81:
927:
535:
27:
678:
802:
666:
690:
814:(Contrabass Clarinet Extended) as a mechatronic solution. The motorised keys are remotely controlled by the musician's fingers via keys equipped with electronic sensors. This type of instrument opens up new musical perspectives for instrumentalists and composers. The positioning of the holes on the clarinet body is completely free of traditional mechanical constraints.
290:. The tone was pleasant and full, but not powerful enough for the contrabass register in a military band. The batyphone had besides one serious disadvantage: it could be played with facility only in its nearly related keys, G and F major. The batyphone was invented and patented in 1839 by F.W. Wieprecht, director general of all the
623:
clarinets are mentioned in some texts (e.g. Baines, 1991) neither were manufactured by
Leblanc beyond the prototype stage. There are some contemporary efforts to recreate them using modern plastics and 3D printing technology. In 2023, German instrument maker Foag Klarinetten developed a fully working
1240:
Leblanc mentioned the instrument in a 1960 advertisement (“Leblanc...nenowned leader in clarinet inventions and improvements: Through continuous research and development, Leblanc has made the
Complete Clarinet Choir a reality. From their famed technical laboratories have come the Bb Contrabass
526:. It is occasionally used in jazz, and a few solo pieces have been written for it. The contra-alto clarinet is also used in a few Broadway pit orchestras, with its parts being written in reed books as a doubled instrument (e.g. with soprano clarinet and bass clarinet).
333:(see photograph). This instrument consists of a tube 10 feet (3.0 m) long, in which cylindrical and conical bores are combined. The tube is doubled up twice upon itself. There are 13 keys and 2 rings on the tube, and the fingering is the same as for the B
809:
Since 2012, a research team led by
Ernesto Molinari (professor at the Bern University of the Arts), Jochen Seggelke (clarinet maker) and Daniel Debrunner (mechatronics engineer) has been developing various prototypes of a new double bass clarinet called
350:
clarinet, being reedy and sweet. None of these instruments saw widespread use, but they provided a basis for contrabass clarinets made beginning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by several manufacturers, notably those designed by
339:
clarinet except for the eight highest semitones. The tone is rich and full except for the lowest notes, which are unavoidably a little rough in quality, but much more sonorous than the corresponding notes on the
427:
to produce sound. The keys of the contra-alto are similar to the keys on smaller clarinets, and are played in the same way. Some contra-alto clarinet models have a range extending down to low (written)
278:
being arranged according to acoustic principles. For convenience in stopping holes too far apart to be covered by the fingers, crank or swivel keys were used. The instrument was constructed of
997:
958:
392:. The unhyphenated form "contra alto clarinet" is also sometimes used, as is "contralto clarinet", but the latter is confusing since the instrument's range is much lower than the
779:
282:-wood, had a clarinet mouthpiece of suitable size connected by means of a cylindrical brass crook with the upper part of the tube and a brass bell. The pitch was two
304:
A batyphone bearing the name of its inventors formed part of the Snoeck collection which was acquired for Berlin's collection of ancient musical instruments at the
636:
553:
352:
210:
The smaller Eâ™ contra-alto clarinet is sometimes referred to as the "Eâ™ contrabass clarinet" and is pitched one octave lower than the Eâ™ alto clarinet.
396:
vocal range; the more correct term "contra-alto" is meant to convey, by analogy with "contrabass", that the instrument plays an octave lower than the
344:. This is an octave lower than a bass clarinet and two octaves lower than a Bâ™ clarinet. The upper register resembles the chalumeau register of the B
1124:
461:
The earliest contra-alto clarinets were developed in the first half of the nineteenth century; these were usually pitched in F and were called
616:). This instrument was restored to playable condition in 2011 by Cyrille Mercadier, and is also on permanent exhibit in the Leblanc museum.
