Musical instrument

248: 2347: 896: 22: 1544: 2176: 2335: 1570: 1125: 1934:, disagreed with the Hornbostel–Sachs system and developed his own system in 1932. Schaeffner believed that the pure physics of a musical instrument, rather than its specific construction or playing method, should always determine its classification. (Hornbostel–Sachs, for example, divides aerophones on the basis of sound production, but membranophones on the basis of the shape of the instrument). His system divided instruments into two categories: instruments with solid, vibrating bodies and instruments containing vibrating air. 1353: 659: 7215: 2204: 1616: 1500: 992: 443: 421: 2237: 1585:

Family" began in 1964 to provide differently sized violins to expand the range of available sounds. The slowdown in development was a practical response to the concurrent slowdown in orchestra and venue size. Despite this trend in traditional instruments, the development of new musical instruments exploded in the twentieth century, and the variety of instruments developed overshadows any prior period.

7202: 1440: 7188: 1090: 191: 402:. Ordering instruments by geography is also not reliable, as it cannot always be determined when and how cultures contacted one another and shared knowledge. Sachs proposed that a geographical chronology until approximately 1400 is preferable, however, due to its limited subjectivity. Beyond 1400, one can follow the overall development of musical instruments over time. 545:, and skin drums. Cultures who used these instrument pairs associated them with gender; the "father" was the bigger or more energetic instrument, while the "mother" was the smaller or duller instrument. Musical instruments existed in this form for thousands of years before patterns of three or more tones would evolve in the form of the earliest 1491:. This variation on the trumpet was unpopular due to the difficulty involved in playing it. Organs underwent tonal changes in the Baroque period, as manufacturers such as Abraham Jordan of London made the stops more expressive and added devices such as expressive pedals. Sachs viewed this trend as a "degeneration" of the general organ sound. 822:, the use and development of musical instruments stood in stark contrast to those cultures' achievements in architecture and sculpture. The instruments of the time were simple and virtually all of them were imported from other cultures. Lyres were the principal instrument, as musicians used them to honor the gods. Greeks played a variety of 1399:('Mirror of Organ Makers and Organ Players') the following year, a treatise on organ building and organ playing. Of the instructional books and references published in the Renaissance era, one is noted for its detailed description and depiction of all wind and stringed instruments, including their relative sizes. This book, the 1073:. Influences from Middle East, Persia, India, Mongolia, and other countries followed. In fact, Chinese tradition attributes many musical instruments from this period to those regions and countries. Cymbals gained popularity, along with more advanced trumpets, clarinets, pianos, oboes, flutes, drums, and lutes. Some of the first 244:) has been dated to 67,000 years old, but consensus solidifies around artifacts dated back to around 37,000 years old and later. Artifacts made from durable materials, or constructed using durable methods, have been found to survive. As such, the specimens found cannot be irrefutably placed as the earliest musical instruments. 1523:

Large orchestras rose in popularity and, in parallel, the composers determined to produce entire orchestral scores that made use of the expressive abilities of modern instruments. Since instruments were involved in collaborations of a much larger scale, their designs had to evolve to accommodate the demands of the orchestra.

1584:

The evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century. Instruments such as the violin, flute, french horn, and harp are largely the same as those manufactured throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Gradual iterations do emerge; for example, the "New Violin

1085:

of Hindu music. Rhythm was of paramount importance in Indian music of the time, as evidenced by the frequent depiction of drums in reliefs dating to the post-classical era. The emphasis on rhythm is an aspect native to Indian music. Historians divide the development of musical instruments in medieval

937:

shaped the development of musical instruments in China, adopting an attitude toward music similar to that of the Greeks. The Chinese believed that music was an essential part of character and community, and developed a unique system of classifying their musical instruments according to their material

536:

in language, instrument players first developed repetition and then arrangement. An early form of melody was produced by pounding two stamping tubes of slightly different sizes—one tube would produce a "clear" sound and the other would answer with a "darker" sound. Such instrument pairs also included

223:

Musical instruments are constructed in a broad array of styles and shapes, using many different materials. Early musical instruments were made from "found objects" such as shells and plant parts. As instruments evolved, so did the selection and quality of materials. Virtually every material in nature

1897:

and recorders, which cause the air to pass over a sharp edge; reed instruments, which use a vibrating reed (this category may be further divided into two classifications: single-reeded and double-reeded instruments. Examples of the former are clarinets and saxophones, while the latter includes oboes

1410:

In the sixteenth century, musical instrument builders gave most instruments – such as the violin – the "classical shapes" they retain today. An emphasis on aesthetic beauty also developed; listeners were as pleased with the physical appearance of an instrument as they were with its sound. Therefore,

681:

also possess. However, by 2700 BC the cultural contacts seem to have dissipated; the lyre, a prominent ceremonial instrument in Sumer, did not appear in Egypt for another 800 years. Clappers and concussion sticks appear on Egyptian vases as early as 3000 BC. The civilization also made use of sistra,

680:

Musical instruments used by the Egyptian culture before 2700 BC bore striking similarity to those of Mesopotamia, leading historians to conclude that the civilizations must have been in contact with one another. Sachs notes that Egypt did not possess any instruments that the Sumerian culture did not

1551:

Accompanying the changes to timbre and volume was a shift in the typical pitch used to tune instruments. Instruments meant to play together, as in an orchestra, must be tuned to the same standard lest they produce audibly different sounds while playing the same notes. Beginning in 1762, the average

2323: 2223:

makes only stringed instruments. Some make only one type of instrument such as a piano. Whatever the instrument constructed, the instrument maker must consider materials, construction technique, and decoration, creating a balanced instrument that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Some

1458:

better suited the emotional style they were aiming for and began writing musical parts for instruments that would complement the singing human voice. As a result, many instruments that were incapable of larger ranges and dynamics, and therefore were seen as unemotional, fell out of favor. One such

1080:

India experienced similar development to China in the post-classical era; however, stringed instruments developed differently as they accommodated different styles of music. While stringed instruments of China were designed to produce precise tones capable of matching the tones of chimes, stringed

872:

has also revealed representations of vertical arched harps identical in design to those depicted in Sumerian artifacts. This discovery is among many indications that the Indus Valley and Sumerian cultures maintained cultural contact. Subsequent developments in musical instruments in India occurred

794:

The introduction of a monarchy in Israel during the 11th century BC produced the first professional musicians and with them a drastic increase in the number and variety of musical instruments. However, identifying and classifying the instruments remains a challenge due to the lack of artistic

504:

and other instruments such as ribbon reeds, flutes, and trumpets. Some of these labels carry far different connotations from those used in modern day; early flutes and trumpets are so-labeled for their basic operation and function rather than resemblance to modern instruments. Among early cultures

2187:

The materials used in making musical instruments vary greatly by culture and application. Many of the materials have special significance owing to their source or rarity. Some cultures worked substances from the human body into their instruments. In ancient Mexico, for example, the material drums

1725:

and dating from between 200 BC and 200 AD, divides instruments into four main classification groups: instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating strings; percussion instruments with skin heads; instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air; and "solid", or non-skin,

1522:

periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many musical instruments capable of producing new timbres and higher volume were developed and introduced into popular music. The design changes that broadened the quality of timbres allowed instruments to produce a wider variety of expression.

1195:

Despite the influences of Greece and Rome, most musical instruments in Europe during the Middles Ages came from Asia. The lyre is the only musical instrument that may have been invented in Europe until this period. Stringed instruments were prominent in Middle Age Europe. The central and northern

2126:

Some instruments fall into more than one category. For example, the cello may be considered tenor, baritone or bass, depending on how its music fits into the ensemble. The trombone and French horn may be alto, tenor, baritone, or bass depending on the range it is played in. Many instruments have

1556:

began rising from a low of 377 vibrations to a high of 457 in 1880 Vienna. Different regions, countries, and even instrument manufacturers preferred different standards, making orchestral collaboration a challenge. Despite even the efforts of two organized international summits attended by noted

1526:

Some instruments also had to become louder to fill larger halls and be heard over sizable orchestras. Flutes and bowed instruments underwent many modifications and design changes—most of them unsuccessful—in efforts to increase volume. Other instruments were changed just so they could play their

1052:

300 BC. The end of the bell, which was crafted from bronze, was into the shape of a screaming animal head which was held high above their heads. When blown into, the carnyx would emit a deep, harsh sound; the head also had a tongue which clicked when vibrated. It is believed the intention of the

1006:

attained a relatively high level of sophistication by the eleventh century AD, they lagged behind other civilizations in the development of musical instruments. For example, they had no stringed instruments; all of their instruments were idiophones, drums, and wind instruments such as flutes and

97:

to about 40,000 years ago. Many historians believe that determining the specific date of musical instrument invention is impossible, as the majority of early musical instruments were constructed of animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable, bio-degradable materials. Additionally, some have

1274:

allowed single musicians to play more complicated arrangements than a fiddle would; both were prominent folk instruments in the Middle Ages. Southern Europeans played short and long lutes whose pegs extended to the sides, unlike the rear-facing pegs of Central and Northern European instruments.

373:

Scholars agree that there are no completely reliable methods of determining the exact chronology of musical instruments across cultures. Comparing and organizing instruments based on their complexity is misleading, since advancements in musical instruments have sometimes reduced complexity. For

1686:

or other ensemble. Most methods are specific to a geographic area or cultural group and were developed to serve the unique classification requirements of the group. The problem with these specialized classification schemes is that they tend to break down once they are applied outside of their

489:. Modern histories have replaced such mythology with anthropological speculation, occasionally informed by archeological evidence. Scholars agree that there was no definitive "invention" of the musical instrument since the term "musical instrument" is subjective and hard to define. 1348:

came into common practice as a method of writing music for a variety of instruments. Composers now specified orchestration where individual performers once applied their own discretion. The polyphonic style dominated popular music, and the instrument makers responded accordingly.

