539:
495:
366:
378:
483:
507:
642:
657:
342:
630:
559:
780:
plastic pieces from hardware stores, cut-up plastic bottles ( this worked better with the old heavyweight containers), and of course the
Turkish manufactured models. These come in a thin, more-or-less pointed tip style made of lighter gauge translucent plastic and a round tip model made of heavier white opaque stock. The thinner ones are lovely sounding and play very delicately with subtle nuances; the heavier ones play very loud.
1954:
527:
725:
In all matters of holding and playing it is recommended that the player use only the muscles needed for any musical task and to relax as much as possible, using only as much force as is necessary. This will allow one to play longer, easier and to put the effort into creativity rather than mechanics.
779:
in
Turkish. The long flexible pick puts the wrist at a particular angle and adds a certain tonal color to the sound. The traditional material was an eagle quill, but this is not practical; plastic makes a more durable and standard material for the risha. Players have used things like collar stays,
783:
Variations can be obtained by cutting a new tip on the thinner ones a bit further back where the plastic is a little thicker, adding volume to the attack. The rounded ones can be cut to a pointer shape and thinned a fraction with fine sandpaper adding nuance to the heavier attack produced by this
441:. The image shows a similarly shaped instrument, with similar bridge (the bar at the bottom of the instrument's bowl) held and strummed in the same manner. This image, unlike the other two mentioned, shows sound holes, an indication that this instrument had a wooden soundboard and not a skin top.
1241:
houses the largest collection of Gandhāra
Sculptures in India...The Grey Schist or slate stone sculptures hail mainly from the region lying between Eastern Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan (Peshawar and Rawalpindi districts) and belong to the Gandhāra School which flourished from about the 1st
755:
Another important facet of left hand technique is the employment of the fingernail to help stop the string, giving a clearer tone and more pronounced ornaments than use of the fleshy tips alone. This is common to several other fretless instrument, among them the sarod, shamisen and san-xien.
751:
technique, using mainly the first and second fingers, with less use of the third and little use of the fourth fingers. Hakki Obadia taught a mixed fingering system that uses finger 1 for several notes, finger 2 for some, but not all strings and finger 3, but not finger 4.
538:
881:
should have the thickness around 2 –3 mm. When they are flexible they are stressed on a crescent shaped mold or former. After drying, they will be glued and joined to each other. Then the neck and the top plate or belly will be joined to complete the structure.
734:
Two methods of left hand fingering are in current usage. The older, more traditional
Classical Arabic approach uses all four fingers for stopping the strings, one for each semitone much as a guitarist; alternatively, some play with a style more akin to
433:
in 1940. It shows a man holding a lute-style instrument with bottom of the rounded bowl of the instrument held to his chest, the neck of the instrument held down at a approximately 45-degree angle, and the man strumming the instrument near his chest.
320:
barbad or barbud earlier than the 4th century A.D. The earliest evidence was to be found among the
Kusanas. He considered other peoples further west, but only found evidence of long-necked lutes. The only other possibility was among the
1000:
The 'ūd (lute) is believed to be a later development of a pre-Islamic
Persian instrument called barbat... eastwards diffusion of Middle Eastern and Central Asian chordophones... the pipa, likewise derived from the barbat or from its
1242:
century B.C. to the 6th century A.D. Stucco and teracotta were also used as media from about the 3rd century A.D. The art was at its zenith under the patronage of the Kuṣaṇ kings...Text adapted from a sign in the Indian Museum
1518:
Archaeological and written records of the
Kangyui state that existed from the second century B.C. to the fourth century A.D. within the boundaries of the Arys and middle Syr Darya rivers between the Karatau and Karzhantau
312:
He looked at the likely places for the short ovoid lute to originate. He showed that the evidence found by 1955 indicated that China would not likely have had an instrument such as the lute earlier than the 5th century.
475:
and
Uzbekistan region from the 2nd century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. The lutes are short lutes, but the detail in the statuettes is low. Whether they are the same as the other short lutes in the area is not clear.
873:
Carved body: For this a log is cut in two pieces. On one a silhouette of the body is drawn, then the half log would be carved and scraped by tools from the inside and outside. Then it will be left to be dried.