1123:
This in turn derived its description mainly from a manuscript treatise on instrumentation by
Wieprecht, in 1909 in the possession of Herr
1173:
1117:
1128:
1829:
564:
363:
226:
498:
part and sounds the same pitch; it is also possible to read parts written in the bass clef for instruments pitched in C (such as
1537:
1490:
1443:
1018:
979:
1938:
1368:
571:, a full octave below the Bâ™ contrabass and standing 8 foot 2 inches (2.49 m) high. It was exhibited at the
887:
406:
contrabass clarinet. It is the second-largest member of the clarinet family in regular use, larger than the more common
1617:
305:
1251:
52:
1189:
1964:
825:
Probably the best-known musician who has made significant use of the contrabass clarinet as a solo instrument is
608:
clarinets in Eâ™ for
Leblanc in the 1930s, pitched a fifth below the Bâ™ contrabass and one octave below the Eâ™
829:. Other performers (most of whom use the instrument in the genres of jazz and free improvised music) include
1804:
473:) built an instrument in F around 1890. In the late 19th and early 20th century contra-alto clarinets in E
926:
494:
of a piece of music. While there are few parts written specifically for it, the contra-alto can play the
1974:
1389:
714:
Contrabass (Model 41- pictured in the info box above) to low C in bass clarinet-shape with rosewood body.
80:
246:
invented in 1808 by a goldsmith named Dumas of Sommières; little else is known of this instrument. The
1905:
911:
792:
Tianjin Frater
Musical Instrument Co. produces a double bass clarinet made of metal in paperclip form.
534:
1915:
1910:
1529:
1435:
203:
207:
specifies a contrabass clarinet in A, but there is no evidence such an instrument has ever existed.
1824:
1411:
1227:
26:
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1779:
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1736:
1002:
963:
830:
301:. In practice the instrument was found to be of little use, and was superseded by the bass tuba.
1215:
1610:
1133:
Descriptive
Catalogue of the Musical Instruments of the Royal Military Exhibition, London, 1890
801:
591:. This instrument survives in non-playable condition in the Leblanc musical instrument museum,
558:
357:
158:
57:
1163:
1010:
971:
817:
In June 2016, Molinari presented the first of three working prototypes at two concert events.
763:
produce the already presented metal contrabass clarinet with Boehm or German system fingering.
677:
1844:
1710:
1700:
920:
380:
The contra-alto clarinet is higher-pitched than the contrabass and is pitched in the key of E
169:. Some contrabass clarinet models have extra keys to extend the range down to low written Eâ™
1685:
1158:
1102:
896:
609:
375:
150:
123:
102:
1279:(video). Faure, Olivier (octocontralto clarinet); Mercadier, Cyrille (contrabass clarinet)
286:
below the clarinet in C, the compass being the same, and thus corresponding to the modern
8:
1799:
1741:
1241:
Clarinet, the Bb Octo-Contrabass...”): Music
Educators Journal 46:6 (June-July 1960), 39.
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45:
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93:
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At least three pieces of music have been written specifically for octocontrabass by
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1890:
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1559:
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1144:
This description of the Besson pedal clarinet is condensed from
Schlesinger (1911)
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Octocontralto & Contrabass
Clarinet Duet: Humorous scherzo, Sergei Profofiev
1875:
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for clarinet choir, Op. 144). There are no known recordings of these pieces.
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107:
72:
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1943:
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Contra-alto (Model 40) to low Eâ™ in bass clarinet-shape with rosewood body.
483:
85:
1584:
1547:
1839:
1774:
1715:
878:
874:
862:
842:
739:
612:. Only one was ever finished with key work, in 1971 to low C (sounding Eâ™
507:
466:
309:
1100:
This description of the batyphone is quoted, with minor revisions, from
885:
played a contrabass clarinet on the song "So Right" from the 2001 album
1193:
1177:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
1121:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 535.
726:
588:
263:
146:
225:), lower in pitch than the Bâ™ contrabass, were built as prototypes by
1695:
1162:
665:
491:
393:
287:
742:
has one model of each of the two clarinets under its brand Leblanc.
181:. This gives a tessitura written range, notated in treble clef, of C
1626:
782:
distributes a double bass clarinet made of metal in paperclip form.
