Suicide attack - Knowledge

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its seats in parliament (from 19 to 38), while the rival pro-negotiation center-left Labor party lost seven seats (dropping from 26 to 19 seats). Not only did Palestinian terrorism boost the electoral appeal of the political right in Israel, it also helped to bring about a rightward shift in the political positions of the Israeli public. In general, more Israelis identified themselves as right-wing and fewer as left-wing. ... Palestinian terrorism ... had a major impact on their attitudes towards the use of force against Palestinians. Israeli Jews became much more militant and 'hawkish.' ... Angry and embittered by the seemingly endless series of gruesome Palestinian suicide bombings inside Israel, the vast majority of the Israeli public staunchly supported the Sharon government's offensive military measures against the Palestinians. In 2001, for instance, 89 percent of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel

17903: 5824:"cast doubt on the widely held belief that terrorism stems from poverty, finding instead that terrorist violence (not just suicide terrorism) is "related to a nation's level of political freedom", with countries "in some intermediate range of political freedom" more prone to terrorism than countries with "high levels" of political freedom or countries with "highly authoritarian regimes". "When governments are weak, political instability is elevated, so conditions are favorable for the appearance of terrorism". A 2020 study found that while well-educated and economically well-off individuals are more likely to be behind suicide terrorism, it is not because these individuals self-select into suicide terrorism, but rather because terrorist groups are more likely to select high-quality individuals to commit suicide terrorist attacks. 4535: 5978: 7853:

Masjad al-Jihad soccer team, staged a suicide bombing at commercial center in Dimona, Israel. Herbawi had previously been arrested as a 17-year-old on 15 March 2003 shortly after a suicide bombing on Haifa bus (by Mamoud al-Qawasmeh on March 5, 2003) and coordinated suicide shooting attacks on Israeli settlements by others on the team (March 7, 2003, Muhsein, Hazem al-Qawasmeh, Fadi Fahuri, Sufian Hariz) and before another set of suicide bombings by team members in Hebron and Jerusalem on May 17–18, 2003 (Fuad al-Qawasmeh, Basem Takruri, Mujahed al-Ja'abri). Although Hamas claimed responsibility for the Dimona attack, the politburo leadership in Damascus and Beirut was clearly initially unaware of who initiated and carried out the attack. It appears that Ahmad al-Ja'abri, military commander of Hamas's

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Whether women's motivations for becoming suicide bombers generally differ from men's remains a pertinent question. Bloom has suggested some salient reasons for women to turn to suicide bombings, such as "to avenge a personal loss, to redeem the family name, to escape a life of sheltered monotony and achieve fame, or to equalize the patriarchal societies in which they live." Some earlier literature suggested that women tend to be motivated by personal trauma rather than by ideological reasons. Other researchers disagree with this assessment and state that it reduces the political agency of women, seeing as they are just as capable of making a choice based on ideology. Women's as well as men's usual motivations for becoming suicide bombers should be assumed to be nuanced and complex.

8825:... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization, ... a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target. ... the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." 7739:

traditional attitudes of honor and feminine harmlessness and vulnerability among target populations to insert attackers were they can cause a maximum of death and destruction. Bombs have been disguised as a pregnant belly, avoiding invasive searches, seen as taboo. By stumbling or calling out in distress more victims may be drawn to the explosion. These women have proven to be more deadly with higher completion rates with more casualties and deaths than their male counterparts. The woman bomber carriers are not permitted to hold and control the detonator, which are still held by the men in charge. Until recently, attacks of women bombers were considered more newsworthy because of the "unladylike" behavior of their perpetrator.

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could be set long enough to give the team a chance to escape. Bently claimed "We all knew it was a one-way mission, a suicide mission." "You set your timer, and it would click when it went off, or it went ding or I forget what, but you knew you were toast. Ding! Your toast is ready, and it's you." He also commented, "The Army is not going to set a bomb like that and run away and leave it, because they don't know if someone else would get ahold of it. They have to leave troops there to make sure it's not stolen or compromised, and that would just be collateral damage. You didn't go out with the thought that it was anything other than a one-way mission. If you're Bruce Willis, you get away, but I ain't Bruce Willis."

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be remembered as martyrs dying for their communities". By imbuing suicide bombing/attacks with "reverence and heroism", it becomes more attractive to recruits. According to Yoram Schweitzer, modern suicide terrorism is "aimed at causing devastating physical damage, through which it inflicts profound fear and anxiety". Its goal is not to produce a negative psychological effect only on the victims of the actual attack, but on the entire target population. Attackers themselves have often framed suicide attacks as acts of courageous self-sacrifice in made necessary by the superior military or security strength of the enemy. The technique has also been called "the atomic weapon of the weak". According to Sheikh

4200:(Islamic Scholars) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese. The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school. During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November. In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again. 6075: 5937:

they hold them responsible for all bad things that have happened to them or in the world, or simply just because they want to escape misery and poverty. Based on biographies of more than seven hundred foreign fighters uncovered at an Iraqi insurgent camp, researchers believe that the motivation for suicide missions (at least in Iraq) was not "the global jihadi ideology", but "an explosive mix of desperation, pride, anger, sense of powerlessness, local tradition of resistance and religious fervor". A study by German scholar Arata Takeda analyzes analogous behavior represented in literary texts from the antiquity through the 20th century (

3758:, which combined mass civilian targets with political leadership. While only a few suicide attacks occurred between 1945 and 1980, between 1981 and September 2015, a total of 4,814 suicide attacks were carried out in over 40 countries, resulting in over 45,000 deaths. The global frequency of these attacks increased from an average of three per year in the 1980s to roughly one per month in the 1990s, almost one per week from 2001 to 2003, and roughly one per day from 2003 to 2015. In 2019, there were 149 suicide bombings in 24 countries, carried out by 236 individuals. These attacks resulted in 1,850 deaths and 3,660 injuries. 7542: 6047:

scholars have criticized Pape's research design, arguing that it cannot draw any conclusions on the causes of suicide terrorism. Atran argues that suicide bombing has moved on from the days of Pape's study, that non-Islamic groups have carried out very few bombings since 2003, while bombing by Muslim or Islamist groups associated with a "global ideology" of "martyrdom" has skyrocketed. In one year, in one Muslim country alone – 2004 in Iraq – there were 400 suicide attacks and 2,000 casualties. Other researchers ask why prominent anti-occupation secular terrorist groups—such as the

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need for remote or delayed detonation, escape plans or rescue teams. Robert Pape observes: "Suicide attacks are an especially convincing way to signal the likelihood of more pain to come, because if you are willing to kill yourself you are also willing to endure brutal retaliation. "... The element of suicide itself helps increase the credibility of future attacks because it suggests that attackers cannot be deterred." Other scholars have criticized Pape's research design, arguing that it cannot draw any conclusions on the efficacy of suicide terrorism.

4006:, has argued in favor of the term "homicide bomber", arguing that studies show that there is little in common between people who blow themselves up intending to kill as many people as possible in the process and actual suicide victims. Fox News producer Dennis Murray argued that a suicidal act should be reserved for a person who does something to kill themselves only. CNN producer Christa Robinson argued that the term "homicide bomber" was not specific enough, stating that "A homicide bomber could refer to someone planting a bomb in a trash can." 5428: 3871: 5564: 6093:, Pape reported that a fine-grained analysis of the time and location of attacks strongly support his conclusion that "foreign military occupation accounts for 98.5%—and the deployment of American combat forces for 92%—of all the 1,833 suicide terrorist attacks around the world" between 2004 and 2009 Pape wrote that "the success attributed to the surge in 2007 and 2008 was actually less the result of an increase in coalition forces and more to a change of strategy in Baghdad and the empowerment of the Sunnis in Anbar." 7825:(clan); several were classmates in the neighborhood's local branch of the Palestinian Polytechnic College. Their ages ranged from 18 to 22. At least eight team members were dispatched to suicide shooting and bombing operations by the Hamas military leader in Hebron, Abdullah al-Qawasmeh (killed by Israeli forces in June 2003 and succeeded by his relatives Basel al-Qawasmeh, killed in September 2003, and Imad al-Qawasmeh, captured on October 13, 2004). In retaliation for the assassinations of Hamas leaders Sheikh 6071:, support for suicide actions is triggered by moral outrage at perceived attacks against Islam and sacred values, but this is converted to action as a result of small-world factors (such as being part of a football club with other jihadis). Millions express sympathy with global jihad (according to a 2006 Gallup study involving more than 50,000 interviews in dozens of countries, seven percent or at least 90 million of the world's 1.3 billion Muslims consider the 9/11 attacks "completely justified"). 6539:

According to a report compiled by the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, 224 of 300 suicide terror attacks from 1980 to 2003 involved Islamist groups or took place in Muslim-majority lands. Another tabulation found more than a fourfold increase in suicide bombings in the two years following Papes study and that the overwhelming majority of these bombers were motivated by the ideology of Islamist martyrdom. (For example, as of early 2008, 1121 Muslim suicide bombers have blown themselves up in

7962: 4396:. The martyrs in the Dare to Die Corps who died in battle wrote letters to family members before heading off to certain death. The Huanghuakang was built as a monument to the 72 martyrs. The deaths of the revolutionaries helped the establishment of the Republic of China, overthrowing the Qing dynasty imperial system. Other Dare to Die student corps in the Xinhai revolution were led by students who later became major military leaders in Republic of China, like 8609:, p. 127: " During 2000–2004, there were 472 suicide attacks in 22 countries, killing more than 7,000 and wounding tens of thousands. Most have been carried out by Islamist groups claiming religious motivation, also known as jihadis. Rand Corp. vice president and terrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has found that 80 percent of suicide attacks since 1968 occurred after the September 11 attacks, with jihadis representing 31 of the 35 responsible groups." 9985: 5678:, the former leader of Hamas, "Once we have warplanes and missiles, then we can think of changing our means of legitimate self-defense. But right now, we can only tackle the fire with our bare hands and sacrifice ourselves." While this arguably explains the motivation of many early suicide bombings in the 1980s and 90s, it cannot explain many later attacks, such as those on funeral processions of the minority Shia in Pakistan. 7732:

assassinating a specific individual, compared with 4% of male attackers." The report further stated that female suicide bombers often were "grieving the loss of family members seeking revenge against those they feel are responsible for the loss, unable to produce children, dishonored through sexual indiscretion." Male suicide bombers are presented as being motivated more by political factors than female suicide bombers are.

