1523:
2268:
1116:
1623:, transferred to the air by the body of the instrument (or by a pickup in the case of electronically amplified instruments). They are usually categorised by the technique used to make the strings vibrate (or by the primary technique, in the case of instruments where more than one may apply.) The three most common techniques are plucking, bowing, and striking. An important difference between bowing and plucking is that in the former the phenomenon is periodic so that the overtones are kept in a strictly harmonic relationship to the fundamental.
2232:, the bridge can be flat, because the strings are played by plucking them with the fingers, fingernails or a pick; by moving the fingers or pick to different positions, the player can play different strings. On bowed instruments, the need to play strings individually with the bow also limits the number of strings to about six or seven strings; with more strings, it would be impossible to select individual strings to bow. (Note: bowed strings can also play two bowed notes on two different strings at the same time, a technique called a
1978:
1254:
2397:
1234:
1330:
133:
36:
2185:
1128:
2108:
synthetic material, or sometimes animal intestine, with no metal wrapping. To enable the low E string to produce a much lower pitch with a string of the same length, it is wrapped with many wrappings of thin metal wire. This adds to its mass without making it too stiff. The frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of the linear density:
2322:, on the other hand, may be moved by the player occasionally in the course of a single piece of music. Many modern Western harps include levers, either directly moved by fingers (on Celtic harps) or controlled by foot pedals (on orchestral harps), to raise the pitch of individual strings by a fixed amount. The Middle Eastern zither, the
1735:, and prompting the instrument to emit sound. Darker grades of rosin grip well in cool, dry climates, but may be too sticky in warmer, more humid weather. Violin and viola players generally use harder, lighter-colored rosin than players of lower-pitched instruments, who tend to favor darker, softer rosin.
3050:
The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Ăunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi, and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin
2258:
In harpsichords, often there are two sets of strings of equal length. These "choirs" usually differ in their plucking points. One choir has a "normal" plucking point, producing a canonical harpsichord sound; the other has a plucking point close to the bridge, producing a reedier "nasal" sound rich in
2227:
Bowed instruments pose a challenge to instrument builders, as compared with instruments that are only plucked (e.g., guitar), because on bowed instruments, the musician must be able to play one string at a time if they wish. As such, a bowed instrument must have a curved bridge that makes the "outer"
1289:
or earlier (now in the possession of the
British Museum) shows what is thought to be a woman playing a stick lute. From the surviving images, theorists have categorized the Mesopotamian lutes, showing that they developed into a long variety and a short. The line of long lutes may have developed into
1209:
to create a tuning mechanism to tighten and loosen the string tension. Lyres with wooden bodies and strings used for plucking or playing with a bow represent key instruments that point towards later harps and violin-type instruments; moreover, Indian instruments from 500 BC have been discovered with
1189:
This picture of musical bow to harp bow is theory and has been contested. In 1965 Franz Jahnel wrote his criticism stating that the early ancestors of plucked instruments are not currently known. He felt that the harp bow was a long cry from the sophistication of the civilizations of western Asia in
846:
Chordophones are instruments with strings. The strings may be struck with sticks, plucked with the bare fingers or a plectrum, bowed or (in the
Aeolian harp, for instance) sounded by wind. The confusing plenitude of stringed instruments can be reduced to four fundamental type: zithers, lutes, lyres,
2297:
of multiple strings tuned to the same note. (Many notes on a piano are strung with a "choir" of three strings tuned alike, to increase the volume.) A guitar represents the second methodâthe player's fingers push the string against the fingerboard so that the string is pressed firmly against a metal
1372:
In the 19th century, string instruments were made more widely available through mass production, with wood string instruments a key part of orchestras â cellos, violas, and upright basses, for example, were now standard instruments for chamber ensembles and smaller orchestras. At the same time, the
892:
fall into the first. Hornbostel and Sachs' criterion for determining which sub-group an instrument falls into is that if the resonator can be removed without destroying the instrument, then it is classified as 31. The idea that the piano's casing, which acts as a resonator, could be removed without
2873:
There have been some uncertain presumptions concerning the "invention" of the bowed harp...The "musical bow" conjectured by many music scholars is not definitely recognizable in any cave paintings. The fact that some
African negroes held the end of their bow-shaped harp in their mouths in order to
2107:
strings, extra weight is added to strings by winding them with metal. A string with a heavier metal winding produces a lower pitch than a string of equal length without a metal winding. This can be seen on a 2016-era set of gut strings for double bass. The higher-pitched G string is often made of
1909:
a string and strikes the side opposite the bridge. The technique is mainly used on electric instruments because these have a pickup that amplifies only the local string vibration. It is possible on acoustic instruments as well, but less effective. For instance, a player might press on the seventh
1313:, instrument development varied in different regions of the world. Middle Eastern rebecs represented breakthroughs in terms of shape and strings, with a half a pear shape using three strings. Early versions of the violin and fiddle, by comparison, emerged in Europe through instruments such as the
1968:
are then played by adjusting the length of the vibrating portion of the strings. The following observations all apply to a string that is infinitely flexible (a theoretical assumption, because in practical applications, strings are not infinitely flexible) strung between two fixed supports. Real
2448:
type instruments traditionally have a bridge, which holds the string at the proper action height from the fret/finger board at one end of the strings. On acoustic instruments, the bridge performs an equally important function of transmitting string energy into the "sound box" of the instrument,
851:
In most string instruments, the vibrations are transmitted to the body of the instrument, which often incorporates some sort of hollow or enclosed area. The body of the instrument also vibrates, along with the air inside it. The vibration of the body of the instrument and the enclosed hollow or
2515:
to convert the string's vibrations into an electrical signal that is amplified and then converted back into sound by loudspeakers. Some players attach a pickup to their traditional string instrument to "electrify" it. Another option is to use a solid-bodied instrument, which reduces unwanted
2301:
Some zithers combine stoppable (melody) strings with a greater number of "open" harmony or chord strings. On instruments with stoppable strings, such as the violin or guitar, the player can shorten the vibrating length of the string, using their fingers directly (or more rarely through some
2523:
Amplified string instruments can be much louder than their acoustic counterparts, so musicians can play them in relatively loud rock, blues, and jazz ensembles. Amplified instruments can also have their amplified tone modified by using electronic effects such as distortion, reverb, or
2292:
the strings along their length to shorten the part that vibrates, which is the method used in guitar and violin family instruments to produce different notes from the same string. The piano and harp represent the first method, where each note on the instrument has its own string or
2048:
raises the pitch of certain strings by increasing tension on them (stretching) through a mechanical linkage; release of the pedal returns the pitch to the original. Knee levers on the instrument can lower a pitch by releasing (and restoring) tension in the same way. A homemade
883:
as an integral part of the instrument (which have the classification number 31, also known as 'simple'); and instruments with such a resonator (which have the classification number 32, also known as 'composite'). Most western instruments fall into the second group, but the
2053:
made out of a length of rope, a broomstick and a washtub can produce different pitches by increasing the tension on the rope (producing a higher pitch) or reducing the tension (producing a lower pitch). The frequency is proportional to the square root of the tension:
1933:
is intentionally used, the guitar produces sustained high-pitched sounds. By changing the proximity of the guitar to the speaker, the guitarist can produce sounds that cannot be produced with standard plucking and picking techniques. This technique was popularized by
1810:
use this method of sound production. Even though the piano strikes the strings, the use of felt hammers means that the sound that is produced can nevertheless be mellow and rounded, in contrast to the sharp attack produced when a very hard hammer strikes the strings.