271:
1453:
1400:
499:
291:
1106:
671:
Fritz Wurlitzer German contrabass clarinet (prototype ca. 1975)
632:
298:
283:
933:
playing a paperclip contrabass clarinet in Rochester, NY, 1976
1338:
Hier ist der Beweis: vom tiefen C bis zum F3 klingt jeder Ton
1254:. La Couture-Boussey, France: Le Musée des instruments à vent
1218:. La Couture-Boussey, France: Le Musée des instruments à vent
523:
279:
161:
pitched in Bâ™, sounding two octaves lower than the common Bâ™
1313:
Octocontrabass Project Update: More Keys + Tone Improvements
909:
makes use of the instrument on his 2015 collaboration album
729:
body in bass clarinet-shape, pictured in the info box above.
449:), while others can play down to low (written) C, sounding E
1595:
503:
1526:
The Clarinet: Some notes upon its history and construction
270:. The batyphone was made to a scale twice the size of the
157:
that are in common usage. Modern contrabass clarinets are
624:
all-metal Bâ™ octocontrabass clarinet, with range to low C
84:
The contrabass clarinet in Bâ™ sounds two octaves and a
899:
utilizes the contra-alto clarinet on their 2013 album
604:
Houvenaghel also built two slightly smaller prototype
297:, and E. Skorra, the court instrument manufacturer of
1343:
Here's the proof: from low C to F3, every note sounds
1291:
1266:
258:) was a contrabass clarinet which was the outcome of
1328:
1052:
748:
Contra-alto: Leblanc L7181, to low E-flat, ABS body.
419:
Like other clarinets, the contra-alto clarinet is a
1027:
745:
Contrabass: Leblanc L7182, to low E-flat, ABS body.
1208:
16:Very low pitched instrument of the clarinet family
1244:
490:, where it usually, though not always, plays the
1956:
1334:
1190:"Deep Secrets of Clef Reading and Transposition"
242:The earliest known contrabass clarinet was the
229:in the 1930s and survive only as museum items.
1365:"Octocontrabass & Octocontralto Clarinets"
1079:The True History of the Octo-Contra Clarinets?
905:, as well as subsequent releases by the band.
1611:
1071:
1069:
1067:
951:
949:
947:
683:Benedikt Eppelsheim contrabass clarinet 2006
592:
479:finally attained some degree of popularity.
197:. Some early instruments were pitched in C;
1303:
1157:
1101:
482:The contra-alto clarinet is used mostly in
1618:
1604:
1064:
988:
1587:of a Leblanc paper clip model instrument.
1272:
1216:"Octocontrabass clarinet in Bb – Leblanc"
944:
469:. Albert (probably E. J. Albert, son of
1401:The large family of clarinet instruments
1273:Mercadier, Cyrille (27 September 2011).
925:
800:
533:
1523:
1309:
1011:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21171
972:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06357
1957:
1479:Woodwind Instruments and their History
1476:
1371:from the original on 12 September 2021
1297:
1262:– via Google Arts & Culture.
1075:
1058:
769:contrabass clarinet with German system
1599:
1429:
1033:
695:Besson contrabass clarinet, post-1890
308:. Soon after Wieprecht's invention,
1939:Category:Clarinetists by nationality
1390:Contrabass clarinet Extended project
1335:Foag Klarinetten (19 August 2023).
1148:. The date of 1889 is from Rendall.
805:Contrabass Clarinet Extended (CLEX)
761:Benedikt Eppelsheim Blasinstrumente
153:are the two largest members of the
13:
1310:De Leon, Jared (2 December 2018).
1187:
1127:(Berlin), and reproduced by Capt.
552:In 1935, Belgian instrument maker
14:
1986:
1572:
400:. It is also referred to as the E
1076:Newton, Bret (6 November 2018).
688:
676:
664:
654:
529:
25:
1405:
1394:
1383:
1357:
1234:
1181:
538:Leblanc clarinets: contrabass (
465:being an octave lower than the
1413:La clarinette contrebasse CLEX
1345:] (video clip) (in German)
1151:
1138:
1094:
1039:
796:
725:makes a contra-alto clarinet,
369:
366:, which were more successful.
1:
1524:Rendall, F. Geoffrey (1971).