6687:... a clear difference was made between throwing oneself to certain death at the hands of an overwhelmingly strong enemy, and dying by one's own hand. The first, if conducted in a properly authorized , was a passport to heaven; the second to damnation. The blurring of their previously vital distinction was the work of some twentieth-century theologians who outlined the new theory which the suicide bombers put into practice." 5732: 6497: 4499: 6695:(LeT). While the group extols "martyrdom" and has killed many civilians, LeT believes suicide attacks where the attackers dies by their own hand (such as by pressing a detonation button), are haram (forbidden). Its "trademark" is that of perpetrators fighting "to the death" but escaping "if practical". "This distinction has been the subject of extensive discourse among radical Islamist leaders." 6595:. Overall, the trend is definitively in the direction of Muslim-on-Muslim violence. By a conservative accounting, more than three times as many Iraqis have been killed by suicide bombings in just three years (2003–6) as have Israelis in ten (from 1996–2006). Suicide bombing has become the archetype of Muslim violence – not just to Westerners but also to Muslims themselves. 43: 4124:'s forces for control of Taiwan in 1661 would use gunpowder to blow up both themselves and their opponents rather than be taken prisoner. However, the Chinese observer may have confused such suicidal tactics with the standard Dutch military practice of undermining and blowing up positions recently overrun by the enemy, which almost cost Koxinga his life during the 11381: 4275:. The invention of dynamite in the 1860s presented revolutionary and terrorist groups in Europe with a weapon nearly 20 times more powerful than gunpowder. However, using dynamite required overcoming the technical challenges of detonating it at the right time. One solution was to use a human trigger, which was the technique used to assassinate Tsar 7765: 9911: 9960: 9936: 9077: 8006:. Hamas's suicide bombings of Israeli targets—from 1994 to 1997 there were 14 suicide attacks killing 159, not all of which were attributed to Hamas—"were widely" credited for the popularity among Israelis of the hardline Netanyahu, who—like Hamas—was a staunch opponent of the Oslo accords, but an even stauncher enemy of Hamas. 9719: 6894:, including Bukhari 2:445, states: "The Prophet said, '...whoever commits suicide with a piece of iron will be punished with the same piece of iron in the Hell Fire', 'A man was inflicted with wounds and he committed suicide, and so Allah said: 'My slave has caused death on himself hurriedly, so I forbid Paradise for him.'" 5902:, and massive prestige to the families of suicide terrorists. Citing Atran and other anthropological research showing that 99 percent of Palestinian suicide terrorists are male, that 86 percent are unmarried, and that 81 percent have at least six siblings (larger than the average Palestinian family size), cognitive scientist 9675: 11131: 9731: 5961:) and comes to the conclusion "that suicide bombings are not the expressions of specific cultural peculiarities or exclusively religious fanaticisms. Instead, they represent a strategic option of the desperately weak who strategically disguise themselves under the mask of apparent strength, terror, and invincibility." 3895:", which may have political goals and be designed to look like a suicide bombing, but in which the "proxy" is forced to carry a bomb under threat (such as having their children killed), or where the proxy isn't fully aware that they are delivering a bomb that will kill them. The definition also generally excludes 4442:, to stop a Japanese tank column when an attacker exploded himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where Chinese troops with dynamite and grenades strapped to themselves rushed Japanese tanks and blew themselves up, in one incident obliterating four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles. 10715: 15894:

Palestinian terrorism during the second Intifada clearly affected the political preferences of the Israeli electorate. Sharon's resounding victory in the 2001 election was one indication of this effect. Another was the Likud party's decisive win in the 2003 Knesset elections, doubling the number of

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On March 29, 2002, after a suicide bomber killed 30 people, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield. Israel's troops re-entered Palestinian cities and refugee camps, hunting down terrorists and often leaving massive destruction in their wake. Three months later, in mid-June 2002, two more suicide

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utilizes suicide attacks against government targets before they attack. The attackers can use a wide range of methods, from suicide vests and belts to bomb trucks and cars and APCs filled to the brim with explosives. Usually, the suicide bomber involved in a "martyrdom operation" will record his last

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Women are in some traditions customarily seen as peace-makers rather than as front-line actors in conflicts. This misconception has made them useful as suicide bombers, because they might be underestimated and thus be able to enter target areas inconspicuously, leading to more lethal suicide attacks.

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was so serious and repugnant that, according to Islamic law, those guilty of this crime were considered enemies of humankind and were not to be given quarter or sanctuary anywhere .... Those who are familiar with the classical tradition will find the parallels between what were described as crimes of

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In view of the fast-moving dangerous developments in the Islamic world, it is very distressing to see the tendencies of permitting or underestimating the shedding of blood of Muslims and those under protection in their countries. The sectarian or ignorant utterances made by some of these people would

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against the Soviet Union, (an asymmetrical war where the mujahideen fought Soviet warplanes, helicopters and tanks primarily with light weapons). According to author Sadakat Kadri, "the very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early

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What connection the high percentage of suicide attacks executed by Islamist groups since 1980 has to do with the religion of Islam is disputed. Specifically, scholars, researchers, and others, disagree over whether Islam forbids suicide in the process of attacking enemies or the killing of civilians.

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recruited Yegor Sazonov, a former medical student, who was willing to sacrifice himself to accomplish the deed. n July 15 (28), 1904, a determined Sazonov ran through a crowd of onlookers and positioned himself in front of the approaching carriage just in time. When it swerved to avoid him, he threw

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First of all let's be clear what kind of attacks we are talking about. Suicide bombings are those that involve the deliberate death of the perpetrator. We're not just talking about a reckless charge in battle. The focus is on those attacks where the perpetrator functions as a sophisticated guidance

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in 2017 analyzed 923 attacks done between December 2015 and November 2016 and compared the military tactic to those used by kamikaze operations. Charlie Winter, author of the study, indicated that ISIL had "industrialized the concept of martyrdom". Most (84%) of suicide attacks were directed towards

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Recent research on the rationale of suicide bombing has identified both religious and sociopolitical motivations. Those who cite religious factors as an important influence note that religion provides the framework because the bombers believe they are acting in the name of Islam and will be rewarded

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Since then, the "vocabulary of martyrdom and sacrifice", videotaped pre-confession of faith by attackers have become part of "Islamic cultural consciousness", "instantly recognizable" to Muslims (according to Noah Feldman), while the tactic has spread through the Muslim world "with astonishing speed

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had previously been controlled by the Taliban and locals were more likely to see NATO as a foreign occupation threatening local culture and customs. Critics argue the logic cannot be seen in Pakistan. which has no occupation and the second highest number of suicide bombing fatalities as of mid-2015.

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The same logic can be seen in Afghanistan. In 2004 and early 2005, NATO occupied the north and west, controlled by the Northern Alliance, whom NATO had previously helped fight the Taliban. An enormous spike in suicide terrorism only occurred later in 2005 as NATO moved into the south and east, which

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A study of the remains of 110 suicide bombers in Afghanistan for the first part of 2007 by Afghan pathologist Dr. Yusef Yadgari found 80% were suffering from physical ailments such as missing limbs (before the blasts), cancer, or leprosy. Also, in contrast to earlier findings of suicide bombers, the

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wrote, " are not sufficiently different from everyone else. Insights into homegrown jihadi attacks will have to come from understanding group dynamics, not individual psychology. Small-group dynamics can trump individual personality to produce horrific behavior in otherwise ordinary people." Atran's

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According to historian Stephan Dale, the Moro were not the only Muslims who carried out suicide attacks "in their fight against Western hegemony and colonial rule". In the 18th century, suicide tactics were used on the Malabar coast of southwestern India, and in Atjeh (Acheh) in Northern Sumatra as

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In August, 2001, the American television channel CBS aired an interview with a Hamas activist Muhammad Abu Wardeh, who recruited terrorists for suicide bombings in Israel. Abu Wardeh was quoted as saying: 'I described to him how God would compensate the martyr for sacrificing his life for his land.

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estimate). Politically its attacks succeeded in halting the deployment of the Indian peace keeping troops to Sri Lanka and the subsequent postponement of the peace-talks in Sri Lanka. Nonetheless, it ended in May 2009 not with an independent "Eelam", but with the overrunning of LTTE strongholds and

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The "heightened security measures" also affected the target populations. During the bombing campaign Israelis were questioned by armed guards and given a quick pat down before being let into cafes. In the US, the post-9/11 era meant "previously inconceivable security measures—in airports and other

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homes that belong to families whose children (or landlords whose tenants) had volunteered for such missions, whether completed or not. Other military measures taken during the suicide attack campaign included: a widescale re-occupation of the West Bank and blockading of Palestinian towns; "targeted

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by their targets. Because a deceased suicide bomber cannot be targeted, the response is often a targeting of those believed to have sent the bomber. Because future attacks cannot be deterred by the threat of retaliation if the attackers were already willing to kill themselves, pressure is great to

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to seal all border crossings with Gaza, cutting off the flow of supplies to the territory in an attempt to stop rocket barrages on Israeli border towns. Nevertheless, violence from both sides only increased. On February 4, 2008, two friends (Mohammed Herbawi, Shadi Zghayer), who were members of the

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attackers found almost all had joined the group with someone else. About 70% joined with friends, 20% with kin. Interviews with friends of the 9/11 pilots reveal they were not "recruited" into Qaeda. They were Middle Eastern Arabs isolated even among the Moroccan and Turkish Muslims who predominate

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The classical jurists, nearly without exception, argued that those who attack by stealth, while targeting noncombatants in order to terrorize the resident and wayfarer, are corrupters of the earth. "Resident and wayfarer" was a legal expression that meant that whether the attackers terrorize people

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According to author Jeffrey William Lewis, to succeed, campaigns of suicide bombing need: willing individuals, organizations to train and use them, and a society willing to accept such acts in the name of a greater good. The organizations work to guarantee individual suicide bombers that they "will

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However, employment manuals for atomic demolition munitions specifically describe the firing party and their guard retreating from the emplacement site, at which point the device is protected through a combination of passive security measures including concealment, camouflage and the use of decoys,

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The Moro juramentados aimed their attacks specifically against their enemies, not against non-Muslims in general. They launched suicide attacks on the Japanese, Spanish, Americans and Filipinos, but did not attack the non-Muslim Chinese as the Chinese were not considered enemies of the Moro people.

