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contrabassoon's sound becomes less audibly substantial and is easily drowned out. Conversely, contrabassoon also has a booming quality, similar to organ pedals, in its lowest register; enabling it to produce powerful contrabass tones when desired (aided by the flared bell, which the bassoon does not have). The contrabassoon can also produce a "buzz" or "rattle", particularly when loud and in its low register, which gives the sound an edged quality. This effect can be mitigated greatly by changes to the reed design, but it can be a desirable quality for some players, as it adds to the sinister or monstrous quality which some contrabassoon writing seeks to affect, and causes the contrabassoon sound to be more prominent in musical textures.
353:
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128:
114:
34:
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303:, respectively), but this is extraordinary and well beyond the expectations of the typical instrument or player. At the lower end, Richard Bobo of the Tulsa Symphony has designed a subcontrabassoon, a full octave below the contrabassoon, and is intent on manufacturing the first working prototype. Steven Braunstein of the
364:, in the mid-18th century; the oldest surviving instrument, which came in four parts and has only three keys, was built in 1714. It was around that time that the contrabassoon began gaining acceptance in church music. Some notable early uses of the contrabassoon during this period include in J.S. Bach's
708:
One of the few contrabassoon soloists in the world is Susan Nigro, who lives and works in and around
Chicago. Besides occasional gigs with orchestras and other ensembles (including regular substitute with the Chicago Symphony), her main work is as soloist and recording artist. Many works have been
399:
For more than a century, between 1880 and 2000, Heckel’s design remained relatively unchanged. Chip Owen, at the
American company Fox, began manufacturing an instrument in 1971 with some improvements. Generally, during the 20th century changes to the instrument were limited to an upper vent key near
200:
is considerably larger than the bassoon's, at 65–75 mm (2.6–3.0 in) in total length (and 20 mm (0.8 in) in width) compared with 53–58 mm (2.1–2.3 in) for most bassoon reeds. The large blades allow ample vibration that produces the low register of the instrument. The
329:
Tonally, it sounds similar to the bassoon, but at all parts of its compass is distinctly different in tone from it. There is a "thinning" of the sound in extreme high register, as in all double reeds, but unlike oboe and bassoon which become more penetrative and "intense" in this register, the
343:
Precursors to the contrabassoon are documented as early as 1590 in
Austria and Germany, at a time when the growing popularity of doubling the bass line led to the development of lower-pitched dulcians. Examples of these low-pitched dulcians include the octavebass, the quintfagott, and the
344:
quartfagott. There is evidence that a contrafagott was used in
Frankfurt in 1626. Baroque precursors to the contrabassoon developed in France in the 1680s, and later in England in the 1690s, independent of the dulcian developments in Austria and Germany during the previous century.
666:. Contrabassoon may theoretically play music for bassoon, which has much more solo repertoire, but the sonic and mechanical differences from the bassoon (and bassoon's comparative facility in the high register) mean that bassoon repertoire is not always suited to contra.
400:
the bocal socket, a tuning slide, and a few key linkages to facilitate technical passages. In 2000, Heckel announced a completely new keywork for its instrument and Fox introduced its own new key system based on input from
376:(1749). Until the late 19th century, the instrument typically had a weak tone and poor intonation. For this reason, the contrabass woodwind parts often were scored for, and contrabassoon parts were often played on a
224:
rather than a seat strap. Additional support is sometimes provided by a strap around the player's neck. A wider hand position is also required, as the primary finger keys are widely spaced. The contrabassoon has a
572:). Composers have often used the contrabassoon to comical or sinister effect by taking advantage of its seeming "clumsiness" and its sepulchral rattle, respectively. A clear example of this can be heard in
208:
Contrabassoons feature a slightly simplified version of bassoon keywork, though all open toneholes on bassoon have necessarily been replaced with keys and pads due to the physical distances. In the lower
217:
are nearly identical to bassoon. However, the octave mechanism used to play in the middle register works differently than on bassoon, and the upper register fingerings are often completely unrelated.
