27:
499:
473:
418:
449:
518:
433:
328:
Information about Roman pandura-type instruments comes mainly from ancient Roman artwork. Under the Romans the pandura was modified: the long neck was preserved but was made wider to take four strings, and the body was either oval or slightly broader at the base, but without the inward curves of the
361:
There were at least two distinct varieties of pandura. One type was pear-shaped, used in
Assyria and Persia. In this type the body had graceful inward curves which led up gradually from base to neck. These curves changed at the bottom end off the instrument to a more sloping outline, an elongated
472:
498:
630:
448:
417:
638:
517:
786:
is very rare as a word in classical Latin texts, but pandura-type instruments are not very rare in ancient Roman artwork. This raises the question: what then did the ancient Romans call it? Classical Latin
26:
793:
meant a lyre-type instrument at least sometimes, but sometimes it meant any plucked string musical instrument, and it seems very probable that the pandura was called by the name
1522:
782:, a website that is able to boast: "This website contains essentially all Latin literary texts written before A.D. 200, as well as some texts selected from later antiquity."
273:
was a medium or long-necked lute with a small resonating chamber, used by the ancient Greeks. It commonly had three strings: such an instrument was also known as the
362:
triangle with the corners rounded off. The oval type, a favourite instrument of the
Egyptians, was also found in ancient Persia and among the Arabs of North Africa.
960:
The sarcophagus is in The
British Museum, which says it was uncovered near Rome and was probably made in Rome itself, and date-estimates it 3rd century AD.
1098:
301:
and remained popular also in the near east and eastern Europe, too, usually acquiring a third string in the course of time, since the fourth century BC.
944:
1042:
844:
756:
66:
1592:
916:
258:
artwork depicts such lutes from the 3rd or 4th century BC onward. Iranian influences are indicated by the
Persian origin of the word.
523:
Roman or
Byzantine pandoura from a 6th-century A.D. mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The instrument has three strings.
49:
1091:
890:
900:
730:
697:
676:
614:
1084:
1071:
808:
59:
1058:
1063:
by David Talbot Rice. Henry George Farmer calls the instrument "a three-stringed pandoura" in his 1949 article
432:
1517:
839:
1321:
1107:
606:
600:
89:
277:(three-stringed) (τρίχορδον, McKinnon 1984:10). Its descendants still survive as the Kartvelian
834:
Hassan, Scheherezade Qassim; Morris, R. Conway; Baily, John; During, Jean (2001). "Tanbūr". In
668:
223:
720:
596:
478:
Memorial stele for a 16-year-old Roman woman, shown playing a pandurium, 2nd century AD, from
1597:
1238:
534:
863:
660:
1496:
1191:
849:
313:
1326:
8:
1173:
305:
1016:
989:
652:
459:
80:
71:
1122:
896:
726:
693:
672:
661:
610:
389:
309:
239:
130:
1556:
1008:
981:
193:
892:
Imagen y memoria: Monumentos funerarios con retratos en la colonia
Augusta Emerita
488:
1561:
1551:
1331:
798:
705:
479:
455:
346:
251:
1336:
1281:
267:
255:
178:
120:
1012:
1586:
1286:
835:
656:
463:
350:
99:
1076:
889:
Edmondson, Jonathan; Basarrate, Trinidad
Nogales; Trillmich, Walter (2001).
813:
A Latin
Dictionary; Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary
778:
1571:
1428:
972:
Brett, Gerard (1942). "The Mosaic of the Great Palace in
Constantinople".
1316:
1256:
797:
in classical Latin at least sometimes. The classical Latin dictionary of
505:
483:
342:
1020:
1486:
1210:
379:
993:
294:
104:
1566:
1512:
1491:
1438:
1387:
1223:
1181:
545:
423:
Terracotta figure of a woman playing a pandoura, ca. 300 BC, Cyprus
298:
282:
183:
43:
932:
La joven LUTATIA toca un instrumento de cuerda, tipo "pandarium"...
709:, Escorial version, vv. 826-827, ed. and transl. Elizabeth Jeffreys.