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Suicide attacks distinguish themselves from other terror attacks due to their heightened lethality and destructiveness. Perpetrators benefit from the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, and the lack of need for escape plans, rescue teams, efforts to conceal their identities or

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carefully planned another attempt on the life of the Tsar. They rented a shop on Malaia Sadovaia, a street frequented by the Tsar, and dug a tunnel from the basement under the street. Zheliabov was arrested on 27 February 1881, and Perovskaia took charge of the assassination, planned for 1 March.

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in Mosul, Iraqi security forces raided a house and found six Iraqi boys 15 to 18 years old preparing to become suicide bombers, a police official in Mosul said. According to The Associated Press, four of the boys appeared before local reporters at Mosul police headquarters on Monday, including one

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nuclear bomb. The report stated that he and other soldiers training for the program knew this was a suicide mission because either it would be unrealistic to outrun the timer on the bomb, or that soldiers would be obligated to secure the site before the timer went off. However, in theory the timer

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The technique of suicide bombing is anathema, antithetical and abhorrent to Sunni Islam. It is considered legally forbidden, constituting a reprehensible innovation in the Islamic tradition, morally an enormity of sin combining suicide and murder and theologically an act which has consequences of

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Reasons vary greatly, and are different in the case of each individual. Fanaticism (nationalist or religious, or both) may result from brain-washing, negative experiences regarding "the enemy", and the lack of a perspective in life. Suicide attackers may want to hurt or kill their targets because

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A major reason for the popularity of suicide attacks despite the sacrifice involved for its perpetrators is its tactical advantages over other types of terrorism, such as the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, increased ability to infiltrate heavily guarded targets, lack of

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The definition of "suicide" in this context is also a matter of debate. Suicide terrorism itself has been defined by Ami Pedahzur, a professor of government, as "violent actions perpetrated by people who are aware that the odds they will return alive are close to zero". Other sources exclude from

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For years, the conventional wisdom has been that suicide terrorists are rational political actors, while suicidal rampage shooters are mentally disturbed loners. But the two groups have far more in common than has been recognized. ... Although suicide terrorists may share the same beliefs as the

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O'Rourke found the average number of victims killed by a female suicide attacker was higher than that for male attackers for every group studied (Tamil, PKK, Lebanese, Chechen, Palestinian). Consequently, terrorist organizations recruit and motivate women to participate in suicide attacks, using

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According to theologian Charles Kimball, "There is only one verse in the Qur'an that contains a phrase related to suicide" (4:29): "O you who have believed, do not consume one another's wealth unjustly but only business by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves. Indeed, Allah is to you ever

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Criminal justice professor Adam Lankford argues that suicide terrorists are not psychologically normal or stable, and are motivated to suicide and killing to mask their desire to die beneath a "veneer of heroic action", because of the religious consequences of killing themselves outright. He has

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reward for suicide bombers can be found on Palestinian television (according to Palestinian Media Watch). Israeli sources observed that Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Fatah operate "Paradise Camps", training children as young as 11 to become suicide bombers. In 2004, due to increased effectiveness in

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strapped to his body. When during the court proceedings Sewell excitedly shouted "I'll blow the devil to hell, and I have enough dynamite to do just that", he was ushered out of the building. Sewell detonated the charge when a police officer tried to arrest him on the street, blowing his body to

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According to a report issued by intelligence analysts in the U.S. army in 2011, "Although women make up roughly 15% of the suicide bombers within groups which utilize females, they were responsible for 65% of assassinations; 20% of women who committed a suicide attack did so with the purpose of

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Mia Bloom agrees with Pape that competition among insurgents groups is a significant motivator, arguing the growth in suicide as a tactic is a product of "outbidding", i.e. the need by competing insurgent groups to demonstrate their commitment to the cause to broader public—making the ultimate

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Alternately, another source found that at least in one country (Lebanon from 1983 to 1999) it was Islamists who influenced secular nationalists—their use of suicide attack spreading to the secular groups. Five Lebanese groups "espousing a non-religious nationalist ideology" followed the lead of

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The drop in suicide bombings in Israel has been explained by the many security measures taken by the Israeli government, especially the building of the "separation barrier", and a general consensus among Palestinians that the bombings were a "losing strategy". The suicide and other attacks on

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In the United States, the element of suicide in the September 11th, 2001 attacks persuaded many that previously unthinkable, "out of the box" strategic policies in a "war on terrorism"—from "preventive war" against countries not immediately attacking the US, to almost unlimited surveillance of

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Other researchers, such as Yotam Feldner, argue that perceived religious rewards in the hereafter are instrumental in encouraging Muslims to commit suicide attacks), contend that Pape's analysis is flawed, particularly his contention that democracies are the main targets of such attacks. Other

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Bruce Hoffman describes the characteristics of suicide bombing, as "universal": "Suicide bombings are inexpensive and effective. They are less complicated and compromising than other kinds of terrorist operations. They guarantee media coverage. The suicide terrorist is the ultimate smart bomb.

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Terrorism involves the use of force or violence in order to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions which means that social influence is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Obviously we could say the same about suicide terrorism. An

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Before the early 1980s, suicide terrorism was rare but not unknown (Lewis 1968; O'Neill 1981; Rapoport 1984). However, since the attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 188 separate suicide terrorist attacks worldwide, in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, India,

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Studies of who becomes a suicide attacker and what motivates them have often come to different conclusions. According to Riaz Hassan, "apart from one demographic attribute—that the majority of suicide bombers tend to be young males—the evidence has failed to find a stable set of demographic,

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Other major locations of suicide attack are Afghanistan (1,059 attacks as of mid-2015) and Pakistan (490 attacks). In the first eight months of 2008, Pakistan overtook Iraq and Afghanistan in suicide bombings, with 28 bombings killing 471 people. Suicide bombings have become a tactic in

9846: 6744:, issued a fatwa on September 12, 2013, that suicide bombings are "great crimes" and bombers are "criminals who rush themselves to hell by their actions". Al Shaykh described suicide bombers as "robbed of their minds... who have been used (as tools) to destroy themselves and societies". 7571:

During the 1980s the greatest number of female suicide attacks in any single year was five. By contrast, in 2008 alone there were 35 female suicide attacks and in 2014 there were 15 such attacks according to the Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism (CPOST) Suicide Attack Database.

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One of the first bombing campaigns utilizing primarily suicide attacks had considerable political success. In the early 1980s Hezbollah used these bombing attacks targeting first foreign peacekeepers and then Israel. The result in both cases was withdrawal from Lebanon by the targets.

6622:) maintain that "the tendency to dwell on the sexual motives" of the suicide bombers "belittles" the bombers "sociopolitical causes", and that the alleged "sexual frustration" of young Muslim men "has been overly emphasized in the Western and Israeli media" as a motive for terrorism. 8002:" ("the US-sponsored peace process that oversaw the gradual and partial removal of Israel's occupation in return for Palestinian guarantees to protect Israeli security") according to the BBC. The accords were sidetracked after the election in 1996 of right wing Israeli leader 6064:

sacrifice for the insurgency being a "bid" impossible to top. (This explains its use by Palestinian groups, but not that by the Tamil Tigers.) Still other researchers have identified sociopolitical factors as more central in the motivation of suicide attackers than religion.

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Some efforts have been made to replace the term "suicide bombing" with "homicide bombing", on the grounds that, since the primary purpose of such a bombing is to kill other people, "homicide" is a more apt adjective than "suicide". The only major media outlets to use it were

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evade capture afterwards, and—in the case of suicide bombings—remote or delayed detonation. Although they accounted for only 4% of all terrorist attacks between 1981 and 2006, they resulted in 32% of terrorism-related deaths (14,599 deaths). 90% of these attacks occurred in

6004:, director of the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, as of 2005, 95 percent of suicide attacks have the same specific strategic goal: to cause an occupying state to withdraw forces from a disputed territory, making nationalism, not religion, their principal motivation. 8633:"CARRIER ROUTS FOE: Ships' and Planes' Fire Foils Japanese Raid Near Gilbert Isles A FIGHTER PILOT DOWNS 6 Fleet Force Escapes Damage, but Loses Two Aircraft – Suicide Dive Balked NAVY IN ACTION IN THE FAR PACIFIC U.S. CARRIER ROUTS 18 BOMBERS IN RAID DOWNED SIX PLANES", 8013:. During this Intifada, the number of suicide attacks increased markedly, but petered out around 2005 following harsh Israeli security measures (mentioned above) such as "targeted assassinations" of Palestinians reportedly involved in terrorism, and the building of a " 8036:. In 2001, 89% of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel, the number rising to 92% in 2003. Opinion polls of the Jewish Israelis found 78–84% support for the " 5969:, with classic suicidal risk factors such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, other mental health problems, drug addictions, serious physical injuries or disabilities, or having suffered the unexpected death of a loved one or from other personal crises. 7945:" started in September 2015, but although many Palestinians were killed in the process of stabbing or attempting to stab Israelis, their deaths were not "a precondition for the success" of their mission and so are not considered suicide attacks by many observers. 14304:

One scholar of history (Leor Halevi) suggests that suicide killers may be motivated by the idea that by dying while waging jihad they are transported directly to paradise, thus bypassing "the tortures of the grave" ("a state akin to the late Christian concept of

6008:

Islamist groups in attacking by suicide, "impressed by the effectiveness of Hezbollah's attacks in precipitating the withdrawal of the 'foreigners' from Lebanon". (In Israel suicide attacks by Islamist Islamic Jihad and Hamas also preceded those of the secular

7977:(LTTE) pioneered the use of suicide bombings against civilian and political targets and in 2000 were called (by Yoram Schweitzer) "unequivocally the most effective and brutal terrorist organization ever to utilize suicide terrorism". Their struggle for an 7703:

Two female attackers attacked U.S. troops in Iraq on August 5, 2003. Whereas female suicide bombers are not typically introduced in initial stages of a conflict, this attack demonstrates the early and significant involvement of Iraqi women in the Iraq

4640:

was definitely destroyed. He comments that "thirty-five pilots and aircraft was a high price to pay for such a limited and temporary success". The missions were called off when the Soviet ground forces reached the vicinity of the squadron's airbase at

4757:

and landmines, and long ranged artillery fire. Further, the SADM included a Field Wire Remote Control System (FWRCS), a device that enabled the sending of safe/arm and firing signals to the weapon via a wire for safe remote detonation of the weapon.