470:
statuettes (c. 1st
Century B.C. to 1st Century A.D.) from the Kangyui period were found, female lutenists that appear religious, depicting a female goddess playing a lute. The Kangyui Kingdom was in the
1547:
The state formation, namely
Kangyui, is traced back to the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. The state is reported to have been located on the territory of north Central Asia, Tashkent oasis, and Talas valley.
494:
1287:
506:
825:: There is a great angle between the fingerboard/neck and pegbox. This is very important, it has several tuning pegs and if the bent-back pegbox is weak, the instrument won’t be tuned very well.
257:) was used by some Arabs in the sixth century. At the end of the 6th century, a wood topped version of the Persian-styled instrument was constructed by al Nadr, called "ūd", and introduced from
482:
796:
Resonating body: It is like a pear and it is the biggest resonating body in comparison with other bodies. There are three sound holes and lattices on its body, one bigger than two others.
784:
pick. Both kinds are made double-ended from the factory, so one end can be left original and the other end customized, the player using the appropriate end for the musical need.
726:
In the past many players sat cross-legged on a rug, but now most perform sitting, often using a classical guitarist's footrest under the right foot to help hold the barbat.
31:
414:
sources. He said that the instrument itself resembled these and was held in the same manner. The instrument also resembled an image from a door-lintel bas-relief from the
276:
The two instruments have been confused by modern scholars looking for examples, and some of the ouds identified may possibly be barbats. Examples of this cited in the
1363:
1988:
2192:
2134:
1031:
El gambus melayu que ahí llegó podría ser, o bien un descendiente directo del barbat persa, o del qanbus yemenita, que a su vez evolucionó del barbat.
402:
pointed out that one image of the barbat from Sasanian Iran (estimated origin in his paper 3rd-7th centuries A.D and 7th-8th centuries A.D. by the
1428:
1335:
1260:
767:
disagreed with this approach and decided to use all four fingers of the left hand. Today, most professional Barbat/Oud players use four fingers.
265:. This Persian-style instrument was being played there in the seventh century. Sometime in the seventh century it was modified or "perfected" by
1615:
398:
In his paper which summarized what was known about early examples of Asian harps and lutes, focusing on images and literature for his sources,
371:
The lute-type instrument from a decorated dish, Sasanian Iran (7th-8th centuries A.D.) was pointed out by Michael Nixon as a possible barbat.
2444:
1594:
1319:
1981:
328:
He was careful to point out that his conclusions were based on the evidence which had been unearthed by 1955, from literature and art.
2490:
2185:
1047:
1397:
689:, but care must be taken to have the face vertical so that it is not visible to the player, and to support the weight with the
1068:
In the last 40 years...luthiers in Iran have been conducting research on old paintings... to best reproduce the Barbat of old.
2682:
1974:
1577:
Online copy of The Life And Times Of Ali Ibn Isa by Bowen Harold; includes the frontispiece with the image of the oud/barbat.
1155:
2687:
2178:
1014:
877:
Constructed body: In this method sections of walnut or mulberry wood are cut and boiled in hot water. These sections or
455:(Uzbekistan), c. 1st century A.D. The other, "at the moment the oldest evidence of the existence of the barbaṭ," was at
1371:
1941:
606:
52:
775:
As mentioned the right hand employs a special method for holding the quill-inspired pick called risha in Arabic and
588:
399:
1456:"Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)"
1643:
1501:
584:
580:
1609:
488:
Cleveland Museum of Art, Lute in Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)
1566:
2325:
2363:
2201:
1571:
714:(Arabic, lit. "feather") or pick; although it seems awkward it is in reality easier than a conventional
2692:
1931:
971:
The 'ūd (lute) is believed to be a later development of a pre-Islamic Persian instrument called barbat.
437:
Another image from Gandhara from an overlapping time period (100-320 A.D.) is in the collection of the
325:
clay figures" from the 8th century B.C. These were discounted, as "no structural detail are visible."