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1073:"Andrew Litton Insights: Passed Up by the NSO, Concerto For Contrabassoon Premieres in Norway, Feb 2006 - Conductor - Maestro - Music Director - Musician"
674:
Most major symphony orchestras employ a contrabassoon, and many have programmed concerts featuring their contrabassoonist as soloist. For example,
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contrabassoonist Arlan Fast. Both companies' improvements allow for improved technical facility as well as greater range in the high register.
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The instrument is twice as long as the bassoon, curves around on itself twice and, due to its weight and shape, is supported by an
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233:); some models cannot be disassembled without a screwdriver. Sometimes, the bell can be detached, and instruments with a low A
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698:, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra; Erb: Concerto for Contrabassoon featuring Gregg Henegar, London Symphony Orchestra;
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The contrabassoon is a supplementary orchestral instrument and is most frequently found in larger symphonic works, often
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Henry
Skolnick has performed and toured internationally on the instrument. He commissioned, premiered and recorded
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to expel condensation and a tuning slide for gross pitch adjustments. The instrument comes in a few pieces (plus
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542:
188:, sounding an octave lower. Its technique is similar to its smaller cousin, with a few notable differences.
1958:
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562:, where the part for the contrabassoon and the bass trombone are mostly, but not always, identical), and
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contrabassoon reed is similar to an average bassoon's in that scraping the reed affects both the
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Most major orchestras use one contrabassoonist, either as a primary player or a bassoonist who
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As of 2019, there are nine firms which manufacture contrabassoons (in alphabetical order):
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As a featured instrument, the contrabassoon can be heard in several works, most notably
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The contrabassoon is a very deep-sounding woodwind instrument that plays in the same
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is even less common, and is only necessary for the most ambitious solo repertoire.
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Contrabassoon parts are notated an octave above sounding pitch, and most often use
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516:. The first composer to write a separate contrabassoon part in a symphony was
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678:: Urban Legend for Contrabassoon and Orchestra featuring Steven Braunstein,
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Solo literature is somewhat lacking, although some modern composers such as
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1983:
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in the late 19th century secured the contrabassoon's place as the standard
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Mollenhauer (also manufactures contrabassoons under the
Schreiber brand)
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2008:
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699:
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633:
573:
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319:
287:
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1953:
1356:"Mollenhauer bassoon (Page 1) — The Instrument Shop — IDRS forum (TM)"
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is one of the few orchestral works that requires two contrabassoons.
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These firms once manufactured contrabassoons, but no longer do so.
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524:(1808) (it can also be heard providing the bass line in the brief "
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Contrabassoon made in Vienna in the first half of the 19th century
19:"Double bassoon" redirects here. For the stringed instrument, see
2130:
1988:
1894:
1834:
1793:
1767:
1742:
1654:
886:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 188–191.
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Kronwalt (a collaboration between
Guntram Wolf and Rudolf Walter)
361:
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33:
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written specifically for her, and she has released several CDs.
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1993:
1948:
1907:
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819:(Paris): Keywork differentiated from the German style somewhat.
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write even higher in their concertos for the instrument (to A
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1031:"Margaret Cookhorn - City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra"
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250:
1537:
Online compendium of free information of the contrabassoon
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has written a trio for piccolo, contrabassoon and piano
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at the octave. Frequent exponents of such scoring were
318:. Like bassoon, extended high-register passages may use
1055:"The London Philharmonic Celebrates American Composers"
566:
had occasionally used it in other genres (e.g., in the
1509:"Instrument Sale: Buffet Crampon Contrebasson N° 40XX"
686:: Concerto for Contrabassoon featuring Lewis Lipnick,
412:, a "redesigned contrabassoon", in collaboration with
1200:
702:: Concerto for Contrabassoon featuring Lewis Lipnick
307:
has built custom extensions to reliably reach a low G
914:. Great Britain: Ernest Benn Limited. p. 113.