6862:

and what is often called terrorism today nothing short of remarkable. The classical jurists considered crimes such as assassinations, setting fires, or poisoning water wells – that could indiscriminately kill the innocent – as offenses of

6651:

had previously supported such attacks by Palestinians in perceived defense of their homeland as heroic and an act of resistance. Shiite Lebanese cleric Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, the spiritual authority recognized by Hezbollah, holds similar views.

8663:(London), April 15, 1947, p. 2, (quote) "Designed originally as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber,' it is now a potent weapon for defence or offence" (The quotes are in the original and suggest that the phrase was an existing one.) 15780:

In the first campaign from 1994–1997 there were 14 suicide attacks, in the second from 2001–2005 there were 93 attacks.(source: (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location", click Israel and after getting the results click

6663:(the second caliph of Islam), approved acts in which the Muslims knew would lead to certain death, and that the Islamic prophet Muhammad also approved of such acts (according to authors Maulana Muawiya Hussaini and Ikrimah Anwar cited numerous 7933:

assassinations" of militants, (an approach used since the 1970s); raids against militants suspected of plotting attacks; mass arrests; curfews; stringent travel restrictions; and physical separation from Palestinians via the 650-km (400-mile)

6706:, "the emergence of the now widespread terrorism practice of suicide bombing is a development of the 20th century. It has no antecedents in Islamic history, and no justification in terms of Islamic theology, law, or tradition." Islamic legal 7949:

virtually any person in the United States by the government without normal congressional and judicial oversight—was necessary. These responses "produced their own costs and risks—in lives, national debt, and America's standing in the world".

4049:

invaders. Hashishiyeen were known for their targeting of the powerful, their use of the dagger as a weapon (rather than something safer for the assassin such as a crossbow), and for making no attempt to escape after completing their killing.

3887:

or "reckless charge in battle", focusing only on true "suicide attacks", where the odds of survival are not "close to zero" but required to be zero, because "the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission".

4147:. As the ship was stormed by Belgians, van Speyk refused to surrender, instead igniting the ship's gunpowder with either his gun or cigar, blowing up the ship. The explosion killed 28 out of the 31 crewmen and an unknown number of Belgians. 5293:

Modern suicide bombing has been defined as "involving explosives deliberately carried to the target either on the person or in a civilian vehicle and delivered by surprise". (Noah Feldman and many others exclude terror attacks such as the

5487:

Israel's security measures and stricter checkpoint protocols, terrorist organizations began employing women and children more frequently as operatives, assuming that they would raise fewer suspicions and undergo less rigorous inspections.

7857:

in Gaza requested the suicide attack through Ayoub Qawasmeh, Hamas's military liaison in Hebron, who knew where to look for eager young men who had self-radicalized together and had already mentally prepared themselves for martyrdom.

10876: 6736:

into disrepute, no matter how lofty the killers intentions. Tahir-ul-Qadri states terrorism "has no place in Islamic teaching, and no justification can be provided to it...good intention cannot justify a wrong and forbidden act".

4603:

after firing their torpedoes. Although extremely hazardous, these midget submarine attacks were not technically suicide missions, as the earlier midget submarines had escape hatches. Kaitens, however, provided no means of escape.

5924:

and that many potential brides end up in polygynous marriages, the financial compensation of an act of suicide terrorism can buy enough brides for a man's brothers to have children to make the self-sacrifice pay off in terms of

3797:

feels secure, and eroding the "fabric of trust that holds societies together." This weapon is further used to demonstrate the lengths to which perpetrators will go to achieve their goals. Motivations for suicide attackers vary:

7768:

Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the 9/11 attacks, who crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, is the deadliest suicide attacker in history, being directly responsible for over 1,600

6646:

against the "oppressor", "martyrs" will be rewarded with paradise, and have the support of (some) Muslim clerics. Clerics have supported suicide attacks largely in connection with the Palestinian issue. Prominent Sunni cleric

8618:"Germans Maintain Losing Airline Inside Panama Canal Defense Zone: Service in Ecuador Keeps 20 Pilots for Two Planes—Company Called Center of Fifth Column Activities New Route Planned Value in Case of War". Russell B. Porter, 6556:

1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield." After 1983 the process was limited among Muslims to Hezbollah and other Lebanese Shi'a factions for more than a decade.

5533:, causing severe damage to the west side of the building. These attacks resulted in the deaths of 221 people (including the 15 hijackers) on board the three planes as well as 2,731 more in and around the targeted buildings. 7674:, the third and youngest Palestinian female suicide bomber (at age 18), killed herself and two Israeli civilians on March 29, 2002, by detonating explosives belted to her body in a supermarket. She had been trained by the 3914:

It may not always be clear to investigators which type of killing is which—suicide attack campaigns sometimes use proxy bombers (as alleged in Iraq) or manipulate the vulnerable to become bombers. At least one researcher

7588:(SSNP), detonated an explosive-laden vehicle, which killed two Israeli soldiers and injured twelve more. She is believed to have been the first female suicide bomber. She is known as "the Bride of the South". During the 15734: 4376:

promoted the Dare to Die corps. Huang said, "We must die, so let us die bravely." Suicide squads were formed by Chinese students going into battle, knowing that they would be killed fighting against overwhelming odds.

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benefit none other than the greedy, vindictive and envious people. Hence, we would like to draw attention to the seriousness of the attacks on Muslims or those who live under their protection or under a pact with them

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used one to put down an insurrection in Canton. Many women joined them in addition to men to achieve martyrdom against China's opponents. They were known as 烈士 "Lit-she" (Martyrs) after accomplishing their mission.

5339:

in October 1983 brought suicide bombings international attention and began the modern suicide bombing era. Other parties to the civil war were quick to adopt the tactic, and by 1999 factions such as Hezbollah, the

7997:

It is more difficult to determine whether Palestinian suicide bombings have proved to be a successful political tactic. Hamas "came to prominence" after the first intifada as "the main Palestinian opponent of the

7833:(April 17, 2004), Imad al-Qawasmeh dispatched Ahmed al-Qawasmeh and Nasim al-Ja'abri for a suicide attack on two buses in Beer Sheva (August 31, 2004). In December 2004, Hamas declared a halt to suicide attacks. 6671:). "The Sahaba who carried out the attacks almost certainly knew that they were going to be killed during their operations but they still carried them out and such acts were extolled and praised in the sharia." 5423:

The number of attacks using suicide tactics grew from an average of fewer than five per year during the 1980s to 81 suicide attacks in 2001 and 460 in 2005. By 2005, the tactic had spread to dozens of countries.

4550:

Later in the war, as Japan became more desperate, this act became formalized and ritualized, as planes were outfitted with explosives specific to the task of a suicide mission. Kamikaze strikes were a weapon of

3863:—a journalist who has lived among Islamic militants—suggests that most define terrorism as "the use or threat of serious violence" to advance some kind of "cause", stressing that terrorism is a tactic. Academic 8953:

In some cases, were given an amulet containing Koranic verses and told it would help them survive. Some handlers gave children keys to hang round their necks and were told the gates of paradise will open for

6611:) as wives, to Muslims who die as martyrs, (specifically as suicide attackers). Other alleged rewards for those dying are being cleansed of all sin and brought directly to paradise, not having to wait for the 6600:

as martyrs. Since martyrdom is seen as a step towards paradise, those who commit suicide while discarding their community from a common enemy believe that they will reach an ultimate salvation after they die.

6059:

insurgents in Vietnam, Algeria, etc.—have not used suicide, why he does not mention that the first suicide attack in Lebanon (in 1981) targeted the embassy of Iraq, a country which was not occupying Lebanon.

5506:. Unlike earlier airline hijackings, the primary focus was the planes, not the passengers because their long transcontinental flight plans meant they carried more fuel, allowing a bigger explosion on impact. 7821:'s most sustained suicide bombing campaign in 2003–04 involved several members of Hebron's Masjad (mosque) al-Jihad soccer team. Most lived in the Wad Abu Katila neighborhood and belonged to the al-Qawasmeh 6717:

For more than a millennium, these tenets were accepted by Sunnis and Shiites; however, since the 1980s militant Islamists have challenged the traditional Islamic rules of warfare to justify suicide attacks.

5794:

research has found that the attacks are not organized from the top down, but occurs from the bottom up. That is, it is usually a matter of following one's friends, and ending up in environments that foster

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Some commentators posit that "do not kill yourselves" is better translated "do not kill each other", and some translations (e.g., by M. H. Shakir) reflect that view. Mainstream Islamic groups such as the

6698:

A number of Western and Muslim scholars of Islam have posited that suicide attacks are a clear violation of classical Islamic law and characterized such attacks against civilians as murderous and sinful.

7810: 6721:

A number of respected Muslim scholars have provided scholastic refutations of suicide bombings, condemning them as terrorism prohibited in Islam and leading their perpetrators to hell. In his 400+-page

5458:. The first suicide bombing in Israel was by Hamas in 1994. Attacks peaked from 2001 to 2003 with over 40 bombings and over 200 killed in 2002. Bombers affiliated with these groups often use so-called " 4672:

American tanks at Seoul were attacked by North Korean suicide squads, who used satchel charges. North Korean soldier Li Su-Bok is considered a hero for destroying an American tank with a suicide bomb.