1175:

in the seventh century. Frame drums and cylindrical drums of various depths were immensely important in all genres of music. Conical oboes were involved in the music that accompanied wedding and circumcision ceremonies. Persian miniatures provide information on the development of

500:. These instruments evolved due to the human motor impulse to add sound to emotional movements such as dancing. Eventually, some cultures assigned ritual functions to their musical instruments, using them for hunting and various ceremonies. Those cultures developed more complex 2159:. When used in the name of an instrument, these terms are relative, describing the instrument's range in comparison to other instruments of its family and not in comparison to the human voice range or instruments of other families. For example, a bass flute's range is from C 1105:), short fiddles, double and triple flutes, coiled trumpets, and curved India horns emerged in this time period. Islamic influences brought new types of drum, perfectly circular or octagonal as opposed to the irregular pre-Islamic drums. Persian influence brought oboes and 1851:, which produce sound by vibrating one or more strings; they are sorted according to the relationship between the string(s) and the sounding board or chamber. For example, if the strings are laid out parallel to the sounding board and there is no neck, the instrument is a 1677:

There are many different methods of classifying musical instruments. Various methods examine aspects such as the physical properties of the instrument (material, color, shape, etc.), the use for the instrument, the means by which music is produced with the instrument, the

173:

Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, and many systems of classification have been used over the years. Instruments can be classified by their effective range, material composition, size, role, etc. However, the most common academic method,

1200:, while the southern region used lyres, which featured a two-armed body and a crossbar. Various harps served Central and Northern Europe as far north as Ireland, where the harp eventually became a national symbol. Lyres propagated through the same areas, as far east as 1478:

In the mid-seventeenth century, what was known as a hunter's horn underwent a transformation into an "art instrument" consisting of a lengthened tube, a narrower bore, a wider bell, and a much wider range. The details of this transformation are unclear, but the modern

599:

and the evolving class system. Popular instruments, simple and playable by anyone, evolved differently from professional instruments whose development focused on effectiveness and skill. Despite this development, very few musical instruments have been recovered in

1391:('Music Germanized and Abstracted'). Virdung's work is noted as being particularly thorough for including descriptions of "irregular" instruments such as hunters' horns and cow bells, though Virdung is critical of the same. Other books followed, including 1382:

Beginning in about 1400, the rate of development of musical instruments increased in earnest as compositions demanded more dynamic sounds. People also began writing books about creating, playing, and cataloging musical instruments; the first such book was

405:

The science of marking the order of musical instrument development relies on archaeological artifacts, artistic depictions, and literary references. Since data in one research path can be inconclusive, all three paths provide a better historical picture.

1596:. The vast majority produced in the first half of the 20th century were what Sachs called "electromechanical instruments"; they have mechanical parts that produce sound vibrations picked up and amplified by electrical components. Examples include 744:

between 2000 and 1000 BC. While the history of musical instruments in Mesopotamia and Egypt relies on artistic representations, the culture in Israel produced few such representations. Scholars must therefore rely on information gleaned from the

1411:

builders paid special attention to materials and workmanship, and instruments became collectibles in homes and museums. It was during this period that makers began constructing instruments of the same type in various sizes to meet the demand of

2885: 616:

to reconstruct the early history of musical instruments in Mesopotamia. Even the process of assigning names to these instruments is challenging since there is no clear distinction among various instruments and the words used to describe them.

1422:

emerged in the early fifteenth century. These stops were meant to produce a mixture of timbres, a development needed for the complexity of music of the time. Trumpets evolved into their modern form to improve portability, and players used

2927: 712:

conquered Southwest Asia in around 1500 BC, the cultural ties to Mesopotamia were renewed and Egypt's musical instruments also reflected heavy influence from Asiatic cultures. Under their new cultural influences, the people of the

553:, eventually spreading to Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Along with xylophones, which ranged from simple sets of three "leg bars" to carefully tuned sets of parallel bars, various cultures developed instruments such as the 393:

in modern times, argues that it is misleading to arrange the development of musical instruments by workmanship, since cultures advance at different rates and have access to different raw materials. For example, contemporary

2218:

Musical instrument construction is a specialized trade that requires years of training, practice, and sometimes an apprenticeship. Most makers of musical instruments specialize in one genre of instruments; for example, a

1948:

Musical instruments are also often classified by their musical range in comparison with other instruments in the same family. This exercise is useful when placing instruments in context of an orchestra or other ensemble.

1069:, China developed a tradition of integrating musical influence from other regions. The first record of this type of influence is in 384 AD, when China established an orchestra in its imperial court after a conquest in 212:. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies — for example, by clapping—to using objects to create music from sounds, musical instruments were born. Primitive instruments were probably designed to emulate 651:, as evidenced by their proliferation in Mesopotamian figurines, plaques, and seals. Innumerable varieties of harps are depicted, as well as lyres and lutes, the forerunner of modern stringed instruments such as the 109:

Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the

2447:). These different types of instrumentalists can perform together in a music group. A person who is able to play a number of instruments is called a multi-instrumentalist. According to David Baskerville in the book 343:

in the 1920s, uncovered non-degradable fragments of instruments and the voids left by the degraded segments that, together, have been used to reconstruct them. The graves these instruments were buried in have been

867:

that emerged around 3000 BC. Various rattles and whistles found among excavated artifacts are the only physical evidence of musical instruments. A clay statuette indicates the use of drums, and examination of the

1101:, cymbals, and peculiar instruments resembling gongs came into wide use in Hindu music. The gong-like instrument was a bronze disk that was struck with a hammer instead of a mallet. Tubular drums, stick zithers ( 153:

periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many new musical instruments were developed. While the evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century, the proliferation of

216:, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the artistic pursuit of musical composition were probably unknown to early players of musical instruments. A person sounding a 68:. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an 5086:, conducted by a committee of the Music Library Association, William Lichtenwanger, chairman & compiler, ed. and produced by James W. Pruitt. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Music Library Association. xi, p. 137, 2294:, are fitted with one. Though they have no moving parts and are struck by mallets held in the player's hands, they have the same physical arrangement of keys and produce soundwaves in a similar manner. The 4644: 4569: 1539:

became fixtures in orchestras. Instruments such as the clarinet also grew into entire "families" of instruments capable of different ranges: small clarinets, normal clarinets, bass clarinets, and so on.

844:, featuring side-holes that could be opened or closed, allowing for greater flexibility in playing modes. Other instruments in common use in the region included vertical harps derived from those of the 3243: 1471:, and various lutes dominated popular music. Beginning in around 1750, however, the lute disappeared from musical compositions in favor of the rising popularity of the guitar. As the prevalence of 3371: 359:

of China have found flutes made of bones that date back 7,000 to 9,000 years, representing some of the "earliest complete, playable, tightly-dated, multinote musical instruments" ever found.

1034:

were less advanced culturally but more advanced musically. South American cultures of the time used pan-pipes as well as varieties of flutes, idiophones, drums, and shell or wood trumpets.

1148:, bronze versions of the former. The most prominent and important musical instrument of Southeast Asia was the gong. While the gong likely originated in the geographical area between 3345: 457:

Until the 19th century AD, European-written music histories began with mythological accounts mingled with scripture of how musical instruments were invented. Such accounts included

1807:, which produce sound by vibrating the primary body of the instrument itself; they are sorted into concussion, percussion, shaken, scraped, split, and plucked idiophones, such as 1298:

in about 700. The resulting instruments varied in size and use from portable organs worn around the neck to large pipe organs. Literary accounts of organs being played in English

795:

interpretations. For example, stringed instruments of uncertain design called nevals and asors existed, but neither archaeology nor etymology can clearly define them. In her book

224:

has been used by at least one culture to make musical instruments. One plays a musical instrument by interacting with it in some way — for example, by plucking the strings on a

89:

The exact date and specific origin of the first device considered a musical instrument, is widely disputed. The oldest object identified by scholars as a musical instrument, is

2188:

were made from might contain actual human body parts obtained from sacrificial offerings. In New Guinea, drum makers would mix human blood into the adhesive used to attach the

692:

Little history is available in the period between 2700 BC and 1500 BC, as Egypt (and indeed, Babylon) entered a long violent period of war and destruction. This period saw the

274:

by archaeologist Ivan Turk. Its origin is disputed, with many arguing that it is most likely the product of carnivores chewing the bone, but Turk and others argue that it is a

4526: 1914:, which produce sound by electronic means. Within each category are many subgroups. The system has been criticised and revised over the years, but remains widely used by 1691:

as the only system that applies to any culture and, more importantly, provides the only possible classification for each instrument. The most common classifications are

278:-made flute. With its age estimated between 43,400 and 67,000 years old, it would be the oldest known musical instrument and the only Neanderthal musical instrument. 1418:

Instrument builders developed other features that endure today. For example, while organs with multiple keyboards and pedals already existed, the first organs with

2302:, is played without physical contact by the player. The theremin senses the proximity of the player's hands, which triggers changes in its sound. More recently, a 1845:

and other instruments that use a stretched membrane for the primary sound (not simply to modify sound produced in another way) are also considered membranophones.

1663:

means of synchronizing electronic instruments. The modern proliferation of computers and microchips has created an industry of electronic musical instruments.

1527:

parts in the scores. Trumpets traditionally had a "defective" range—they were incapable of producing certain notes with precision. New instruments such as the

1336:

period. Instruments took on other purposes than accompanying singing or dance, and performers used them as solo instruments. Keyboards and lutes developed as

1302:

abbeys toward the end of the tenth century are the first references to organs being connected to churches. Reed players of the Middle Ages were limited to

938:

makeup. In Vietnam, an archaeological discovery of a 2,000-year old stringed instrument gives important insights on early chordophones in Southeast Asia

5483: 877:, or hymns. These songs used various drums, shell trumpets, harps, and flutes. Other prominent instruments in use during the early centuries AD were the 3367: 1863:. If the instrument has strings parallel to the sounding board or chamber and the strings extend past the board with a neck, then the instrument is a 1687:

original area. For example, a system based on instrument use would fail if a culture invented a new use for the same instrument. Scholars recognize

4125: 74:. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for rituals, such as a 4772: 948:

mentions bells, chimes, drums, and globular flutes carved from bone, the latter of which has been excavated and preserved by archaeologists. The

569:. Recent research into usage wear and acoustics of stone artefacts has revealed a possible new class of prehistoric musical instrument, known as 2346: 838:(flutes); Greek writing from that time reflects a serious study of reed production and playing technique. Romans played reed instruments named 247: 4601: 7051: 6232: 5853: 2451:, the working hours of a full-time instrumentalist may average only three hours a day, but most musicians spent at least forty hours a week. 1093:

The Alboka has a double-reed that vibrates when blown on the small tube. The tubes regulates the melody and the big horn amplifies the sound.

895: 2196:

trees are held in high regard in China owing to their mythological significance—instrument makers would hence use them to make zithers. The

4084: 3341: 21: 6302: 2256:, which is a row of small keys that can be pressed. Every key generates one or more sounds; most keyboard instruments have extra means ( 7041: 2649: 6757: 5827: 1643:. Whereas once they had filled rooms, synthesizers can now be embedded in any electronic device, and are ubiquitous in modern music. 4518: 398:

comparing musical instruments from two cultures that existed at the same time but differed in organization, culture, and handicraft

1109:, although Persian sitars had three strings and Indian version had from four to seven. The Islamic culture also introduced double- 240:

Researchers have discovered archaeological evidence of musical instruments in many parts of the world. One disputed artifact (the

5240: 1547:

A “young boy playing the violin” from Glengarry County, Ontario taken from the Bartle Brothers fonds at the Archives of Ontario.

1487:

appeared, a variation that includes a long-throated mouthpiece that slid in and out, allowing the player infinite adjustments in

1475:

rose, wind instruments such as the flute, oboe, and bassoon were readmitted to counteract the monotony of hearing only strings.

