1768:
1780:
1075:
1718:
1878:, and saxophones need only twelve notes before overblowing. Since clarinets with few keys cannot play chromatically, they are limited to playing in closely related keys. For example, an eighteenth-century clarinet in C could play music in F, C, and G (and their relative minors) with good intonation, but with progressive difficulty and poorer intonation as the key moved away from this range. With the advent of airtight pads and improved key technology, more keys were added to woodwinds and the need for clarinets in multiple keys was reduced. The use of instruments in C, B
1699:
1830:
1439:
1343:
1730:
1120:, are created. Harmonics are caused by factors including the imperfect wobbling and shaking of the reed, the reed sealing the mouthpiece opening for part of the wave cycle (which creates a flattened section of the sound wave), and imperfections (bumps and holes) in the bore. A wide variety of compression waves are created, but only some (primarily the odd harmonics) are reinforced. This in combination with the cut-off frequency (where a significant drop in resonance occurs) results in the characteristic tone of the clarinet.
1366:. The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player's lower lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a 'double-lip' embouchure). Adjustments in the strength and shape of the embouchure change the tone and intonation. Players sometimes relieve the pressure on the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching a pad to the top of the mouthpiece or putting temporary cushioning on the lower teeth.
2044:
1459:
1749:
1792:
2852:
2778:
1811:
2810:
2688:
2478:
2739:
2709:
2565:
2522:
2658:
2637:
2596:
1331:
1221:
2241:
1451:
2383:
111:
38:
2898:
1518:(or possibly his son Jacob Denner) equipped a chalumeau in the alto register with two keys, one of which enabled access to a higher register. This second register did not begin an octave above the first, as with other woodwind instruments, but started an octave and a perfect fifth higher than the first. A second key, at the top, extended the range of the first register to A
1321:
Most players buy manufactured reeds, although many make adjustments to these reeds, and some make their own reeds from cane "blanks". Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized—reeds with the
1200:
The lip position and pressure, shaping of the vocal tract, choice of reed and mouthpiece, amount of air pressure created, and evenness of the airflow account for most of the player's ability to control the tone of a clarinet. Their vocal tract will be shaped to resonate at frequencies associated with
1188:
at the octave. The clarinet differs, since it acts as a closed-pipe system. The low chalumeau register plays fundamentals, but the clarion (second) register plays the third harmonics, a perfect twelfth higher than the fundamentals. The clarinet is therefore said to overblow at the twelfth. The first
1089:
The reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave 'bumps' into the reed and opens it. Each time the reed opens, a puff of air goes through the gap, after which the reed swings shut again. When played loudly, the reed
2585:, many composers began to prefer the mellower lower-pitched instruments, and the timbre of the C instrument may have been considered too bright. To avoid having to carry an extra instrument that required another reed and mouthpiece, orchestral players preferred to play parts for this instrument on B
1957:
While technical improvements and an equal-tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets, the technical difficulty of playing in remote keys persisted, and the A has remained a standard orchestral instrument. By the late 19th century the orchestral clarinet repertoire contained so much music for
1887:
The lower-pitched clarinets sound "mellower" (less bright), and the C clarinet—the highest and brightest sounding of these three—fell out of favor as the other two could cover its range and their sound was considered better. While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850, some
1588:
remedied this by countersinking the tone holes for the keys and covering the pads with soft leather. These leather pads sealed the holes better than felt, making it possible to equip the instrument with considerably more keys. In 1812 MĂĽller presented a clarinet with seven finger holes and thirteen
1086:
The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player's lips, which put light, even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal. Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument. In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze, the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate. As air pressure from
2291:
was one of the best known performers in this genre. The clarinet's place in the jazz ensemble was usurped by the saxophone, which projects a more powerful sound and uses a less complicated fingering system. The clarinet did not entirely disappear from jazz—prominent players since the 1950s include
1869:
and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument and partly with acoustics, aesthetics, and economics. Before about 1800, due to the lack of airtight pads, practical woodwinds could have only a few keys to control accidentals (notes outside their diatonic home scales). The low (chalumeau)
1104:
The rarefaction is reflected off the sloping end wall of the clarinet mouthpiece. The opening between the reed and the mouthpiece makes very little difference to the reflection of the rarefaction wave. This is because the opening is very small compared to the size of the tube, so almost the entire
1108:
When the rarefaction wave reaches the other (open) end of the tube, air rushes in to fill the slight vacuum. A little more than a 'neutral' amount of air enters the tube and causes a compression wave to travel back up the tube (image 4). Once the compression wave reaches the mouthpiece end of the
1135:
shape, with the thinnest part below the junction between the upper and lower joint. This hourglass shape, although invisible to the naked eye, helps to correct the pitch and responsiveness of the instrument. The diameter of the bore affects the instrument's sound characteristics. The bell at the
1167:
the bottom edge of tone holes inside the bore. Acoustically, this makes the tone hole function as if it were larger, but its main function is to allow the air column to follow the curve up through the tone hole (surface tension) instead of "blowing past" it under the increasingly directional
1425:
Below the main body is a flared end known as the bell. The bell does not amplify the sound but improves the uniformity of the instrument's tone for the lowest notes in each register. For the other notes, the sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes, and the bell is irrelevant. On
1417:
The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint (protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint) are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand. The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the
1183:
Most woodwind instruments have a second register that begins an octave above the first (with notes at twice the frequency of the lower notes). With the aid of an 'octave' or 'register' key, the notes sound an octave higher as the fingering pattern repeats. These instruments are said to
1682:
noted that "French clarinets have a flat, nasal tone, while German ones approximate the singing voice". Among modern instruments the difference is smaller, although intonation differences persist. The use of Oehler clarinets has continued in German and
Austrian orchestras.
1189:
several notes of the altissimo (third) range, aided by the register key and venting with the first left-hand hole, play the fifth harmonics, a perfect twelfth plus a major sixth above the fundamentals. The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available, sounding a further
2062:
2729:
Sometimes referred to as the tenor clarinet in Europe, the alto clarinet is used in military and concert bands and occasionally, if rarely, in orchestras. The alto clarinet in F was used in military bands during the early 19th century and was a favorite instrument of
2703:
Similar in appearance to the alto, the basset horn is instead pitched in F, with a narrower bore on most models. Mozart's
Clarinet Concerto was originally sketched out as a concerto for basset horn in G. Little material for this instrument has been published.
1686:
Today the Boehm system is standard everywhere except in
Germany and Austria, where the Oehler clarinet is still used. Some contemporary Dixieland players continue to use Albert system clarinets. The Reform Boehm system is also popular in the Netherlands.
1369:
The mouthpiece attaches to the barrel. Tuning can be adjusted by using barrels of varying lengths or by pulling out the barrel to increase the instrument's length. On basset horns and lower clarinets, there is a curved metal neck instead of a barrel.
1870:
register of the clarinet spans a twelfth (an octave plus a perfect fifth) before overblowing, so the clarinet needs keys/holes to produce all nineteen notes in this range. This involves more keywork than on instruments that "overblow" at the octave—
1643:
and rollers to improve little-finger movement. After 1861, a "patent C sharp" key developed by Joseph Tyler was added to other clarinet models. Improved versions of Albert clarinets were built in
Belgium and France for export to the UK and the US.
2188:: This ensemble contains many clarinets playing together, usually including several members of the clarinet family. The homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human
1109:'tube', it is reflected again back down the pipe. However at this point, either because the compression wave 'bumped' the reed or because of the natural vibration cycle of the reed, the gap opens and another 'puff' of air is sent down the pipe.
1767:
1285:
Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the late 19th century, particularly for military use. Metal is still used for the bodies of some contra-alto and contrabass clarinets and the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets.