840:
Contrabassoon Reeds page 204 / Reed Manual page 207
368:(1749 and 1739-1749 versions), and G.F. Handel's
2345:
652:have written concertos for this instrument (see
737:1961 recording sessions at the Village Vanguard
653:
360:The contrabassoon was developed, especially in
191:
2056:
1557:
669:
528:band" section of the fourth movement of his
1571:
1454:"ContraBassoon by Lignatone (item #754670)"
939:Inconis, Il contrafagotto, Storia e Tecnica
240:
2063:
2049:
1564:
1550:
532:, just prior to the tenor solo), although
731:, who sat in as a guest with saxophonist
619:gave the contrabassoon multiple solos in
909:
351:
347:
261:. It has a sounding range beginning at B
2346:
933:
931:
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1586:and sextuple reeds; does not include
1545:
1035:City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
941:- ed. Ricordi (1984-2004) ER 3008 /
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877:
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873:
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13:
582:(originally scored for contrabass
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14:
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1436:"Contrabassoon – Takeda Bassoon"
1331:"Collections | W.Schreiber"
1007:"Lewis Lipnick | Kennedy Center"
850:
742:
723:A rare use of the instrument in
612:Piano Concerto for the Left Hand
550:(e.g., in both of his oratorios
468:Problems playing this file? See
442:
205:and response of the instrument.
32:
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1471:
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1176:"Fox Products - Contrabassoons"
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1047:
75:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
1306:"Gustav Mollenhauer&Söhne"
1282:. 9 March 2017. Archived from
1252:. 9 March 2017. Archived from
1226:"Kontrafagott | Walter Fagott"
1023:
999:
969:
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830:
419:
1:
1386:"Startseite - Bernd Moosmann"
912:The Bassoon and Contrabassoon
823:
543:Music for the Royal Fireworks
374:Music for the Royal Fireworks
338:
184:, is a larger version of the
809:) stopped after purchase by
663:Was mit den Tränen geschieht
460:, played on a contrabassoon.
192:Differences from the bassoon
7:
2364:English musical instruments
1102:"Sue Nigro - Contrabassoon"
910:Langwill, Lyndesay (1975).
837:INCONIS, The Contrabassoon:
786:
688:National Symphony Orchestra
10:
2392:
1625:Cor anglais (English horn)
1582:(also includes those with
747:
670:Notable solos and soloists
481:, as do a large number of
333:
120:Written pitch, sounds one
18:
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2187:
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2017:
1936:
1812:
1786:
1703:
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704:Bergen Symphony Orchestra
694:: Falling Down featuring
579:The Sorcerer's Apprentice
237:often come in two parts.
146:
139:
111:
104:
96:
73:
47:
40:
31:
609:, and at the opening of
388:, until improvements by
241:Range, notation and tone
382:contrabass sarrusophone
2369:Orchestral instruments
2359:Contrabass instruments
1483:Woodwind.ad-bazaar.com
680:San Francisco Symphony
438:Cello suites (excerpt)
431:
357:
305:San Francisco Symphony
282:is rarely scored for.
131:
117:
2318:Low-frequency effects
1201:"Wilhelm Heckel GmbH"
716:for contrabassoon by
676:Michael Tilson Thomas
638:Michael Tilson Thomas
430:
402:New York Philharmonic
384:or, less frequently,
355:
348:Baroque era – present
278:, though the highest
130:
116:
2086:Acoustic bass guitar
2018:American traditional
1937:European traditional
1366:on 24 September 2014
981:www.robertronnes.com
882:Kopp, James (2012).
857:subcontrabassoon.com
416:in the early 2000s.