1286:, which spread throughout Europe and had many uses from folk instruments to military instruments. The construction of pneumatic 5190: 4787:

Chase, Philip G.; Nowell, April (August–October 1998), "Taphonomy of a Suggested Middle Paleolithic Bone Flute from Slovenia",

4766: 4496: 2675: 1574: 863:

language-speaking cultures that first settled the area. Rather, the history of musical instruments in the area begins with the

6872: 6177: 5073: 5016: 4998: 4976: 4958: 4925: 4907: 4887: 4869: 4842: 4824: 4756: 4718: 4696: 4678: 4363: 1118: 641: 4464: 4156: 587:

Images of musical instruments begin to appear in Mesopotamian artifacts in 2800 BC or earlier. Beginning around 2000 BC,

1344:. Composers also began designing pieces of music for specific instruments. In the latter half of the sixteenth century, 7061: 6727: 5473: 5084:

Committee on Musical Instrument Collections. A Survey of Musical Instrument Collections in the United States and Canada

799:, American musicologist Sibyl Marcuse proposes that the nevel must be similar to vertical harp due to its relation to 7159: 6942: 5950: 5884: 5129: 5091: 4638: 4563: 4426: 4410: 4394: 2475: 2351: 1672: 1270:

served as a precise measure of the notes of a musical scale, allowing more accurate musical arrangements. Mechanical

399: 4624: 4549: 6417: 5869: 5832: 620:

Although Sumerian and Babylonian artists mainly depicted ceremonial instruments, historians have distinguished six

944:

were extremely important in Chinese music, hence the majority of early instruments were idiophones. Poetry of the

7066: 6252: 6122: 5962: 5955: 2470: 2225: 1454:

Beginning in the seventeenth century, composers began writing works to a higher emotional degree. They felt that

900: 2924:"(PDF) Flint Tools as Portable Sound-Producing Objects in the Upper Palaeolithic Context: An Experimental Study" 1207:

European music between 800 and 1100 became more sophisticated, more frequently requiring instruments capable of

1132:

Southeast Asian musical innovations include those during a period of Indian influence that ended around 920 AD.

7046: 6747: 5967: 2645: 1828: 984:) and various other instruments that spread through many cultures, came into use in China during and after the 493: 1275:

Idiophones such as bells and clappers served various practical purposes, such as warning of the approach of a

7076: 6557: 5874: 4385: 2310:

may have a musical keyboard and a bank of sliders, knobs, and buttons that change many sound parameters of a

2886:"A Possible New Class of Prehistoric Musical Instruments from New England: Portable Cylindrical Lithophones" 7242: 6907: 6042: 5916: 1644: 953: 848:, lutes of Egyptian design, various pipes and organs, and clappers, which were played primarily by women. 348:

to between 2600 and 2500 BC, providing evidence that these instruments were used in Sumeria by this time.

7127: 7056: 6947: 6227: 5906: 5822: 4371: 4107: 2480: 2460: 2248:

Regardless of how the sound is produced, many musical instruments have a keyboard as the user interface.

888:, barrel drums, cross flutes, and short lutes. In all, India had no unique musical instruments until the 666: 4728: 4405:

Howard, Rob (2003) An A to Z of the Accordion and related instruments Stockport: Robaccord Publications

2214:. Shape of the upper kantele is more traditional, while the one for kantele below is slightly modernised 632:, and are of particular interest because similar designs have been found in far-reaching places such as 7031: 6952: 6332: 6277: 5468: 5183: 5154: 4383:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "The organ case". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

1885:, which produce a sound with a vibrating column of air; they are sorted into free aerophones such as a 962: 466: 2339: 7132: 6692: 5974: 5340: 5295: 2307: 864: 2200:

believe that making drums from trees struck by lightning gives them a special connection to nature.

86:

for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications and technologies.

7206: 6812: 6707: 6657: 6627: 5928: 5720: 5270: 4591: 1841:(further sorted by the shape of the shell), which are struck by hand, with a stick, or rubbed, but 1515: 1086:

India between pre-Islamic and Islamic periods due to the different influence each period provided.

201: 146: 2402: 178:, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of musical instruments is called 7021: 6987: 5921: 2288:), or in some other way. Sometimes, instruments that do not usually have a keyboard, such as the 1743: 1503: 1157: 705: 525:, believed it was so holy that seeing a drum would be fatal to any person other than the sultan. 119: 374:

example, construction of early slit drums involved felling and hollowing out large trees; later

6512: 6367: 5945: 5663: 5488: 5300: 1062: 889: 111: 4076: 2175: 1931: 521:. In fact, drums were pervasive throughout every African culture. One East African tribe, the 220:

to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the modern notion of "making music".

6972: 6922: 6822: 6792: 6772: 6147: 5901: 5879: 5619: 5493: 5176: 4522: 2406: 1704: 1592:

in the 20th century led to a new category of musical instruments: electronic instruments, or

1081:

instruments of India were considerably more flexible. This flexibility suited the slides and

501: 4987: 855:

is almost completely lacking, making it impossible to reliably attribute instruments to the

307:. These instruments, one of the first ensembles of instruments yet discovered, include nine 6862: 6832: 6827: 6752: 6652: 6632: 6432: 6272: 6072: 6017: 5911: 5889: 5715: 5668: 4555: 4077:"The 14 most important synths in electronic music history – and the musicians who use them" 2641: 2241: 1797: 1774: 1688: 1543: 714: 331:. A set of reed-sounded silver pipes discovered in Ur was the likely predecessor of modern 296: 175: 25: 8: 7092: 6962: 6882: 6787: 6767: 6602: 6592: 6562: 6527: 6522: 6477: 6452: 6327: 6257: 6207: 6172: 6082: 6067: 5984: 5593: 5526: 5325: 4934:

Moorey, P.R.S. (1977), "What Do We Know About the People Buried in the Royal Cemetery?",

4748:

Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music

4450:

Paradiso, JA. "Electronic music: new ways to play". Spectrum IEEE, 34(2):18–33, Dec 1997.

2642:"Brookhaven Lab Expert Helps Date Flute Thought to be Oldest Playable Musical Instrument" 2395: 2327: 2249: 2156: 2152: 1726:

percussion instruments. This system was similar to some degree in 12th-century Europe by

1700: 1407:, is now considered an authoritative reference of sixteenth-century musical instruments. 860: 834: 478: 5099:

West, M.L. (May 1994). "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts".

7122: 6977: 6842: 6797: 6682: 6637: 6567: 6517: 6402: 6357: 6057: 6047: 5989: 5979: 5698: 5320: 5042: 4804: 2905: 2411:

A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an instrumentalist or instrumental

2268:

for an organ) to manipulate these sounds. They may produce sound by wind being fanned (

2075: 1404: 1360: 1077:

zithers appeared in China in the 9th or 10th century, influenced by Mongolian culture.

922: 840: 542: 538: 492:

Among the first devices external to the human body that are considered instruments are

260: 217: 94: 49: 1781:

adopted Mahillon's scheme and published an extensive new scheme for classification in

1569: 141:

By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the

82:

in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of

7112: 7107: 7002: 6892: 6887: 6852: 6807: 6802: 6717: 6697: 6672: 6587: 6542: 6537: 6462: 6382: 6297: 6292: 6247: 6242: 6197: 6162: 6157: 6142: 6127: 6087: 5938: 5785: 5773: 5678: 5653: 5634: 5435: 5430: 5215: 5125: 5087: 5069: 5062: 5046: 5012: 4994: 4972: 4954: 4948: 4921: 4903: 4897: 4883: 4865: 4838: 4820: 4808: 4752: 4746: 4714: 4707: 4692: 4674: 4634: 4559: 4422: 4406: 4390: 4117: 3263: 2923: 2436: 2189: 2128: 1968: 1727: 1692: 1384: 1181: 1171:

experiences rapid growth and sharing of musical instruments once they were united by

1168: 1124: 754: 648: 637: 613: 609: 596: 415: 289: 281: 225: 4486: 2909: 2671: 1785:

in 1914. Hornbostel and Sachs used most of Mahillon's system, but replaced the term

1340:

instruments, and composers arranged increasingly complex pieces using more advanced

1259:

string instrument, is an ancestor of most European bowed instruments, including the

628:, bells, cymbals, and rattles. Sistra are depicted prominently in a great relief of 295:

Archaeological evidence of musical instruments was discovered in excavations at the

7144: 7026: 6982: 6967: 6957: 6937: 6912: 6817: 6777: 6732: 6647: 6612: 6607: 6597: 6577: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6437: 6392: 6387: 6352: 6337: 6312: 6287: 6282: 6262: 6237: 6212: 6202: 6152: 6117: 6097: 6092: 6077: 6062: 6052: 6032: 6027: 6022: 5817: 5688: 5614: 5573: 5515: 5410: 5380: 5207: 5108: 5034: 4796: 3255: 2897: 2415:. Many instrumentalists are known for playing specific musical instruments such as 2334: 2253: 1696: 1648: 1640: 1620: 1472: 1220: 1007:

trumpets. Of these, only the flute was capable of producing a melody. In contrast,

510: 368: 336: 335:. The cylindrical pipes feature three side holes that allowed players to produce a 292:

age, and are more commonly accepted as being the oldest known musical instruments.

267: 256: 241: 90: 41: 5146: 5038: 4360: 7164: 7102: 7036: 6997: 6932: 6927: 6917: 6877: 6857: 6782: 6742: 6737: 6712: 6687: 6662: 6582: 6572: 6532: 6487: 6472: 6467: 6447: 6422: 6372: 6362: 6347: 6317: 6222: 6167: 6137: 6132: 6112: 6102: 6037: 5864: 5812: 5745: 5730: 5658: 5644: 5536: 5370: 5305: 5235: 4630: 4460: 4367: 2465: 2391: 2363: 2303: 2132: 2046: 1915: 1902:, trombones and tubas, for which the lips themselves function as vibrating reeds. 1660: 1609: 1601: 1578: 1172: 1137: 1133: 1003: 981: 881: 856: 823: 686: 470: 390: 340: 159: 131: 45: 5365: 528:

Humans eventually developed the concept of using musical instruments to produce

7218: 7171: 7139: 7117: 7071: 6992: 6902: 6867: 6847: 6837: 6762: 6722: 6677: 6642: 6622: 6617: 6552: 6507: 6457: 6442: 6427: 6397: 6377: 6342: 6322: 6267: 6192: 6187: 6107: 5802: 5768: 5735: 5673: 5541: 4596: 4491: 4148: 2901: 2379: 2375: 2265: 2228:, often meant for individual playing styles developed by the builder themself. 2112: 1997: 1558: 1519: 1507: 1392: 1252: 1216: 1212: 878: 682: 550: 506: 356: 213: 150: 1604:. Sachs also defined a subcategory of "radioelectric instruments" such as the 1352: 1219:

mentioned in his lexicographical discussion of music instruments that, in the

595:

cultures began delineating two distinct classes of musical instruments due to

7236: 7149: 6897: 6702: 6667: 6547: 6482: 6412: 6407: 6307: 6217: 6182: 5896: 5837: 5780: 5750: 5725: 5710: 5683: 5568: 5563: 5415: 5405: 5355: 5335: 5285: 5247: 5230: 5220: 4121: 3267: 2412: 2269: 2193: 2147:, etc. Additional adjectives describe instruments above the soprano range or 2136: 2108: 2087: 2079: 2013: 1943: 1834: 1717: 1679: 1639:

and other inventors developed the first commercial synthesizers, such as the

1597: 1553: 1488: 1484: 1447: 1428: 1345: 1329: 1287: 1228: 1011: 1008: 945: 758: 662: 629: 582: 566: 558: 533: 458: 142: 135: 127: 1053:

instrument was to use it on the battleground to intimidate their opponents.