2659:
57:
1820:
1221:
569:
526:
2320:
2114:
1794:
1081:
573:
438:
377:
283:
1108:
448:
135:. Possibly a skin-topped instrument for part of its history, it is ancestral to the wood-topped
2697:
1957:
1238:
1145:
995:
966:
2549:
2005:
365:
278:
207:
178:
2647:
2434:
1936:
1840:
2240:
157:
have invented a new instrument, inspired by the Barbat. The modern re-created instrument (
8:
2663:
2651:
2403:
1531:
840:
764:
647:
467:
387:, c. 1st-6th centuries A.D., very early image of short necked lute. Has also been called
132:
218:
sculpture dated to the 2nd-4th centuries AD, which may well have been introduced by the
2283:
2278:
2263:
2094:
1754:
1636:
1478:
1203:
1055:
513:
463:
388:
64:
1576:
2572:
2209:
2086:
1313:
1151:
1116:
1089:
776:
706:
384:
45:
1584:
2519:
2159:
1997:
1910:
1195:
991:
962:
419:
250:
100:
2379:
2076:
2033:
1905:
760:
663:
451:, cites two images of short lutes as being the oldest currently known. One is in
317:
298:
234:
158:
124:
2308:
2313:
1966:
1895:
1562:
936:
456:
403:
348:
266:
230:
161:
Barbat) resembles the oud, although differences include a smaller body, longer
127:. Barbat is characterized as carved from a single piece of wood, including the
2170:
2676:
2655:
2617:
1629:
1589:
1120:
1093:
896:
891:
425:
The Ganharan image he points to (c. 2nd-4th centuries A.D.) was published in
219:
1113:
Cahiers d'ethnomusicologie. Anciennement Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles
1086:
Cahiers d'ethnomusicologie. Anciennement Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles
1850:
1430:
Preliminary thoughts on some Asian harps and lutes in images and literature
1337:
Preliminary thoughts on some Asian harps and lutes in images and literature
1262:
Preliminary thoughts on some Asian harps and lutes in images and literature
811:
701:
415:
238:
188:
162:
128:
120:
116:
2464:
1455:
656:
2627:
2622:
2023:
799:
715:
694:
444:
242:
166:
957:
Lawergren, Bo; Farhat, Hormoz; Blum, Stephen (20 January 2001). "Iran".
815:
641:
472:
452:
426:
273:") were used side by side into the 10th century, and possibly longer.
204:
2288:
2119:
1207:
500:
Gandhara Lute, Pakistan, Swat Valley, Gandhara region, 4th-5th century
2480:
2384:
2235:
2104:
2071:
1744:
558:
2230:
2109:
1825:
1779:
1729:
1199:
878:
807:
719:
517:
411:
407:
352:
246:
215:
83:
305:
laid out an argument for the lute originating in the lands of the
253:
as mizhar, kirān, or muwattar, all skin topped versions, like the
2597:
2592:
2454:
2337:
1900:
1890:
1865:
1860:
1845:
1764:
1759:
1719:
743:
737:
629:
462:
Another early source of lute images from Central Asia comes from
341:
196:
154:
1915:
1186:
Pickins, Laurence (March 1955). "The Origin of the Short Lute".
763:
used only the first three fingers of the left hand. His student
2602:
2505:
2449:
2439:
2389:
2303:
2129:
1885:
1855:
1804:
1789:
1749:
1709:
822:
693:
and right arm so that the left hand is free to move around the
545:
356:
306:
147:
1021:[Documentation and historical tracking of the Malay lute (
2587:
2582:
2535:
2500:
2495:
2459:
2429:
2424:
2347:
2298:
2293:
2273:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2013:
1835:
1830:
1799:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1724:
1714:
1678:
803:
748:
690:
262:
144:
1312:
814:. Some earlier illustrations show frets arranged to include
2612:
2268:
2051:
1739:
1704:
1699:
1673:
1652:
1598:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1583:
322:
258:
222:
aristocracy whose influence is attested in Gandharan art.
140:
112:
73:
1398:"A door lintel from Pawaya in Gujari Mahal Museum (image)"
2632:
2607:
2577:
2485:
2342:
2332:
2124:
2066:
2018:
1734:
865:
686:
548:
and a blending of the two. All originating in the barbat.
270:
254:
153:
Although the original barbat disappeared, modern Iranian
136:
78:
30:
520:. Short-necked, 2-string lute held by player, far right.