1192:. John McGann. Archived from
937:
820:
575:that year. Its lowest note, C
543:
518:as necessary by adding three
506:) as if the part were in the
237:
31:Clarinets: contrabass in Bâ™ (
1625:
594:Musée des instruments à vent
567:built a single prototype Bâ™
7:
583:), is the lowest note on a
274:in C, the divisions of the
10:
1991:
1530:W. W. Norton & Company
1528:(3rd ed.). New York:
1481:(3rd ed.). New York:
1436:W. W. Norton & Company
1434:(4th ed.). New York:
1432:The Study of Orchestration
1422:
912:Never Were the Way She Was
434:, sounding as the lowest G
373:
232:
1926:
1868:
1765:
1724:
1633:
1367:. Contrabass Compendium.
1228:Google Arts & Culture
410:but not as large as the B
165:and one octave below the
120:
115:
99:
92:
78:
71:
63:
51:
44:
24:
1825:Jupiter Band Instruments
1585:Photos and audio example
1477:Baines, Anthony (1991).
780:Ripa Musical Instruments
619:Although these enormous
262:'s endeavor to obtain a
1795:Johann Christoph Denner
1780:Backun Musical Services
1581:page at contrabass.com.
1174:Encyclopædia Britannica
1135:(London, 1891), p. 124.
1118:Encyclopædia Britannica
1003:Oxford University Press
964:Oxford University Press
956:"Contrabass clarinet".
159:transposing instruments
1965:Contrabass instruments
1845:Schwenk & Seggelke
1430:Adler, Samuel (2016).
1252:"Clarinets comparison"
1164:"Pedal Clarinet"
1047:Five Orchestral Pieces
934:
806:
593:
549:
510:, while adjusting the
329:began producing a new
244:contre-basse guerrière
215:subcontrabass clarinet
35:), contra-alto in Eâ™ (
1906:Clarinet-violin-piano
1701:Quarter tone clarinet
1353:– via Facebook.
1159:Schlesinger, Kathleen
1103:Schlesinger, Kathleen
1049:(Courier Dover, 1999)
929:
804:
537:
416:contrabass clarinet.
1916:Clarinet-cello-piano
1911:Clarinet-viola-piano
1691:Contrabass clarinets
1686:Contra-alto clarinet
1287:– via YouTube.
1090:– via YouTube.
897:They Might Be Giants
863:Edward "Kidd" Jordan
610:contra-alto clarinet
376:Contra-alto clarinet
306:Hochschule fĂĽr Musik
204:FĂĽnf OrchesterstĂĽcke
151:contra-alto clarinet
124:List of clarinetists
103:Contra-alto clarinet
1815:Leitner & Kraus
1800:Benedikt Eppelsheim
1579:Contrabass clarinet
1045:Arnold Schoenberg,
851:Ernst Ulrich Deuker
554:Charles Houvenaghel
542:), octocontrabass,
463:contrabasset horns,
440:on the piano (aka G
353:Charles Houvenaghel
135:contrabass clarinet
94:Related instruments
88:lower than written.
46:Woodwind instrument
21:
20:Contrabass clarinet
1975:B-flat instruments
1860:Yamaha Corporation
1711:Clarinette d'amour
1483:Dover Publications
998:Grove Music Online
995:"Pedal clarinet".
959:Grove Music Online
935:
883:Dave Matthews Band
807:
710:Henri Selmer Paris
599:La Couture-Boussey
550:
496:baritone saxophone
314:clarinette-bourdon
19:
1952:
1951:
1881:Clarinet concerto
1855:Herbert Wurlitzer
1820:Howarth of London
1725:Fingering systems
1539:978-0-510-36701-5
1492:978-0-48626-885-9
1445:978-0-393-92065-9
1196:on 7 January 2012
1108:"Batyphone"
1020:978-1-56159-263-0
981:978-1-56159-263-0
199:Arnold Schoenberg
189:, which sounds Bâ™
131:
130:
1982:
1896:Clarinet quartet
1891:Clarinet quintet
1810:Heinrich Grenser
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1001:(8th ed.).
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962:(8th ed.).