2254:
In keyboard instruments, the contact point along the string (whether this be hammer, tangent, or plectrum) is a choice made by the instrument designer. Builders use a combination of experience and acoustic theory to establish the right set of contact points.
2452:
Achieving a tonal characteristic that is effective and pleasing to the player's and listener's ear is something of an art and craft, as well as a science, and the makers of string instruments often seek very high quality woods to this end, particularly
2413:, or both. On the violin, for example, the four strings pass over a thin wooden bridge resting on a hollow box (the body of the violin). The normal force applied to the body from the strings is supported in part by a small cylinder of wood called the
2985:
2440:
than that of the string and therefore acts as a matching element between the acoustic impedance of the string and that of the surrounding air. A larger vibrating surface can sometimes produce better matching; especially at lower frequencies.
2408:
A vibrating string strung on a very thick log, as a hypothetical example, would make only a very quiet sound, so string instruments are usually constructed in such a way that the vibrating string is coupled to a hollow resonating chamber, a
2283:
A single string at a certain tension and length only produces one note. To produce multiple notes, string instruments use one of two methods. One is to add enough strings to cover the required range of different notes (e.g., as with the
1446:
In the 1960s, larger, more powerful guitar amplifiers were developed, called "stacks". These powerful amplifiers enabled guitarists to perform in rock bands that played in large venues such as stadiums and outdoor music festivals (e.g.,
2562:(divided into two sectionsâfirst violins and second violins; these sections play exactly the same instruments; the difference is that the first violins play higher-register lines and the second violins play lower-register parts,
2306:
and the hurdy-gurdy). Such instruments usually have a fingerboard attached to the neck of the instrument, that provides a hard flat surface the player can stop the strings against. On some string instruments, the fingerboard has
2589:
When orchestral instrumentation specifies "strings", it often means this combination of string parts. Orchestral works rarely omit any of these string parts, but often include additional string instruments, especially the
2330:
that let each course of multiple strings be incrementally retuned "on the fly" while the instrument is being played. These levers raise or lower the pitch of the string course by a microtone, less than a half step.
2171:
of around 42 inches (110 cm), whilst a violin scale is only about 13 inches (33 cm). On the shorter scale of the violin, the left hand may easily reach a range of slightly more than two octaves without
2449:
thereby increasing the sound volume. The specific design, and materials used in the construction of the bridge of an instrument, have a dramatic impact upon both the sound and responsiveness of the instrument.
2195:
In bowed instruments, the bow is normally placed perpendicularly to the string, at a point halfway between the end of the fingerboard and the bridge. However, different bow placements can be selected to change
1158:, a hunting bow used as a single-stringed musical instrument. From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed; since each string played a single note, adding strings added new notes, creating
2417:. The violin body also has two "f-holes" carved on the top. The strings' vibrations are distributed via the bridge and soundpost to all surfaces of the instrument, and are thus made louder by matching of the
2461:(a very hard wood). Spruce is used for the sounding boards of instruments from the violin to the piano. Instruments such as the banjo use a drum, covered in natural or synthetic skin as their soundboard.
2977:
1969:
strings have finite curvature at the bridge and nut, and the bridge, because of its motion, is not exactly nodes of vibration. Hence the following statements about proportionality are approximations.
2887:
852:
chamber make the vibration of the string more audible to the performer and audience. The body of most string instruments is hollow, in order to have better sound projection. Some, howeverâsuch as
1475:
era. Breakthroughs in electric guitar and basses technologies and playing styles enabled major breakthroughs in pop and rock music in the 1960s and 1970s. The distinctive sound of the amplified
2636:
1899:
is a small hand-held battery-powered device that magnetically excites the strings of an electric string instrument to provide a sustained, singing tone reminiscent of a held bowed violin note.
2146:
4409:
1873:
wrote music that requires that the player reach inside the piano and pluck the strings directly, "bow" them with bow hair wrapped around the strings, or play them by rolling the bell of a
963:
are stringed musical instruments that include a body and "a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body." The lute family includes not only
2777:
1914:
on a guitar and pluck it at the head side to make a tone resonate at the opposing side. On electric instruments, this technique generates multitone sounds reminiscent of a clock or bell.
1510:
The ongoing use of electronic amplification and effects units in string instruments, ranging from traditional instruments like the violin to the new electric guitar, added variety to
2027:
1274:
Musicologists have put forth examples of that 4th-century BC technology, looking at engraved images that have survived. The earliest image showing a lute-like instrument came from
2085:
1993:
has pedals that cause a hard object to make contact with a string to shorten its vibrating length during a performance. The frequency is inversely proportional to the length:
2251:
Similar timbral distinctions are also possible with plucked string instruments by selecting an appropriate plucking point, although the difference is perhaps more subtle.
2044:
of the string. A string with less tension (looser) results in a lower pitch, while a string with greater tension (tighter) results in a higher pitch. Pushing a pedal on a
4378:
3135:
Views 3 & 4 show a musician playing a 4th- to 5th-century lute-like instrument, excavated in
Gandhara, and part of a Los Angeles County Art Museum collection of
2167:
on bowed or plucked instruments ultimately determines the distance between different notes on the instrument. For example, a double bass with its low range needs a
2483:
and a metal horn to project the string sound, much like early mechanical gramophones. Its use declined beginning about 1920, as electronic amplification through
893:
destroying the instrument, may seem odd, but if the action and strings of the piano were taken out of its box, it could still be played. This is not true of the
3921:
2428:
It is sometimes said that the sounding board or soundbox "amplifies" the sound of the strings. In reality, no power amplification occurs, because all of the
639:
4339:
4531:
4032:
3464:
2946:
in modern Spain for a Roman boy, Lutaia Lupata, showing him with his pandurium, the Roman variant of the Greek
Pandura. Kept at the Museo Arqueologico,
1380:
and electronic music â electric violins were available by the 1920s and were an important part of emerging jazz music trends in the United States. The
4182:
3748:
4416:
1964:. String instruments are tuned by varying a string's tension because adjusting length or mass per unit length is impractical. Instruments with a
2769:
2228:
strings lower in height than the "inner" strings. With such a curved bridge, the player can select one string at a time to play. On guitars and
1853:
that the player presses keys on to trigger a mechanism that sounds the strings, instead of directly manipulating the strings. These include the
1078:
has two arms, which have a "yoke" or crossbar connecting them, and strings between the crossbar and the soundboard. Sachs divided this into the
2806:
3354:
3495:
1365:
featured intricate woodwork and stringing, while more elaborate bass instruments such as the bandora were produced alongside quill-plucked
897:, because the string passes over a bridge located on the resonator box, so removing the resonator would mean the strings had no tension.
3453:
3051:
is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from
2311:, raised ridges perpendicular to the strings, that stop the string at precise intervals, in which case the fingerboard is also called a
2298:
fret. Pressing the string against a fret while plucking or strumming it shortens the vibrating part and thus produces a different note.
4681:
3725:
1814:
Violin family string instrument players are occasionally instructed to strike the string with the stick of the bow, a technique called
1210:
anything from 7 to 21 strings. In
Vietnam, a 2,000 year old, singularly stringed instrument made of deer antler was also discovered.