658: 36:

painting depicts a variety of French Baroque musical instruments, such as a

7192: 5933: 5807: 5693: 5604: 5588: 5553: 5463: 5390: 5275: 4421:

Fine, Larry. The Piano Book, 4th ed. Massachusetts: Brookside Press, 2001.

4356: 4112: 3244:"In search of a musical past: evidence for early chordophones from Vietnam" 2371: 2299: 2290: 2096: 2050: 2009: 1988: 1907: 1722: 1593: 1424: 1197: 1145: 976: 949: 869: 450: 395: 345: 285: 123: 75: 37: 5112: 3259: 5795: 5609: 5558: 5531: 5458: 5225: 4989:

Musical Instruments: An Illustrated History from Antiquity to the Present

2358:

Many musical instruments are able to be played with either right of left

2311: 2285: 2281: 2144: 2104: 2100: 2001: 1848: 1628: 1589: 1480: 1333: 1299: 1271: 1256: 1074: 1066: 985: 957: 601: 562: 554: 532:, which was previously common only in singing. Similar to the process of 446: 312: 275: 163: 158:

led to the invention of new electric and electronic instruments, such as

155: 126:. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of 115: 5740: 5705: 5440: 5395: 2359: 2261: 2203: 2148: 2140: 2058: 2029: 2005: 1919: 1886: 1837:, which produce sound by a vibrating a stretched membrane; they may be 1778: 1632: 1615: 1419: 1337: 1185: 971: 921:

appeared in Chinese writings around 12th century BC and earlier. Early

776: 570: 430: 386: 382: 179: 103: 99: 33: 4551:

Guitar Theory For Dummies: Book + Online Video & Audio Instruction

1608:, which produces music through the player's hand movements around two 1415:, or ensembles playing works written for these groups of instruments. 740:

Unlike Mesopotamia and Egypt, professional musicians did not exist in

7097: 5425: 5257: 4837:, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2485: 2416: 2362:. However, some instruments can be made for the less frequent (≈10%) 2273: 2120: 2091: 2025: 2021: 1882: 1820: 1812: 1804: 1683: 1532: 1499: 1455: 1341: 1267: 1208: 1141: 1070: 996: 991: 941: 926: 804: 730: 697: 621: 605: 546: 514: 474: 375: 197: 2390:"Instrumentalist" redirects here. For the philosophical school, see 2322: 2257: 1651:

and reuse existing sounds, and were important to the development of

1332:

from 1400 on, indeed, the most profound changes occurred during the

270:

is a perforated bone discovered in 1995, in the northwest region of

5548: 5510: 5345: 4969:

Musical Instruments: A Worldwide Survey of Traditional Music-making

4800: 2295: 2067: 2042: 2038: 1976: 1911: 1868: 1856: 1636: 1605: 1528: 1307: 1283: 1189: 1180:

in Mesopotamia that spread as far as Java. Various lutes, zithers,

1121:. It must be played using the technique of the circular breathing. 1110: 1098: 1038: 1019: 967: 885: 693: 482: 332: 271: 252: 194: 167: 5790: 5350: 5310: 5290: 4764: 3242:

Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Hull, Jennifer R.; Hồng, Vương Thu (2023).

2575: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2220: 2211: 2208: 2071: 2062: 1984: 1972: 1956: 1899: 1893:, which move freely through the air; reedless aerophones such as 1652: 1468: 1443: 1375: 1295: 1276: 1248: 1201: 1177: 1082: 1027: 1023: 930: 874: 851:

Evidence of musical instruments in use by early civilizations of

819: 709: 633: 625: 592: 522: 420: 324: 284:

have been found dating back to 30,000 to 37,000 years old in the

505:

for whom drums developed ritual, even sacred importance are the

442: 5624: 5360: 5315: 5280: 5265: 2420: 2367: 2236: 2197: 2054: 1964: 1872: 1852: 1842: 1808: 1460: 1371: 1260: 1114: 1045: 918: 845: 811: 784: 767: 750: 741: 734: 701: 652: 529: 518: 328: 83: 5025:

Slovenian Academy of Sciences (11 April 1997), "Early Music",

5842: 5478: 5400: 5330: 5199: 5024: 4950:

Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer

3368:"Carnyx - Caledonians, Picts and Romans - Scotland's History" 2563: 2428: 2277: 2224:

builders are focused on a more artistic approach and develop

2180: 2083: 2034: 2017: 1960: 1894: 1876: 1860: 1838: 1824: 1816: 1483:

or, more colloquially, French horn, had emerged by 1725. The

1464: 1291: 1153: 1149: 1106: 1102: 1041: 1031: 934: 911: 852: 828: 746: 644: 588: 438:" slits can be seen on the top of the drum in the foreground. 425: 352: 320: 300: 209: 65: 102:, or stones used to make musical sounds—like those found at 5629: 5420: 4745:

Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004),

2444: 2116: 1993: 1980: 1952:

These terms are named after singing voice classifications:

1890: 1864: 1656: 1536: 1303: 1240: 1236: 1161: 1015: 815: 726: 722: 718: 549:. Xylophones originated in the mainland and archipelago of 497: 486: 465:

and "father of all such as handle the harp and the organ" (

462: 316: 308: 229: 79: 53: 1439: 974:, and mouth organs also appeared in this time period. The 106:

in India—are examples of prehistoric musical instruments.

1627:

The latter half of the 20th century saw the evolution of

1089: 378:

were made by opening bamboo stalks, a much simpler task.

190: 5168: 1459:

instrument was the shawm. Bowed instruments such as the

1750:

and assigned Greek labels to the four classifications:

624:

used in early Mesopotamia: concussion clubs, clappers,

400:

cannot determine which instruments are more "primitive"

304: 5122:

The Look of Music: Rare Musical Instruments, 1500–1900

4862:

On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments

4765:

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (30 December 2004),

4441:. New Grove Musical Instruments Series, 1989, PAPERMAC 2167:, while a bass clarinet plays about one octave lower. 1800:

system classified instruments into four main groups:

1196:

regions used mainly lutes, stringed instruments with

1156:, it was part of every category of human activity in 1117:(from Arab, al-buq or "horn") nowadays only alive in 1061:

During the period of time loosely referred to as the

771:(lyre). Other instruments of the period included the 93:, dated back 50,000–60,000 years. Many scholars date 4744: 4389:, pp. 55–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4295: 3157: 2601: 1682:

of the instrument, and the instrument's place in an

1328:

Musical instrument development was dominated by the

122:, and Europeans played instruments originating from 5484:

Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

2350:Antony Blinken at the September 2023 launch of the 1898:and bassoons); and lip-vibrated aerophones such as 5061: 4986: 4706: 2240:The five-manual, 522-stop detached console at the 757:mention two prominent instruments associated with 1056: 185: 7234: 4671:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 966:(wooden tiger). Wind instruments such as flute, 2545: 1564: 689:, arched and angular harps, and various drums. 4918:Origins and Development of Musical Instruments 4768:Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 3991: 3989: 3241: 1867:, whether the sound chamber is constructed of 5184: 5064:Musical Instruments: Illustrated Encyclopedia 5059: 4832: 2613: 4231: 4229: 4032: 4030: 4028: 3940: 3938: 2607: 2597: 2595: 1290:evolved in Europe starting in fifth-century 5124:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 4946: 4786: 4622: 4453: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4214: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4063: 3986: 3769: 3767: 3754: 3752: 3571: 3569: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2551: 2252:are any instruments that are played with a 647:tribe. The people of Mesopotamia preferred 5191: 5177: 4059: 4057: 4001: 3725: 3605: 3151: 3115: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2978: 2742: 2740: 2535: 2533: 1037:An instrument that can be attested to the 1014:civilizations in areas such as modern-day 5828:Music technology (electronic and digital) 4814: 4733:, Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 4444: 4377: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4241: 4226: 4042: 4025: 4013: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3617: 2853: 2592: 2586: 1647:, introduced around 1980, allow users to 1631:, which produce sound using circuits and 1494: 1097:In pre-Islamic times, idiophones such as 4709:Percussion Instruments and Their History 4686: 4626:Music Business Handbook and Career Guide 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3764: 3749: 3737: 3731: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3593: 3581: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3139: 3127: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3055: 2883: 2817: 2769: 2752: 2713: 2580: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2449:Music Business Handbook and Career Guide 2345: 2333: 2321: 2235: 2202: 2174: 1614: 1568: 1542: 1498: 1438: 1351: 1123: 1088: 990: 894: 657: 441: 419: 288:of Germany. The flutes were made in the 246: 189: 20: 4984: 4915: 4895: 4877: 4859: 4850: 4399: 4307: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4220: 4208: 4189: 4177: 4146: 4105: 4054: 4007: 3995: 3623: 3611: 3121: 3043: 3031: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2984: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2865: 2859: 2841: 2829: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2737: 2725: 2690: 2530: 2503: 2497: 1742:(all percussion instruments). In 1880, 64:is a device created or adapted to make 7235: 4933: 4704: 4668: 2823: 2775: 2719: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2576:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004 2539: 2276:), vibrating strings either hammered ( 1397:Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten 665:tomb painting depicting lute players, 604:. Scholars must rely on artifacts and 6007: 5366:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc 5172: 5119: 5006: 4966: 4771:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 4726: 4647:from the original on 15 November 2023 4592:"Definition of Multi-Instrumentalist" 4572:from the original on 15 November 2023 4547: 4415: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4235: 4149:"How MIDI changed the world of music" 4048: 4036: 4019: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3758: 3743: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3374:from the original on 30 November 2020 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3145: 3133: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3008: 2996: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2871: 2847: 2835: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2763: 2746: 2731: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2652:from the original on 10 February 2021 2524: 2509: 2370:. Well known left handed players are 1506:plays the keyboard while his father, 1282:The ninth century revealed the first 208:A musical instrument is used to make 5098: 4947:Pinch, Revor; Trocco, Frank (2004), 4604:from the original on 13 January 2021 4529:from the original on 18 January 2021 4499:from the original on 13 January 2021 4386:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4106:McNamee, David (28 September 2009). 4087:from the original on 2 November 2019 4081:FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music 4069: 3348:from the original on 19 January 2021 2403:Lists of musicians § Instrument 1906:Sachs later added a fifth category, 1758:(skin-head percussion instruments), 1561:, no standard could be agreed upon. 1318: 339:. These excavations, carried out by 259:is sometimes considered the world's 78:to signal success on the hunt, or a 70: 4775:from the original on 13 August 2010 2631: 2127:their range as part of their name: 1930:Andre Schaeffner, a curator at the 1769: 1766:(non-skin percussion instruments). 1223:, typical instruments included the 952:saw percussion instruments such as 481:, who is said to have made a dried 13: 7042:Classical and art music traditions 5474:History of lute-family instruments 5291:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat 5082:Music Library Association (1974). 5053: 5009:The History of Musical Instruments 4467:from the original on 30 April 2010 4296:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 4159:from the original on 27 April 2019 3158:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 2930:from the original on 17 April 2021 2678:from the original on 9 August 2010 2674:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2602:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 2569: 2564:Slovenian Academy of Sciences 1997 2557: 2385: 2242:United States Naval Academy Chapel 2231: 1715:An ancient Hindu system named the 1710: 232:, or blowing into an animal horn. 14: 7254: 5139: 4147:Bateman, Tom (28 November 2012). 4128:from the original on 4 March 2014 4108:"Hey, what's that sound: Sampler" 2476:Recording studio as an instrument 2352:Global Music Diplomacy Initiative 1673:Musical instrument classification 1666: 1167:The areas of Mesopotamia and the 282:Mammoth bone and swan bone flutes 7214: 7213: 7200: 7186: 6758:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6233:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5833:Sound recording and reproduction 5286:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta 4689:The History of the English Organ 4616: 4584: 4541: 4511: 4479: 4431: 4349: 4140: 4099: 2226:experimental musical instruments 1065:and Europe in particular as the 16:Device for making musical sounds 7062:Jazz and popular music glossary 4899:A Survey of Musical Instruments 4864:, University of Chicago Press, 4487:"Definition of instrumentalist" 3360: 3334: 3235: 2916: 2877: 2664: 2471:Experimental musical instrument 2170: 1655:. 1982 saw the introduction of 901:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng 797:A Survey of Musical Instruments 261:oldest known musical instrument 6303:Federated States of Micronesia 4815:Collinson, Francis M. (1975), 4691:, Cambridge University Press, 2646:Brookhaven National Laboratory 1859:or struck with hammers like a 1855:whether it is plucked like an 1389:Musica getuscht und ausgezogen 1323: 1057:Post-classical era/Middle Ages 409: 235: 186:Definition and basic operation 1: 5346:Philippine art songs—Kundiman 5266:Afghan classical music—Klasik 5039:10.1126/science.276.5310.203g 4880:Electronic and Computer Music 4860:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990), 4833:de Schauensee, Maude (2002), 4662: 2317: 1925: 1364: 1184:, and harps spread as far as 1049: 904: 670: 7207:Record production portal 7052:Cultural and regional genres 5311:Indonesian art music—Gamelan 4953:, Harvard University Press, 4727:Brown, Howard Mayer (2008), 4463:. Vienna Symphonic Library. 4461:"Glockenspiel: Construction" 2672:"Jiahu (ca. 7000–5700 B.C.)" 2244:crafted by R. A. Colby, Inc. 1565:Twentieth century to present 1188:to the south and modern-day 917:Musical instruments such as 576: 385:, one of the most prominent 228:, striking the surface of a 138:shared musical instruments. 7: 5823:Music technology (electric) 5361:Thai classical music—Piphat 5316:Japanese court music—Gagaku 5060:Wade-Matthews, Max (2003). 4971:, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 4882:, Oxford University Press, 4751:, Oxford University Press, 4623:Baskerville, David (2006). 4372:United States Naval Academy 3270:– via Cambridge Core. 2481:Music instrument technology 2461:List of musical instruments 2454: 1310:exists during this period. 513:, the indigenous people of 10: 7259: 5469:History of the harpsichord 5356:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka 5155:Victoria and Albert Museum 5120:Young, Phillip T. (1980). 4853:Les ancetres du violon v.1 4687:Bicknell, Stephen (1999), 4439:Early Keyboard Instruments 4374:. Retrieved on 2008-03-04. 2902:10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.520 2400: 2389: 1941: 1875:or uses a membrane like a 1783:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1670: 1434: 1128:An Indonesian metallophone 1002:Although civilizations in 783:(small bells or jingles), 580: 413: 366: 362: 7180: 7085: 7014: 6014: 6000: 5851: 5761: 5643: 5584: 5506: 5449: 5379: 5296:Chinese traditional music 5256: 5206: 5198: 4851:Grillet, Laurent (1901), 2884:Caldwell, Duncan (2013). 2354:, playing a Stratocaster. 2308:digital audio workstation 1313: 865:Indus Valley civilization 6178:Central African Republic 5721:Computational musicology 5271:Andalusi classical music 4916:Montagu, Jeremy (2007), 4669:Baines, Anthony (1993), 2491: 2394:. For the magazine, see 2284:), by electronic means ( 1937: 1762:(wind instruments), and 1754:(stringed instruments), 1738:(wind instruments), and 1734:(stringed instruments), 1255:. The Byzantine lyra, a 496:, stampers, and various 7067:Music genres and styles 5371:Western classical music 5341:Persian classical music 4920:, The Scarecrow Press, 4896:Marcuse, Sibyl (1975), 4878:Manning, Peter (2004), 4519:"Instrumental Musician" 4366:6 November 2008 at the 4064:Pinch & Trocco 2004 2552:Chase & Nowell 1998 2338:Paul McCartney using a 2326:Jimi Hendrix playing a 1744:Victor-Charles Mahillon 1504:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1427:to properly blend into 1158:maritime Southeast Asia 787:, and the trumpet-like 706:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 700:in Mesopotamia and the 517:, and many cultures of 434:). The characteristic " 200:drummers in Cameroon's 120:maritime Southeast Asia 7047:Classical music genres 6123:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5664:Doctor of Musical Arts 5489:History of the trumpet 5301:Indian classical music 5011:, Dover Publications, 4985:Remnant, Mary (1989), 4705:Blades, James (1992), 4673:, Dover Publications, 2355: 2343: 2331: 2245: 2215: 2184: 1721:, written by the sage 1624: 1623:Modular 55 synthesizer 1581: 1548: 1511: 1495:Classical and Romantic 1451: 1379: 1129: 1094: 999: 914: 677: 502:percussion instruments 454: 439: 351:Archaeologists in the 263: 205: 57: 6873:São Tomé and Príncipe 6748:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6728:Republic of the Congo 5494:History of the violin 5147:"Musical Instruments" 4967:Rault, Lucie (2000), 4713:, Bold Strummer Ltd, 4556:John Wiley & Sons 4523:Government of Alberta 4361:USNA Music Department 4083:. 