1373:
The main body of most clarinets has an upper joint, whose mechanism is mostly operated by the left hand, and a lower joint, mostly operated by the right hand. Some clarinets have a one-piece body. The modern soprano clarinet has numerous
1620:, although Böhm was not involved in its development and the system differed from the one used on the flute. Other key systems have been developed, many built around modifications to the basic Boehm system, including the Full Boehm,
1094:(at around 3% greater pressure than the surrounding air) travels down the cylindrical tube and escapes at the point where the tube opens out. This is either at the closest open hole or at the end of the tube (see diagram: image 1).
1651:
and instrument maker Georg
Ottensteiner developed the patented Baermann/Ottensteiner clarinet. This instrument had new connecting levers, allowing multiple fingering options to operate some of the pads. The Brahms clarinetist
1589:
keys, which he called "clarinet omnitonic" since it was capable of playing in all keys. It was no longer necessary to use differently tuned clarinets for a different keys. MĂĽller is also considered the inventor of the metal
1136:
bottom of the clarinet flares out to improve the tone and tuning of the lowest notes. The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet result in an acoustical performance approximating that of a cylindrical
1065:
The three registers have characteristically different sounds—the chalumeau is rich and dark, the clarion is brighter and sweet, like a trumpet heard from afar, and the altissimo can be piercing and sometimes shrill.
1362:, and the top half-inch or so of this assembly is held in the player's mouth. In the past, string was used to bind the reed to the mouthpiece. The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the
2060:
1112:
The original compression wave, now greatly reinforced by the second 'puff' of air, sets off on another two trips down the pipe (travelling four pipe lengths in total) before the cycle is repeated again.
2061:
2673:
The basset clarinet is a clarinet in A with keywork that extends to a written low C. There are some examples of instruments with a low B. It is used primarily to play
Classical-era music. Mozart's
1180:. The open register key stops the fundamental frequency from being reinforced, making the reed vibrate at three times the frequency, which produces a note a twelfth above the original note.
1791:
902:
enabling them to play the E below middle C as their lowest written note. The concert pitch that sounds depends on the individual instrument's transposition (this low E sounds as a concert
116:
All clarinets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Low clarinets generally have extra keys to extend the range downward.
2879:
The subcontrabass clarinet is a largely experimental instrument with little repertoire. Three versions in EEEâ™ (an octave below the contra-alto clarinet) were made, and a version in BBB
1597:. During this period the typical embouchure also changed, orienting the mouthpiece with the reed facing downward. This was first recommended in 1782 and became standard by the 1830s.
1506:, it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, and a written pitch range from F
1729:
1678:
clarinet or German clarinet, while the Böhm clarinet has since been called the French clarinet. The French clarinet differs from the German not only in fingering but also in sound.
723:, an earlier single-reed instrument. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability. Today the clarinet is a standard fixture of the
2053:
1322:
same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models. Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability and tonal characteristics.
1292:
are generally made of hard rubber, although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic. Other materials such as glass, wood, ivory, and metal have also been used.
1318:
fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet's sound.
2581:
This clarinet was very common in the instrument's earliest period but its use dwindled, and by the end of the 1920s it had become practically obsolete. From the time of
1639:
in 1848. This model was based on the MĂĽller clarinet with some changes to keywork, and was also known as the "simple system". It included a "spectacle key" patented by
1829:
972:. Defining the top end of a clarinet's range is difficult, since many advanced players can produce notes well above the highest notes commonly found in method books. G
2773:. The bass clarinet in A, which had a vogue among certain composers from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, is now so rare as to usually be considered obsolete.
1514:. At this time, contrary to modern practice, the reed was placed in contact with the upper lip. Around the beginning of the 18th century the German instrument maker
2248:
The clarinet was a central instrument in jazz, beginning with early jazz players in the 1910s. It remained a signature instrument of the genre through much of the
5277:
1674:
presented a clarinet using similar fingerings to the
Baermann instrument, with significantly more toneholes than the Böhm model. The new clarinet was called the
1773:
Oehler clarinet with a cover on the middle tone hole of the lower joint, dev. 1905 by Oscar Oehler, and with bell mechanism added later to improve deep E and F
1717:
5192:
4638:
651:
1748:
2082:
The clarinet is widely used as a solo instrument. The clarinet evolved later than other orchestral woodwind instruments, leaving solo repertoire from the
4815:
1616:. Their design introduced needle springs for the axles, and the ring keys simplified some complicated fingering patterns. The inventors called this the
1779:
4679:
4018:
2517:
clarinet has a characteristic "hard and biting" tone and is used in the orchestra when a brighter, or sometimes more comical, sound is called for.
5241:
1664:
3648:
860:
clarinets have nearly the same bore and nearly identical tonal quality, although the A typically has a slightly warmer sound. The tone of the
6888:
3717:
3471:
1810:
3052:
1378:—seven are covered with the fingertips and the rest are operated using a set of 17 keys. The most common system of keys was named the
6497:
2886:
644:
2181:
Groups of clarinets playing together have become increasingly popular among clarinet enthusiasts in recent years. Common forms are:
6893:
2358:
4260:
6644:
5430:
1296:
are often made of metal and tightened using one or more adjustment screws; other materials include plastic, string, or fabric.
1131:
for most of the tube with an inner bore diameter between 0.575 and 0.585 inches (14.6 and 14.9 mm), but there is a subtle
4604:
1266:, were used. Since the mid-20th century, clarinets (particularly student or band models) are also made from plastics, such as
6241:
6204:
6185:
6166:
6147:
6128:
6109:
6086:
6067:
6048:
6027:
6004:
5981:
5958:
5935:
5912:
5889:
5866:
5843:
5820:
5797:
5774:
5751:
5730:
5711:
5692:
5673:
5650:
5631:
5612:
5542:
5068:
3752:
3165:
3116:
3064:
3007:
2759:
Developed in the late 18th century, the bass clarinet began featuring in orchestral music in the 1830s after its redesign by
1698:
1443:
4328:
3385:
6606:
637:
4740:
3783:
4076:
Intravaia, Lawrence J; Robert S. Resnick (Spring 1968). "A research study of a technique for adjusting clarinet reeds".
3641:
Clarinet parameter cartography: automatic mapping of the sound produced as a function of blowing pressure and reed force
6285:
4451:
2967:
2763:. It has since become a mainstay of the modern orchestra. It is also used in concert bands and enjoys (along with the B
5264:
1168:
frequencies of the upper registers. Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the length of the pipe, changing the
5505:
5453:
3841:
71:
3561:
Barthet, M.; Guillemain, P.; Kronland-Martinet, R.; Ystad, S. (2010). "From clarinet control to timbre perception".
5215:
5182:
2998:
4642:
6924:
1267:
4232:
Horvath, Janet (September 2001). "An orchestra musician's perspective on 20 years of performing arts medicine".
2473:
This instrument is rare, although it was once frequently used in wind ensembles, especially in Spain and Italy.
791:
being used for the instrument dates to a 1710 order placed by the Duke of
Gronsfeld for two instruments made by
5296:
1625:
1152:
when the thumb/register hole is pinched open, while the clarinet, with its cylindrical bore, overblows at the
3671:
2544:
clarinet. While a few early pieces were written for it, its repertoire is now very limited in
Western music.
2283:
Beginning in the 1940s, the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz. By that time, an interest in
1495:
1359:
1315:
1293:
1141:
1105:
wave is reflected back down the tube even if the reed is completely open at the time the wave hits (image 3).
524:
3269:
Cockshott, Gerald; D. K. Dent; Morrison C. Boyd; E. J. Moeran (October 1941). "English composer goes west".
1558:
that was about 18 centimetres (7.1 in) longer, made first by
Theodor Lotz. In 1791 Mozart composed the
6472:
2003:
1901:
684:
1608:
for the flute. This key system was first used on the clarinet between 1839 and 1843 by French clarinetist
3029:
2851:
2809:
2777:
2738:
2708:
2687:
2657:
2653:
The A clarinet is frequently used in orchestral and chamber music, especially of the nineteenth century.