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649:Mirrors in Ebony
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268:reed instruments
163:soprano clarinet
29:
22:
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1922:
1886:Clarinet sonata
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1767:Clarinet makers
1761:
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1706:Basset clarinet
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1635:Clarinet family
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931:Anthony Braxton
921:Jochen Seggelke
915:with violinist
827:Anthony Braxton
823:
799:
767:Fritz Wurlitzer
701:
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669:
657:
647:, Op. 139; and
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546:
532:
488:clarinet choirs
475:
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421:wind instrument
412:
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355:
346:
345:
335:
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327:Fontaine-Besson
318:
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276:chromatic scale
260:W. F. Wieprecht
254:, Ger. and Fr.
240:
235:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
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155:clarinet family
83:
82:
40:
17:
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11:
5:
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1876:Clarinet choir
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1790:Buffet Crampon
1787:
1785:E. K. Blessing
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1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:CLEX in action
1588:
1582:
1574:
1573:External links
1571:
1569:
1568:
1538:
1521:
1491:
1474:
1444:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1356:
1327:
1302:
1300:, p. 125.
1290:
1265:
1243:
1233:
1207:
1188:McGann, John.
1180:
1169:Chisholm, Hugh
1150:
1146:Pedal Clarinet
1137:
1113:Chisholm, Hugh
1093:
1063:
1061:, p. 131.
1051:
1038:
1036:, p. 230.
1026:
1019:
987:
980:
942:
941:
939:
936:
871:Armand Angster
867:Harry Sparnaay
859:Hamiet Bluiett
855:Paolo Ravaglia
822:
819:
798:
795:
794:
793:
784:
783:
771:
770:
764:
752:
751:
750:
749:
746:
731:
730:
723:Buffet Crampon
720:
719:
718:
715:
694:
687:
686:
682:
675:
674:
670:
663:
662:
661:
660:
659:
658:
656:
653:
625:
613:
580:
576:
569:octocontrabass
531:
528:
455:
446:
374:Main article:
371:
368:
331:pedal clarinet
295:military bands
250:(also spelled
239:
236:
234:
231:
223:octocontrabass
213:Two models of
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
139:pedal clarinet
129:
128:
127:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
97:
96:
90:
89:
79:
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69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
55:
53:Classification
49:
48:
42:
41:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1987:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Benny Goodman
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:Clarinet trio
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
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1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
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1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
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1745:
1743:
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1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Bass clarinet
1679:
1677:
1676:Alto clarinet
1674:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Otto Lessmann
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
983:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
952:
950:
948:
943:
932:
928:
924:
922:
918:
917:Sarah Neufeld
914:
913:
908:
907:Colin Stetson
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Douglas Ewart
836:
835:Brian Landrus
832:
828:
818:
815:
813:
803:
791:
790:
789:
788:
781:
778:
777:
776:
775:
768:
765:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
747:
744:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
728:
724:
721:
716:
713:
712:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
691:
679:
667:
655:Manufacturers
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Terje Lerstad
634:
629:
622:
617:
611:
607:
606:octocontralto
602:
600:
595:
590:
586:
574:
570:
566:
560:
555:
541:
536:
530:Subcontrabass
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:key signature
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:concert bands
480:
472:
471:Eugène Albert
468:
464:
459:
426:
422:
417:
409:
408:bass clarinet
399:
398:alto clarinet
395:
386:rather than B
377:
367:
365:
359:
354:
343:
342:contrabassoon
332:
328:
323:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:octocontralto
216:
211:
208:
206:
205:
200:
168:
167:bass clarinet
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
125:
122:
121:
119:
114:
109:
108:Bass clarinet
106:
104:
101:
100:
98:
95:
91:
87:
77:
74:
73:Playing range
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
34:
28:
23:
1944:Mezz Mezzrow
1927:Clarinetists
1742:Reform Boehm
1690:
1525:
1478:
1431:
1412:
1407:
1396:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1342:
1337:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1312:
1305:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1275:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1226:– via
1220:. Retrieved
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1183:
1172:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1116:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1078:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1029:
996:
990:
957:
910:
900:
893:John Linnell
886:
847:Mwata Bowden
831:James Carter
824:
816:
811:
808:
786:
785:
773:
772:
754:
753:
733:
732:
703:
702:
648:
645:De Profundis
644:
640:
630:
620:
618:
605:
603:
573:World's Fair
568:
551:
539:
481:
462:
460:
423:that uses a
418:
379:
330:
324:
313:
312:created his
303:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
222:
218:
214:
212:
209:
202:
141:, after the
138:
134:
132:
86:major second
36:
32:
1840:Adolphe Sax
1835:Iwan MĂĽller
1805:Stephen Fox
1775:Amati-Denak
1716:Basset horn
1375:15 February
1320:18 November
1298:Baines 1991
1200:15 February
1059:Baines 1991
879:Leroi Moore
875:Jason Alder
843:Vinny Golia
797:Development
740:Conn-Selmer
557: [
547: 1939
516:accidentals
508:treble clef
467:basset horn
370:Contra-alto
356: [
310:Adolphe Sax
147:pipe organs
58:Single-reed
1959:Categories
1671:) clarinet
1665:Soprano (B
1564:Q115259125
1517:Q115155619
1470:Q115258889
1454:2016018709
1283:11 October
1258:11 October
1222:12 October
1086:11 October
1034:Adler 2016
938:References
821:Performers
727:grenadilla
643:, Op. 28;
601:, France.