198:
1463:
1448:
1443:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1352:
1251:
1246:
1196:
1163:
1148:
985:
570:
555:
375:
286:
208:
155:
125:
115:
110:
94:
1458:
1453:
1367:
1261:
1228:
1186:
1158:
789:
560:
550:
540:
439:
394:
384:
317:
278:
203:
173:
168:
1408:
1377:
1362:
1357:
1153:
565:
403:
290:
247:
188:
135:
39:
1433:
1218:
145:
140:
1072:
Website that has a history of
Pandura with some good photos.
1059:
Picture of a pandura, originally published 1947 in the book
398:
is a three-string fretted instrument. The modern Georganian
1527:
1140:
888:
243:
150:
31:
895:(in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. p. 144.
864:"Photograph of the museum information sign for the stele"
160:
1041:
McKinnon, J. W. (1984). "Pandoura". In Sadie, S. (ed.).
999:
Farmer, Henry George (1949). "An Early Greek Pandore".
833:
254:
played similar instruments from the 3rd millennium BC.
651:
805:
as English "cithara, cithern, guitar, or lute". See
1047:. Vol. 3. London: Macmillan Press. p. 10.
974:
The Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
725:(4th ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 298.
504:Detail of a pandura-type instrument from a Roman
1584:
1044:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
845:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1025:The instrument is a three-stringed pandoura...
1106:
1092:
535:Lute § History and evolution of the lute
374:, a comparable instrument is found in modern
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
466:in Paris. Estimated date 1st-2nd century AD.
304:Renato Meucci (1996) suggests that the some
807:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
667:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.
635:Museum Of Greek Popular Musical Instruments
1099:
1085:
1061:The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors
806:
739:
1040:
1001:The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
848:. Vol. XXV (2nd ed.). London:
683:
663:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
308:descendants of pandura type were called
341:Lute-class instruments were present in
1585:
998:
815:. Oxford: Trustees of Tufts University
594:
1121:
1080:
971:
882:
722:The Facts on File Dictionary of Music
718:
356:
333:was rare in classical Latin writers.
242:, belonged in the broad class of the
827:
692:], Athens: Papagregoriou-Nakas,
13:
454:Short lute-family instrument on a
329:pear-shaped instruments. The word
14:
1609:
1593:Ancient Greek musical instruments
1052:
458:-style plaster sculpture made in
261:
516:
497:
487:(Museo Nacional de Arte Romano,
471:
447:
431:
416:
25:
965:
937:
909:
856:
766:
712:
645:
623:
602:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
599:. In Wilson, Nigel Guy (ed.).
588:
336:
1:
945:"Sarcophagus (1805,0703.132)"
921:Museo Nacional de Arte Romano
690:Byzantine musical instruments
576:
349:era, or the third millennium
605:. Psychology Press. p.
370:From the ancient Greek word
293:, the Eastern Mediterranean
7:
801:translates Classical Latin
528:
365:
10:
1614:
917:"Estela de Lutatia Lupata"
637:(in Greek), archived from
595:Lingas, Alexander (2006).
532:
409:
227:
1544:
1505:
1479:
1472:
1421:
1401:
1345:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1274:
1237:
1209:
1172:
1139:
1114:
1108:Greek musical instruments
1013:10.1017/S0035869X0010293X
719:Ammer, Christine (2004).
86:
79:
58:
24:
16:Ancient string instrument
686:Byzantina mousika organa
684:Maliaras, Nikos (2007),
323:
779:"Classical Latin Texts"
759:Encyclopædia Britannica
508:relief, 3rd century AD
382:, where it is known as
1065:An Early Greek Pandore
597:"Instruments, Musical"
90:Angélique (instrument)
402:instrument is in the
633:[Tabouras],
289:, the North African
870:. 25 September 2012
653:Jeffreys, Elizabeth
306:Italian Renaissance
81:Related instruments
21:
949:The British Museum
460:Hadda, Afghanistan
357:Eastern variations
72:String instruments
19:
1580:
1579:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1417:
1416:
1270:
1269:
1205:
1204:
902:978-84-89512-92-4
852:. pp. 61–62.
732:978-1-4381-3009-5
699:978-9-60755-444-4
678:978-0-19925-246-6
616:978-0-415-97334-2
442:figurine, 200 BC.