180:, also known as the
2141:Contrabass trombone
1787:African traditional
1610:Piccolo heckelphone
1126:Bassoon with a View
514:Dmitri Shostakovich
406:Benedikt Eppelsheim
259:contrabass clarinet
141:Related instruments
42:Woodwind instrument
28:
1704:European classical
1660:Semi-contrabassoon
1596:European classical
1489:on 24 January 2021
1440:Takeda-bassoon.vom
1286:on 5 February 2023
1256:on 5 February 2023
1156:on 23 October 2021
1131:2011-07-20 at the
1011:The Kennedy Center
987:on 2 November 2013
977:"robertronnes.com"
956:"NY Phil Plays on"
853:"Subcontrabassoon"
606:Mother Goose Suite
593:The Rite of Spring
432:
366:St. John's Passion
358:
132:
118:
63:controfagotto (IT)
26:
16:Musical instrument
2341:
2340:
2091:Bass (voice type)
2038:
2037:
1813:Asian traditional
1276:"Double Bassoons"
1246:"Double Bassoons"
945:979-0-041-83008-7
937:Raimondo Inconis
893:978-0-300-11829-2
718:Graham Waterhouse
696:Margaret Cookhorn
447:
311:in performance.
174:
173:
66:contrebasson (FR)
57:Kontrafagott (DE)
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2193:
2121:Bass synthesizer
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1675:Contrabassophone
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1511:. Archived from
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1485:. Archived from
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1456:. Archived from
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1423:
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1413:. Archived from
1411:"Contrabassoons"
1407:
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1398:
1397:
1388:. Archived from
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1362:. Archived from
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1333:. Archived from
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1308:. Archived from
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1280:Moennig-adler.de
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1250:Moennig-adler.de
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1079:. Archived from
1077:Andrewlitton.com
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714:Aztec Ceremonies
684:Gunther Schuller
630:Gunther Schuller
452:This segment of
449:
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429:
295:
294:
266:
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249:register as the
100:Mid 18th century
60:contrafagot (SP)
36:
29:
25:
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1680:Reed contrabass
1645:Contrabass oboe
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851:Bobo, Richard.
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588:Igor Stravinsky
569:Coronation Mass
510:Richard Strauss
483:symphonic bands
475:
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386:reed contrabass
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2245:Basso continuo
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1531:External links
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1146:"Kontrafagoty"
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1061:. 6 July 1990.
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522:Fifth Symphony
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2136:Contrabassoon
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2126:Bass trombone
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1515:on 2019-05-05
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1460:on 2017-03-31
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106:Playing range
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27:Contrabassoon
22:
2374:Bass (sound)
2306:reproduction
2295:Walking bass
2255:Figured bass
2218:Bass effects
2199:Performance/
2181:Washtub bass
2135:
2072:Bass (sound)
1928:Zurna/Surnai
1773:Rauschpfeife
1718:Baroque oboe
1706:(historical)
1685:Sarrusophone
1664:
1620:Oboe d'amore
1605:Piccolo oboe
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1482:
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1448:
1439:
1430:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
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1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1380:
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1364:the original
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1335:the original
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1310:the original
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1284:the original
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1254:the original
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1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
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1195:
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1170:
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1154:the original
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1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:the original
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
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1010:
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989:. Retrieved
985:the original
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971:
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860:. Retrieved
856:
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832:
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770:Mönnig-Adler
751:
722:
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711:
707:
673:
661:
650:Daniel Dorff
627:
620:
617:Gustav Holst
610:
604:
598:
591:
584:sarrusophone
577:
568:
557:
553:The Creation
551:
541:
487:
476:
467:
458:cello suites
414:Guntram Wolf
398:
396:contrabass.