4500:
2436:
comes from the vibrating string. The mechanism is that the sounding board of the instrument provides a larger surface area to create
1514:
performances, and enabled experimentation in the dynamic and timbre (tone colour) range of orchestras, bands, and solo performances.
632:
2790:
A cave-painting in the "Trois FrĂšres" cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago. The magician-hunter plays the musical bow.
1190:
4000 BC that took the primitive technology and created "technically and artistically well-made harps, lyres, citharas, and lutes."
4425:
2491:
was developed and came into use. String instrument players can electronically amplify their instruments by connecting them to a
100:
3025:
72:
3337:
3183:
2535:
that are designed to reproduce low-frequency sounds. To modify the tone of amplified bass instruments, a range of electronic
2353:
with the played notes, creating additional tones. Sympathetic strings vibrate naturally when various intervals, such as the
2663:
1373:
19th-century guitar became more typically associated with six-string models, rather than traditional five-string versions.
625:
3093:
2874:
improve the tone...should not be taken as proof that the first
European bowmen were also conversant with the musical bow.
79:
3420:
2114:
1221:
53:
17:
3122:
1392:, but as an acoustic instrument, it was not loud enough to be a solo instrument, so these genres mostly used it as an
703:, the musician presses a key that plucks the string. Other musical instruments generate sound by striking the string.
4656:
4383:
3435:
3398:
3152:
3035:
2866:
2856:
2734:
2288:, which has sets of 88 strings to enable the performer to play 88 different notes). The other is to provide a way to
2248:, and even though these strings are arranged on a flat bridge, the mechanism can play any of the notes individually.
2168:
2151:
Given two strings of equal length and tension, the string with higher mass per unit length produces the lower pitch.
1723:
consists of a stick with a "ribbon" of parallel horse tail hairs stretched between its ends. The hair is coated with
1321:. These instruments typically used catgut (animal intestine) and other materials, including silk, for their strings.
873:
831:
706:
With bowed instruments, the player pulls a rosined horsehair bow across the strings, causing them to vibrate. With a
653:
119:
3488:
3210:
1668:
Instruments normally played by bowing (see below) may also be plucked, a technique referred to by the
Italian term
1522:
86:
3021:
2267:
3149:"Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)"
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3718:
1361:
became more consistent in design and were roughly similar to acoustic guitars of the 2000s. The violins of the
57:
68:
4493:
2532:
1999:
1989:
of the string. A longer string results in a lower pitch, while a shorter string results in a higher pitch. A
1895:
Steel-stringed instruments (such as the guitar, bass, violin, etc.) can be played using a magnetic field. An
1435:
provided guitarists with an instrument that was built to connect to guitar amplifiers. Electric guitars have
1206:
512:
3461:
3232:
2668:
1806:
The third common method of sound production in stringed instruments is to strike the string. The piano and
1511:
1306:, and Northwest India, and shown in sculpture from the 2nd century BC through the 4th or 5th centuries AD.
868:, string instruments are known as chordophones. It is one of the five main divisions of instruments in the
2060:
4864:
3734:
3481:
2678:
3067:
and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various
Arabian
4527:
2642:
2512:
1846:
employs a very unusual method of sound production: the strings are excited by the movement of the air.
1614:
1605:
It is also possible to divide the instruments into categories focused on how the instrument is played.
4635:
3711:
1632:
1376:
Major changes to string instruments in the 20th century primarily involved innovations in electronic
942:
900:
Curt Sachs also broke chordophones into four basic subcategories, "zithers, lutes, lyres and harps."
3447:
2802:
4486:
1884:
Other keyed string instruments, small enough for a strolling musician to play, include the plucked
1448:
1377:
3362:
2531:
Bass-register string instruments such as the double bass and the electric bass are amplified with
1742:
is one of the oldest string instruments. Ancestors of the modern bowed string instruments are the
4874:
4646:
4594:
3648:
2361:
of the notes of the sympathetic strings are plucked, bowed or struck. This system is used on the
1683:
765:). All of the bowed string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers, a technique called "
722:
298:
46:
3088:
1115:
687:, and others by hitting the strings with a light wooden hammer or by rubbing the strings with a
4612:
4290:
3604:
2176:, while on the bass' longer scale, a single octave or a ninth is reachable in lower positions.
93:
3390:
2756:
2726:
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4590:
3358:
3052:
2217:
1728:
2933:
4355:
3176:
Musica
Practica: The Social Practice of Western Music from Gregorian Chant to Postmodernism
2626:, the double bass is not typically used; the cello plays the bass role in this literature.
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869:
827:
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8:
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4548:
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2164:
1862:
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1179:
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563:
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instruments, four strings are the norm, with the exception of five strings used on some
856:
and other instruments that rely on electronic amplificationâmay have a solid wood body.
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3841:
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2418:
2410:
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2346:
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1955:
1930:
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on the array of strings. However, these are relatively rarely used special techniques.
1820:. This yields a percussive sound along with the pitch of the note. A well-known use of
1488:
1240:
996:
782:
665:
148:
3327:
2206:) produces an intense, sometimes harsh sound, which acoustically emphasizes the upper
1665:, using either a finger, thumb, or quills (now plastic plectra) to pluck the strings.
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4316:
4278:
3394:
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3333:
3300:
3179:
3041:
3031:
2919:
2907:
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2858:
Manual of Guitar Technology: The History and Technology of Plucked String Instruments
2730:
2719:
2653:
2595:
2391:
2319:
2173:
2041:
1943:
1807:
1492:
1424:
778:
669:
361:
3427:, an online resource published in collaboration with the Guild of American Luthiers.
2934:"The Deceased is the Young Lutaia Lupata Who is Shown Playing the Lute or Pandurium"
4726:
4671:
4651:
4304:
3759:
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3274:
2899:
2673:
2496:
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1961:
1939:
1925:. When an electric guitar is plugged into a loud, powerful guitar amplifier with a
1874:
1850:
1620:
1472:
785:
696:
227:
2947:
1193:
Archaeological digs have identified some of the earliest stringed instruments in
879:
HornbostelâSachs divides chordophones into two main groups: instruments without a
4676:
4602:
4310:
3890:
3877:
3573:
3513:
3468:
3424:
2943:
2525:
2484:
2472:(particularly the larger, lower-pitched instruments, such as cellos and basses).
2032:
A string twice as long produces a tone of half the frequency (one octave lower).
