Report1.pdf
1990:, New York: American Book Co.; in 1955 as
1009:Community development is often linked with
2538:
2462:(pp. 83–118). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
2268:
1872:
1611:. London: The Athlone Press. p. 196.
817:described two types of human association:
433:
419:
2752:
2092:
569:"community", "public spirit" (from Latin
2775:Pine Forge Press. Retrieved: 2006-08-05.
2610:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2025:American Journal of Community Psychology
1942:
1796:
1232:
1104:
998:
991:are important "habits of the heart", as
923:
892:
823:(usually translated as "community") and
751:
48:
40:
2741:Technology Innovation Management Review
2715:Community in Modern Scottish Literature
2671:The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations
2647:The Symbolic Construction of Community.
2564:
2352:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1454:
1180:Congregation-based Community Organizing
14:
2813:
2734:
2615:Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity.
2449:Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
1835:
1641:
1490:bullying" may cost companies revenue.
1193:) to larger-scale efforts (e.g., mass
1076:At the intersection between community
2683:
2322:
1724:
1604:
1584:
1228:
1097:roots in John McKnight's approaches.
935:The process of learning to adopt the
865:
2666:Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers.
1911:
1712:participating institution membership
1385:and his colleagues have developed a
939:patterns of the community is called
27:Social unit which shares commonality
2642:4 volumes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2539:Wellemeyer, James (July 17, 2019).
2298:
1469:value knowledge and information as
951:necessary to function within their
786:" or of the "criminal fraternity".
612:Perspectives of various disciplines
61:, England, for the summer solstice.
24:
2805:Encyclopedia of informal education
2717:. Brill | Rodopi: Leiden | Boston.
1324:Organizationally-based Communities
539:word "community" derives from the
84:
25:
2837:
2565:Dickson, E.J. (22 January 2021).
1101:Community building and organizing
1086:Asset Based Community Development
2657:The Rules of Sociological Method
2638:Christensen, K., et al. (2003).
2510:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
2475:Retrieved October 17, 2003 from
1797:Nicolson, Malcolm (March 1993).
1176:faith-based community organizing
1046:National Opinion Research Center
975:groups, people, mass media, the
913:
2794:Journal of Community Psychology
2708:Journal of Community Psychology
2633:Journal of Community Psychology
2626:Journal of Community Psychology
2558:
2532:
2489:
2465:
2452:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2336:
2316:
2307:
2292:
2261:Jacoby Brown, Michael, (2006),
2255:
2244:from the original on 2022-12-29
2230:
2221:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2159:
2144:
2132:
2112:
2083:
2052:from the original on 2022-09-07
2038:
2033:Journal of Community Psychology
2029:Journal of Community Psychology
2017:
2008:
1976:
1936:
1904:
1866:
1836:Wilson, Alexander, ed. (1968).
1829:
1381:In response to these problems,
789:
2782:New York: Simon & Schuster
1912:Basu, Mohana (13 March 2020).
1873:Everingham, Christine (2003).
1790:
1765:
1756:The Archaeology of Communities
1748:
1718:
1676:
1635:
1598:
1577:
1553:
1404:Life-style community relations
1071:Community Development Journal,
658:typically use similarities in
616:
395:Category:Community development
357:Community development planning
352:Community economic development
189:Collectivism and individualism
13:
1:
2600:
2185:Lutfiyya, Z.M (1988, March).
2139:Community Development Journal
2003:Handwörterbuch der Soziologie
1984:Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft
1839:Advertising and the Community
1425:Projected community relations
810:Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft
803:Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
796:Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
2695:. London: Sage Publications.
2332:. London: Sage Publications.
1594:. London: Sage Publications.
1394:Grounded community relations
1015:non-government organisations
889:shared emotional connection.
761:
665:
406:Join the Community community
400:Category:Localism (politics)
143:Philosophy of social science
7:
2703:New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
1982:Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887).
1504:
813:(1887), German sociologist
390:Category:Community building
10:
2842:
2713:Lyall, Scott, ed. (2016).
2640:Encyclopedia of Community.
1458:
1279:Identity-based Communities
1249:Location-based Communities
1002:
917:
869:
800:
695:
691:
342:Community-based management
36:Community (disambiguation)
29:
2395:Communications of the ACM
2200:Beyond Community Services
2141:, Oxford University Press
1920:. Printline Media Pvt Ltd
1815:10.1017/s0007087400030673
1691:Oxford English Dictionary
1511:Circles of Sustainability
1336:incorporated associations
1215:consensus decision-making
680:as well as the papers by
515:international communities
279:Small-group communication
2621:Cambridge: Polity Press.
2227:Peck (1987), pp. 86–106.
1546:
560:), which comes from the
2735:Muegge, Steven (2013).
2725:La Communauté désœuvrée
2673:Mesa Community College.
2421:Culture of the Internet
2382:Culture of the Internet
2089:Newman, D. 2005, p. 41.
1772:Stephen Danley (2018).
1696:Oxford University Press
1433:communities of practice
1354:Intentional Communities
1251:: range from the local
1090:Northwestern University
544:
163:Sociocultural evolution
128:Computational sociology
30:For the TV series, see
2754:10.22215/timreview/655
2619:What is globalization?