373:
369:
365:
359:
342:
328:
313:
244:
219:
207:
195:
181:
177:
175:
2275:Lament bass
2223:Bass chorus
2146:Double bass
2111:Bass pedals
2106:Bass guitar
2079:Instruments
1918:Taepyeongso
1670:Contraforte
1635:Heckelphone
1575:instruments
1573:Double reed
884:The Bassoon
862:18 February
795:Lignatone (
735:during his
622:The Planets
559:The Seasons
420:Current use
410:Contraforte
394:double reed
372:(1740) and
324:treble clef
255:double bass
156:Contraforte
48:Other names
21:double bass
2348:Categories
2265:Partimento
2009:Surma-horn
1875:Nadaswaram
1860:Kèn đám ma
1723:Bassanello
1519:2019-05-05
1493:12 January
1464:2017-03-30
1421:2014-09-20
1396:2014-09-20
1370:12 January
1341:2015-10-11
1316:2015-10-11
1290:11 October
1260:11 October
1231:2022-04-21
1210:12 January
1185:12 January
1160:12 January
1111:12 January
1087:2013-03-04
1059:Amazon.com
1040:2018-09-27
1016:2023-09-08
963:Nyphil.org
824:References
700:Kalevi Aho
646:Kalevi Aho
634:Donald Erb
574:Paul Dukas
470:media help
339:Precursors
320:tenor clef
288:Kalevi Aho
284:Donald Erb
215:fingerings
203:intonation
79:422.112–71
2328:Subwoofer
2285:Slap bass
2270:Jazz bass
2235:Bass note
2228:Fuzz bass
2213:Bass clef
2156:GuitarrĂłn
2151:Euphonium
2101:Bass drum
1840:Hichiriki
1728:Cornamuse
1690:Rothphone
1630:Bass oboe
1584:quadruple
1205:Heckel.de
1135:innova.mu
526:Janissary
520:, in his
518:Beethoven
454:J.S. Bach
370:L'Allegro
316:bass clef
235:extension
227:water key
97:Developed
86:aerophone
2354:Bassoons
2323:Sub-bass
2290:Walkdown
2280:Ostinato
2240:Bassline
2201:notation
2166:Octobass
2025:ChirimĂa
1999:Tárogató
1969:Dulzaina
1923:Tangmuri
1753:Kortholt
1738:Crumhorn
1733:Cromorne
1695:Tromboon
1650:Tenoroon
1640:Lupophon
1598:(modern)
1588:bagpipes
1360:Idrs.org
1150:Amati.cz
1129:Archived
991:17 March
813:in 1974.
787:Historic
776:Moosmann
540:(in his
490:doubling
293:♭
264:♭
247:sub-bass
211:register
161:Tenoroon
2131:Bassoon
1989:Piffero
1984:Musette
1959:Bombard
1954:BirbynÄ—
1899:Sundari
1895:Shehnai
1855:Kèn bầu
1835:Gyaling
1820:Balaban
1794:Algaita
1768:Rackett
1743:Dulcian
1655:Bassoon
779:PĂĽchner
748:Current
727:was by
479:doubles
378:serpent
362:England
334:History
186:bassoon
166:Dulcian
151:Bassoon
2333:Woofer
2250:Burden
1994:Sopila
1979:Gralla
1974:GraĂŻle
1949:Bifora
1908:Sralai
1870:Mizmar
1865:Kuzhal
1799:Rhaita
1763:Pommer
918:
890:
803:Cabart
782:Takeda
763:Heckel
648:, and
564:Mozart
538:Handel
512:, and
506:Mahler
502:Brahms
390:Heckel
280:fourth
222:endpin
213:, its
122:octave
2304:Sound
2004:Zurna
1944:Aulos
1913:Suona
1903:Sorna
1825:Duduk
1804:Zukra
1778:Shawm
1713:Aulos
959:(PDF)
811:Lorée
807:Paris
756:Amati
654:below
548:Haydn
299:and C
270:(or A
257:, or
231:bocal
124:lower
88:with
2176:Tuba
1890:Piri
1880:Ottu
1830:Guan
1615:Oboe
1495:2021
1372:2021
1292:2015
1262:2015
1212:2021
1187:2021
1162:2021
1113:2021
993:2018
943:ISMN
916:ISBN
888:ISBN
864:2024
725:jazz
556:and
534:Bach
504:and
498:tuba
492:the
286:and
251:tuba
198:reed
196:The
176:The
90:keys
1850:Kèn
1845:Hne
759:Fox
656:).
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546:),
496:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