1918:
1476:
1468:
1436:
1432:
1416:
1404:
1381:
950:
853:
770:
1977:
1451:). Along with the development of guitar amplifiers, a large range of electronic
1151:
1052:
4714:
4641:
4565:
4510:
4349:
4296:
2981:
2623:
2603:
2567:
2552:
2517:
2294:
2272:
2237:
2202:
2096:
1922:
1751:
1688:
1396:
1350:
1298:. The line of short lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia, in
714:
680:
558:
3045:
2099:(mass per unit length) of the string. In practical applications, such as with
4858:
4823:
4761:
4666:
4570:
4461:
4454:
4100:
3914:
3813:
3687:
3599:
3563:
3442:
3417:
3256:
3060:
2911:
2821:
2563:
2508:
2421:. The correct technical explanation is that they allow a better match to the
1712:
1504:
1440:
1393:
1279:
1175:
796:
773:, including plucking with the fingernails or a plectrum, strumming and even "
754:
578:
522:
234:
174:
3083:
2244:. In contrast, with stringed keyboard instruments, 88 courses are used on a
1201:, which include artifacts over three thousand years old. The development of
4843:
4334:
4201:
4106:
3947:
3798:
3594:
3446:
3430:
3114:
2888:"In search of a musical past: evidence for early chordophones from Vietnam"
2591:
2536:
2476:
2465:
2464:
Acoustic instruments can also be made out of artificial materials, such as
2396:
2050:
1990:
1935:
1870:
1843:
1825:
1795:
1571:
1548:
1527:
1452:
1310:
1183:
1178:. Another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a
1171:
1159:
451:
3703:
3148:
2903:
476:
4818:
4776:
4731:
4696:
4580:
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4027:
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3862:
3852:
3692:
3630:
3547:
3542:
2658:
2599:
2583:
2488:
2366:
2318:
Moving frets during performance is usually impractical. The bridges of a
2303:
2241:
2233:
2100:
1965:
1926:
1889:
1830:
1791:
1783:
1763:
1759:
1739:
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1708:
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1500:
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1407:
played backing chords, but it was not loud enough to play solos like the
1362:
1346:
1275:
1198:
1155:
1133:
926:
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889:
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1329:
1253:
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4746:
4575:
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4137:
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2637:
Essay on the fingering of the violoncello and on the conduct of the bow
2619:
2469:
2437:
1902:
1858:
1480:
1460:
934:
865:
839:
835:
762:
710:, the musician cranks a wheel whose rosined edge touches the strings.
553:
528:
496:
466:
419:
376:
264:
259:
249:
194:
1016:
4798:
4736:
4691:
4629:
4449:
4436:
4177:
4162:
3867:
3743:
3682:
3609:
3030:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. pp. 319â320.
2938:
Museum information sign for the stele. Circa 2nd century AD memorial
2607:
2548:
2492:
2480:
2414:
2350:
2349:âwhich are additional strings not meant to be plucked. These strings
2216:) produces a purer tone with less overtone strength, emphasizing the
2212:
1816:
1732:
1670:
1526:
A woman playing some kind of string instrument while riding a horse,
1408:
880:
766:
718:
593:
568:
533:
517:
486:
426:
244:
209:
3438:, an online feature presented by Bloomingdale School of Music (2010)
3202:
1892:, and the hurdy-gurdy, which is played by cranking a rosined wheel.
1727:
so it can grip the string; moving the hair across a string causes a
1233:
949:(described as combination of half-tube and board zithers) including
132:
35:
4813:
4766:
4709:
4598:
4363:
4131:
4061:
3642:
3589:
3532:
2207:
1885:
1878:
1866:
1747:
1654:
1587:
1583:
1456:
1400:
1303:
1244:
1032:
1020:
1012:
820:
812:
684:
501:
461:
436:
381:
371:
269:
184:
164:
1767:
4833:
4808:
4791:
4786:
4719:
4704:
3974:
3537:
3064:
2886:
Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Hull, Jennifer R.; Há»ng, VÆ°ÆĄng Thu (2023).
2647:
2611:
2362:
2276:
1787:
1779:
1646:
1552:
1464:
1412:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1264:
1083:
1036:
1028:
1008:
988:
954:
816:
774:
506:
471:
446:
441:
396:
391:
356:
274:
204:
169:
2184:
1431:
play solos and be heard over a big band. The development of the
4803:
4781:
4771:
4741:
4270:
4045:
2997:
Culture/period Uruk, Date 3100BC (circa1), Museum number 141632
2559:
2454:
2429:
2401:
2358:
2354:
2197:
1986:
1981:
String fingering is proportional and not fixed, as on the piano
1696:
1599:
1565:
1334:
1291:
1068:
1000:
984:
980:
922:
904:
894:
769:". A wide variety of techniques are used to sound notes on the
758:
726:
692:
676:
611:
588:
406:
346:
329:
239:
214:
4828:
4261:
3824:
3656:
2939:
2578:
2573:
2458:
2433:
2285:
2245:
2189:
2104:
1896:
1854:
1755:
1743:
1724:
1704:
1700:
1695:) is a method used in some string instruments, including the
1662:
1642:
1638:
1595:
1579:
1385:
1260:
1167:
1127:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1024:
938:
885:
808:
804:
800:
734:
730:
672:
when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.
583:
491:
481:
386:
341:
324:
314:
304:
189:
2861:. Fachbuchreihe "Das Musikinstrument", vol. 37. p. 15.
1865:, strings are occasionally plucked or bowed by hand. Modern
4585:
4508:
4148:
4125:
2615:
2445:
2308:
2229:
1949:
1921:, can also be played without touching the strings by using
1911:
1775:
1771:
1716:
1650:
1637:
Plucking is a method of playing on instruments such as the
1557:
1542:
1471:
enabling performers to create unique new sounds during the
1389:
1318:
1202:
1163:
1098:
1075:
1064:
1060:
976:
968:
960:
838:, string instruments are called chordophones. According to
792:
746:
742:
456:
431:
401:
366:
279:
199:
2833:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
1415:. The development of guitar amplifiers, which contained a
2457:(chosen for its lightness, strength and flexibility) and
2095:
The pitch of a string can also be varied by changing the
1658:
972:
791:
Some string instruments are mainly plucked, such as the
3002:
2703:
2200:. Application of the bow close to the bridge (known as
1459:
pedals were introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, such as
4379:
List of musical instruments by HornbostelâSachs number
1619:
All string instruments produce sound from one or more
1551:
and a bout (gourd), for instance a guitar, violin, or
2117:
2063:
2002:
1570:
Instruments that have the strings mounted on a body,
1538:
String instruments can be divided into three groups:
1317:, a four-stringed precursor to the guitar, and basic
929:
in which tube zithers are tied into a single "raft",
1849:
Some instruments that have strings have an attached
2691:
2598:from the 1600sâ1750 (or with modern groups playing
1562:
Instruments that contain the strings within a frame
1479:was the centerpiece of new genres of music such as
1239:Hellenistic banquet scene from the 1st century AD,
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Class of musical instruments with vibrating strings
2718:
2224:, since it sounds less reedy and more flute-like.
2179:
2140:
2079:
2021:
1487:. The sonic power of the loudly amplified, highly
3329:Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms
2725:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
2271:Arab string musical instrument on display at the
2141:{\displaystyle f\propto {1 \over {\sqrt {\mu }}}}
1491:electric guitar was the key element of the early
4856:
2748:
2746:
2602:) harpsichord is almost always used to play the
2154:
1345:String instrument design was refined during the
2960:
2958:
2262:
1938:and others in the 1960s. It was widely used in
3233:"The Differences Between Dark and Amber Rosin"
3173:
3027:The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East
2885:
2551:, and often called the "symphonic strings" or
2539:are available, such as distortion and chorus.
1960:There are three ways to change the pitch of a
1154:cave in France depicts what some believe is a
1105:
4494:
4410:
3719:
3489:
2970:
2795:
2743:
1337:and rebec (from left to right) on display at
1101:which has strings vertical to the soundboard.
675:Musicians play some string instruments, like
633:
3457:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2955:
3733:
2547:The string instruments usually used in the
2507:Most string instruments can be fitted with
2502:
1547:Instruments that support the strings via a
741:) and a number of other instruments (e.g.,
4501:
4487:
4417:
4403:
3726:
3712:
3496:
3482:
3389:. Oxford University Press. 1964. pp.
3266:
2770:"The music-bow from prehistory till today"
1798:(rather than plucked) for unique effects.