2573:. Rolling Stone, LLC.
2165:ABCD Institute. 2006.
1704:10.1093/OED/1005093760
1241:
1121:
1058:Harvard Kennedy School
932:
902:
858:
848:
839:
832:
825:
819:
809:
780:community transmission
758:
622:Archaeological studies
555:
324:Solidarity (sociology)
89:
62:
46:
34:. For other uses, see
2826:Types of organization
2606:Barzilai, Gad. 2003.
2198:McKnight, J. (1989).
2005:(Stuttgart, Enke V.).
1999:Community and Society
1526:Community wind energy
1236:
1108:
1050:University of Chicago
1042:General Social Survey
1030:public administration
1005:Community development
999:Community development
927:
896:
755:
581:communities may have
384:WikiProject Community
333:Community development
219:Community of practice
209:Community of interest
133:Cultural anthropology
88:
55:community of interest
52:
44:
32:Community (TV series)
2649:Routledge: New York.
2617:London: Sage: 2000.
2445:Baym, N. K. (2000).
2434:Organization Science
2274:Walls, David (1994)
1725:Melih, Bulu (2011).
1536:Outline of community
1455:Internet communities
1371:housing cooperatives
1273:communities of place
1113:"Collateral Damage"
1067:University of Oxford
1023:community organizing
511:national communities
362:Community organizing
194:Community engagement
184:Affinity (sociology)
118:Community psychology
2778:Putnam, R.D. 2000.
2645:Cohen, A. P. 1985.
1694:(Online ed.).
1541:Knowledge community
1467:virtual communities
1306:communities of need
929:Lewes Bonfire Night
854:social interactions
784:criminal underworld
698:Community (ecology)
530:social collectivity
519:virtual communities
199:Community education
2799:Smith, M.K. 2001.
2771:2012-01-06 at the
2747:(February): 5–15.
2669:Effland, R. 1998.
2482:2009-02-19 at the
2281:2010-11-15 at the
2172:2000-08-19 at the
2122:(Boolarong Press)
2105:2012-10-29 at the
2076:2012-01-06 at the
1671:shared experience.
1449:ethnic communities
1441:imagined community
1417:community of place
1398:tribal communities
1242:
1229:Types of community
1122:
1019:community building
957:social environment
933:
903:
899:sense of community
872:Sense of community
866:Sense of community
759:
651:Social interaction
347:Community building
274:Sense of community
269:Prosocial behavior
259:Imagined community
244:Group cohesiveness
239:Community politics
224:Community of place
214:Community practice
204:Community cohesion
113:Community practice
90:
63:
47:
45:Community townhall
2761:Newman, D. 2005.
2699:Lenski, G. 1974.
2678:Modern Law Review
2635:, 27(6), 643–658.
2299:Alinsky, Saul D.
2265:(Long Haul Press)
2128:978-0-86439-076-9
2069:Newman, D. 2005.
1959:978-0-19-504253-5
1738:978-1-61350-175-7
1710:(Subscription or
1521:Community theatre
1476:virtual community
1461:Virtual community
1094:non-profit groups
1038:community studies
815:Ferdinand Tönnies
774:In contrast, the
769:utopian community
443:
442:
289:Social alienation
249:Group (sociology)
229:Community service
158:Social philosophy
108:Community studies
16:(Redirected from
2833:
2758:
2756:
2696:
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2594:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2562:
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2157:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2118:Kelly, Anthony,
2116:
2110:
2098:Smith, M. 2001.
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2042:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
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1908:
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1901:
1895:
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1639:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:social practice.
1557:
1516:Communitarianism
1314:disabled persons
1223:My Freshman Year
861:
852:stress personal
851:
842:
835:
828:
822:
812:
660:material culture
558:
547:
537:English-language
435:
428:
421:
314:Social rejection
304:Social exclusion
234:Communitarianism
153:Social geography
138:Internet studies
95:Academic studies
87:
65:
64:
21:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2811:
2810:
2773:Wayback Machine
2721:Nancy, Jean-Luc
2653:Durkheim, Émile
2628:, 14(1), 24–40.
2613:Beck, U. 1992.
2603:
2598:
2597:
2583:
2581:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2533:
2494:
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2484:Wayback Machine
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2283:Wayback Machine
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2226:
2222:
2210:
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2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2174:Wayback Machine
2167:Welcome to ABCD
2164:
2160:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2107:Wayback Machine
2097:
2093:
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2078:Wayback Machine
2068:
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1981:
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1962:
1960:
1941:
1937:
1923:
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1891:
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1887:
1871:
1867:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1749:
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1723:
1719:
1709:
1681:
1677:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1582:
1578:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1507:
1485:An epidemic of
1463:
1457:
1429:gated community
1343:decision-making
1231:
1138:Pseudocommunity
1103:
1054:Saguaro Seminar
1007:
1001:
922:
916:
874:
868:
805:
799:
792:
776:epidemiological
764:
700:
694:
668:
647:social sciences
619:
614:
439:
148:Rural sociology
103:Social sciences
85:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2796:, 14, 405–407.