1621:
1479:"Coroplastics of East Kashkadrya in the Antique Period"
195:
dates back to the 1st century BC from ancient northern
1582:
Hipkins, Alfred James; Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911).
1481:. Sanat, Journal of the Academy of Arts of Uzbekistan
1109:"Musique et identité au Yémen. Le cas du luth qanbûs"
169:, and a sound that is distinct from that of the oud.
1015:"Documentación y rastreo histórico del laúd malayo (
1502:"Expedition Uncovers Secrets about Ancient Kangyui"
1222:"Statues and Reliefs in the Indian Museum, Kolkata"
956:
512:Hellenistic banquet scene from the 1st century AD,
1581:
1343:(Thesis). University of Cape Town. pp. 15, 17
355:art. Date not given for artwork. The era for grey
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
986:Blum, Stephen (20 January 2001). "Central Asia".
770:
2674:
1996:
1384:A door lintel from Pawaya in Gujari Mahal Museum
447:, who wrote the 1988 Barbat article used by the
210:pointed out a more "clear cut" depiction of the
2200:
293:
1127:
792:The barbat's body contains three major parts:
650:, an Iranian musician holding a Persian Barbat
237:, through which the instrument came west from
2186:
1982:
1637:
1436:(Thesis). University of Cape Town. p. 12
1268:(Thesis). University of Cape Town. p. 16
981:
979:
201:Les instruments de musique de l’Inde ancienne
179:Lute § History and evolution of the lute
406:) resembled other images of the barbat from
1364:"Pawaya - Glamour of the Ancient Padmavati"
1079:
990:. Oxford Music Online, Grove Music Online.
587:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
249:. The barbat (possibly known by example in
2193:
2179:
1989:
1975:
1644:
1630:
1476:
1389:
976:
1470:
1422:
1420:
1355:
1041:
1039:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
607:Learn how and when to remove this message
2565:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1082:"Une vie consacrée à l'ethnomusicologie"
1045:
1012:
619:
331:
1499:
1185:
1147:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
1106:
996:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05284
967:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13895
269:, and the two instruments (barbat and "
2675:
2528:
1417:
1327:
1288:"The British Museum Collection Online"
1036:
934:
909:
866:How to make a barbat's resonating body
2174:
1970:
1625:
1572:Persian Music: Oud, Barbat & Lute
1477:Omelchenko, Andrey (1 January 2003).
1426:
1333:
1323:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
1258:
1247:
1164:
673:
1953:
1150:. Leiden: BRILL. 1993. p. 986.
985:
585:adding citations to reliable sources
552:
1080:Cheyronnaud, Jacques (1990-01-01).
870:There are two traditional methods:
104:
13:
1500:Dobrota, Lyubov (15 August 2014).
1395:
1361:
1046:Goldrick, Navid (16 August 2013).
729:
431:The History of Musical Instruments
351:" playing a lute-type instrument.
14:
2709:
1556:
1427:Nixon, Michael (September 2016).
1334:Nixon, Michael (September 2016).
1259:Nixon, Michael (September 2016).
935:During, Jean (15 December 1988).
836:Resonating body: Walnut or maple.
532:Recreation of a barbat, ca. 1910.
288:The Life and Times of Ali Ibn ISA
1952:
1603:
1013:Hilarian, Larry Francis (2003).
937:"Encyclopaedia Iranica - Barbat"
655:
640:
628:
557:
537:
525:
505:
493:
481:
376:
364:
340:
29:
1524:
1493:
1448:
1305:
1280:
1214:
1100:
1073:
1006:
950:
771:Right hand-the mizrab or risha
759:The Iranian Barbat/Oud player
662:Iranian oud AKA barbat in the
359:art was 1st-6th centuries A.D.
119:origin, and widespread across
1:
2652:Azerbaijani traditional music
1458:. The Cleveland Museum of Art
1107:Mokrani, Samir (2007-12-31).
902:
829:Traditional materials of the
722:shading to the plucked note.
2683:Armenian musical instruments
1998:Armenian musical instruments
316:He found no evidence of the
303:The Origin of the Short Lute
294:Kusana origin of short lutes
191:. The earliest image of the
39:with six courses of strings.
7:
2688:Iranian musical instruments
2202:Iranian musical instruments
1115:(in French) (20): 191–207.