1495:, with the distorted guitar being used in
1170:. In turn, this led to being able to play
640:
626:
4424:
3503:
1917:Electric string instruments, such as the
921:with a tube as the resonator such as the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3020:
3008:
2964:
2936:. 20 September 2014 – via flickr.
2850:
2848:
2839:
2827:
2761:
2395:
2266:
2183:
1976:
1950:Changing the pitch of a vibrating string
1521:
1328:
1324:
1090:which used a bowl on its side with skin
131:
3352:
3325:
2622:. In some classical music, such as the
2385:
2326:, is equipped with small levers called
2022:{\displaystyle f\propto {\frac {1}{l}}}
1517:
1136:have survived in some parts of Africa.
14:
4857:
3386:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
2854:
2830:, pp. 179, 231, 235â236, 308â310.
2334:
1905:is a plucking method where the player
4482:
4398:
3707:
3477:
3462:A Brief History of String Instruments
3231:Scott, Heather K. (January 5, 2004).
3230:
3203:"Oxford Music Online by subscription"
3197:
3195:
2845:
2752:
2716:
2697:
2040:Pitch can be adjusted by varying the
1985:Pitch can be adjusted by varying the
1608:
3125:from the original on 10 October 2017
2664:String instrument extended technique
2610:and improvised chords), and often a
2542:
2080:{\displaystyle f\propto {\sqrt {T}}}
1746:of the Islamic Empires, the Persian
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3332:. LiutaioMottola.com. p. 122.
3301:"Early History of the Steel Guitar"
3298:
3272:
2809:from the original on March 18, 2015
2404:uses a soundboard made of goatskin.
2380:
2345:Some instruments are employed with
24:
3192:
3167:
3155:from the original on April 2, 2015
2780:from the original on April 2, 2015
2767:
2721:The History of Musical Instruments
1861:, and the harpsichord. With these
1754:. Other bowed instruments are the
1222:History of lute-family instruments
1121:Bow Harp or Harp Lute, West Africa
25:
4886:
4384:Musical instrument classification
3411:
3326:Mottola, R. M. (1 January 2020).
2090:
1796:guitar has been played with a bow
1794:is bowed by a wheel. Rarely, the
1182:used to lift the strings off the
874:musical instrument classification
859:
832:musical instrument classification
654:musical instrument classification
3059:as 'trichordos'... According to
2210:. Bowing above the fingerboard (
1837:
1353:(1600â1750) of musical history.
1252:
1232:
1126:
1114:
34:
3436:Instruments in Depth: The Viola
3431:The physics of the bowed string
3377:
3346:
3319:
3292:
3250:
3224:
3213:from the original on 2011-02-24
3151:. The Cleveland Museum of Art.
3141:
3107:
3096:from the original on 2015-05-17
3076:
3014:
2988:from the original on 2017-07-02
2926:
2650:(maker of stringed instruments)
2475:In the early 20th century, the
2180:Contact points along the string
1533:
777:" on the fingerboard and using
45:needs additional citations for
3673:part relation with additional
2879:
2159:The length of the string from
788:to produce a sustained sound.
713:Bowed instruments include the
13:
1:
3557:Dynamic intonation adjustment
2684:
2302:mechanical device, as in the
2236:.) Indeed, on the orchestral
2155:String length or scale length
1283:
1144:
799:. Other examples include the
3671:Physical just-intoned string
3448:"Stringed instruments"
2669:String instrument repertoire
2263:Production of multiple notes
1512:contemporary classical music
1369:, and Spanish body guitars.
7:
3568:
3522:
3273:Wooster, Patricia McNulty.
3063:, the trichordon (sic) was
2922:– via Cambridge Core.
2679:Stringed instrument tunings
2629:
1801:
1626:
1341:in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan
1106:Earliest string instruments
10:
4891:
3583:Just intonation in one key
3523:Fretless string instrument
3115:"Five Celestial Musicians"
2643:List of string instruments
2533:bass instrument amplifiers
2389:
2338:
2035:
1953:
1824:for orchestral strings is
1681:
1630:
1615:List of string instruments
1612:
965:short-necked plucked lutes
4690:
4636:Music On A Long Thin Wire
4539:
4525:
4432:
4374:
4331:
4251:
4191:
4175:
4115:
4041:
4024:
4003:
3983:
3967:
3930:
3912:
3888:
3839:
3796:
3757:
3741:
3670:
3641:
3618:
3582:
3569:Fretted string instrument
3556:
3512:
3207:www.oxfordmusiconline.com
1972:
1677:
1633:Plucked string instrument
1205:instruments required the
1150:, a cave painting in the
1005:long-necked plucked lutes
699:instruments, such as the
4532:HornbostelâSachs numbers
3137:Five Celestial Musicians
2503:Electronic amplification
1828:'s "Mars" movement from
1449:Woodstock Music Festival
1378:instrument amplification
1247:. Lute player far right.
1213:
683:with their fingers or a
668:that produce sound from
4211:412.1. Idiophonic/reed
3735:HornbostelâSachs system
3619:Retunable to a just key
3454:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3353:Aguilar, Jorge (2003).
3174:Michael Chanan (1994).
1684:Bowed string instrument
1063:, and entire family of
723:Western classical music
136:Some string instruments
4613:Long-string instrument
4231:412.2. Non-idiophonic
3605:Long-string instrument
3305:steelguitaramerica.com
3178:. Verso. p. 170.
2855:Jahnel, Franz (1965).
2606:part (the written-out
2479:used a diaphragm-type
2405:
2280:
2192:
2142:
2081:
2023:
1982:
1530:
1342:
849:
761:used in many types of
137:
4426:Elementary organology
3359:University of Florida
2904:10.15184/aqy.2022.170
2399:
2270:
2187:
2143:
2082:
2024:
1980:
1729:stick-slip phenomenon
1613:Further information:
1525:
1332:
1325:Renaissance to modern
1186:, creating the lute.
844:
135:
3626:Keyboard instruments
3355:"String Instruments"
3089:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
3022:Dumbrill, Richard J.
2717:Sachs, Curt (1940).
2386:Acoustic instruments
2115:
2061:
2000:
1929:and a high level of
1863:keyboard instruments
1731:, making the string
1518:Types of instruments
1443:and an output jack.
1441:volume control knobs
1278:prior to 3000 BC. A
1195:Ancient Mesopotamian
54:improve this article
4226:412.14. Band/Ribbon
3787:112.2. Scraped/rasp
3365:on January 30, 2019
2842:, pp. 308â310.
2803:"Trois Freres Cave"
2347:sympathetic strings
2335:Sympathetic strings
1384:was widely used in
1339:Amakusa Korejiyokan
717:instruments of the
666:musical instruments
564:Electronic keyboard
149:Musical instruments
143:Part of a series on
69:"String instrument"
4865:String instruments
4620:Melde's experiment
4360:53. Radioelectric
4217:412.12. Percussive
4214:412.11. Concussive
4208:412. Interruptive
4198:411. Displacement
3528:Pedal steel guitar
3467:2016-03-03 at the
3423:2021-04-21 at the
3299:Brenner, Patrick.
2594:and piano. In the
2520:howls or squeals.