2636:
2595:
2564:
2521:
2477:
2369:
2309:
1531:. Later, Denner lengthened the bell and provided it with a third key to extend the pitch range down to E
934:
to match the range of the A clarinet. Bass clarinets have keywork extending the low range to a written E
6637:
6573:
4506:
4185:
2674:
1972:
and an A clarinet, and clarinet parts commonly alternate between the instruments. In the 20th century,
1559:
4709:
3107:
Page, Janet K.; Gourlay, K. A.; Blench, Roger; Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert (2015). "Clarinet".
6919:
6583:
6578:
2843:
2632:
clarinet is the most common type. Usually, the term "clarinet" on its own refers to this instrument.
2345:
1205:, a pulsating change of pitch, is rare in classical literature; however, certain performers, such as
903:
1335:
6492:
3639:
2341:
1897:
1550:, typically had five keys. Mozart suggested extending the clarinet downwards by four semitones to C
1543:
1238:
Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials including wood, plastic, hard rubber or
5242:"Rock 'n' roll clarinets?! The Beatles' use of clarinets on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
1097:
More than a 'neutral' amount of air escapes from the instrument, which creates a slight vacuum or
6462:
6447:
6434:
6404:
3234:
2957:
2582:
2407:
2099:
2021:
clarinet, alto clarinet, bass clarinet, and contra-alto/contrabass clarinet are commonly used in
1941:
1934:
1617:
1547:
1515:
1410:, and eastern European folk musicians. The Albert and Oehler systems are both based on the early
1124:
1074:
712:
677:
310:
51:
6653:
6278:
2859:
2353:
1499:
1475:
1197:(a flat, diminished fifth) higher respectively; these are the notes of the altissimo register.
1087:
the mouth increases, the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece.
811:
669:
91:
76:
5945:
Rees-Davies, Jo (1995). "The development of the clarinet repertoire". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
3024:
1921:
1282:
of resin and the African blackwood powder left over from the manufacture of wooden clarinets.
1270:(ABS). One of the first such blends of plastic was Resonite, a term originally trademarked by
6744:
6630:
6512:
6378:
6368:
4382:
3894:
2621:
1893:
1590:
1355:
1289:
1214:
42:
4741:"The Structure of the Clarinet [Experiment], The Boehm system and the Oehler system"
976:
is usually the highest note encountered in classical repertoire, but fingerings as high as A
6759:
6678:
6353:
5272:
4545:
Benade, Arthur H.; Keefe, Douglas H. (March 1996). "The physics of a new clarinet design".
4482:
2993:
2952:
2930:
2785:
2376:
2364:
2103:
1613:
1567:
141:
83:
6159:
From the Clarinet D'Amour to the Contra Bass: A History of Large Size Clarinets, 1740–1860
5721:
Starr, S. Frederick (2021). "The clarinet in vernacular music". In Ellsworth, Jane (ed.).
2394:
music, which employs a distinctive style of playing. The popular Brazilian music style of
8:
6467:
6409:
6358:
3500:
2934:
2817:
2083:
1999:
1209:, use vibrato in classical music. Special fingerings and lip-bending may be used to play
945:
831:
708:
is the most common type, and is the instrument usually indicated by the word "clarinet".
692:
575:
558:
169:
64:
5807:
Shackleton, Nicholas (1995). "The development of the clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5059:
Kennedy, Joyce; Kennedy, Michael; Rutherford-Johnson, Tim, eds. (2013). "Wind quintet".
3475:
1653:
6914:
6774:
6527:
6517:
6482:
5352:
5313:
5187:
5136:
5101:
5010:
4975:
4838:
4562:
4417:
4351:
4202:
4093:
3693:
3666:
3620:
3288:
3251:
2734:. It fell out of use and, if called for, is commonly substituted with the basset horn.
2556:
2414:, the Albert system clarinet in G is often used, commonly called a "Turkish clarinet".
2411:
1910:
1843:
1342:
1279:
1271:
1169:
1153:
160:
121:
2837:
contrabass is used in clarinet ensembles, concert bands, and sometimes in orchestras.
2293:
1905:
1609:
1383:
6862:
6548:
6522:
6487:
6271:
6237:
6200:
6181:
6162:
6143:
6124:
6105:
6098:
6082:
6063:
6044:
6023:
6016:
6000:
5993:
5977:
5970:
5954:
5947:
5931:
5924:
5908:
5901:
5885:
5878:
5862:
5855:
5839:
5832:
5816:
5809:
5793:
5786:
5770:
5763:
5747:
5726:
5707:
5688:
5669:
5646:
5627:
5608:
5601:
5538:
5501:
5449:
5064:
4009:
3837:
3833:
3698:
3271:
3161:
3112:
3060:
3003:
2947:
2838:
2124:
2091:
1950:
1305:
1251:
1247:
1206:
1194:
373:
304:
5422:
5119:
Seay, Albert E. (September–October 1948). "Modern composers and the wind ensemble".
3775:
6563:
6558:
6477:
6332:
5305:
5128:
5093:
5041:
5002:
4967:
4830:
4554:
4515:
4409:
4343:
4306:
4241:
4194:
4085:
4027:
3688:
3680:
3612:
3570:
3543:
3280:
3243:
2572:
2312:. In the US, the prominent players on the instrument since the 1980s have included
2160:
2002:. The practice of using different clarinets to achieve tonal variety was common in
1438:
1430:
and larger clarinets, the bell curves up and forward and is usually made of metal.
1210:
1190:
1091:
1057:
register, consisting of the notes above the written C two octaves above middle C (C
984:
899:
895:
891:
839:
767:
715:
is generally credited with inventing the clarinet sometime around 1700 by adding a
705:
239:
5343:
Brandl, Rudolf (1996). "The 'Yiftoi' and the music of Greece: role and function".
3748:
3684:
3638:
Almeida, A; Lemare, J; Sheahan, M; Judge, J; Auvray, R; Dang, K; Wolfe, J (2010).
1966:
The orchestra frequently includes two clarinetists, each usually equipped with a B
1636:
1601:
1542:
and facilitate fingerings and the chalumeau fell into disuse. The clarinet of the
1387:
1176:. The player moves between the chalumeau and clarion registers through use of the
6810:
6553:
6373:
6321:
6310:
6302:
5665:
4958:
Tuthill, Burnet C. (1972). "Sonatas for clarinet and piano: annotated listings".
3898:
3603:
Gibson, Lee (1968). "Fundamentals of acoustical design of the soprano clarinet".
3377:
2962:
2902:
2665:
2644:
2603:
2485:
2447:
2423:
2095:
1977:
1973:
1945:
1930:
1925:
1679:
1669:
1657:
1555:
1463:
1458:
961:
861:
819:
696:
688:
6121:
Exploring the Clarinet: A Guide to Clarinet Technique and Finnish Clarinet Music
3378:"Upper altissimo register – Alternate fingering chart for Boehm-system clarinet"
2805:
This instrument is used in wind ensembles and occasionally in cinematic scores.
1660:
has used a Baermann-Ottensteiner instrument for playing compositions by Brahms.
6784:
6673:
6543:
6457:
6452:
3667:"The influence of the vocal tract on the attack transients in clarinet playing"
3534:
Backus, J (1961). "Vibrations of the reed and the air column in the clarinet".
3268:
2305:
2253:
2185:
2164:
2130:
1581:
1539:
1479:
1275:
1101:
in the clarinet tube. This rarefaction wave travels back up the tube (image 2).