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provided the background and reasoning for the "Aceh-mord"—Acehnese suicide attacks upon the Dutch. The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are Aceh bodoh (Aceh pungo) or Aceh gila (Aceh mord).

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plane as a "suicide-bomb" and two years later, it referred to a new British pilot-less, radio-controlled rocket missile as originally designed "as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber'".

6691:

The difference between engaging in an act where the perpetrator plans to fight to the death but where the attack does not require their death, is important to at least one Islamist terror group—

4368:

In the Xinhai Revolution, many Chinese revolutionaries became martyrs in battle. "Dare to Die" student corps were founded for student revolutionaries wanting to fight against Qing dynasty rule.

8059:

suggest the results were negative, as the proceeding actions of the United States and other countries has increased the number of recruits, and their willingness to carry out suicide bombings.

5478:. Less common are military targets (for example, soldiers waiting for transport at roadside). These bombings have tended to have more popular support than in other Muslim countries, and more 4029:) was proposed in 2012 by German scholar Arata Takeda. The term is intended to shift the focus away from the suicide of the perpetrators and towards their use as weapons by their commanders. 14871: 6714:

are covered in detail in the classical texts of Islamic jurisprudence, which forbid the killing of women, children or non-combatants, and the destruction of cultivated or residential areas.

15813: 15437:

Gowrinathan, Nimmi. "Evident Truths: American Women at War." Los Angeles Review of Books, LA Review of Books, 2 Apr. 2021, lareviewofbooks.org/article/evident-truths-american-women-at-war/.

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Another study of suicide bombers from 1981 and July 2008 by Lindsey A. O'Rourke found female bombers are generally in their late twenties, significantly older than their male counterparts.

7599:

Sri Lanka's militant organization, the Black Wing Tigers, executed 330 suicide bombing attacks and were all executed mainly by women. The group was formed in 1987 and was disbanded in 2009.

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Female suicide bombers have been observed in many predominantly nationalist conflicts by a variety of organizations against both military and civilian targets. In February 2002, however,

3899:

in which the perpetrators commit suicide, as the shooter committing suicide is a separate act from shooting their victims. Further distinction is how many of such shootings (such as the

7717:

On December 25, 2010, the first female suicide bomber in Pakistan detonated her explosives-laden vest, killing at least 43 people at an aid distribution center in northwestern Pakistan.

6897:

Other Muslims have also noted Quranic verses in opposition to suicide, to taking of life other than by way of justice (i.e. the death penalty for murder), and to collective punishment.

15446:

Amireh, Amal. "Palestinian Women's Disappearing Act: The Suicide Bomber through Western Feminist Eyes." MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 5, Spring 2005. Pp. 228-242

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has written that assigning the descriptor of "terrorist" or "terrorism" to the actions of a group is a tactic used by states to deny "legitimacy" and "rights to protest and rebel".

13338:

Artur Lakatos, „War, Martyrdom and Suicide Bombers: Essay on Suicide Terrorism", in Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, Issue 14/2010, pp 171–180

6845:

in their urban centers or terrorize travelers, the result was the same: all such attacks constitute a corruption of the earth. The legal term given to people who act this way was

3859:

is often defined any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants" for the purpose of intimidation. An alternative definition provided by

8489:(Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.) 4297: 14512: 10531: 8437:

According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts.

10911:(Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy). University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. p. 518. Archived from 5420:) saw a pause in bombing campaigns and argued that "most of the groups that were involved in suicide terrorism either stopped using it or eventually reduced it significantly." 4592:, these were modified versions of the unmanned torpedoes of the time and are distinct from the torpedo-firing midget submarines used earlier in the war, which were designed to 17387: 15731: 6732:

directly disputed the rationale of Islamists, arguing among other things that the indiscriminately killing of both Muslims and non-Muslims is unlawful, and brings the Muslim

5545:. The U.S. stock market closed for four trading days after the attacks (the first time it had an unscheduled closing since the Great Depression). Nine days after the attack, 14838: 12153: 8083: 5798:. Atran is also critical of the claim that terrorists simply crave destruction; they are often motivated by beliefs they hold sacred, as well as their own moral reasoning. 4578:, a purpose-built suicide aircraft, air-launched from a carrying bomber and propelled to the target at high speed using rocket engines. The Japanese Navy also used piloted 14441: 5847:. In a 2011 doctoral thesis, anthropologist Kyle R. Gibson reviewed three studies documenting 1,208 suicide attacks from 1981 to 2007 and found that countries with higher 5298:

where "the perpetrator's ensured death" was not "a precondition for the success of his mission".) The intended targets are often civilian, not just military or political.

15649:

bombings struck Israel. Sharon announced Israel would immediately begin a policy of taking back land in the West Bank, and holding it, until the terror attacks stopped.

15589: 10086: 8401: 14936:

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977

7941:

and its suicide attacks are often dated as ending around the time of an unofficial ceasefire by some of the most powerful Palestinian militant groups in 2005. A new "

230: 17158: 7917:

employ intensive surveillance of virtually any potential perpetrator, "to look for them almost everywhere, even if no evidence existed that they were there at all".

13844: 12313: 5843:

in 2008 found that suicide bombers were almost always single men without children aged 18 to 30 (with a mean age of 22), and were typically students or employed in

9335: 5883:

conflict within Islamic countries between alpha and non-alpha males by bringing esteem to the latter's families and redirecting their violence towards out-groups.

4045:) sect of Ismaili Shi'a Muslims assassinated two caliphs, as well as many viziers, sultans and Crusader leaders over a 300-year period before being annihilated by 17902: 12021: 7989:

of the island lasted for 26 years and led to the deaths of two heads of state or government, several ministers, and up to 100,000 combatants and civilians (by a

5301: 4067:, New Zealand, on 14 July 1905. When a long-standing dispute between two farmers resulted in a court case, the defendant (Joseph Sewell) arrived with sticks of 15463:"The Making of a Terrorist: A Need for Understanding from the Field Testimony before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security Washington, DC" 11506: 8586: 3008: 12643: 8927:

who wept and said that a Saudi fighter "threatened to rape our mothers and sisters, destroy our houses and kill our fathers if we did not cooperate with him."

640: 9123: 8548: 5851:

rates correlated with greater production of suicide terrorists. In addition to noting that countries where polygyny is widely practiced tend to have higher

17604: 7668:, issued a fatwa, or religious rule, that gave women permission to participate in suicide attacks, and stated that they would be rewarded in the afterlife. 6568:

and Israel, the technique of suicide bombing moved to Iraq, where the targets have included mosques and shrines, and the intended victims have mostly been

5997:

To what extent attackers are motivated by religious enthusiasm, by resistance to perceived outsider oppression or some combination of the two is disputed.

5789:

psychological, socioeconomic and religious variables that can be causally linked to suicide bombers' personality or socioeconomic origins." Anthropologist

12531: 11662:

includes earlier versions of the group counted separately by the CPOST Suicide Attack Database: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and Islamic State of Iraq

4193: 3919:) argues that the motivation to kill and be killed connects some suicide attackers more closely to "suicidal rampage" murderers than is commonly thought. 17799: 13247: 10197:

This time they got their prey: the explosives placed under the street failed to detonate, but the second of two suicide bombers fatally wounded the Tsar.

6473: 6238: 5470:) designed to be strapped to the body under clothing. In order to maximize the loss of life, the bombers seek out enclosed spaces, such as cafés or city 5367:(LTTE) adopted suicide bombing as a tactic, using bomb belts and female bombers. The LTTE carried out their first suicide attack in July 1987, and their 5802:

Afghan bombers were "not celebrated like their counterparts in other Arab nations. Afghan bombers are not featured on posters or in videos as martyrs."

13706: 11006: 8021:

civilians had "a major impact" on the attitudes of the Israeli public/voters, creating not demoralization, but even greater support for the right-wing

5372: 10877:"Taierzhuang street fighting : Executive power to make those who have dared to retreat across the river Unforgiven – Netease International News" 10448: 7656:

On February 27, 2002, Darine Abu Aisha carried out a suicide bombing at the Maccabim checkpoint of the Israeli army near Jerusalem. On the same day,

4252: 16766:

Lankford, Adam (2010). "Do Suicide Terrorists Exhibit Clinically Suicidal Risk Factors? A Review of Initial Evidence and Call for Future Research".

6820:

against suicide bombing, declaring it a "terrorist act". In 2005 Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti also issued a fatwa "Against The Targeting Of Civilians".

12589: 8895:

organizations whose propaganda they spout, they are primarily motivated by the desire to kill and be killed — just like most rampage shooters.

7690:. The killings gained widespread international attention due to Ayat's age and gender and the fact that one of the victims was also a teenage girl. 15821: 15369:

Yarchi, Moran (2014). "The Effect of Female Suicide Attacks on Foreign Media Framing of Conflicts: The Case of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict".

11872: 9744: 9382: 3950:, "witness" and usually translated as "martyr"), the idea being that the attacker died in order to testify his faith in God, such as while waging 14743: 13349: 8453: 3916: 12514: 18149: 15950: 8804: 8570:

alternative perspective views terrorism, including suicide terrorism, as tool: a means to an end and a tactic of warfare that anyone could use.

5852: 4574:

of the Royal Navy carriers diminished Kamikaze effectiveness. Along with fitting existing aircraft with bombs, the Japanese also developed the

599: 14722: 8274: 16020:. Vol. 25 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 350. 14971: 13685: 11847: 8808: 6444: 6009: 5455: 4235:

in the Moros' Islamic religion. During an attack, a juramentado would throw himself at his targets and kill them with bladed weapons such as

6642:) argue that despite what some Muslims claim is Islam's strict prohibition of suicide and murder, suicide attacks fulfill the obligation of 5706:

employed tactics involving explosive-laden boats. Palestinian organizations in the 1990s refined an approach involving suicide bombers with

17730: 12778: 8841: 6357: 13766: 12121: 18293: 16759: 9029: 5306: 4450: 725: 14886: 14104: 12556: 12163: 10903: 10283: 5541:, after a revolt by the plane's passengers, killing all 44 people (including the four hijackers) on board. In total, the attacks killed 18154: 17844: 14822: 14624: 14472: 13072: 12672: 6525: 5606: 4041:

sect are thought to have carried out suicidal attacks against Hellenized Jews they considered immoral collaborators. The Hashishiyeen (

304: 16840: 14807: 14509: 8970: 8861:

system for the weapon. They function as part human and part weapon. In this way they are suicide attacks rather than suicidal attacks.