2423:acoustic impedance
2419:acoustic impedance
2406:
2341:Sympathetic string
2281:
2193:
2138:
2077:
2046:pedal steel guitar
2019:
1983:
1609:Playing techniques
1531:
1403:of the 1920s, the
1343:
1082:such as the Greek
679:, by plucking the
658:string instruments
293:String instruments
138:
18:String Instruments
4852:
4851:
4608:Longitudinal wave
4476:
4475:
4392:
4391:
4327:
4326:
4266:421.1. Non-fipple
4171:
4170:
4020:
4019:
3908:
3907:
3773:111.2. Percussion
3770:111.1. Concussion
3701:
3700:
3339:978-1-7341256-0-3
3307:. Patrick Brenner
3279:harp spectrum.org
3185:978-1-85984-005-4
2768:Campen, Ank van.
2654:Musical acoustics
2596:Baroque orchestra
2543:Symphonic strings
2392:Musical acoustics
2259:upper harmonics.
2188:The strings of a
2174:shifting position
2136:
2134:
2075:
2017:
1944:heavy metal music
1808:hammered dulcimer
1621:vibrating strings
1493:heavy metal music
1143:Dating to around
1049:bowed instruments
670:vibrating strings
650:
649:
228:Brass instruments
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4882:
4672:String vibration
4503:
4496:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4237:412.21. Whirling
4234:412.21. Rotating
4189:
4188:
4039:
4038:
4013:242. Tube/vessel
3928:
3927:
3778:112. Indirectly
3755:
3754:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3574:Wind instruments
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3458:
3450:
3405:
3404:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3361:. Archived from
3350:
3344:
3343:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3275:"Pedal Harp 101"
3270:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3237:Strings Magazine
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2898:(391): 141â157.
2883:
2877:
2876:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2774:HarpHistory.info
2765:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2724:
2714:
2701:
2695:
2674:String orchestra
2568:counter-melodies
2497:guitar amplifier
2485:power amplifiers
2381:Sound production
2371:hardanger fiddle
2220:, also known as
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2103:strings or bass
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2010:
1962:vibrating string
1940:psychedelic rock
1875:brass instrument
1649:, guitar, harp,
1499:roles, and with
1485:jazz-rock fusion
1473:psychedelic rock
1455:, many in small
1437:magnetic pickups
1288:
1285:
1263:of a boy with a
1256:
1236:
1197:sites, like the
1149:
1148: 13,000 BC
1146:
1130:
1118:
870:HornbostelâSachs
828:HornbostelâSachs
786:guitar amplifier
642:
635:
628:
140:
139:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4757:Japanese fiddle
4695:
4686:
4677:Transverse wave
4625:Mersenne's laws
4603:String harmonic
4535:
4521:
4507:
4477:
4472:
4428:
4423:
4393:
4388:
4370:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4253:
4247:
4180:
4167:
4117:
4111:
4053:311. Bar/stick
4043:
4030:
4026:
4016:
3999:
3979:
3963:
3919:
3916:
3904:
3884:
3878:Glass harmonica
3835:
3792:
3746:
3737:
3732:
3702:
3697:
3672:
3666:
3649:overtone series
3646:
3643:Flageolet tones
3637:
3614:
3578:
3552:
3514:Just intonation
3508:
3502:
3469:Wayback Machine
3441:
3425:Wayback Machine
3414:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3271:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3128:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3038:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2991:
2989:
2978:"Cylinder seal"
2976:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2944:Augusta Emerita
2932:
2931:
2927:
2884:
2880:
2869:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2715:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2632:
2545:
2505:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2343:
2337:
2265:
2182:
2157:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2093:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2038:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1975:
1958:
1956:Mersenne's laws
1952:
1919:electric guitar
1840:
1804:
1715:), and the old
1686:
1680:
1635:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1536:
1520:
1477:electric guitar
1433:electric guitar
1429:jazz guitarists
1417:power amplifier
1405:acoustic guitar
1399:instrument. In
1382:acoustic guitar
1327:
1286:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1216:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1108:
862:
854:electric guitar
771:electric guitar
685:plectrum (pick)
646:
617:
616:
607:
599:
598:
549:
539:
538:
509:aka Kettledrums
422:
412:
411:
295:
285:
284:
230:
220:
219:
160:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4875:Rhythm section
4872:
4867:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4715:Bladder fiddle
4712:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4352:
4345:
4343:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4195:
4193:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4048:
4036:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3937:211. Directly
3934:
3932:
3925:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:122.2. Cut out
3828:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:112.1. Shaken/
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3767:111. Directly
3764:
3762:
3752:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:(harmonics) or
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3445:, ed. (1911).
3443:Chisholm, Hugh
3439:
3433:
3428:
3418:Savart Journal
3413:
3412:External links
3410:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3376:
3345:
3338:
3318:
3291:
3265:
3257:Piston, Walter
3249:
3223:
3191:
3184:
3166:
3140:
3106:
3092:. 1988-12-15.
3075:
3057:The Lyre-maker
3036:
3013:
3011:, p. 310.
3001:
2982:British Museum
2969:
2954:
2925:
2878:
2867:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2794:
2760:
2742:
2735:
2702:
2700:, p. 463.
2689:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2624:string quartet
2604:basso continuo
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2553:string section
2544:
2541:
2504:
2501:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2339:Main article:
2336:
2333:
2273:Debbane Palace
2264:
2261:
2238:string section
2203:sul ponticello
2181:
2178:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2097:linear density
2092:
2091:Linear density
2089:
2088:
2087:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1974:
1971:
1954:Main article:
1951:
1948:
1923:audio feedback
1839:
1836:
1803:
1800:
1752:Byzantine lira
1682:Main article:
1679:
1676:
1631:Main article:
1628:
1625:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1532:
1519:
1516:
1425:wooden cabinet
1397:rhythm section
1351:Baroque period
1326:
1323:
1287: 3100 BC
1258:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1072:
958:
861:
860:Classification
858:
715:string section
648:
647:
645:
644:
637:
630:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
559:Clavicytherium
556:
550:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
531:
526:
520:
515:
510:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
423:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
296:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
145:
144:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4887:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Tromba marina
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Standing wave
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Hydraulophone
4460:
4456:
4455:Membranophone
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4356:Amplification
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3826:
3823:122.1. Lace (
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Tromba marina
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3402:
3400:0-19-311302-3
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3261:Orchestration
3258:
3253:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3037:1-4120-5538-5
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3009:Dumbrill 2005
3005:
2998:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2967:, p. 321
2966:
2965:Dumbrill 2005
2961:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2948:MĂ©rida, Spain
2945:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2868:0-933224-99-0
2864:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:Dumbrill 2005
2836:
2829:
2828:Dumbrill 2005
2824:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2736:9780393020687
2732:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2584:Double basses
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:accompaniment
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2509:piezoelectric
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2400:The Moroccan
2398:
2393:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:double basses
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1838:Other methods
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:violin family
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1505:rhythm guitar
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:effects units
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:accompaniment
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:and into the
1348:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1280:cylinder seal
1277:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1235:
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1223:
1218:
1217:
1211:
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1187:
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1173:
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1129:
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1096:
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1026:
1022:
1018:
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998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:board zithers
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
909:stick zithers
906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
896:
891:
887:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
857:
855:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:electric bass
794:
789:
787:
784:
781:from a loud,
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Baroque music
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
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716:
711:
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567:
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562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
548:
543:
542:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
523:Tubular bells
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
508:
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248:
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243:
241:
238:
236:
235:Baritone horn
233:
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229:
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216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
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183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Contrabassoon
173:
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162:
159:
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150:
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134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4844:Washtub bass
4697:musical bows
4657:Scale length
4634:
4554:Third bridge
4518:
4335:Electrophone
4244:413. Plosive
4156:322.2. Frame
4142:321.3.Handle
4062:Stick zither
3984:23. Friction
3874:133. Vessel
3859:132. Plaque
3809:121.1. Clack
3595:Natural horn
3452:
3385:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3363:the original
3348:
3328:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3304:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:
3226:
3215:. Retrieved
3206:
3175:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3143:
3136:
3127:. Retrieved
3118:
3109:
3098:. Retrieved
3087:
3078:
3068:
3056:
3055:in his play
3049:
3026:
3016:
3004:
2996:
2990:. Retrieved
2972:
2937:
2928:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2872:
2857:
2835:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2797:
2789:
2782:. Retrieved
2773:
2763:
2720:
2693:
2592:concert harp
2588:
2546:
2537:bass effects
2530:
2522:
2511:or magnetic
2506:
2489:loudspeakers
2477:Stroh violin
2474:
2466:carbon fiber
2463:
2451:
2443:
2427:
2425:of the air.