778:
570:
6502:
6419:
4657:
4310:
3882:
2731:
1585:
1391:
1379:
6908:
6693:
6601:
6568:
6424:
6414:
6399:
6348:
6343:
2920:
2906:
2746:
2716:
2337:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2297:
2288:
2273:
2269:
2257:
2150:
2140:
2120:
2110:
2087:
1995:
1981:
1938:
1889:
1675:
1648:
1632:
1621:
1580:
The number of keys was limited because their felt pads did not seal tightly.
1487:
1483:
1467:
1399:
1395:
1173:
1040:
register, which spans just over an octave (from a written B above middle C (B
1012:) (named after the instrument that was the clarinet's immediate predecessor)
887:
875:
871:
732:
590:
534:
246:
186:
136:
102:
55:
4639:"Clarinets in C, B-flat, and A by Georg Ottensteiner, Munich, ca. 1860–1879"
4459:
4245:
6754:
6611:
6014:
Brown, John Robert (1995). "The clarinet in jazz". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5991:
Heaton, Roger (1995). "The contemporary clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5784:
Lawson, Colin (1995a). "Single reeds before 1750". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5045:
3702:
2265:
2261:
2170:
2022:
1605:
1503:
1411:
1351:
1310:
1177:
1137:
792:
728:
716:
463:
6622:
488:
6846:
6507:
6442:
6383:
4261:"Not like the others: playing strategies for A, E-flat and bass clarinet"
3665:
PĂ mies-VilĂ , Montserrat; Hofmann, Alex; Chatziioannou, Vasileios (2020).
2916:
2770:
2760:
2695:
2349:
2301:
2272:
were all prominent early jazz clarinet players. Swing performers such as
2174:
2154:
1991:
1640:
1628:, which combined Boehm-system keywork with a German mouthpiece and bore.
1427:
1145:
1098:
965:
585:
363:
331:
321:
266:
191:
5356:
2769:
clarinet) a considerable role in jazz, especially through jazz musician
1916:
1742:
by Eugène Albert, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets.
5968:
Harris, Paul (1995b). "Teaching the clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5876:
Tschaikov, Basil (1995). "The high clarinets". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5140:
5105:
5014:
4979:
4097:
3624:
3574:
3560:
3255:
2545:
2529:
2373:
2277:
2074:
1594:
1419:
1363:
916:
760:
565:
540:
508:
478:
431:
388:
276:
271:
261:
206:
6724:
5922:
Harris, Michael (1995a). "The bass clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5830:
Lawson, Colin (1995b). "The clarinet family". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5317:
4842:
4566:
4421:
4355:
4297:
Karp, Cary (1986). "The early history of the clarinet and chalumeau".
4206:
3547:
3292:
1723:
Iwan MĂĽller clarinet with 13 keys and leather pads, developed in 1809.
1330:
1220:
6749:
6729:
6688:
6363:
4031:
2317:
2284:
2240:
1797:
French Clarinet (Original Boehm with 17 keys and 6 rings). Developed
1663:
In the early 20th century, the German clarinetist and clarinet maker
1491:
1450:
1375:
1160:
1132:
1117:
1053:
993:
724:
720:
605:
580:
545:
529:
498:
438:
256:
221:
131:
94:
6841:
5899:
Dobrée, Georgina (1995). "The basset horn". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5132:
5097:
5029:
5006:
4971:
4089:
3616:
3247:
3232:
Reed, Alfred (September 1961). "The composer and the college band".
1116:
In addition to this primary compression wave, other waves, known as
6789:
6739:
5309:
4834:
4558:
4519:
4504:
Rice, Albert (March 1984). "Clarinet Fingering Charts, 1732–1816".
4413:
4347:
4198:
3284:
2382:
2249:
2098:
have been written to showcase the instrument, for example those by
1422:. Larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg.
1255:
1185:
1128:
870:
is brighter and can be heard through loud orchestral textures. The
784:, a type of trumpet, the name of which derives from the same root.
673:
513:
473:
448:
393:
383:
281:
176:
22:
5643:
Fine-Tuning the Clarinet Section: A Handbook for the Band Director
2328:, and others playing in both traditional and contemporary styles.
6883:
6815:
6734:
6703:
6683:
5853:
Lawson, Colin (1995c). "The C clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
4183:
Ridley, E.A.K. (September 1986). "Birth of the 'Böhm' clarinet".
2391:
2167:
or, in more contemporary music, a configuration of five clarinets
1875:
1407:
1239:
1202:
1164:
736:
518:
483:
458:
453:
408:
403:
368:
286:
216:
181:
110:
37:
5294:
Slobin, Mark (1984). "Klezmer music: an American ethnic genre".
5058:
2862:(also called octocontralto clarinet or octocontrabass clarinet)
1884:, and A persisted, with each used as specified by the composer.
6820:
6805:
6764:
6719:
6698:
3664:
2897:
1538:
After Denner's innovations, other makers added keys to improve
1314:. Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials. The
1149:
835:
623:
600:
418:
358:
341:
251:
226:
3798:
1863:
The modern orchestral standard of using soprano clarinets in B
6867:
6825:
6779:
4400:
Hacker, Alan (April 1969). "Mozart and the basset clarinet".
2395:
2368:
reviewer termed a "Benny Goodman-flavored clarinet solo" in "
2336:
The clarinet is uncommon, but not unheard of, in rock music.
2189:
2113:
have been written for the clarinet. Common combinations are:
1263:
1259:
1243:
595:
503:
493:
398:
353:
336:
326:
316:
201:
4474:
2677:
was written for this instrument. Basset clarinets in C and B
1346:
Mouthpiece with conical ring ligature, made from hard rubber
6263:
6258:
4213:
3941:
3106:
1871:
1403:
1398:, which is used mostly in Germany and Austria. The related
1090:
can spend up to 50% of the time shut. The 'puff of air' or
1082:
The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps:
983:
The range of a clarinet can be divided into three distinct
740:
468:
443:
413:
378:
291:
211:
6140:
The Clarinet: Some Notes Upon Its History and Construction
4941:
4939:
4573:
4075:
3850:
3348:
3346:
2123:: clarinet, piano, and another instrument (for example, a
1835:
Reform Boehm clarinet with 19 keys and 7 rings, developed
6769:
5378:
4116:
3832:
Jenkins, Martin; Oldfield, Sara; Aylett, Tiffany (2002).
3637:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3179:
3177:
3137:
2153:, and bass; and other possibilities such as the use of a
1785:
Standard German clarinet without cover or bell mechanism.
5563:
5324:
5084:
Weerts, Richard K. (Autumn 1964). "The clarinet choir".
4993:
Weerts, Richard K. (Autumn 1964). "The clarinet choir".
4926:
4924:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
3815:
3813:
3213:
3201:
2999:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2287:, a revival of traditional New Orleans jazz, had begun.
944:. Among the less common members of the clarinet family,
5551:
5479:
5477:
5444:
Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Basset clarinet".
5402:
5152:
5150:
4936:
4790:
4619:
4585:
4544:
4526:
4362:
4104:
3917:
3905:
3836:(Report). Fauna & Flora International. p. 21.
3311:
3299:
2885:(an octave below the contrabass clarinet) was built by
1816:
Full Boehm clarinet with 21 keys and 7 rings developed
1761:, intermediate between the MĂĽller and Oehler clarinets.
1693:
Clarinets with different arrangements of keys and holes
5575:
5462:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4641:. National Music Museum. 10 March 2016. Archived from
3929:
3862:
3323:
3174:
1656:
used this clarinet, and the American clarinet soloist
1246:. The vast majority of wooden clarinets are made from
1163:
that improve intonation and sound. Undercutting means
5533:
Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Bass clarinet".
5496:
Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Alto clarinet".
5368:
5366:
5162:
4921:
4883:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4140:
3953:
3831:
3810:
3586:
3584:
3429:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3125:
1577:), the clarinet was a fixed member in the orchestra.