589:organ stop
579:(written D
264:contrabass
252:bathyphone
238:Contrabass
1970:Clarinets
1696:Saxonette
1462:26370811M
1349:19 August
641:Trisonata
635:composer
633:Norwegian
492:bass line
394:contralto
325:In 1889,
288:bass tuba
248:batyphone
116:Musicians
64:Developed
1668:♭
1660:clarinet
1657:♭
1649:clarinet
1646:♭
1627:Clarinet
1560:Wikidata
1556:5692406M
1513:Wikidata
1509:1544645M
1501:24010861
1466:Wikidata
1369:Archived
1161:(1911).
1129:C.R. Day
1105:(1911).
1005:. 2001.
966:. 2001.
902:Nanobots
888:Everyday
873:(F) and
755:Germany:
514:and any
476:♭
452:♭
443:♭
437:♭
431:♭
413:♭
403:♭
389:♭
383:♭
347:♭
336:♭
319:♭
292:Prussian
272:clarinet
266:for the
256:batyphon
1869:Related
1830:Leblanc
1423:Sources
1316:(video)
1171:(ed.).
1115:(ed.).
1082:(video)
881:of the
704:France:
565:Leblanc
522:to the
500:bassoon
364:Leblanc
284:octaves
233:History
227:Leblanc
1850:Selmer
1757:Oehler
1752:MĂĽller
1747:Mazzeo
1732:Albert
1562:
1554:
1548:343308
1546:
1536:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1489:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1442:
1017:
978:
869:(NL),
787:China:
774:Italy:
621:"octo"
587:pedal
520:sharps
299:Berlin
149:) and
143:pedals
137:(also
1737:Boehm
1341:[
1167:. In
1131:, in
1111:. In
812:CLEX'
561:]
524:music
360:]
280:maple
217:(the
37:right
1544:OCLC
1534:ISBN
1497:OCLC
1487:ISBN
1450:LCCN
1440:ISBN
1377:2012
1351:2023
1322:2022
1285:2022
1260:2022
1224:2022
1202:2012
1088:2022
1015:ISBN
976:ISBN
919:and
891:and
734:USA:
540:left
504:tuba
486:and
425:reed
362:for
316:in B
221:and
193:– Eâ™
177:or C
133:The
67:1808
33:left
1007:doi
968:doi
895:of
597:in
585:32′
563:at
502:or
201:'s
185:– F
173:, D
145:of
1961::
1558:.
1552:OL
1550:.
1542:.
1532:.
1511:.
1505:OL
1503:.
1495:.
1485:.
1464:.
1458:OL
1456:.
1448:.
1438:.
1066:^
1013:.
974:.
946:^
923:.
877:.
865:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
849:,
845:,
841:,
837:,
833:,
628:.
559:fr
544:c.
458:.
358:fr
322:.
1654:E
1643:A
1619:e
1612:t
1605:v
1566:.
1519:.
1472:.
1379:.
1324:.
1230:.
1204:.
1023:.
1009::
984:.
970::
639:(
626:0
614:0
581:3
577:0
456:1
447:1
428:E
195:4
191:0
187:6
183:3
179:3
175:3
171:3
39:)
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