885:
391:(a skin-topped instrument).
10:
2714:
1188:The Galpin Society Journal
1088:(in French) (3): 173–185.
1029:(in Spanish) (12): 78–92.
286:and the frontispiece from
176:
172:
117:Greater Iranian or Persian
2660:Persian traditional music
2656:Kurdish traditional music
2645:
2548:
2518:
2473:
2417:
2402:
2372:
2356:
2251:
2223:
2208:
2152:
2085:
2032:
2004:
1950:
1924:
1878:
1813:
1687:
1666:
1659:
422:, India.(240-605). A.D.)
70:
63:
58:Plucked string instrument
51:
44:
28:
2648:Afghan traditional music
1651:
861:Lattices of hole: Walnut
2664:Tajik traditional music
1595:Encyclopædia Britannica
1402:monuments.puratattva.in
1368:monuments.puratattva.in
1320:Encyclopædia Britannica
1239:Indian Museum, Calcutta
1052:majnunn music and dance
787:
635:Today's Persian Barbat.
439:Cleveland Museum of Art
284:Cantigas de Santa Maria
187:probably originated in
123:, especially since the
2006:Percussion instruments
1048:"Persian Oud – Barbat"
718:and gives the "right"
704:manner of holding the
685:is held similar to an
459:, c. 1st century B.C.
282:include a lute in the
233:, the language of the
225:The name itself meant
1567:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1532:"Uzbekistan, History"
1237:Gandhāra School. The
858:Pegs: Walnut or ebony
620:The modern instrument
332:Iconographic evidence
279:Encyclopedia of Islam
208:Claudie Marcel-Dubois
199:. While in his book (
1536:visit-uzbekistan.com
852:Nut: Bone or plastic
581:improve this section
449:Encyclopedia Iranica
301:in his 1955 article
165:, a slightly raised
143:and the skin-topped
1879:Related instruments
988:Oxford Music Online
939:. Iranicaonline.org
839:String fastener or
765:Hossein Behroozinia
648:Hossein Behroozinia
383:Clay figurine from
65:Related instruments
25:
2087:String instruments
1292:The British Museum
1058:on 4 December 2019
959:Grove Music Online
21:
16:Central Asian lute
2693:Necked bowl lutes
2670:
2669:
2641:
2640:
2544:
2543:
2514:
2513:
2398:
2397:
2241:Classical kemençe
2168:
2167:
1964:
1963:
1874:
1873:
1396:Saxena, Saurabh.
1362:Saxena, Saurabh.
1157:978-90-04-09796-4
617:
616:
609:
385:Kingdom of Khotan
290:by Harold Bowen.
251:pre-islamic Yemen
245:, adopted by the
227:short-necked lute
91:
90:
46:String instrument
2705:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2526:
2525:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2160:Music of Armenia
2034:Wind instruments
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1911:Guitarra morisca
1664:
1663:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1599:
1587:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:on 11 April 2018
1370:. Archived from
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1183:
1162:
1161:
1142:
1125:
1124:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1054:. Archived from
1043:
1034:
1033:
1010:
1004:
1003:
983:
974:
973:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
932:
659:
644:
632:
612:
605:
601:
598:
592:
561:
553:
541:
529:
509:
497:
485:
464:East Kashkadarya
420:Padmavati Pawaya
380:
368:
344:
106:
33:
26:
20:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2603:Tonbak (Dombak)
2556:Kūbeheyī/Zarbī)
2555:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2521:
2510:
2469:
2408:(Sāzhāy-e Bādī)
2406:
2405:
2394:
2368:
2352:
2326:Azerbaijani Tar
2247:
2214:(Sāzhāy-e Zehī)
2212:
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710:(Turkish) or
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702:idiosyncratic
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566:This section
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400:Michael Nixon
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131:and a wooden
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19:
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2373:Experimental
2309:Yaylı tambur
2258:
2213:
2099:
1925:Other topics
1851:Swedish lute
1694:
1593:
1585:"Lute"
1546:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:
1526:
1517:
1510:. Retrieved
1508:. Kazakhstan
1505:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1429:
1412:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1383:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1367:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1336:
1329:
1318:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1261:
1236:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1191:
1187:
1146:
1112:
1102:
1085:
1075:
1067:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1051:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1008:
999:
987:
970:
958:
952:
941:. Retrieved
876:
872:
869:
849:Neck: Walnut
830:
828:
791:
782:
774:
758:
754:
742:
736:
733:
724:
711:
705:
699:
682:
680:
675:
674:Holding the
603:
597:January 2021
594:
579:Please help
567:
461:
443:
436:
430:
424:
416:Gupta period
397:
327:
315:
311:
302:
297:
287:
277:
275:
239:Central Asia
226:
224:
211:
205:musicologist
200:
192:
189:Central Asia
184:
182:
152:
121:Central Asia
108:
95:
94:
92:
36:
22:
18:
2633:Zarbang Udu
810:), and the
800:Fingerboard
695:fingerboard
445:Jean During
243:Middle East
167:fingerboard
133:sound board
2677:Categories
2550:Percussion
2445:Narmeh-ney
1616:tebyan.net
1610:dejkam.com
1519:mountains.