874:
has a characteristically deep, mellow sound, and the
755:
may have entered the English language via the French
5474:
5390:
5147:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4007:
3189:
2362:
album. A clarinet is prominently featured in what a
1562:
for this instrument, with passages ranging down to C
1213:
intervals. There have also been efforts to create a
6236:. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. Kahn & Averill.
6197:
Jazz in New Orleans: The Postwar Years Through 1970
5514:
4902:
4866:
4849:
4755:
4428:
4275:
4045:
3989:
3515:
3417:
3358:
2037:clarinet parts with two to three players per part.
940:
and some have additional keys to enable a written C
687:of instruments of differing sizes and pitches. The
6142:(Third ed.). W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
6097:
6015:
5992:
5969:
5946:
5923:
5900:
5877:
5854:
5831:
5808:
5785:
5762:
5600:
5363:
4152:
4128:
4057:
3977:
3965:
3728:
3581:
3400:
2538:This was largely replaced by the F and later the E
2031:clarinets; there are commonly three or even four B
1984:employed many different clarinets, including the E
4767:
1394:used on flutes. The other main key system is the
997:register, from the written low E to the written B
691:is the largest woodwind family, ranging from the
6906:
6022:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–198.
5999:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–183.
5976:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–133.
4019:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3536:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2794:(also called Contra-alto or Contralto clarinet)
878:sounds similar to the bass, though not as dark.
803:appears from 1784 until the early 20th century.
4710:"Collaboration with Boehm and Oehler clarinets"
4014:L.) used for the vibrating plate of a clarinet"
3718:"Teaching the clarinet to speak with his voice"
3474:. University of New South Wales. Archived from
799:is found as early as 1733, and the now-archaic
6041:Practical Hints on Playing the B-Flat Clarinet
5953:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–91.
5930:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–74.
5907:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–65.
5884:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–56.
5861:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–42.
5838:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–37.
5815:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–32.
3647:. International Symposium on Music Acoustics.
1560:Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra in A major
1078:Sound wave propagation in the soprano clarinet
1029:, are sometimes treated as a separate register
6638:
6279:
5792:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–15.
4816:"Clarinet sonorities in early Romantic music"
1502:mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore. Lacking a
645:
6076:
5640:
4399:
4219:
3856:
3501:"Open vs closed pipes (flutes vs clarinets)"
3111:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
2841:calls for a contrabass clarinet in A in his
1888:composers continued to write C parts, e.g.,
1858:
1804:by Hyacinthe Klosé and Louis Auguste Buffet.
1442:Two-key clarinet with fingering chart, from
834:bore is the main reason for its distinctive
806:A person who plays the clarinet is called a
6652:
5944:
5535:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
5498:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
5446:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
4945:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4322:
4320:
3466:
3464:
3109:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3059:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press.
1958:clarinet in A that it has remained in use.
6645:
6631:
6286:
6272:
5806:
5725:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 255–289.
5659:
5621:
5532:
5495:
5443:
5384:
5265:"Closeup: Supertramp—Breakfast In America"
4703:
4701:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3352:
3219:
3207:
773:("oboe"), originating from the Latin root
652:
638:
6175:
5875:
5682:
5569:
5330:
4896:
4532:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4069:
3935:
3911:
3868:
3692:
3183:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3050:
2054:Tudor Tulok – Fragment from 'Late Spring'
1522:and, together with the register key, to B
1258:. Historically other woods, particularly
1172:of the enclosed air column and hence the
6118:
5741:
5557:
5408:
5034:Journal of the Royal Musical Association
4813:
4802:
4796:
4727:
4625:
4591:
4579:
4326:
4317:
3947:
3923:
3880:
3834:International Trade in African Blackwood
3819:
3804:
3780:The Clarinet of the Twenty-First Century
3495:
3493:
3317:
3305:
3131:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
2901:Clarinets in A-flat, E-flat and B-flat,
2896:
2381:
2239:
2157:, especially in European classical works
1457:
1449:
1437:
1341:
1329:
1219:
1073:
1044:) to the C two octaves above middle C (C
6137:
6018:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5995:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5972:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5967:
5949:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5926:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5921:
5903:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5880:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5857:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5852:
5834:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5829:
5811:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5788:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5783:
5765:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5685:A Dictionary for the Modern Clarinetist
5423:"Basset clarinet and basset conversion"
5262:
4957:
4915:
4877:
4860:
4698:
4480:
4445:
4443:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4231:
3959:
3521:
3441:
3143:
2991:
2847:, but no such instrument ever existed.
1853:
1612:in collaboration with instrument maker
1486:. The modern clarinet developed from a
6907:
6259:The International Clarinet Association
6057:
5990:
5898:
5603:Woodwind Instruments and Their History
5598:
5581:
5468:
5433:from the original on 23 December 2018.
5342:
5293:
5195:from the original on 30 September 2009
5180:
5086:Journal of Research in Music Education
5083:
5077:
5027:
4995:Journal of Research in Music Education
4992:
4960:Journal of Research in Music Education
4930:
4707:
4393:
4258:
4234:Medical Problems of Performing Artists
4182:
4171:
4165:
4078:Journal of Research in Music Education
4008:Obataya E; Norimoto M. (August 1999).
3734:
3602:
3533:
3435:
3155:
3022:
2280:rose to prominence in the late 1930s.
2173:: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and
2086:period onward, but few works from the
1600:In the late 1830s, German flute maker
1584:clarinetist and master clarinet maker
1224:Fritz SchĂĽller's quarter-tone clarinet
1159:Most modern clarinets have "undercut"
838:, which varies between the three main
6626:
6267:
6194:
6038:
6013:
5720:
5624:Essential Dictionary of Orchestration
5372:
5239:
5183:"John Carter's case for the clarinet"
5168:
4986:
4784:
4677:
4380:
4329:"A three-key clarinet by J.C. Denner"
4051:
3881:Saunders, Scott J. (1 January 1952).
3786:from the original on 11 December 2012
3490:
3388:from the original on 18 November 2016
3364:
3073:
2554:clarinets in his instrumentation for
2532:(Sopranino or piccolo clarinet in D)
2359:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
2252:era into the 1940s. American players
1444:Museum musicum theoreticalo practicum
6607:Category:Clarinetists by nationality
6225:Ancient European Musical Instruments
6156:
6095:
5520:
5483:
5396:
5213:
5156:
5118:
4761:
4503:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4368:
4296:
4287:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4063:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3773:
3715:
3590:
3423:
3411:
3231:
3195:
3160:. Taylor & Francis. p. 74.
3156:Jacobs, Arthur (2017). "clarionet".
3002:(Fifth ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
2398:uses the clarinet, as does Albanian
1474:The clarinet has its roots in early
919:lower than the written note). Some B
4649:
2820:(also called double-bass clarinet)
2494:(Sopranino or piccolo clarinet in E
1624:, McIntyre, the Benade NX, and the
1494:. This instrument was similar to a
1250:(grenadilla), or, more uncommonly,
13:
6215:
5283:from the original on 10 July 2020.
3755:from the original on 14 April 2016
3746:
3740:
3654:from the original on 3 March 2011.
3563:Acta Acustica United with Acustica
2968:International Clarinet Association
2591:clarinets, transposing up a tone.
2417:
2225:bass clarinet, or sometimes four B
2042:
1961:
825:
777:("clear"). The word is related to
676:family, with a nearly cylindrical
109:
14:
6936:
6252:
6100:The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing
4381:Fastl, Christian (21 June 2021).
3057:Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins
2390:Clarinets feature prominently in
2352:included a trio of clarinets in "
2195:Clarinet quartet: usually three B
2025:, which generally have multiple B
886:Clarinets have the largest pitch
787:The earliest mention of the word
5622:Black, Dave; Gerou, Tom (2005).