15 September 2016. 3260:10.15184/aqy.2022.170 2407:Multi-instrumentalist 2349: 2337: 2325: 2306:keyboard used with a 2239: 2206: 2178: 1730:, who used the terms 1635:. In the late 1960s, 1618: 1588:The proliferation of 1572: 1546: 1502: 1442: 1355: 1127: 1092: 995:Carnyx discovered in 994: 898: 661: 485:shell into the first 445: 423: 250: 193: 24: 6943:United Arab Emirates 6008: 5716:Cognitive musicology 5007:Sachs, Curt (1940), 4902:, Harper & Row, 4789:Current Anthropology 4633:. pp. 469–471. 4548:Serna, Desi (2013). 2250:Keyboard instruments 2183:made from a food can 1775:Erich von Hornbostel 1235:(probably a type of 1048:, which is dated to 923:Chinese philosophers 649:stringed instruments 453:of northern Nigeria. 391:musical ethnologists 381:German musicologist 26:Anne Vallayer-Coster 7243:Musical instruments 7093:Aesthetics of music 6908:Trinidad and Tobago 6043:Antigua and Barbuda 5527:Band (rock and pop) 5451:Musical instruments 5326:Lao classical music 5113:10.1093/ml/75.2.161 5101:Music & Letters 2396:The Instrumentalist 2328:Fender Stratocaster 2157:contrabass clarinet 2153:sopranino saxophone 1359:, by Dutch painter 1113:instruments as the 826:they classified as 114:, instruments from 30:Attributes of Music 7155:Musical instrument 7123:Music and politics 6253:Dominican Republic 6001:By sovereign state 5321:Korean court music 5281:Azerbaijani Mugham 4437:Ripin (Ed) et al. 4310:, pp. 174–175 4180:, pp. 268–270 3872:, pp. 353–357 3563:, pp. 251–254 3503:, pp. 238–239 3455:, pp. 222–228 3331:, pp. 196–201 3232:, pp. 162–164 3088:, pp. 108–113 2890:American Antiquity 2614:de Schauensee 2002 2566:, pp. 203–205 2356: 2344: 2332: 2246: 2216: 2185: 2151:, for example the 2076:baritone saxophone 1916:ethnomusicologists 1625: 1582: 1549: 1512: 1452: 1405:Michael Praetorius 1380: 1361:Cornelis Saftleven 1211:. The 9th-century 1140:music made use of 1130: 1095: 1063:post-classical era 1000: 933:(372–289 BC), and 915: 908: 5th century 890:post-classical era 678: 473:, inventor of the 455: 440: 319:, a silver double 264: 206: 112:post-classical era 62:musical instrument 58: 50:pardessus de viole 7228: 7227: 7113:Music and fashion 7108:Music and emotion 7010: 7009: 6278:Equatorial Guinea 5774:A-side and B-side 5679:Music archaeology 5654:Bachelor of Music 5502: 5501: 5436:Psychedelic music 5431:Progressive music 5351:Scottish Ceòl Mór 5075:978-0-7548-1182-4 5033:(5310): 203–205, 5018:978-0-486-45265-4 5000:978-0-7134-5169-6 4978:978-0-500-51035-3 4960:978-0-674-01617-0 4927:978-0-8108-5657-8 4909:978-0-06-012776-3 4889:978-0-19-517085-6 4871:978-0-226-42548-1 4844:978-0-924171-88-8 4835:Two Lyres from Ur 4826:978-0-7100-7913-8 4758:978-0-19-816504-0 4720:978-0-933224-61-2 4698:978-0-521-65409-8 4680:978-0-486-27574-1 3342:"Deskford carnyx" 3052:, pp. 98–104 2129:soprano saxophone 1969:soprano saxophone 1728:Johannes de Muris 1473:string orchestras 1387:'s 1511 treatise 1385:Sebastian Virdung 1319:Western Classical 1306:; no evidence of 1169:Arabian Peninsula 807:term for "harp". 710:Pharaohs of Egypt 698:Babylonian empire 608:texts written in 597:division of labor 416:Prehistoric music 290:Upper Paleolithic 226:string instrument 7250: 7217: 7216: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7193:Music portal 7191: 7190: 7189: 7145:Music technology 7133:Environmentalism 7086:Related articles 6693:Papua New Guinea 6558:Marshall Islands 6005: 6004: 5951:Central American 5689:Music psychology 5574:Backing vocalist 5411:Electronic music 5254: 5253: 5208:History of music 5193: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5135: 5116: 5079: 5067: 5049: 5021: 5003: 4992: 4981: 4963: 4943: 4930: 4912: 4892: 4874: 4856: 4847: 4829: 4811: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4761: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4712: 4701: 4683: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4429: 4419: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4375: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3254:(391): 141–157. 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963:, pp. 68–69 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2881: 2875: 2874:, pp. 53–59 2869: 2863: 2862:, pp. 24–28 2857: 2851: 2850:, pp. 52–53 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2814:, pp. 34–52 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2638: 2629: 2628:, pp. 24–40 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2528: 2522: 2507: 2501: 2254:musical keyboard 2207:Two five string 1932:Musée de l'Homme 1798:Hornbostel–Sachs 1770:Hornbostel–Sachs 1689:Hornbostel–Sachs 1641:Moog synthesizer 1602:electric guitars 1579:electric guitars 1450:violin from 1658 1401:Syntagma musicum 1369: 1366: 1221:Byzantine Empire 1051: 909: 906: 824:wind instruments 687:double clarinets 675: 672: 663:Ancient Egyptian 511:Russian Far East 461:, descendant of 449:, a lute of the 369:History of music 355:site of central 337:whole-tone scale 268:Divje Babe Flute 257:Divje Babe Flute 242:Divje Babe flute 176:Hornbostel–Sachs 160:electric guitars 42:transverse flute 7258: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7224: 7201: 7199: 7187: 7185: 7176: 7103:Fictional music 7081: 7006: 6813:Solomon Islands 6658:North Macedonia 6010: 5996: 5858: 5856:regional genres 5855: 5847: 5813:Record producer 5757: 5746:Sociomusicology 5731:Ethnomusicology 5659:Master of Music 5639: 5598: 5580: 5537:All-female band 5520: 5498: 5445: 5382: 5375: 5331:Mandé art music 5306:Byzantine music 5252: 5202: 5197: 5159: 5157: 5145: 5142: 5132: 5076: 5056: 5054:Further reading 5019: 5001: 4979: 4961: 4928: 4910: 4890: 4872: 4845: 4827: 4778: 4776: 4759: 4736: 4734: 4721: 4699: 4681: 4665: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4641: 4631:SAGE Publishing 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4566: 4558:. p. 271. 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4404: 4400: 4382: 4378: 4368:Wayback Machine 4355:Organ built by 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2616:, pp. 1–16 2612: 2608: 2600: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2531: 2523: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2466:Folk instrument 2457: 2409: 2399: 2392:Instrumentalism 2388: 2386:Instrumentalist 2364:left handedness 2320: 2304:MIDI controller 2234: 2232:User interfaces 2173: 2166: 2162: 2133:tenor saxophone 2047:tenor saxophone 1946: 1940: 1928: 1772: 1713: 1711:Ancient systems 1675: 1669: 1567: 1557:composers like 1510:, plays violin. 1497: 1437: 1367: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1294:, spreading to 1173:Islamic culture 1059: 1004:Central America 982:end-blown flute 907: 899:The monumental 882:double clarinet 879:snake charmer's 683:vertical flutes 673: 642:Native American 585: 579: 418: 412: 396:anthropologists 371: 365: 341:Leonard Woolley 238: 188: 71:instrumentalist 17: 12: 11: 5: 7256: 7246: 7245: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7210: 7196: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7172:Women in music 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7160:Classification 7152: 7147: 7142: 7140:Music festival 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7118:Music industry 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6988:Western Sahara 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:United Kingdom 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6228:Czech Republic 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5963:North American 5960: 5959: 5958: 5956:South American 5953: 5946:Latin American 5943: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Middle Eastern 5909: 5904: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5861: 5859: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:Audio engineer 5800: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:New musicology 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5542:Rhythm section 5539: 5534: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5141: 5140:External links 5138: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5117: 5107:(2): 161–179. 5096: 5080: 5074: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5022: 5017: 5004: 4999: 4982: 4977: 4964: 4959: 4944: 4931: 4926: 4913: 4908: 4893: 4888: 4875: 4870: 4857: 4848: 4843: 4830: 4825: 4812: 4801:10.1086/204771 4784: 4762: 4757: 4742: 4724: 4719: 4702: 4697: 4684: 4679: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4639: 4615: 4597:Dictionary.com 4583: 4564: 4540: 4510: 4492:Dictionary.com 4478: 4452: 4443: 4430: 4414: 4398: 4376: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4213: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4139: 4098: 4068: 4053: 4041: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3763: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3359: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2915: 2896:(3): 520–535. 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2751: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2701: 2689: 2663: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2591: 2587:Collinson 1975 2579: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2529: 2508: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2387: 2384: 2380:Antony Blinken 2376:Paul McCartney 2319: 2316: 2280:) or plucked ( 2266:pedal keyboard 2233: 2230: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2149:below the bass 2124: 2123: 2113:bass saxophone 2094: 2065: 2032: 1998:alto saxophone 1991: 1942:Main article: 1939: 1936: 1927: 1924: 1904: 1903: 1880: 1846: 1835:Membranophones 1832: 1771: 1768: 1756:membranophones 1712: 1709: 1671:Main article: 1668: 1667:Classification 1665: 1598:Hammond organs 1566: 1563: 1559:Hector Berlioz 1508:Leopold Mozart 1496: 1493: 1436: 1433: 1393:Arnolt Schlick 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1217:Ibn Khordadbeh 1119:Basque Country 1058: 1055: 1012:South American 929:(551–479 BC), 640:and among the 578: 575: 551:Southeast Asia 543:shell trumpets 541:, slit drums, 507:Chukchi people 411: 408: 364: 361: 357:Henan province 297:Royal Cemetery 237: 234: 214:natural sounds 210:musical sounds 187: 184: 98:proposed that 91:a simple flute 66:musical sounds 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7255: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7231: 7221: 7220: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150:Music therapy 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6953:United States 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6513:Liechtenstein 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Guinea-Bissau 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5854:Cultural and 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5781:Extended play 5779: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5751:Zoomusicology 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Ecomusicology 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:Biomusicology 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684:Music history 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:Improvisation 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Lead vocalist 5567: 5566: 5565: 5564:Military band 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5416:Hip hop music 