943:2012-02-04
903:References
843:: Boxwood.
821:Bent-back
816:microtones
802:: Without
473:Kazakhstan
427:Curt Sachs
349:Siddhartha
309:peoples.
271:ūd shabbūt
177:See also:
2566:Auxiliary
2554:(Sāzhāy-e
2486:Nāy (Ney)
2481:Haft Band
2474:End-blown
2465:Ney anban
2385:Shurangiz
2236:Kamāncheh
2072:Parkapzuk
1932:Composers
1821:Angélique
1565:entry in
1462:March 25,
1231:16 August
1194:: 32–42.
1121:1662-372X
1094:1662-372X
1027:Desacatos
1001:prototype
700:Note the
568:does not
468:coroplast
412:Gandharan
2404:Woodwind
2380:Sallāneh
2210:Stringed
2153:See also
2105:Kamancha
1826:Archlute
1780:Shamisen
1730:Kutiyapi
1541:11 April
1512:11 April
1485:11 April
1440:11 April
1407:11 April
1378:11 April
1347:11 April
1297:11 April
1272:11 April
1062:31 March
1025:)].
886:See also
808:fretless
716:flatpick
518:Gandhara
466:, where
453:Ḵaḷčayān
408:Sasanian
353:Gandaran
318:Sasanian
247:Persians
216:Gandhara
155:luthiers
84:Mandolin
2598:Naqāreh
2529:Natural
2491:Sheypur
2455:Dozaleh
2435:Balaban
2418:Exposed
2338:Shahrud
2252:Plucked
2231:Ghazhak
2120:Bağlama
1958:Commons
1942:Players
1901:Gittern
1891:Cittern
1866:Vihuela
1861:Theorbo
1846:Mandora
1841:Mandore
1765:Sanxian
1760:Sanshin
1720:Dramyin
1592:(ed.).
738:baglama
589:removed
574:sources
429:' book
241:to the
231:Pahlavi
197:Bactria
173:History
159:Iranian
101:Persian
35:Modern
2618:Dammam
2506:Miskal
2450:Donali
2440:Karnay
2390:Sorāhi
2364:Santur
2357:Struck
2304:Tanbūr
2259:Barbat
2145:Bambir
2142:Pandir
2139:Tavigh
2130:Santur
2110:Kamani
2100:Barbat
2024:Dmblak
1886:Citole
1856:Torban
1814:Europe
1805:Yueqin
1790:Tanbur
1750:Qinqin
1745:Qanbūs
1710:Dombra
1695:Barbat
1667:Africa
1563:Barbat
1208:842155
1206:
1154:
1119:
1092:
1023:gambus
1017:gambus
841:bridge
831:barbat
823:pegbox
777:mizrab
707:mizrab
683:barbat
676:barbat
546:gambus
357:schist
323:Elamic
307:Kusana
220:Kushan
212:barbat
193:barbat
185:barbat
148:qanbus
145:Yemeni
109:barbud
96:barbat
37:barbat
23:Barbat
2588:Dāvūl
2583:Dohol
2573:Darāy
2536:Nafir
2520:Brass
2501:Pisha
2496:Zurna
2460:Kaval
2430:Zurna
2425:Sornā
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