5591:
5526:
5489:
5437:
5414:
5336:
5287:
5263:Farrell, David (31 March 1979).
5256:
5233:
5207:
5174:
4708:Harrie, Jessica (4 March 2021).
4010:"Acoustic properties of a reed (
2929:, bass clarinet range to low C,
2073:Problems playing this file? See
2058:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1747:
1728:
1716:
1697:
1390:, but it is not the same as the
890:of common woodwinds. Nearly all
822:), or simply a clarinet player.
731:and is used in classical music,
36:
5662:Creating Global Music in Turkey
5420:
5112:
5052:
5021:
4951:
4733:
4720:
4671:
4655:
4631:
4597:
4538:
4497:
4450:Bray, Erin (16 November 2004).
4374:
4252:
4225:
4001:
3874:
3825:
3767:
3709:
3658:
3631:
3596:
3554:
3527:
3503:. University of New South Wales
3370:
3262:
3225:
2331:
1268:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
1228:
1144:use a tapered internal bore to
84:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
18:Single-reed woodwind instrument
6223:Bessaraboff, Nicholas (1941).
5769:. Cambridge University Press.
5297:Yearbook for Traditional Music
5181:Palmer, Robert (5 July 1981).
5061:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
4485:. Northern Illinois University
3716:Blum, David (16 August 1992).
3149:
3051:Cresswell, Julia, ed. (2021).
3044:
3016:
2985:
1:
6138:Rendall, Geoffrey F. (1971).
5702:Ellsworth, Jane, ed. (2021).
4483:"Development of the Clarinet"
3685:10.1080/09298215.2019.1708412
3672:Journal of New Music Research
2992:Pickett, Joseph, ed. (2018).
2973:
1836:
1817:
1798:
1755:
1736:
1705:
1571:
1325:
948:may have keywork to written D
6293:
5687:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5645:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5641:Coppenbarger, Brent (2015).
5214:Bass, Dale (3 August 2018).
5030:"The clarinet and its music"
4387:Austrian Music Encyclopaedia
3382:The Woodwind Fingering Guide
2978:
2004:20th-century classical music
1704:Early Clarinet with 4 keys (
1233:
1069:
759:(the feminine diminutive of
746:
7:
6227:. Harvard University Press.
6161:. Oxford University Press.
6081:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
6077:Pinksterboer, Hugo (2001).
5761:Lawson, Colin, ed. (1995).
5216:"Founding the Family Stone"
4716:. Vol. 48, no. 2.
4259:Corley, Paula (June 2020).
3472:"Acoustics of the clarinet"
3030:Online Etymology Dictionary
2940:
2372:", the title song from the
1304:The clarinet uses a single
925:clarinets go to a written E
10:
6941:
6176:Shahriari, Andrew (2015).
6060:Contemporary Orchestration
5660:DeÄźirmenci, Koray (2013).
4680:"Mirakel klassische Musik"
4547:The Galpin Society Journal
4507:The Galpin Society Journal
4336:The Galpin Society Journal
4186:The Galpin Society Journal
2421:
1647:Around 1860, clarinettist
1433:
1023:tones, from written G to B
672:musical instrument in the
20:
6876:
6855:
6834:
6798:
6712:
6661:
6594:
6536:
6433:
6392:
6301:
5746:. Yale University Press.
5240:Reeks, John (June 2018).
5028:Street, Oscar W. (1915).
4607:. University of Edinburgh
4481:Barrett, Gregory (1999).
4327:Hoeprich, T Eric (1981).
3158:A New Dictionary of Music
2844:Five Pieces for Orchestra
2548:included both the D and E
1859:Use of multiple clarinets
1735:Albert clarinet designed
1274:. The Greenline model by
1201:the tone being produced.
127:
120:
108:
101:
82:
70:
63:
35:
6493:Jupiter Band Instruments
6157:Rice, Albert R. (2009).
6119:Raasakka, Mikko (2010).
5706:. Boydell & Brewer.
5683:Ellsworth, Jane (2015).
5599:Baines, Anthony (1991).
4678:GrĂĽnefeld, Hans Dieter.
3023:Harper, Douglas (2017).
2647:(Soprano clarinet in A)
2575:(Soprano clarinet in C)
2342:Sly and the Family Stone
1990:or D soprano clarinets,
1606:ring and axle key system
1554:, which resulted in the
1470:since 1789 and a replica
881:
711:German instrument maker
21:Not to be confused with
6463:Johann Christoph Denner
6448:Backun Musical Services
6195:Suhor, Charles (2001).
5742:Hoeprich, Eric (2008).
5121:Music Educators Journal
4311:10.1093/earlyj/14.4.545
4246:10.21091/mppa.2001.3018
3883:"Music-making plastics"
3605:Music Educators Journal
3235:Music Educators Journal
2958:List of clarinet makers
2408:Bulgarian wedding music
2235:
1516:Johann Christoph Denner
1476:single-reed instruments
1299:
713:Johann Christoph Denner
56:Oehler fingering system
6925:Orchestral instruments
6513:Schwenk & Seggelke
6058:Miller, R. J. (2015).
6039:Lowry, Robert (1985).
4452:"The clarinet history"
3807:, pp. 4, 65, 293.
3774:Richards, E. Michael.
3749:"The clarinet history"
3220:Black & Gerou 2005
3208:Black & Gerou 2005
2937:
2860:Subcontrabass clarinet
2612:(Soprano clarinet in B
2456:(Piccolo clarinet in A
2387:
2377:album of the same name
2245:
2219:alto clarinet, and a B
2047:
1929:Op. 46, No. 1 (1878),
1850:
1490:instrument called the
1471:
1455:
1447:
1347:
1339:
1334:The construction of a
1308:made from the cane of
1225:
1079:
812:North American English
114:
6574:Clarinet-violin-piano
6369:Quarter tone clarinet
6232:Brymer, Jack (1976).
6043:. Alfred Publishing.
5427:Stephen Fox Clarinets
4814:Longyear, RM (1983).
4658:"MĂĽhlfeld's Clarinet"
4125:, pp. 21, 54–59.
2900:
2385:
2243:
2046:
1690:
1461:
1453:
1441:
1386:after flute designer
1345:
1333:
1223:
1215:quarter tone clarinet
1077:
968:generally go to low C
683:Clarinets comprise a
113:
6679:Heckelphone-clarinet
6584:Clarinet-cello-piano
6579:Clarinet-viola-piano
6359:Contrabass clarinets
6354:Contra-alto clarinet
6096:Pino, David (1998).
5046:10.1093/jrma/42.1.89
2953:List of clarinetists
2931:contra alto clarinet
2370:Breakfast in America
2304:(on bass clarinet),
2163:: a clarinet plus a
1854:Usage and repertoire
1614:Louis Auguste Buffet
1170:resonant frequencies
946:contrabass clarinets
915:soprano clarinet, a
743:, and other styles.
142:Heckelphone-clarinet
6483:Leitner & Kraus
6468:Benedikt Eppelsheim
6199:. Scarecrow Press.
6178:Popular World Music
6123:. Fennica Gehrman.
5537:(Second ed.).
5500:(Second ed.).
5448:(Second ed.).
4605:"The Simple System"
4456:The Clarinet Family
4371:, pp. 198–199.
4113:, pp. 153–156.
3950:, pp. 293–294.
3893:(1): 22–23, 48–51.
3478:on 19 February 2011
3146:, pp. 1–2, 69.
2935:contrabass clarinet
2818:Contrabass clarinet
2792:contrabass clarinet
2354:When I'm Sixty-Four
2340:played clarinet on
2000:contrabass clarinet
1935:Symphony No. 4
1754:Baermann clarinet,
1626:Reform Boehm system
1354:is attached to the
795:. The English form
680:and a flared bell.