310:chitarra italiana
240:string instrument
216:
215:
131:Chitarra Italiana
46:, 4th century BC
1605:
1557:Greek folk music
1477:
1476:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1137:
1136:
1119:
1118:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1048:
1028:
1027:
997:
969:
963:
962:
957:
955:
941:
935:
934:
929:
927:
913:
907:
906:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
860:
854:
853:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
781:
772:Search for word
770:
764:
754:
737:
736:
716:
710:
702:
681:
666:
655:; Haldon, John;
649:
643:
642:
641:on April 9, 2016
627:
621:
620:
592:
520:
510:(British Museum)
501:
475:
451:
435:
425:(British Museum)
420:
229:
194:Tanbur (Turkish)
29:
22:
18:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1562:Byzantine music
1552:Music of Greece
1532:
1501:
1468:
1413:
1397:
1341:
1332:Macedonian lyra
1291:
1266:
1233:
1201:
1168:
1135:
1110:
1105:
1055:
1032:
1031:
970:
966:
953:
951:
943:
942:
938:
925:
923:
915:
914:
910:
903:
887:
883:
873:
871:
862:
861:
857:
832:
828:
818:
816:
799:Lewis and Short
777:
771:
767:
755:
740:
733:
717:
713:
706:Digenis Akritas
700:
679:
659:, eds. (2008),
650:
646:
629:
628:
624:
617:
593:
589:
579:
537:
531:
524:
521:
512:
502:
493:
480:Emerita Augusta
476:
467:
462:and now at the
452:
443:
436:
427:
421:
412:
368:
359:
339:
326:
297:and the Balkan
264:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1480:Membranophones
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1337:Calabrian lira
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1282:Byzantine lyra
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1054:
1053:External links
1051:
1050:
1049:
1030:
1029:
1007:(2): 177–179.
986:10.2307/750447
964:
936:
908:
901:
881:
855:
836:Sadie, Stanley
826:
765:
738:
731:
711:
703:EPN 1023; and
698:
677:
657:Cormack, Robin
644:
622:
615:
586:
585:
578:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
515:
513:
503:
496:
494:
477:
470:
468:
453:
446:
444:
438:Ancient Greek
437:
430:
428:
422:
415:
411:
408:
367:
364:
358:
355:
338:
335:
325:
322:
263:
262:Ancient Greece
260:
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
121:Byzantine Lyra
118:
113:
108:
102:
97:
92:
84:
83:
77:
76:
75:
74:
69:
62:
60:Classification
56:
55:
38:, detail of a
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1610:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Politiki lyra
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
961:
950:
946:
940:
933:
922:
918:
912:
904:
898:
894:
893:
885:
869:
865:
859:
851:
847:
846:
841:
840:Tyrrell, John
837:
830:
814:
810:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
785:
780:
775:
769:
762:
760:
757:"Pandura" in
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
734:
728:
724:
723:
715:
708:
707:
701:
695:
691:
687:
680:
674:
670:
665:
664:
658:
654:
648:
640:
636:
632:
626:
618:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
591:
587:
584:
583:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
519:
514:
511:
507:
500:
495:
492:
490:
489:Mérida, Spain
485:
481:
474:
469:
465:
464:Guimet Museum
461:
457:
450:
445:
441:
434:
429:
426:
419:
414:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
386:
381:
377:
373:
363:
354:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
268:ancient Greek
259:
257:
256:Ancient Greek
253:
250:instruments.