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Country music 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Ottoman music 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5131:9780919253001 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5092:0-914954-00-8 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4819:, Routledge, 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4743: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4646: 4642: 4640:9781412904384 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4571: 4567: 4565:9781118646939 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4427:1-929145-01-2 4424: 4418: 4412: 4411:0-9546711-0-4 4408: 4402: 4396: 4395:0-521-57584-2 4392: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4346:, p. 195 4345: 4340: 4334:, p. 185 4333: 4328: 4322:, p. 184 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4286:, p. 549 4285: 4280: 4274:, p. 177 4273: 4268: 4262:, p. 117 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4238:, p. 190 4237: 4232: 4230: 4223:, p. 176 4222: 4217: 4211:, p. 211 4210: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4192:, p. 210 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4051:, p. 448 4050: 4045: 4039:, p. 447 4038: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4022:, p. 445 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3998:, p. 183 3997: 3992: 3990: 3983:, p. 391 3982: 3977: 3971:, p. 390 3970: 3965: 3959:, p. 389 3958: 3953: 3947:, p. 388 3946: 3941: 3939: 3932:, p. 386 3931: 3926: 3920:, p. 385 3919: 3914: 3908:, p. 384 3907: 3902: 3896:, p. 380 3895: 3890: 3884:, p. 374 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3860:, p. 352 3859: 3854: 3848:, p. 328 3847: 3842: 3836:, p. 307 3835: 3830: 3824:, p. 303 3823: 3818: 3812:, p. 302 3811: 3806: 3800:, p. 301 3799: 3794: 3788:, p. 299 3787: 3782: 3776:, p. 351 3775: 3770: 3768: 3761:, p. 298 3760: 3755: 3753: 3746:, p. 288 3745: 3740: 3733: 3732:Bicknell 1999 3728: 3722:, p. 286 3721: 3716: 3710:, p. 284 3709: 3704: 3698:, p. 281 3697: 3692: 3686:, p. 278 3685: 3680: 3674:, p. 273 3673: 3668: 3662:, p. 274 3661: 3656: 3650:, p. 271 3649: 3644: 3638:, p. 269 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3614:, p. 124 3613: 3608: 3602:, p. 265 3601: 3596: 3590:, p. 263 3589: 3584: 3578:, p. 260 3577: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3551:, p. 250 3550: 3545: 3539:, p. 249 3538: 3533: 3527:, p. 246 3526: 3521: 3515:, p. 240 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3491:, p. 236 3490: 3485: 3479:, p. 231 3478: 3473: 3467:, p. 229 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3443:, p. 222 3442: 3437: 3431:, p. 221 3430: 3425: 3419:, p. 216 3418: 3413: 3407:, p. 218 3406: 3401: 3395:, p. 207 3394: 3389: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3319:, p. 192 3318: 3313: 3307:, p. 189 3306: 3301: 3295:, p. 178 3294: 3289: 3283:, p. 166 3282: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3220:, p. 185 3219: 3214: 3208:, p. 161 3207: 3202: 3196:, p. 152 3195: 3190: 3184:, p. 151 3183: 3178: 3172:, p. 149 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3148:, p. 129 3147: 3142: 3136:, p. 128 3135: 3130: 3124:, p. 385 3123: 3118: 3112:, p. 116 3111: 3106: 3100:, p. 114 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3076:, p. 106 3075: 3070: 3064:, p. 105 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2987:, p. 168 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2766:, p. 297 2765: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2554:, p. 549 2553: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2348: 2342:bass in 2016. 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272:) or pumped ( 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260:for a piano, 2259: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2177: 2168: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:baritone horn 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:contrabassoon 2106: 2102: 2099:instruments: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2088:baritone horn 2085: 2081: 2080:bass clarinet 2077: 2073: 2070:instruments: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037:instruments: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:alto clarinet 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1996:instruments: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959:instruments: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1944:Range (music) 1935: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1920:organologists 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:electrophones 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1796:The original 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:Natya Shastra 1745: 1741: 1740:percussibilia 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1718:Natya Shastra 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:electrophones 1591: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1554:concert pitch 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485:slide trumpet 1482: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1448:Jacob Stainer 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1429:chamber music 1426: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1373: 1370:. It shows a 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1346:orchestration 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1273: 1272:hurdy-gurdies 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1192:to the east. 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:metallophones 1143: 1139: 1135: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1009:pre-Columbian 1005: 998: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 978: 973: 969: 965: 964: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:Shang dynasty 943: 939: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 913: 902: 897: 893: 891: 887: 883: 880: 876: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 842: 837: 836: 831: 830: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 668: 664: 660: 656: 654: 650: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Amenhotep III 627: 623: 618: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 594: 590: 584: 583:Ancient music 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:ground zither 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 534:reduplication 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 452: 448: 444: 437: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 407: 403: 401: 397: 392: 388: 387:musicologists 384: 379: 377: 370: 360: 358: 354: 349: 347: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 277: 273: 269: 262: 258: 254: 249: 245: 243: 233: 231: 227: 221: 219: 215: 211: 203: 202:West Province 199: 196: 192: 183: 181: 177: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 148: 145:. During the 144: 139: 137: 136:South America 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 107: 105: 101: 96: 92: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 32:, 1770. This 31: 27: 23: 19: 7230: 7212: 7198: 7184: 7154: 6973:Vatican City 6923:Turkmenistan 6823:South Africa 6793:Sierra Leone 6773:Saudi Arabia 6148:Burkina Faso 5808:Record label 5694:Music school 5554:Concert band 5464:Angular harp 5450: 5391:Circus music 5276:Arabic music 5158:. Retrieved 5150: 5121: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5083: 5063: 5030: 5026: 5008: 4993:, Batsford, 4988: 4968: 4949: 4939: 4935: 4917: 4898: 4879: 4861: 4852: 4834: 4816: 4792: 4788: 4777:, retrieved 4767: 4747: 4735:, retrieved 4729: 4708: 4688: 4670: 4649:. Retrieved 4625: 4618: 4606:. Retrieved 4595: 4586: 4574:. Retrieved 4550: 4543: 4531:. Retrieved 4513: 4501:. Retrieved 4490: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4455: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4417: 4401: 4384: 4379: 4357:M. P. Moller 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4308:Kartomi 1990 4303: 4298:, p. 39 4291: 4284:Marcuse 1975 4279: 4272:Marcuse 1975 4267: 4260:Marcuse 1975 4255: 4248:Marcuse 1975 4243: 4221:Kartomi 1990 4216: 4209:Montagu 2007 4190:Montagu 2007 4185: 4178:Manning 2004 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4152: 4142: 4130:. Retrieved 4113:The Guardian 4111: 4101: 4089:. Retrieved 4080: 4071: 4044: 4015: 4010:, p. 70 4008:Remnant 1989 4003: 3996:Remnant 1989 3976: 3964: 3952: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3739: 3734:, p. 13 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3626:, p. 29 3624:Grillet 1901 3619: 3612:Kartomi 1990 3607: 3595: 3583: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376:. Retrieved 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3160:, p. 83 3153: 3141: 3129: 3122:Marcuse 1975 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3040:, p. 71 3033: 3028:, p. 86 3011:, p. 82 3004: 2999:, p. 70 2992: 2985:Remnant 1989 2980: 2975:, p. 69 2968: 2956: 2951:, p. 67 2944: 2932:. Retrieved 2918: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2867: 2860:Marcuse 1975 2855: 2843: 2838:, p. 35 2831: 2826:, p. 51 2819: 2807: 2802:, p. 34 2795: 2790:, p. 26 2783: 2778:, p. 36 2771: 2749:, p. 63 2734:, p. 61 2727: 2722:, p. 37 2715: 2704: 2699:, p. 60 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2621: 2609: 2604:, p. 82 2589:, p. 10 2582: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2542:, p. 34 2504:Montagu 2007 2499: 2448: 2410: 2372:Jimi Hendrix 2357: 2340:Höfner 500/1 2300:electrophone 2291:glockenspiel 2289: 2247: 2217: 2186: 2171:Construction 2125: 2051:tenor violin 2010:english horn 1989:glockenspiel 1951: 1947: 1929: 1905: 1849:Chordophones 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1752:chordophones 1751: 1747: 1746:adapted the 1739: 1736:inflatibilia 1735: 1731: 1723:Bharata Muni 1716: 1714: 1676: 1661:standardized 1629:synthesizers 1626: 1587: 1583: 1550: 1525: 1513: 1477: 1453: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1381: 1356: 1327: 1281: 1265: 1247:(probably a 1244: 1232: 1224: 1206: 1194: 1178:kettle drums 1166: 1131: 1096: 1079: 1060: 1036: 1001: 975: 961: 950:Zhou dynasty 940: 916: 870:Indus script 850: 839: 833: 827: 809: 800: 796: 793: 788: 780: 772: 766: 765:(pipes) and 762: 755:Hebrew texts 739: 721:, trumpets, 717:began using 704:destroy the 696:destroy the 691: 679: 667:18th Dynasty 619: 586: 527: 491: 456: 451:Hausa people 435: 429: 428:slit drums ( 404: 380: 372: 350: 346:carbon dated 294: 286:Swabian Alps 280: 265: 239: 222: 207: 172: 164:synthesizers 140: 124:North Africa 108: 95:early flutes 88: 69: 61: 59: 38:natural horn 29: 18: 7077:Terminology 7057:Instruments 6863:Switzerland 6833:South Sudan 6828:South Korea 6753:Saint Lucia 6708:Philippines 6653:North Korea 6633:New Zealand 6628:Netherlands 6433:Ivory Coast 6273:El Salvador 6018:Afghanistan 5985:Micronesian 5786:Compilation 5699:Composition 5594:Composition 5559:Disc jockey 5532:Backup band 5459:Arched Harp 5216:Prehistoric 4817:The Bagpipe 4730:Sachs, Curt 4533:19 February 4250:, p. 3 4066:, p. 7 2824:Blades 1992 2776:Blades 1992 2720:Baines 1993 2682:10 February 2656:10 February 2626:Moorey 1977 2540:Blades 1992 2527:, p. 9 2506:, p. 1 2312:synthesizer 2286:synthesizer 2282:harpsichord 2145:bass guitar 2105:bass guitar 2101:double bass 2002:french horn 1590:electricity 1514:During the 1368: 1635 1334:Renaissance 1324:Renaissance 1300:Benedictine 1215:geographer 1067:Middle Ages 986:Han dynasty 972:pitch-pipes 958:wooden fish 956:, troughs, 832:(reeds) or 715:New Kingdom 708:. When the 674: 1350 602:Mesopotamia 571:lithophones 563:musical bow 555:ground harp 539:bullroarers 410:Prehistoric 313:Lyres of Ur 276:Neanderthal 236:Archaeology 156:electricity 116:Mesopotamia 100:lithophones 6963:Uzbekistan 6883:Tajikistan 6788:Seychelles 6768:San Marino 6603:Mozambique 6593:Montenegro 6563:Mauritania 6528:Madagascar 6523:Luxembourg 6478:Kyrgyzstan 6453:Kazakhstan 6258:East Timor 6208:Costa Rica 6173:Cape Verde 6083:Bangladesh 6068:Azerbaijan 5990:Polynesian 5980:Melanesian 5762:Production 5741:Organology 5706:Musicology 5441:Soul music 5396:Folk music 5381:Vernacular 5068:. Lorenz. 