576:Electronic keyboard
161:Musical instruments
155:Part of a series on
122:Related instruments
65:Woodwind instrument
32:
6775:Reclam de xeremies
6528:Yamaha Corporation
6379:Clarinette d'amour
5345:The World of Music
5220:Kamloops This Week
5188:The New York Times
5063:(Sixth ed.).
4582:, pp. 5, 211.
4462:on 2 February 2003
3722:The New York Times
3575:10.3813/AAA.918322
2938:
2557:The Rite of Spring
2412:Turkish folk music
2388:
2346:Dance to the Music
2246:
2201:sopranos and one B
2117:Clarinet and piano
2092:clarinet concertos
2048:
1911:The Bartered Bride
1472:
1456:
1448:
1348:
1340:
1226:
1080:
305:String instruments
115:
30:
6902:
6901:
6620:
6619:
6549:Clarinet concerto
6523:Herbert Wurlitzer
6488:Howarth of London
6393:Fingering systems
6243:978-0-3560-8414-5
6206:978-1-4616-6002-6
6187:978-1-3173-4538-1
6168:978-0-19-971117-8
6149:978-0-393-02164-6
6130:978-952-5489-09-5
6111:978-0-486-40270-3
6088:978-90-761-9246-8
6079:Tipbook: Clarinet
6069:978-1-3178-0625-7
6050:978-0-7692-2409-1
6029:978-0-521-47668-3
6006:978-0-521-47668-3
5983:978-0-521-47668-3
5960:978-0-521-47668-3
5937:978-0-521-47668-3
5914:978-0-521-47668-3
5891:978-0-521-47668-3
5868:978-0-521-47668-3
5845:978-0-521-47668-3
5822:978-0-521-47668-3
5799:978-0-521-47668-3
5776:978-0-521-47668-3
5753:978-0-300-10282-6
5732:978-1-6482-5017-0
5713:978-1-6482-5017-0
5694:978-0-8108-8648-3
5675:978-0-7391-7546-0
5652:978-1-4758-2077-5
5633:978-1-4574-1299-8
5614:978-0-486268-85-9
5544:978-0-1997-4340-7
5070:978-0-1917-4451-8
4829:(1682): 224–226.
4823:The Musical Times
4408:(1514): 359–362.
4402:The Musical Times
4220:Pinksterboer 2001
4149:, pp. 39–41.
3857:Coppenbarger 2015
3751:. JL Publishing.
3548:10.1121/1.1908803
3279:(1184): 376–378.
3272:The Musical Times
3198:, pp. 26–28.
3167:978-1-351-53488-8
3118:978-0-1997-4340-7
3066:978-0-1988-6875-0
3009:978-1-328-84169-8
2948:clarinet concerti
2895:
2894:
2839:Arnold Schoenberg
2675:Clarinet Concerto
2125:string instrument
2063:
1951:Der Rosenkavalier
1635:was developed by
1566:. By the time of
1252:Honduran rosewood
1248:African blackwood
1207:Richard Stoltzman
1003:above middle C (B
896:piccolo clarinets
662:
661:
240:Brass instruments
150:
149:
6932:
6920:Jazz instruments
6647:
6640:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6564:Clarinet quartet
6559:Clarinet quintet
6478:Heinrich Grenser
6338:
6337:
6327:
6326:
6316:
6315:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6265:
6264:
6247:
6228:
6210:
6191:
6172:
6153:
6134:
6115:
6103:
6092:
6073:
6054:
6033:
6021:
6010:
5998:
5987:
5975:
5964:
5952:
5941:
5929:
5918:
5906:
5895:
5883:
5872:
5860:
5849:
5837:
5826:
5814:
5803:
5791:
5780:
5768:
5757:
5736:
5717:
5698:
5679:
5656:
5637:
5626:. Alfred Music.
5618:
5606:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5269:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4955:
4949:
4946:Rees-Davies 1995
4943:
4934:
4928:
4919:
4913:
4900:
4894:
4881:
4875:
4864:
4858:
4847:
4846:
4820:
4811:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4737:
4731:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4458:. Archived from
4447:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4294:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4180:
4169:
4163:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4032:10.1121/1.427118
4026:(2): 1106–1110.
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3468:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3104:
3071:
3070:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2989:
2928:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2768:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2726:
2725:
2682:
2681:
2631:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2590:
2589:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2428:
2427:
2406:folk music, and
2386:Turkish clarinet
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2161:Clarinet quintet
2148:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2131:Clarinet quartet
2096:clarinet sonatas
2065:
2064:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1988:
1971:
1970:
1883:
1882:
1868:
1867:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1673:
1654:Richard MĂĽhlfeld
1576:
1575: 1780–1820
1573:
1544:Classical period
1527:
1526:
1402:is used by some
1382:by its designer
1092:compression wave
1028:
1027:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
939:
938:
930:
929:
924:
923:
914:
913:
867:
866:
859:
858:
706:soprano clarinet
704:
703:
654:
647:
640:
152:
151:
48:
47:
40:
33:
29:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6877:Southeast Asian
6872:
6851:
6830:
6811:Double clarinet
6794:
6708:
6657:
6651:
6621:
6616:
6590:
6554:Clarinet sonata
6532:
6435:Clarinet makers
6429:
6388:
6374:Basset clarinet
6335:
6334:
6324:
6323:
6313:
6312:
6303:Clarinet family
6297:
6292:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6231:
6222:
6218:
6216:Further reading
6213:
6207:
6188:
6169:
6150:
6131:
6112:
6104:. Dover Books.
6089:
6070:
6051:
6030:
6007:
5984:
5961:
5938:
5915:
5892:
5869:
5846:
5823:
5800:
5777:
5760:
5754:
5733:
5714:
5701:
5695:
5676:
5666:Lexington Books
5653:
5634:
5615:
5607:. Dover Books.
5594:
5589:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5568:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5531:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5442:
5438:
5419:
5415:
5407:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5385:DeÄźirmenci 2013
5383:
5379:
5371:
5364:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:. p. 166.
5267:
5261:
5257:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5148:
5133:10.2307/3386973
5117:
5113:
5098:10.2307/3343790
5082:
5078:
5071:
5057:
5053:
5026:
5022:
5007:10.2307/3343790
4991:
4987:
4972:10.2307/3343885
4956:
4952:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4903:
4895:
4884:
4876:
4867:
4859:
4850:
4818:
4812:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4725:
4721:
4706:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4645:on 9 July 2021.
4637:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4398:
4394:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4331:
4325:
4318:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4257:
4253:
4230:
4226:
4222:, pp. 5–6.