7653:, became the first Palestinian female suicide bomber on January 28, 2002, when she blew herself up on Jaffa Road in Central Jerusalem. 5808:, director of the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, found the majority of suicide bombers came from the educated middle classes. ( 3754:

in 2001. Initially, these attacks primarily targeted military, police, and public officials. This approach continued with groups like

17789: 16015: 14380: 5391: 3672: 16854: 12385: 10938: 9235: 6823:

Ihsanic Intelligence, a London-based Islamic think-tank, published their two-year study into suicide bombings in the name of Islam,

6607:

and after 9/11, sources hostile to radical Islamism quoted radical scholars promising various heavenly rewards, such as 70 virgins (

5579:

carried out waves of suicide bombings. More attacks have been carried out in Iraq (1,938 as of mid-2015) than in any other country.

17784: 16917: 13157: 6027:

the government of the targeted country being democratic and the public opinion of the country playing a role in determining policy.

5977: 3409: 1761: 15783: 15751: 14267: 12808: 12355: 12185: 11955: 11673: 11634: 11611: 11073: 10590: 10354: 8491: 8356: 4724:

in reprisal for the attacks by the PLO against Israeli civilians, which culminated in an Israeli school bus hitting a mine in the

18303: 17170: 15509: 15216: 15169: 12696: 12251: 10850: 9417: 8172: 7942: 6881: 6456: 4648: 4361:) or "Suicide squads" were frequently used by Chinese armies. China deployed these suicide units against the Japanese during the 2188: 730: 14449: 8051:. Since the attacks, Western nations have diverted massive resources towards stopping similar actions, as well as tightening up 720: 18249: 17877: 17794: 17767: 14233: 13038: 10972: 9307: 8908: 8585:(starting in 2003) aimed at forcing out occupying forces. Pape's tabulation of suicide attacks runs from 1980 to early 2004 in 7515:

Muslim support for suicide bombings against civilian targets in order to defend Islam has varied over time and by country. The

5632:

In Europe four Islamist suicide bombers exploded home-made peroxide explosives on three London underground trains and a bus on

5542: 3629: 758: 695: 261: 15194: 13873:

An estimated 7–14% of Muslims worldwide (depending on the poll taken) supported the Al Qaeda strike against the United States.

12974: 12495: 10319: 8678: 8421: 4534: 4423:

Suicide bombing was also used against the Japanese. A "dare to die corps" was effectively used against Japanese units at the

3786:. By mid-2015, about three-quarters of all suicide attacks occurred in just three countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. 17779: 16658: 16637: 16616: 16584: 16559: 16540: 16518: 16494: 16475: 16448: 16425: 16406: 16381: 16362: 16343: 16320: 16297: 16273: 16250: 16228: 16209: 16186: 16165: 16126: 16053: 15987: 15276: 15154: 14417: 14243: 14181: 14161: 14141: 14006: 13827: 13466: 13422: 12323: 11535: 11489: 11462: 11435: 11408: 11209: 11172: 11016: 10834: 10790: 10725: 10600: 10566: 10508: 10061: 9887: 9587: 9444: 9012: 8714: 8257: 8176: 5718:. In contemporary Iraq, local factions have utilized explosive-laden vehicles to target heavily guarded military facilities. 5553: 3908: 16734: 14531:

Lewis, Bernard & Buntzie Ellis Churchill. "Islam: The Religion and the People" (p. 53), Wharton School Publishing, 2008.

9361: 4449:, coolies fighting the Communists formed "Dare to Die Corps" to fight for their organizations, with their lives. During the 18229: 18219: 17804: 17392: 15771:

Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location", click Israel and after getting the results click "year".

15588:

An internal review starting in October 2004 brought an end to the policy, but it was resumed in 2014. (source: Ed Farrian.

7887: 4798: 4322: 3222: 685: 680: 562: 15028: 14311:

Bamyeh, Mohammad (2009). "Reviewed Work: Muhammad's Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society by Leor Halevi".

14293:

According to widespread Islamic belief, warriors killed in jihad are rendered free of sin and go directly to Paradise, ...

8192: 8160: 7844:, was killed (another son was killed in a 2003 assassination attempt on Zahar). Three days later, Israel Defense Minister 6074: 18264: 18239: 15873: 15691: 13852: 6461: 6282: 5435: 5313: 4259:

The Japanese responded to these suicide attacks by massacring all known family members and relatives of the attacker(s).

4022: 2544: 837: 796: 700: 690: 594: 16064: 15492: 11258: 9201: 8161:

Jules Jammal (1932 1956), the famous officer in the Syrian Navy who fought in the Suez Canal war of 1956: Syrian History

7778:

in Germany. Seeking friendship, they began hanging out after services at the Masjad al-Quds and other nearby mosques in

6888:

6:151)] as prohibiting suicide: "And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law". The

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The usage of the term "suicide attack" has a long history, but "suicide bombing" dates back to at least 1940 when a

17359: 13195: 12651: 12449: 8118: 7974: 7867: 7611: 6867:. Furthermore, hijacking methods of transportation or crucifying people in order to spread fear are also crimes of 6392: 5887: 5809: 5699: 4852: 3999: 3911:

in the U.S.) are driven by personal and psychological reasons, rather than political, social or religious motives.

2271: 15424:

Bloom, Mia. "Female Suicide Bombers: A Global Trend." Daedalus, vol. 136, no. 1, The MIT Press, 2007, pp. 94–102,

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words in a martyrdom video before they start their attack and will be released after the suicide attack was done.

715: 17050: 16738: 15403:

Clonan, Tom. "The History of Women in Combat." Technological School of Dublin, School of Media, 1998, pp. 117-162

14984: 13309: 9274: 9127: 8017:" that severely hampered Palestinian travel, but with no withdrawal by the Israelis from any occupied territory. 7727:

On December 23, 2016, the first female suicide bomber in Bangladesh detonated her explosive during a police raid.

7585: 6387: 6382: 5908: 5349: 5332: 2616: 2254: 2041: 886: 655: 61: 17: 10398: 9399: 8556: 18276: 18256: 17942: 17837: 17222: 16735:

Security Awareness for Public Bus Transportation: Case Studies of Attacks Against the Israeli Public Bus System

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The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers

13459:

The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers

13193:; Thayer, Bradley (2010). "Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism". 12614: 8055:, and military actions against various countries believed to have been involved with terrorism. Critics of the 6518: 6451: 6287: 5742: 5654:

occurred which resulted in 23 deaths and 1,017 injuries. The attack was carried out as people were leaving the

5613:

increased. There were also reports of the insurgents co-opting disabled people as involuntary suicide bombers.

5546: 4326: 3900: 3049: 2380: 709: 553: 16871: 15240: 13436: 13116: 12476: 6871:. Importantly, Islamic law strictly prohibited the taking of hostages, the mutilation of corpses, and torture. 5686:

Perhaps most important, coldly efficient bombings tear at the fabric of trust that holds societies together."

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Number of suicide attacks and deaths from attacks 1982–2014. From Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism

7507:"Suicide bombings can be ___ justified against civilian targets in order to defend Islam from its enemies?" 18331: 18097: 17774: 17533: 16952: 16910: 14684: 8093: 7982: 7675: 7516: 6377: 6017: 5626: 5336: 4936: 4446: 4292: 3977: 3725:, suicide attacks in their execution often violate international laws of war, such as prohibitions against 3599: 3414: 2955: 2734: 1438: 1198: 338: 15538:

Jamie Gierson (February 28, 2017). "Isis has industrialised martyrdom, says report into suicide attacks".

15412:

O'Rourke, L. "What's Special about Female Suicide Terrorism." Security Studies. Vol. 18. 2009. Pp. 681-718

14666: 13089:

Morris, Andrea Michelle (2020). "Who Wants to Be a Suicide Bomber? Evidence from Islamic State Recruits".

11916: 11720: 4453:, protesting students also formed "Dare to Die Corps", to risk their lives defending the protest leaders. 4301:

Chinese suicide bomber putting on 24 hand grenade-explosive vest prior to attack on Japanese tanks at the

18159: 18048: 17490: 16043: 11608:

Electromagnetic Radiation Susceptibility of the B54-0 (SADM) and the Field Wire Remote Control System (U)

10473: 8128: 8068: 7986: 7899:

military targets usually with armed vehicles. About 80% of the attackers were of Iraqi or Syrian origin.

7782:, in local restaurants and in the dormitory of the Technical University in the suburb of Harburg. Three ( 6439: 6297: 6292: 5871:

than most of the world causes them to have larger populations susceptible to suicide terrorism, and that

5832: 5715: 5640: 5633: 5576: 5522: 5507: 5387: 4979: 4867: 4720:, Jordan, the site of a major PLO camp. The goal of the invasion was to destroy Karameh camp and capture 3349: 2744: 1931: 1733: 1604: 1142: 449: 418: 347: 136: 53: 14957: 13876: 12590:"9/11 Attacks In Photos 2015: 15 Iconic Images From September 11, 2001 And Its Aftermath 14 Years Later" 11022: 9692: 9534: 4243:

until he himself was killed. The Moros performed juramentado suicide attacks against the Spanish in the

3736:

Suicide attacks have occurred in various contexts, ranging from military campaigns—such as the Japanese

18341: 17978: 17947: 17882: 17450: 17070: 16942: 16467: 15462: 9752: 9651:"Anomie and Violence: Non-Truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding | John Braithwaite" 7708: 6352: 5836: 5530: 5510: 5324: 4493: 4381: 3359: 2946: 2874: 2208: 763: 251: 236: 15182:"Female suicide bomber kills dozens at Pakistan food center after militants killed near Afghan border" 14740:

The Hijacked Caravan: Refuting Suicide Bombings as Martyrdom Operations in Contemporary Jihad Strategy

14738: 14203: 13357: 12837: 9148: 8461: 645: 18071: 17830: 16283: 12511: 10171:. Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 280. 9052: 8152:

It is unclear which actual ship he is supposed to have sunk. One source calls the ship at issue the "

8037: 8014: 7934: 6511: 6407: 6270: 5986: 5621:, first being used in the conflict in 2000 in Alkhan Kala, and spreading to Russia, notably with the 5538: 5534: 5447: 5352:

had carried out a total of roughly 50 suicide bombings. The Syrian Social Nationalist Party sent the

4951: 4923: 4539: 4244: 3339: 2318: 1826: 1175: 1049: 903: 665: 443: 434: 16801: 15975: 15632: 13634: 11790: 8812: 18326: 17511: 17202: 17177: 17127: 17090: 16984: 16787:

Takeda, Arata (2010). "Suicide bombers in Western literature: Demythologizing a mythic discourse".