249:
245:
241:
238:, an ancient
237:
233:
225:
224:Ancient Greek
221:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
106:
103:
101:
100:Barbat (lute)
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
82:
78:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
61:
57:
53:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
1598:Necked lutes
1572:Greek dances
1429:Askomandoura
1130:
1064:
1060:
1043:
1035:Bibliography
1034:
1033:
1024:
1004:
1000:
977:
973:
967:
959:
952:. Retrieved
948:
939:
931:
924:. Retrieved
920:
911:
891:
884:
872:. Retrieved
867:
858:
843:
829:
817:. Retrieved
812:
802:
794:
788:
783:
773:
768:
758:
721:
714:
704:
689:
685:
662:
647:
639:the original
634:
625:
601:
590:
581:
580:
509:
486:
424:
399:
393:
383:
371:
369:
360:
340:
330:
327:
303:
281:, the Greek
274:
270:
265:
235:
231:
219:
217:
67:Necked lutes
47:
35:
1322:Pontic lyra
1317:Cretan lyra
1257:Water organ
761:, year 1911
631:"Ταμπουράς"
506:sarcophagus
456:Hellenistic
343:Mesopotamia
337:Mesopotamia
1587:Categories
1506:Idiophones
1487:Tambourine
1473:Percussion
1239:Percussion
577:References
533:See also:
380:Ingushetia
345:since the
275:trichordon
40:bas relief
34:playing a
1567:Nisiotika
1513:Koudounia
1492:Toubeleki
1439:Tsampouna
1388:Tambouras
1224:Pan flute
1182:Epigonion
980:: 34–43.
954:8 January
926:8 January
874:8 January
850:Macmillan
819:8 January
809:"cithara"
582:Citations
546:Tambouras
299:tamburica
283:tambouras
252:Akkadians
184:Tambouras
44:Mantineia
1545:See also
1464:Souravli
1449:Karamuza
1444:Floghera
1409:Santouri
1393:Thaboura
1383:Psaltery
1373:Mandolin
1353:Bouzouki
1275:Medieval
1252:Crotalum
1247:Cochilia
1197:Trigonon
1164:Phorminx
1149:Barbiton
1021:25222335
842:(eds.).
571:Mandolin
556:Baglamas
529:See also
484:Hispania
376:Chechnya
372:pandoura
366:Caucasus
347:Akkadian
287:bouzouki
271:pandoura
232:pandoura
228:πανδοῦρα
209:Tiorbino
156:Mandolin
126:Charango
116:Bouzouki
111:Baglamas
95:Archlute
36:pandoura
1523:Trigono
1497:Tympano
1459:Mantura
1454:Lalitsa
1368:Mandola
1346:Plucked
1287:Organon
1262:Sistrum
1229:Salpinx
1192:Sambuca
1187:Magadis
1159:Kithara
1131:Pandura
1115:Ancient
803:cithara
795:cithara
790:cithara
784:Pandura
774:pandura
561:Bandura
551:Panduri
541:Phandar
440:Tanagra
410:Gallery
406:class.
400:panduri
395:panduri
390:Georgia
385:phandar
331:pandura
318:mandola
314:mandore
279:panduri
236:pandore
220:pandura
204:Theorbo
179:Tambura
174:Phandar
169:Panduri
165:Pandura
105:Bağlama
20:Pandura
1518:Stamna
1402:Struck
1378:Oudola
1363:Laouto
1358:Guitar
1303:String
1296:Modern
1154:Chelys
1123:String
1019:
994:750447
992:
899:
868:Flickr
729:
696:
675:
613:
566:Tanbur
404:tanbur
291:kuitra
248:guitar
199:Tembûr
189:Tanbur
136:Dombra
1528:Zilia
1434:Gaida
1310:Bowed
1219:Aulos
1017:JSTOR
990:JSTOR
688:[
388:. In
324:Roman
234:) or
146:Dutar
141:Domra
107:(Saz)
42:from
1422:Wind
1211:Wind
1174:Harp
1141:Lyre
956:2018
928:2018
897:ISBN
876:2018
821:2018
727:ISBN
694:ISBN
673:ISBN
611:ISBN
392:the
378:and
285:and
266:The
246:and
244:lute
218:The
151:Lute
50:NAMA
32:Muse
1009:doi
982:doi
776:at
669:928
607:385
316:or
295:saz
161:Oud
1589::
1023:.
1015:.
1003:.
988:.
976:.
958:.
947:.
930:.
919:.
866:.
838:;
811:.
741:^
682:;
671:,
609:.
482:,
353:.
351:BC
320:.
312:,
230:,
226::
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
1067:.
1011::
1005:1
996:.
984::
978:5
905:.
878:.
823:.
763:.
735:.
619:.
491:)
222:(
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