2783:
2776:
2759:
2732:
2718:
2711:
2710:, 31, 279–296.
2704:
2697:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2557:
2531:
2504:(4): 376–385.
2488:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2335:
2315:
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2191:
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2158:
2143:
2131:
2111:
2091:
2082:
2062:
2037:
2035:, 31, 279–296.
2016:
2007:
1975:
1958:
1944:Feinberg, Joel
1935:
1903:
1886:978-0754633983
1885:
1865:
1849:978-0719003363
1848:
1828:
1809:(1): 129–130.
1789:
1782:
1764:
1747:
1737:
1731:. IGI Global.
1717:
1675:
1657:
1634:
1617:
1597:
1576:
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1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Engaged theory
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1459:Main article:
1456:
1453:
1445:
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1422:
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1410:
1401:
1375:
1374:
1350:
1321:
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1230:
1227:
1160:
1159:
1156:True community
1153:
1147:
1141:
1111:affinity group
1102:
1099:
1080:and community
1011:community work
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
993:de Tocqueville
918:Main article:
915:
912:
891:
890:
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884:
881:
870:Main article:
867:
864:
801:Main article:
798:
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791:
788:
763:
760:
734:
733:
730:
727:
696:Main article:
693:
690:
667:
664:
656:Archaeologists
618:
615:
613:
610:
505:, TV network,
501:, home, work,
441:
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294:Social capital
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168:Urban planning
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2806:
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2787:
2786:Sarason, S.B.
2784:
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2774:
2770:
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2760:
2755:
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2731:concept of it
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2572:
2571:Rolling Stone
2568:
2561:
2550:September 30,
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2239:
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2212:M. Scott Peck
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1989:
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1979:
1972:
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1951:
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1783:9780773555891
1779:
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1658:9780415229074
1654:
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1643:Howell, Signe
1638:
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1618:9780485006049
1614:
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1480:Pew Internet
1465:In general,
1464:
1446:
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1403:
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1352:
1345:structures,
1323:
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1298:civilisation
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840:Gesellschaft
833:Gemeinschaft
830:
826:Gesellschaft
820:Gemeinschaft
806:
795:
790:Key concepts
773:
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737:
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682:Floyd Hunter
673:Who Governs?
671:
669:
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526:sociological
524:In terms of
523:
495:institutions
491:neighborhood
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299:Social death
264:Organization
176:Key concepts
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2685:James, Paul
2584:18 February
2545:MarketWatch
2344:James, Paul
2324:James, Paul
1685:"community"
1664:6 September
1624:6 September
1586:James, Paul
1561:James, Paul
1367:ecovillages
1359:monasteries
1295:pluralistic
1078:development
985:reciprocity
945:individuals
712:competition
678:Robert Dahl
629:—whether a
617:Archaeology
595:preferences
461:, culture,
451:social unit
123:Social work
57:gathers at
18:Communities
2815:Categories
2729:subjective
2601:References
2591:Extremism.
2248:2022-12-29
2214:, (1987).
2056:2022-12-29
1714:required.)
1583:See also:
1383:Paul James
1365:to modern
1318:frail aged
1312:, such as
1239:Ecovillage
1207:boycotting
1191:book clubs
1168:grassroots
1164:In Context
1130:Scott Peck
1115:protesting
627:settlement
566:communitas
556:communauté
541:Old French
503:government
59:Stonehenge
2821:Community
2801:Community
2579:0035-791X
2518:1469-7610
2100:Community
1823:0007-0874
1495:real-life
1340:political
1300:, or the
1287:religious
1195:festivals
1172:coalition
1150:Emptiness
1044:from the
1034:sociology
981:tolerance
977:workplace
844:dichotomy
762:Semantics
720:mutualism
716:predation
666:Sociology
591:resources
457:, set of
447:community
284:Sobornost
78:Community
2769:Archived
2687:(1996).
2655:. 1950
2526:18363945
2480:Archived
2326:(2006).
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2242:Archived
2170:Archived
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2074:Archived
2050:Archived
1946:(1988).
1918:ThePrint
1588:(2006).
1505:See also
1487:bullying
1471:currency
1387:taxonomy
1347:economic
1310:identity
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1187:potlucks
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1119:Iraq War
1082:building
1052:and the
937:behavior
572:communis
545:comuneté
497:such as
475:identity
463:religion
370:See also
70:a series
68:Part of
2303:. 1971.
2285:. From
1363:ashrams
1332:network
1320:people.
1261:village
1128:(1987)
1056:at the
1048:at the
953:culture
708:abiotic
704:ecology
692:Ecology
686:Atlanta
635:village
507:society
483:village
479:country
471:customs
378:Outline
2788:1974.
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1965:6 June
1956:
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757:worms.
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587:belief
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467:values
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1547:Notes
1499:QAnon
1316:, or
1178:, or
1144:Chaos
989:trust
969:norms
949:roles
742:minor
738:major
641:, or
603:risks
599:needs
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562:Latin
489:, or
473:, or
459:norms
455:place
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2575:ISSN
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