15958: 14717: 14048:"[Review of] Cutting the Fuse The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It" 13379:

Takeda, Arata (2010). "Suicide bombers in Western literature: Demythologizing a mythic discourse".

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in service at that time, but it was decommissioned in 1964 rather than sunk. Some sources name the

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First the targets were American soldiers, then mostly Israelis, including women and children. From

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carried out its first suicide attack in the mid-1990s The attacks first appeared in Israel and the

4362: 4117: 4013:, a member of the Canadian parliament, in an effort to focus attention on the alleged intention of 3961: 3658: 3444: 3394: 3354: 3188: 2899: 2769: 2636: 2183: 1876: 1694: 1542: 15559: 12493:"Palestinian Summer Camps Teach Terror Tactics, Espouse Hatred; Some Found to Be Funded by UNICEF" 12066: 11851: 9470: 5494:, orchestrated by al-Qaeda, has been called "the worst attack on American soil since the Japanese 18107: 18087: 18018: 17867: 17715: 17528: 16903: 16265: 14471:

Subrahmanian, V.S.; Sliva, Amy; Shakarian, Jana; Dickerson, John P.; Mannes, Aaron (2012-08-28).

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Kraft, Michael; Marks, Edward (2011). "1. Modern Terrorism and the Federal Government Response".

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Islamic suicide bombing is a fairly recent phenomenon. It was totally absent from the 1979–1989

5753: 5451: 5405: 5398:, as of 2015, ten suicide attacks by the PKK from 1996 to 2012 killed 32 people and injured 116. 5395: 4125: 3775: 3619: 3554: 3145: 2722: 2704: 2460: 2019: 1941: 1886: 1484: 1147: 789: 621: 486: 363: 353: 126: 31: 14409:

From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon

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Rosemary Skaine writes about Sana'a Mehaidli the first suicide bomber and first women [

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referred to a Japanese kamikaze attempt on an American carrier as a "suicide bombing". In 1945,

18336: 18033: 17752: 17725: 17643: 17559: 16796: 16596: 13953:"Suicide Terrorism, Occupation, and the Globalization of Martyrdom: A Critique of Dying to Win" 13774: 13629: 12131: 10905:

Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film

10773: 9773: 8078: 7830: 6210: 6163: 6052: 5880: 5662: 5583: 5495: 4276: 4064: 4003: 3904: 3584: 3564: 3469: 2589: 2564: 2286: 2198: 2071: 1946: 1547: 1524: 970: 869: 575: 531: 266: 215: 161: 15874:"Living with terror, not Living in Terror: The Impact of Chronic Terrorism on Israeli Society" 15144: 15090: 15013: 14407: 11452: 9877: 9037: 8047:

in the US, at least in the short term, the results were negative for Al-Qaeda, as well as the

4728:. This engagement marked the first known deployment of suicide bombers by Palestinian forces. 4669:

North Korean tanks were attacked by South Koreans with suicide tactics during the Korean War.

17959: 17685: 17670: 17569: 17506: 17227: 17117: 17060: 16116: 15266: 15123: 14883: 14621: 14580:"Who's Really Behind Tahir ul-Qadri's 500-Page Fatwa Against Terrorism and Suicide Bombings?" 11930: 11525: 11479: 11425: 11398: 11164: 10912: 10651: 10287: 10234:

his bomb through the side window. The explosion killed Plehve and left Sazonov badly injured.

10051: 9798: 8252:. Cass series on political violence (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 13–24. 7925: 7849: 7536: 7527:, where in 2014, 46% of Muslims thought that such attacks were often or sometimes justified. 6901: 6707: 6552: 6347: 6307: 4908: 4424: 4302: 4280: 4053: 3969: 3790: 3479: 3334: 3069: 2869: 2178: 2111: 2064: 1718: 1681: 1644: 1562: 1514: 1398: 1208: 1016: 925: 368: 206: 181: 15687: 15252: 13752:, Galtung, Johan, Jacobsen, Carl, Brand-Jacobsen, Kai, London: Pluto Press, 2002, pp. 87–102 11595:(Report). Headquarters, Department of the Army. August 1971. pp. 3-15 to 3-16. FM 5-26. 11573:"His job was to place atomic bombs. Place them, not drop them. Set the timer. Run like hell" 5609:, on January 30, 2005, suicide attacks upon civilian and police personnel involved with the 3820:

played a predominant role in motivating the majority of bombers, as noted by anthropologist

3816:, prior to 2003, most attacks targeted occupying forces. From 2000 to 2004, the ideology of 18185: 17990: 17932: 17872: 17742: 17720: 17675: 17626: 17609: 17564: 17521: 17440: 17377: 17165: 17045: 17025: 16964: 16890: 16837: 16698: 14384: 13494:

A Mindsponge-Based Investigation into the Psycho-Religious Mechanism Behind Suicide Attacks

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A female US Air Force officer playing the role of a suicide bomber during an exercise, 2011

7520: 7509:

Percentage of respondents choosing "often" or "sometimes" rather than "rarely" or "never".

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Various groups adapt their strategies to suit specific targets. For example, in the 1980s,

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and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the

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If you become a martyr, God will give you 70 virgins, 70 wives and everlasting happiness.'

11771: 11754: 8592: 7878:", consisting "exclusively of cadres who have volunteered to conduct suicide operations". 7519:

survey of the Muslim public found that support has declined over the years since the post-

5636:, during the morning rush hour. These "7/7" bombings killed 52 civilians and injured 700. 8: 18271: 18092: 17968: 17964: 17927: 17917: 17700: 17584: 17435: 17425: 17122: 17110: 17055: 17005: 16312: 12420: 12094: 9941:. Vol. 7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation. Lahing (Manila). p. 1702 7657: 7561: 7502: 6837: 6478: 5813: 5467: 4575: 4417: 3937: 3844: 3838:

article mentioned the term in relation to German tactics. Less than two years later, the

3805: 3539: 3484: 3429: 3324: 3314: 2864: 2420: 2405: 2281: 2168: 2146: 2121: 2081: 1991: 1801: 1706: 1656: 1423: 1413: 1378: 1170: 1160: 930: 854: 768: 705: 481: 333: 309: 211: 196: 171: 166: 16702: 14708:

Fatwa against suicide bombing by Shaykh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti; accessed 22 March 2015.

13255: 11312: 11291: 9552:"A Crazy State: Violence, Psychiatry, and Colonialism in Aceh, Indonesia, ca. 1910–1942" 9464: 9176:"Das regressive Menschenopfer: Vom eigentlichen Skandalon des gegenwärtigen Terrorismus" 5749: 18133: 18003: 17811: 17757: 17705: 17695: 17660: 17574: 17369: 17239: 17207: 17137: 17010: 16974: 16814: 16722: 16437: 16392: 15791: 15759: 15386: 15351: 15316: 14909: 14336: 14328: 13974: 13892: 13647: 13396: 13275: 13208: 13176: 13173:"The Roles of Operational Sex Ratio and Young-Old Ratio in Producing Suicide Attackers" 12950: 12942: 12412: 12363: 12243: 12220: 12193: 12016: 11963: 11681: 11642: 11607: 8913: 8499: 8364: 8331: 8164: 8003: 7787: 7593: 7589: 7581: 6724: 6619: 6466: 6412: 5957: 5844: 5817: 5439: 5353: 5320: 4560: 4439: 4272: 4132: 4093: 4056:

became a hero in the Swiss struggle for independence when he sacrificed himself at the

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Suicide Bombers – Why do they do it, and what does Islam say about their actions?

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The efficacy of suicide bombing, however, does not appear to have demonstrated by the

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transportation hubs, hotels and office buildings, sports stadiums and concert halls".

4002:

and have since mostly abandoned the term. Robert Goldney, a professor emeritus at the

18102: 18023: 17973: 17887: 17747: 17710: 17680: 17621: 17616: 17599: 17589: 17579: 17430: 17331: 17085: 17015: 16959: 16714: 16654: 16633: 16627: 16612: 16580: 16555: 16536: 16514: 16508: 16490: 16471: 16460: 16444: 16421: 16402: 16377: 16358: 16339: 16316: 16293: 16287: 16269: 16246: 16224: 16205: 16198: 16182: 16176: 16161: 16122: 16101: 16095: 16070: 16049: 16021: 15993: 15909:– Haaretz — Israel News — Ephraim Yaar, Tamar Hermann — March 10, 2004 15710: 15610: 15573:

Through No Fault of Their Own: Punitive House Demolitions during the al-Aqsa Intifada

15390: 15272: 15150: 15096: 15064: 14782: 14764: 14561: 14478: 14413: 14340: 14275: 14239: 14177: 14157: 14137: 14110: 14106:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...