2407:
2344:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2289:
2282:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2194:
2169:scale length
2158:
2150:
2094:
2051:washtub bass
2039:
2031:
1991:concert harp
1984:
1959:
1936:Jimi Hendrix
1916:
1906:
1903:Third bridge
1901:
1894:
1888:, the bowed
1883:
1871:Henry Cowell
1848:
1844:aeolian harp
1841:
1829:
1826:Gustav Holst
1821:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1737:
1719:family. The
1692:
1687:
1669:
1667:
1636:
1618:
1604:
1578:, such as a
1537:
1534:Construction
1528:Tang dynasty
1509:
1501:power chords
1445:
1375:
1371:
1344:
1338:
1311:medieval era
1308:
1273:
1219:
1192:
1188:
1152:Trois FrĂšres
1142:
1134:Musical bows
1087:
1079:
1053:Yaylı tambur
1051:such as the
1048:
1007:such as the
1004:
967:such as the
964:
947:long zithers
946:
930:
927:raft zithers
918:tube zithers
916:
911:such as the
908:
899:
878:
863:
850:
845:
825:
790:
712:
705:
674:
662:chordophones
661:
657:
651:
452:Glockenspiel
335:
334:
297:
292:
116:
110:January 2013
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4819:Psalmodicon
4732:Diddley bow
4591:Fundamental
4581:Fingerboard
4561:Chordophone
4519:instruments
4469:Quintephone
4466:Plasmaphone
4445:Chordophone
4291:Single reed
4285:Double reed
4153:322.1. Open
4091:Heterochord
4057:Musical bow
4028:Chordophone
4004:24. Singing
3968:22. Plucked
3960:212. Shaken
3901:142. Plaque
3863:Musical saw
3853:Nail violin
3849:131. Stick
3806:121. Frame
3693:Moodswinger
3631:Split sharp
3548:Synthesizer
3543:Human voice
3504:Instrument
3369:February 1,
3242:February 1,
2659:Ravanahatha
2600:early music
2438:sound waves
2432:to produce
2367:grand piano
2304:nyckelharpa
2234:double stop
2218:fundamental
2101:double bass
1966:fingerboard
1927:loudspeaker
1890:nyckelharpa
1831:The Planets
1792:hurdy-gurdy
1784:morin khuur
1764:nyckelharpa
1760:hardingfele
1740:ravanahatha
1709:double bass
1592:harpsichord
1497:lead guitar
1461:fuzz pedals
1421:loudspeaker
1363:Renaissance
1347:Renaissance
1309:During the
1276:Mesopotamia
1199:lyres of Ur
1156:musical bow
1047:, but also
913:musical bow
890:harpsichord
751:early music
739:double bass
708:hurdy-gurdy
701:harpsichord
574:Harpsichord
352:Bass guitar
320:Hurdy-gurdy
310:Double bass
255:French horn
180:Cor anglais
4870:Orchestras
4859:Categories
4752:Ichigenkin
4747:Ground bow
4692:Monochords
4682:Tuning peg
4662:Soundboard
4576:Enharmonic
4441:Gaiaphone
4096:314. Board
4042:31. Simple
3990:231. Stick
3931:21. Struck
3898:141. Stick
3820:122. Comb
3675:3rd bridge
3516:in any key
3506:intonation
3217:2015-09-17
3100:2023-06-15
3046:1020920823
2992:2017-06-15
2755:, p.
2753:Sachs 1940
2698:Sachs 1940
2685:References
2620:pipe organ
2470:fiberglass
2411:soundboard
2390:See also:
1931:distortion
1877:such as a
1859:clavichord
1707:, and the
1691:(Italian:
1481:blues rock
1207:technology
1184:stick-neck
1092:soundboard
935:clavichord
933:including
872:scheme of
866:musicology
847:and harps.
836:organology
834:, used in
830:scheme of
763:folk music
695:. In some
554:Clavichord
529:Vibraphone
525:aka Chimes
497:Snare drum
467:Lithophone
420:Percussion
265:Tenor horn
260:Mellophone
250:Flugelhorn
195:Nadaswaram
80:newspapers
4799:Langeleik
4737:Duxianqin
4630:Monochord
4599:Overtones
4595:Harmonics
4450:Idiophone
4437:Aerophone
4317:Chromatic
4222:Free reed
4178:Aerophone
4163:Harp lute
4118:Composite
4088:Idiochord
4010:241. Free
3996:233. Hand
3993:232. Cord
3868:Daxophone
3814:Guimbarde
3744:Idiophone
3688:Pencilina
3683:Monochord
3610:Harmonica
3311:March 17,
3284:March 18,
3159:March 25,
3119:LACMA.org
2920:257039609
2912:0003-598X
2892:Antiquity
2813:March 27,
2784:March 26,
2608:bass line
2566:parts or
2549:orchestra
2493:PA system
2481:resonator
2415:soundpost
2313:fretboard
2222:flautando
2213:sul tasto
2208:harmonics
2132:μ
2122:∝
2068:∝
2007:∝
1867:composers
1822:col legno
1817:col legno
1671:pizzicato
1489:distorted
1409:saxophone
1401:big bands
1160:bow harps
1088:bowl lyre
957:families.
881:resonator
783:distorted
767:pizzicato
753:from the
719:orchestra
594:Virginals
569:Harmonium
547:Keyboards
534:Xylophone
518:Tubaphone
487:Mridangam
477:MarĂmbula
427:Bass drum
245:Euphonium
210:Saxophone
158:Woodwinds
4814:Onavillu
4767:Genggong
4762:Jaw harp
4710:Berimbau
4652:Re-entry
4509:Musical
4364:Theremin
4297:Reedpipe
4254:Non-free
4220:412.13.
4192:41. Free
3915:Membran-
3842:Friction
3647:natural
3590:Bagpipes
3533:Trombone
3465:Archived
3421:Archived
3259:(1955).
3211:Archived
3153:Archived
3123:Archived
3094:Archived
3084:"Barbat"
3065:Assyrian
3053:Anaxilas
3024:(2005).