4942:(1): 24–40 4936:Expedition 4795:(4): 549, 4779:7 February 4663:References 4608:11 January 4503:11 January 4344:Rault 2000 4332:Rault 2000 4320:Rault 2000 4236:Rault 2000 4132:26 January 4091:19 October 4049:Sachs 1940 4037:Sachs 1940 4020:Sachs 1940 3981:Sachs 1940 3969:Sachs 1940 3957:Sachs 1940 3945:Sachs 1940 3930:Sachs 1940 3918:Sachs 1940 3906:Sachs 1940 3894:Sachs 1940 3882:Sachs 1940 3870:Sachs 1940 3858:Sachs 1940 3846:Sachs 1940 3834:Sachs 1940 3822:Sachs 1940 3810:Sachs 1940 3798:Sachs 1940 3786:Sachs 1940 3774:Sachs 1940 3759:Sachs 1940 3744:Sachs 1940 3720:Sachs 1940 3708:Sachs 1940 3696:Sachs 1940 3684:Sachs 1940 3672:Sachs 1940 3660:Sachs 1940 3648:Sachs 1940 3636:Sachs 1940 3600:Sachs 1940 3588:Sachs 1940 3576:Sachs 1940 3561:Sachs 1940 3549:Sachs 1940 3537:Sachs 1940 3525:Sachs 1940 3513:Sachs 1940 3501:Sachs 1940 3489:Sachs 1940 3477:Sachs 1940 3465:Sachs 1940 3453:Sachs 1940 3441:Sachs 1940 3429:Sachs 1940 3417:Sachs 1940 3405:Sachs 1940 3393:Sachs 1940 3378:23 January 3352:23 January 3329:Sachs 1940 3317:Sachs 1940 3305:Sachs 1940 3293:Sachs 1940 3281:Sachs 1940 3230:Sachs 1940 3218:Sachs 1940 3206:Sachs 1940 3194:Sachs 1940 3182:Sachs 1940 3170:Sachs 1940 3146:Sachs 1940 3134:Sachs 1940 3110:Sachs 1940 3098:Sachs 1940 3086:Sachs 1940 3074:Sachs 1940 3062:Sachs 1940 3050:Sachs 1940 3038:Rault 2000 3026:Sachs 1940 3009:Sachs 1940 2997:Sachs 1940 2973:Sachs 1940 2961:Sachs 1940 2949:Sachs 1940 2872:Sachs 1940 2848:Sachs 1940 2836:Sachs 1940 2812:Sachs 1940 2800:Rault 2000 2788:Sachs 1940 2764:Sachs 1940 2747:Sachs 1940 2732:Sachs 1940 2709:Brown 2008 2697:Sachs 1940 2525:Rault 2000 2401:See also: 2366:, such as 2360:handedness 2318:Handedness 2141:alto flute 2059:tenor drum 2030:vibraphone 2006:alto flute 1926:Schaeffner 1910:, such as 1887:bullroarer 1883:Aerophones 1805:Idiophones 1779:Curt Sachs 1764:autophones 1760:aerophones 1732:tensibilia 1705:percussion 1633:microchips 1420:solo stops 1338:polyphonic 1251:) and the 1186:Madagascar 1160:including 1142:xylophones 942:Idiophones 910:BCE, from 805:Phoenician 777:frame drum 622:idiophones 593:Babylonian 581:See also: 431:teponaztli 414:See also: 383:Curt Sachs 376:slit drums 367:See also: 218:bone flute 180:organology 166:, and the 104:Sankarjang 34:still life 7098:Album era 6978:Venezuela 6843:Sri Lanka 6798:Singapore 6683:Palestine 6638:Nicaragua 6568:Mauritius 6518:Lithuania 6403:Indonesia 6358:Guatemala 6058:Australia 6048:Argentina 5968:Caribbean 5922:Southeast 5647:and study 5645:Education 5635:Technique 5516:Ensembles 5426:Pop music 5258:Art music 5236:Religious 5151:Furniture 5047:220083771 4809:144800210 4471:17 August 4122:0261-3077 3268:0003-598X 3248:Antiquity 2486:Orchestra 2417:guitarist 2274:accordion 2121:bass drum 2092:euphonium 2026:xylophone 2022:alto horn 1912:theremins 1821:slit drum 1813:xylophone 1791:idiophone 1787:autophone 1684:orchestra 1533:saxophone 1516:Classical 1456:polyphony 1372:violinist 1342:tablature 1308:clarinets 1268:monochord 1209:polyphony 1182:dulcimers 1099:handbells 1071:Turkestan 997:Tintignac 968:pan-pipes 927:Confucius 873:with the 861:Dravidian 731:castanets 606:cuneiform 577:Antiquity 547:xylophone 515:Melanesia 475:pan pipes 251:Found in 198:slit drum 147:Classical 7237:Category 7219:Category 7032:Timeline 7003:Zimbabwe 6893:Thailand 6888:Tanzania 6853:Suriname 6808:Slovenia 6803:Slovakia 6718:Portugal 6698:Paraguay 6673:Pakistan 6588:Mongolia 6543:Maldives 6538:Malaysia 6463:Kiribati 6383:Honduras 6298:Ethiopia 6293:Eswatini 6248:Dominica 6243:Djibouti 6198:Colombia 6163:Cameroon 6158:Cambodia 6143:Bulgaria 6128:Botswana 6088:Barbados 5975:Oceanian 5929:European 5885:Southern 5818:Sampling 5615:Notation 5549:Big band 5511:Musician 5241:Biblical 4773:archived 4645:Archived 4602:Archived 4570:Archived 4527:Archived 4497:Archived 4465:Archived 4364:Archived 4359:, 1940. 4157:Archived 4153:BBC News 4126:Archived 4085:Archived 3372:Archived 3346:Archived 2934:28 March 2928:Archived 2910:53959315 2676:Archived 2650:Archived 2455:See also 2413:musician 2330:, 1960s. 2296:theremin 2212:kanteles 2194:Mulberry 2190:membrane 2179:African 2068:Baritone 2043:tenoroon 2039:trombone 1977:clarinet 1900:trumpets 1857:autoharp 1701:woodwind 1645:Samplers 1637:Bob Moog 1610:antennas 1606:theremin 1529:clarinet 1520:Romantic 1446:mounted 1413:consorts 1357:The Duet 1330:Occident 1284:bagpipes 1233:shilyani 1190:Sulawesi 1138:Javanese 1134:Balinese 1111:clarinet 1083:tremolos 1039:Iron Age 1020:Colombia 954:clappers 925:such as 886:bagpipes 749:and the 694:Kassites 614:Akkadian 610:Sumerian 589:Sumerian 567:jaw harp 483:tortoise 333:bagpipes 303:city of 301:Sumerian 272:Slovenia 253:Slovenia 195:Bamileke 168:theremin 151:Romantic 143:Occident 118:were in 84:melodies 7128:Warfare 7027:Outline 6983:Vietnam 6968:Vanuatu 6958:Uruguay 6938:Ukraine 6913:Tunisia 6818:Somalia 6778:Senegal 6733:Romania 6648:Nigeria 6613:Namibia 6608:Myanmar 6598:Morocco 6578:Moldova 6503:Liberia 6498:Lesotho 6493:Lebanon 6438:Jamaica 6418:Ireland 6393:Iceland 6388:Hungary 6353:Grenada 6338:Germany 6333:Georgia 6313:Finland 6288:Estonia 6283:Eritrea 6263:Ecuador 6238:Denmark 6213:Croatia 6203:Comoros 6153:Burundi 6118:Bolivia 6098:Belgium 6093:Belarus 6078:Bahrain 6073:Bahamas 6063:Austria 6053:Armenia 6033:Andorra 6028:Algeria 6023:Albania 5902:Central 5870:Central 5865:African 5248:Secular 5231:Martial 5221:Ancient 5027:Science 4855:, Paris 4163:1 March 2441:drummer 2439:), and 2433:bassist 2425:pianist 2368:guitars 2221:luthier 2209:Finnish 2181:kalimba 2072:bassoon 2063:marimba 1985:piccolo 1973:trumpet 1957:Soprano 1871:like a 1693:strings 1653:hip hop 1619:A 1975 1469:baryton 1444:Baroque 1435:Baroque 1378:player. 1376:cittern 1296:England 1249:bagpipe 1245:salandj 1213:Persian 1202:Estonia 1044:is the 1028:Bolivia 1024:Ecuador 931:Mencius 919:zithers 875:Rigveda 820:Etruria 789:hasosra 781:pa'amon 735:cymbals 638:Georgia 634:Tbilisi 523:Wahinda 509:of the 494:rattles 479:Mercury 467:Genesis 363:History 329:cymbals 325:sistrum 315:), two 299:in the 132:Central 46:musette 7037:Albums 6998:Zambia 6933:Uganda 6928:Tuvalu 6918:Turkey 6878:Taiwan 6858:Sweden 6783:Serbia 6743:Rwanda 6738:Russia 6713:Poland 6688:Panama 6663:Norway 6583:Monaco 6573:Mexico 6533:Malawi 6488:Latvia 6473:Kuwait 6468:Kosovo 6448:Jordan 6423:Israel 6373:Guyana 6363:Guinea 6348:Greece 6328:Gambia 6318:France 6223:Cyprus 6168:Canada 6138:Brunei 6133:Brazil 6113:Bhutan 6103:Belize 6038:Angola 6009: 5939:Nordic 5934:Balkan 5769:Single 5674:Method 5625:Lyrics 5589:Theory 5160:1 July 5128: 5090: 5072: 5045: 5015: 4997: 4975: 4957: 4924: 4906: 4886: 4868: 4841: 4823: 4807: 4755: 4737:5 June 4717: 4695: 4677: 4637: 4562: 4425: 4409: 4393: 4120: 3266: 2908: 2421:guitar 2405:, and 2378:, and 2264:and a 2258:pedals 2198:Yakuts 2055:guitar 1965:violin 1895:flutes 1873:guitar 1853:zither 1843:kazoos 1829:rattle 1827:, and 1809:claves 1703:, and 1649:sample 1577:brand 1575:Fender 1573:Early 1535:, and 1461:violin 1374:and a 1314:Modern 1288:organs 1261:violin 1225:urghun 1115:Alboka 1107:sitars 1046:carnyx 1030:, and 960:, and 846:Orient 835:syrinx 818:, and 812:Greece 803:, the 785:shofar 768:kinnor 761:: the 753:. The 751:Talmud 742:Israel 733:, and 702:Hyksos 653:violin 626:sistra 565:, and 530:melody 519:Africa 477:, and 469:4:21) 311:( the 255:, the 134:, and 52:, and 7072:Songs 7022:Index 7015:Lists 6993:Yemen 6903:Tonga 6868:Syria 6848:Sudan 6838:Spain 6763:Samoa 6723:Qatar 6678:Palau 6643:Niger 6623:Nepal 6618:Nauru 6553:Malta 6508:Libya 6458:Kenya 6443:Japan 6428:Italy 6398:India 6378:Haiti 6343:Ghana 6323:Gabon 6268:Egypt 6193:China 6188:Chile 6108:Benin 5917:South 5897:Asian 5880:North 5843:Remix 5838:Cover 5796:Remix 5610:Genre 5479:Nafir 5401:Blues 5383:music 5226:Dance 5200:Music 5043:S2CID 4805:S2CID 4651:4 May 4576:4 May 2906:S2CID 2492:Notes 2429:piano 2298:, an 2278:piano 2270:organ 2262:stops 2163:to F♯ 2084:cello 2035:Tenor 2018:viola 1961:flute 1938:Range 1877:banjo 1861:piano 1839:drums 1825:mbira 1817:guiro 1789:with 1697:brass 1680:range 1489:pitch 1465:viola 1425:mutes 1304:oboes 1292:Spain 1277:leper 1257:bowed 1229:organ 1198:necks 1154:Burma 1150:Tibet 1103:veena 1075:bowed 1042:Celts 1032:Chile 935:Laozi 912:Hubei 857:Munda 853:India 841:tibia 829:aulos 801:nabla 759:Jubal 747:Bible 727:lutes 723:lyres 719:oboes 645:Yaqui 498:drums 459:Jubal 426:Aztec 353:Jiahu 321:flute 317:harps 309:lyres 128:North 7165:Folk 6898:Togo 6703:Peru 6668:Oman 6548:Mali 6483:Laos 6413:Iraq 6408:Iran 6308:Fiji 6218:Cuba 6183:Chad 5907:East 5890:West 5875:East 5791:Live 5630:Song 5605:Form 5421:Jazz 5162:2008 5126:ISBN 5088:ISBN 5070:ISBN 5013:ISBN 4995:ISBN 4973:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4922:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4884:ISBN 4866:ISBN 4839:ISBN 4821:ISBN 4781:2009 4753:ISBN 4739:2008 4715:ISBN 4693:ISBN 4675:ISBN 4653:2021 4635:ISBN 4610:2021 4578:2021 4560:ISBN 4535:2021 4505:2021 4473:2009 4423:ISBN 4407:ISBN 4391:ISBN 4165:2020 4134:2020 4118:ISSN 4093:2018 3380:2021 3354:2021 3264:ISSN 2936:2021 2684:2011 2658:2011 2445:drum 2437:bass 2155:and 2117:tuba 2097:Bass 1994:Alto 1981:oboe 1918:and 1891:whip 1869:wood 1865:lute 1777:and 1659:, a 1657:MIDI 1621:Moog 1600:and 1537:tuba 1518:and 1481:horn 1266:The 1253:lyra 1241:lyre 1237:harp 1162:Java 1152:and 1144:and 1136:and 1016:Peru 980:(an 977:xiao 859:and 816:Rome 763:ugab 591:and 487:lyre 463:Cain 447:Molo 424:Two 389:and 327:and 323:, a 266:The 230:drum 149:and 80:drum 76:horn 54:lute 5669:PhD 5109:doi 5035:doi 5031:276 4797:doi 3256:doi 2898:doi 2431:), 2423:), 1889:or 1403:by 1395:'s 1243:), 1239:or 1231:), 810:In 779:), 773:tof 676:BC) 612:or 471:Pan 7239:: 5153:. 5149:. 5105:75 5103:. 5041:, 5029:, 4940:20 4938:, 4803:, 4793:39 4791:, 4643:. 4629:. 4600:. 4594:. 4568:. 4554:. 4525:. 4521:. 4495:. 4489:. 4370:. 4228:^ 4197:^ 4155:. 4151:. 4124:. 4116:. 4110:. 4079:. 4056:^ 4027:^ 3988:^ 3937:^ 3766:^ 3751:^ 3568:^ 3370:. 3344:. 3262:. 3252:97 3250:. 3246:. 3016:^ 2926:. 2904:. 2894:78 2892:. 2888:. 2754:^ 2739:^ 2648:. 2644:. 2633:^ 2594:^ 2532:^ 2511:^ 2382:. 2374:, 2314:. 2192:. 2143:, 2139:, 2135:, 2131:, 2119:, 2115:, 2111:, 2107:, 2103:, 2090:, 2086:, 2082:, 2078:, 2074:, 2061:, 2057:, 2053:, 2049:, 2045:, 2041:, 2028:, 2024:, 2020:, 2016:, 2012:, 2008:, 2004:, 2000:, 1987:, 1983:, 1979:, 1975:, 1971:, 1967:, 1963:, 1922:. 1823:, 1819:, 1815:, 1811:, 1793:. 1707:. 1699:, 1695:, 1612:. 1531:, 1467:, 1463:, 1431:. 1365:c. 1363:, 1279:. 1263:. 1204:. 1164:. 1050:c. 1026:, 1022:, 1018:, 988:. 970:, 963:yǔ 905:c. 903:, 892:. 884:, 814:, 791:. 737:. 729:, 725:, 685:, 671:c. 655:. 636:, 573:. 561:, 557:, 305:Ur 182:. 170:. 162:, 130:, 60:A 48:, 44:, 40:, 28:, 5192:e 5185:t 5178:v 5164:. 5134:. 5115:. 5111:: 5078:. 5037:: 4799:: 4655:. 4612:. 4580:. 4537:. 4507:. 4475:. 4167:. 4136:. 4095:. 3382:. 3356:. 3258:: 2938:. 2912:. 2900:: 2686:. 2660:. 2443:( 2435:( 2427:( 2419:( 2398:. 2165:6 2161:3 1879:. 1831:. 1227:( 775:( 669:( 436:H 204:. 56:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.