14002: 13978: 13924: 13896: 13823: 13497: 13462: 13418: 13319: 13267: 13238: 13190: 13172: 12934: 12878: 12564: 12416: 12319: 11878: 11817: 11555: 11531: 11485: 11458: 11431: 11404: 11364: 11340: 11264: 11205: 11168: 11157: 11079: 11012: 10978: 10944: 10830: 10796: 10721: 10657: 10596: 10562: 10504: 10421: 10216: 10189: 10172: 10164: 10156: 10057: 9991: 9883: 9623: 9583: 9536:

Atjèh: algemeen samenvattend overzicht van land en volk van Atjèh en onderhoorigheden

9492: 9484: 9474: 9440: 9362:"Velu Nachiyar & Kuyili: The Women Who Took Down The British 85 Yrs Before 1857!" 9280: 9243: 9207: 9008: 8976: 8741: 8710: 8253: 7643:, in some cases strapping explosives to their abdomen in order to simulate pregnancy. 7614:. Approximately 30% of the organization's suicide bombings were carried out by women. 6648: 6185: 6106: 5930: 5864: 5860: 5828: 4713: 4625: 4613: 4310: 4096:, causing it to explode. This suicide attack helped to secure victory for her queen, 4092:

and oil onto her body and set herself ablaze. She then jumped into an armoury of the

4057: 3747: 3730: 3722: 3579: 3549: 3499: 3489: 3404: 3329: 3309: 2790: 2699: 2646: 2549: 2539: 2534: 2504: 2487: 2482: 2455: 2400: 2101: 2091: 2086: 2076: 1996: 1986: 1981: 1956: 1926: 1816: 1786: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1756: 1671: 1624: 1594: 1433: 1226: 1203: 1137: 753: 516: 496: 294: 226: 16818: 16726: 16572:Ästhetik der Selbstzerstörung: Selbstmordattentäter in der abendländischen Literatur 15355: 15320: 14641: 13651: 13415:Ästhetik der Selbstzerstörung: Selbstmordattentäter in der abendländischen Literatur 13400: 13279: 13045: 12954: 12911:

Ashworth, Scott; Clinton, Joshua D.; Meirowitz, Adam; Ramsay, Kristopher W. (2008).

12727: 12247: 8682: 5865:

Islam is the only major religious tradition where polygyny is still largely condoned

4694:

in 1956. However, both French ships with that name were unharmed during the crisis.

4593: 3870: 2759: 17737: 17690: 17665: 17638: 17594: 17538: 17382: 17316: 17187: 17153: 17105: 17095: 17030: 16806: 16775: 16706: 16528: 15967: 15378: 15343: 15308: 14320: 13964: 13884: 13639: 13388: 13259: 13098: 12926: 12492: 12404: 12235: 11766: 10624: 10339: 10323: 10193: 10031: 9613: 9383:

Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British

8800: 8529: 8335: 8321: 8313: 8056: 8010: 7837: 7791: 6790: 6660: 6612: 6584: 6402: 6082:

Also arguing that the increase in suicide terrorism since 2001 is really driven by

6056: 5945: 5939: 5644: 5563: 5463: 5417: 5368: 4839: 4703: 4589: 4567: 4523:, a ritual act of self-sacrifice carried out by Japanese pilots of explosive-laden 4385: 3989: 3569: 3534: 3524: 3509: 3494: 3424: 3289: 3212: 3086: 3076: 2999: 2904: 2894: 2854: 2764: 2729: 2661: 2554: 2492: 2385: 2313: 2306: 2163: 2096: 2046: 2036: 1911: 1831: 1791: 1776: 1743: 1728: 1599: 1584: 1537: 1445: 1403: 1346: 1341: 1299: 1122: 1099: 1006: 935: 864: 847: 511: 373: 11386:. Korea Society and the International Council on Korean Studies. 2001. p. 40. 5965:

identified more than 130 individual suicide terrorists, including 9/11 ringleader

5427: 18180: 18128: 18066: 17937: 17655: 17485: 17475: 17470: 17264: 17217: 17182: 17132: 17080: 16875: 16844: 16810: 16648: 16570: 16238: 15738: 15496: 15382: 15058: 14890: 14747: 14726: 14628: 14516: 13996: 13918: 13392: 13076: 12518: 12499: 12480: 11811: 11356: 10684: 10210: 10160: 10090: 9913:

Filipino Heritage: The Spanish Colonial period (Late 19th Century): The awakening

9312: 8758: 8738:

Two Hours that Shook the World: September 11, 2001 – Causes and Consequences

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Studies have attempted to learn the history and motivation of suicide attackers.

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high. The highest support for suicide bombings has been reported in the occupied

6692: 6604: 6243: 6229: 6180: 6173: 6083: 5856: 5557: 5390:

which began their insurgency against the Turkish state in 1984. According to the

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Suicide attacks include both suicide terrorism and attacks targeting combatants.

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Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria

13920:

The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of ...

7720:

On December 29, 2013, a female Chechen suicide bomber detonated her vest in the

17998: 17954: 17420: 17415: 17311: 17286: 17197: 16947: 16934: 16504: 15971: 15036: 14047: 11078:(reprint ed.). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 79. 10558:

The generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, Volume 39

10083: 8940: 8635: 8620: 8123: 8098: 8088: 8030: 7671: 7618: 6810: 6729: 6483: 6322: 5821: 5707: 5647:, the worst year so far being 2016 with 28 attacks, or more than two per month 5549: 5459: 4552: 4435: 4352: 4248: 4236: 4160: 3834: 3106: 3029: 3014: 2951: 2938: 2909: 2749: 2497: 1921: 1881: 1859: 1846: 1836: 1806: 1723: 1676: 1479: 1470: 1361: 1314: 1294: 1284: 1254: 1221: 1109: 1066: 1021: 893: 826: 476: 409: 343: 241: 176: 16779: 15347: 15312: 14324: 13998:

Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It

13969: 13952: 13888: 12930: 12408: 12239: 10036: 10019: 9603:

Braithwaite, John; Braithwaite, Valerie; Cookson, Michael; Dunn, Leah (2010).

8317: 8248:

Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Defining suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.).

7994:

the killing of its leadership by the Sri Lankan military and security forces.

7592:, female SSNP members bombed Israeli troops and the Israeli proxy militia the 4430:

A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese soldiers at

4408:

against Qing dynasty forces. "Dare to Die" troops were used by warlords. The

18320: 17922: 17892: 17543: 17291: 17254: 17244: 17212: 17100: 16979: 16850: 15489: 14705: 13643: 13315: 13305: 12938: 12568: 11332: 9579:

Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding

7700:, on January 14, 2004. Al-Riyashi attacked Erez checkpoint, killing 7 people. 7683: 7568:, issued a fatwa, giving women permission to participate in suicide attacks. 6703: 6680: 6312: 6302: 6195: 5926: 5903: 5655: 5518: 5503: 5341: 4753:

as well as active security measures including booby-traps, obstacles such as

4721: 4633: 4477: 4140: 4097: 4081: 3994: 3896: 3864: 3364: 3244: 3183: 3131: 3121: 3039: 2976: 2596: 2584: 2440: 2360: 2276: 2259: 2116: 1971: 1951: 1634: 1629: 1609: 1589: 1504: 1475: 1450: 1326: 1304: 1289: 1264: 1104: 1026: 989: 984: 881: 536: 271: 16710: 15907:

Peace Index / Most Israelis support the fence, despite Palestinian suffering

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Harmon, Vanessa; Mujkic, Edin; Kaukinen, Catherine; Weir, Henriikka (2018).

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Al Harakatul Al Islamiyyah: Essays on the Abu Sayyaf Group by Rommel Banlaoi

9673: 9496: 4686:

According to Egyptian media, an Arab Christian military officer from Syria,

3804:

pilots acted under military orders, while other attacks have been driven by

3789:

William Hutchinson (W. Hutchinson) describes suicide attacks as a weapon of

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Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American ..

13797: 13271: 11592: 11591: 10267: 8676:, March 2005 in the UN General Assembly, while Secretary General of the UN. 8133: 8044: 8033: 7999: 7978: 7961: 7895: 7875: 7826: 7783: 7697: 7603: 6849:(those who wage war against society), and the crime is called the crime of 6806: 6572: 6501: 6417: 6068: 5966: 5868: 5675: 5526: 5499: 5479: 5376: 5364: 4687: 4652: 4632:

claimed the squadron had destroyed 17 bridges. However, military historian

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aimed at instilling fear in the target population, undermining areas where

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7794:) wound up living together as they self-radicalized. They wanted to go to 5831:, 97 percent were unmarried and 84 percent were male (or if excluding the 5286:

The first modern suicide bombing took place in 1983 when Shiite militants

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Suicide bombings are often followed by heightened security measures and

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unit committed 83 suicide attacks from 1987 to 2009, killing 981 people

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Aesthetics of Self-Destruction: Suicide Attackers in Western Literature

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The Taliban has used at least one female suicide bomber in Afghanistan.

7646: 6771: 6317: 6148: 5917: 5795: 5560:, the head of the al-Qaeda organization that mounted the 9/11 attacks. 4664: 4621: 4564: 4489: 4409: 4389: 4373: 3892: 3794: 3279: 3096: 3024: 2651: 2621: 2343: 1712: 506: 501: 464: 15015:

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Suicide operatives are overwhelmingly male in most groups, but among

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strapped explosives such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies

4113: 4068: 3932: 3817: 3783: 3717:. In the context of terrorism, they are also commonly referred to as 3698: 3384: 3369: 3284: 2641: 2465: 2415: 2365: 2355: 2350: 2215: 2006: 2001: 1966: 1408: 1094: 1061: 950: 116: 16629:

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Afghanistan suicide bomb attacks, including non-detonated, 2002–2008

5760:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5521:, destroying both 110-story skyscrapers within less than two hours. 18013: 17301: 17296: 17020: 16608: 14601: 14470: 12473: 11671:(Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location") 10127:"The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing" 9860: 9551: 8341:

Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United States.

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Wreckage vehicles after a 2001 suicide bombing in Beit Lid Junction

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believes this claim was exaggerated and only the railway bridge at

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Filipino Heritage: The Spanish colonial period (late 19th century)

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Pape found other factors associated with suicide attacks included

4283:, the Russian Minister of the Interior, in St Petersburg in 1904. 4179:, (literally "Aceh-murder"). The Acehnese work of literature, the 3960:

by the sword). The term "suicide" is never used because Islam has

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