2986:Archived
2807:Archived
2778:Archived
2630:See also
2518:feedback
2373:and the
2351:resonate
2275:museum,
1886:autoharp
1879:trombone
1869:such as
1851:keyboard
1802:Striking
1750:and the
1748:kamanche
1711:(of the
1655:mandolin
1627:Plucking
1588:autoharp
1584:cimbalom
1465:flangers
1457:stompbox
1367:citterns
1304:Gandhara
1259:Spanish
1245:Gandhara
1086:and the
1080:box lyre
1033:archlute
1021:bouzouki
1013:swarabat
943:dulcimer
907:include
821:bouzouki
813:mandolin
795:and the
779:feedback
757:era and
749:used in
697:keyboard
513:Triangle
502:Steelpan
462:Handbell
437:Carillon
382:Shamisen
372:Mandolin
270:Trombone
185:Clarinet
165:Bagpipes
4834:Umuduri
4809:Masenqo
4792:Mukkuri
4787:Morsing
4727:ÄĂ n báș§u
4720:Boom-ba
4705:Ahardin
4511:strings
4311:Natural
4295:422.3.
4289:422.2.
4283:422.1.
4269:421.2.
4136:321.2.
4130:321.1.
3975:Nyatiti
3952:211.3.
3948:Tubular
3946:211.2.
3940:211.1.
3812:121.2.
3799:Plucked
3662:ÄĂ n báș§u
3538:Timpani
3263:, p. 5.
2727:463â467
2648:Luthier
2612:theorbo
2560:Violins
2526:wah-wah
2513:pickups
2363:sarangi
2359:octaves
2357:or the
2355:unisons
2277:Lebanon
2042:tension
2036:Tension
1834:suite.
1780:sarangi
1733:vibrate
1647:ukulele
1566:Zithers
1469:phasers
1413:trumpet
1359:guitars
1355:Violins
1315:gittern
1300:Bactria
1296:pandura
1292:tamburs
1265:pandura
1084:kithara
1069:violins
1037:pandura
1029:theorbo
1017:baÄlama
1009:tanbura
993:mandore
989:gittern
955:Guzheng
905:Zithers
826:In the
817:ukulele
775:tapping
759:fiddles
693:violins
691:, like
681:strings
677:guitars
507:Timpani
472:Marimba
447:Cymbals
442:Celesta
397:Ukulele
392:Tambura
357:Guzheng
336:Plucked
275:Trumpet
205:Piccolo
170:Bassoon
94:scholar
4839:Unitar
4804:Lesiba
4782:Kubing
4777:Khomuz
4772:Gogona
4742:Ektara
4566:Course
4549:Bridge
4517:, and
4350:Action
4315:423.2
4309:423.1
4271:Fipple
4101:Trough
4046:zither
3917:ophone
3783:rattle
3760:Struck
3397:
3336:
3182:
3129:15 May
3069:tunbar
3061:Pollux
3044:
3034:
2918:
2910:
2865:
2733:
2579:Cellos
2574:Violas
2455:spruce
2430:energy
2402:loutar
2369:, the
2365:, the
2328:mandal
2295:course
2198:timbre
2165:bridge
1987:length
1973:Length
1857:, the
1790:. The
1786:, and
1697:violin
1689:Bowing
1678:Bowing
1661:, and
1600:valiha
1467:, and
1427:, let
1419:and a
1333:Viol,
1180:bridge
1176:chords
1001:gambus
999:, and
985:citole
981:guitar
945:, and
923:valiha
895:violin
819:, and
747:gambas
727:violin
664:, are
612:Ghatam
606:Others
589:Spinet
407:Zither
347:Guitar
330:Violin
240:Cornet
215:Tharai
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4829:Tumbi
4571:Drone
4515:wires
4305:Brass
4303:423.
4277:422.
4262:Flute
4260:421.
4161:323.
4147:322.
4124:321.
4107:Frame
4105:316.
4099:315.
4082:313.
4074:Whole
4068:312.
3954:Frame
3891:Blown
3825:Mbira
3657:Guqin
3564:Crook
2942:from
2940:stele
2916:S2CID
2618:or a
2555:are:
2495:or a
2459:maple
2434:sound
2375:rubab
2324:qanun
2309:frets
2286:piano
2246:piano
2230:lutes
2190:piano
2105:piano
1907:frets
1897:E-Bow
1855:piano
1768:kokyƫ
1756:rebec
1744:rebab
1725:rosin
1705:cello
1701:viola
1663:sitar
1643:banjo
1639:veena
1598:, or
1596:piano
1580:guqin
1572:frame
1558:Harps
1543:Lutes
1503:as a
1423:in a
1386:blues
1335:fidel
1319:lutes
1282:from
1261:stele
1241:Hadda
1220:See:
1214:Lutes
1172:dyads
1168:lyres
1164:harps
1065:viols
1057:rebab
1045:setar
1041:sitar
1025:veena
997:rubab
961:Lutes
939:piano
886:piano
840:Sachs
809:banjo
805:rebab
801:sitar
743:viols
735:cello
731:viola
584:Piano
579:Organ
492:Parai
482:Melam
387:Sitar
342:Banjo
325:Viola
315:Huqin
305:Cello
299:Bowed
190:Flute
101:JSTOR
87:books
4642:Node
4586:Fret
4528:List
4354:52.
4348:51.
4340:list
4279:Reed
4202:Whip
4183:list
4149:Harp
4138:Yoke
4126:Lute
4084:Raft
4077:Half
4070:Tube
4033:list
3942:Bowl
3922:list
3889:14.
3840:13.
3797:12.
3758:11.
3749:list
3395:ISBN
3371:2020
3334:ISBN
3313:2021
3286:2021
3244:2020
3180:ISBN
3161:2015
3131:2017
3042:OCLC
3032:ISBN
2908:ISSN
2863:ISBN
2815:2015
2786:2015
2731:ISBN
2616:lute
2487:and
2468:and
2446:lute
2444:All
2320:koto
2290:stop
1942:and
1912:fret
1842:The
1788:K'ni
1776:igil
1772:erhu
1738:The
1717:viol
1693:arco
1651:lute
1576:tube
1549:neck
1483:and
1411:and
1390:jazz
1388:and
1357:and
1294:and
1290:the
1203:lyre
1174:and
1166:and
1099:harp
1097:The
1076:lyre
1074:The
1067:and
1061:erhu
1003:and
977:pipa
969:lute
953:and
941:and
937:and
888:and
793:harp
745:and
737:and
457:Gong
432:Bell
402:Yazh
377:Harp
367:Lyre
362:Koto
280:Tuba
200:Oboe
73:news
4694:and
4647:Nut
4544:Bow
4252:42.
4176:4.
4132:Bow
4116:32.
3913:2.
3742:1.
3391:412
3071:...
2900:doi
2757:464
2614:or
2163:to
2161:nut
1721:bow
1659:oud
1574:or
1553:saz
973:oud
864:In
721:in
689:bow
660:or
652:In
56:by
4861::
4513:,
4332:5.
4044:/
4025:3.
3451:.
3393:.
3357:.
3303:.
3277:.
3235:.
3209:.
3205:.
3194:^
3121:.
3117:.
3086:.
3048:.
3040:.
2995:.
2984:.
2980:.
2957:^
2914:.
2906:.
2896:97
2894:.
2890:.
2871:.
2847:^
2805:.
2788:.
2776:.
2772:.
2745:^
2729:.
2705:^
2528:.
2499:.
2377:.
2315:.
1946:.
1782:,
1778:,
1774:,
1770:,
1766:,
1762:,
1758:,
1703:,
1699:,
1674:.
1657:,
1653:,
1645:,
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