4218:
4214:
4181:
4172:
4164:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4090:10.2307/3344436
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3776:"Single sounds"
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3714:
3710:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3617:10.2307/3391282
3601:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3559:
3555:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3353:Shackleton 1995
3351:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3267:
3263:
3248:10.2307/3389717
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3105:
3074:
3067:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2963:Double clarinet
2943:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2903:basset clarinet
2881:
2880:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2765:
2764:
2753:
2752:
2741:
2740:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2666:Basset clarinet
2660:
2659:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2426:
2424:Clarinet family
2420:
2418:Clarinet family
2334:
2294:Stan HasselgĂĄrd
2238:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
1986:
1985:
1978:Richard Strauss
1974:Igor Stravinsky
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:Classical music
1908:'s overture to
1880:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1844:Fritz Wurlitzer
1839:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1680:Richard Strauss
1667:
1658:Charles Neidich
1633:Albert clarinet
1610:Hyacinthe Klosé
1574:
1565:
1556:basset clarinet
1553:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1464:basset clarinet
1454:Denner clarinet
1436:
1384:Hyacinthe Klosé
1328:
1302:
1278:is made from a
1236:
1231:
1088:
1072:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1025:
1024:
1011:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
979:
975:
971:
962:basset clarinet
959:
955:
951:
943:
936:
935:
933:
927:
926:
921:
920:
911:
910:
907:
884:
864:
863:
856:
855:
830:The clarinet's
828:
826:Characteristics
820:British English
749:
701:
700:
689:clarinet family
658:
629:
628:
619:
611:
610:
561:
551:
550:
521:aka Kettledrums
434:
424:
423:
307:
297:
296:
242:
232:
231:
172:
146:
89:
59:
45:
44:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6938:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6799:Middle Eastern
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6785:Stock-and-horn
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6674:Heckel-clarina
6671:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6650:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6627:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6544:Clarinet choir
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6458:Buffet Crampon
6455:
6453:E. K. Blessing
6450:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6330:
6319:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6254:
6253:External links
6251:
6249:
6248:
6242:
6229:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6192:
6186:
6173:
6167:
6154:
6148:
6135:
6129:
6116:
6110:
6093:
6087:
6074:
6068:
6055:
6049:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6028:
6011:
6005:
5988:
5982:
5965:
5959:
5942:
5936:
5919:
5913:
5896:
5890:
5873:
5867:
5850:
5844:
5827:
5821:
5804:
5798:
5775:
5758:
5752:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5712:
5699:
5693:
5680:
5674:
5657:
5651:
5638:
5632:
5619:
5613:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:, p. 131.
5574:
5570:Ellsworth 2015
5562:
5550:
5543:
5525:
5513:
5506:
5488:
5486:, p. 219.
5473:
5471:, p. 129.
5461:
5454:
5436:
5421:Fox, Stephen.
5413:
5401:
5399:, p. 218.
5389:
5377:
5362:
5335:
5331:Shahriari 2015
5323:
5310:10.2307/768201
5286:
5255:
5232:
5206:
5173:
5171:, p. 150.
5161:
5159:, p. 222.
5146:
5111:
5092:(3): 227–230.
5076:
5069:
5051:
5020:
5001:(3): 227–230.
4985:
4966:(3): 308–328.
4950:
4935:
4933:, p. 385.
4920:
4901:
4897:Tschaikov 1995
4882:
4865:
4848:
4835:10.2307/962035
4801:
4799:, p. 211.
4789:
4766:
4764:, p. 212.
4754:
4732:
4719:
4697:
4670:
4656:Fox, Stephen.
4648:
4630:
4628:, p. 184.
4618:
4596:
4594:, p. 183.
4584:
4572:
4559:10.2307/842396
4537:
4533:Ellsworth 2015
4525:
4520:10.2307/841137
4496:
4473:
4439:
4437:, p. 204.
4427:
4414:10.2307/951470
4392:
4383:"Theodor Lotz"
4373:
4361:
4348:10.2307/841468
4316:
4305:(4): 545–551.
4286:
4274:
4251:
4224:
4212:
4199:10.2307/842134
4170:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4000:
3998:, p. 154.
3988:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3936:Ellsworth 2015
3928:
3926:, p. 368.
3916:
3912:Ellsworth 2015
3904:
3873:
3869:Ellsworth 2015
3861:
3849:
3842:
3824:
3809:
3797:
3766:
3739:
3727:
3708:
3679:(2): 126–135.
3657:
3630:
3611:(6): 113–115.
3595:
3580:
3569:(4): 678–689.
3553:
3542:(6): 806–809.
3526:
3514:
3489:
3440:
3438:, p. 176.
3428:
3426:, p. 200.
3416:
3399:
3369:
3357:
3322:
3320:, p. 279.
3310:
3308:, p. 278.
3298:
3285:10.2307/922164
3261:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3184:Ellsworth 2015
3173:
3166:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3117:
3072:
3065:
3043:
3015:
3008:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2939:
2923:range to low E
2909:range to low E
2893:
2892:
2890:
2877:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2829:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2619:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2579:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2536:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2501:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2463:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2422:Main article:
2419:
2416:
2344:'s 1968 hit, "
2333:
2330:
2306:Perry Robinson
2254:Alphonse Picou
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2207:bass, or two B
2193:
2186:Clarinet choir
2179:
2178:
2168:
2165:string quartet
2158:
2139:clarinets and
2128:
2118:
2109:Many works of
2070:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2039:
1963:
1960:
1942:Symphony No. 6
1926:Slavonic Dance
1902:Symphony No. 2
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1618:Boehm clarinet
1563:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1480:Ancient Greece
1462:Sketch of the
1435:
1432:
1412:Mueller system
1388:Theobald Boehm
1327:
1324:
1301:
1298:
1276:Buffet Crampon
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1014:
1013:
1009:
977:
973:
969:
957:
953:
949:
941:
931:
905:
883:
880:
854:). The A and B
827:
824:
779:Middle English
748:
745:
733:military bands
693:BBâ™ contrabass
660:
659:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
571:Clavicytherium
568:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
538:
532:
527:
522:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
308:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
134:
128:
125:
124:
118:
117:
106:
105:
99:
98:
86:
80:
79:
74:
72:Classification
68:
67:
61:
60:
41:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6937:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:Central Asian
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6648:
6643:
6641:
6636:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:Benny Goodman
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6569:Clarinet trio
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6349:Bass clarinet
6347:
6345:
6344:Alto clarinet
6342:
6340:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:. Routledge.
6179:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:. Routledge.
6061:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5597:
5596:
5592:Cited sources
5583:
5578:
5572:, p. 79.
5571:
5566:
5560:, p. 82.
5559:
5558:Raasakka 2010
5554:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5523:, p. 84.
5522:
5517:
5509:
5507:9780199743407
5503:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5478:
5470:
5465:
5457:
5455:9780199743407
5451:
5447:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5411:, p. 53.
5410:
5409:Raasakka 2010
5405:
5398:
5393:
5387:, p. 76.
5386:
5381:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5333:, p. 89.
5332:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5290:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5072:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5040:(1): 89–115.
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4797:Hoeprich 2008
4793:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4742:
4736:
4729:
4728:Hoeprich 2008
4723:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4702:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4627:
4626:Hoeprich 2008
4622:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4592:Hoeprich 2008
4588:
4581:
4580:Hoeprich 2008
4576:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4535:, p. 68.
4534:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4484:
4477:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4143:
4137:, p. 38.
4136:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4066:, p. 19.
4065:
4060:
4054:, p. 30.
4053:
4048:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3986:, p. 21.
3985:
3980:
3974:, p. 10.
3973:
3968:
3962:, p. 74.
3961:
3956:
3949:
3948:Hoeprich 2008
3944:
3937:
3932:
3925:
3924:Hoeprich 2008
3920:
3914:, p. 94.
3913:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3887:Music Journal
3884:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3859:, p. 20.
3858:
3853:
3845:
3843:1-903703-05-0
3839:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3820:Hoeprich 2008
3816:
3814:
3806:
3805:Hoeprich 2008
3801:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3747:Zakian, Lee.
3743:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3650:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3593:, p. 24.
3592:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3414:, p. 29.
3413:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3367:, p. 29.
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:Hoeprich 2008
3314:
3307:
3306:Hoeprich 2008
3302:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3222:, p. 50.
3221:
3216:
3210:, p. 66.
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3186:, p. 28.
3185:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3134:, p. 21.
3133:
3132:Hoeprich 2008
3128:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2921:bass clarinet
2918:
2908:
2907:alto clarinet
2904:
2899:
2891:
2888:
2878:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2796:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2747:Bass clarinet
2745:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2717:Alto clarinet
2715:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2356:" from their
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:Jerry Martini
2329:
2327:
2326:Ken Peplowski
2323:
2322:Marty Ehrlich
2319:
2315:
2314:Eddie Daniels
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:Jimmy Giuffre
2295:
2290:
2289:Pete Fountain
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:Benny Goodman
2271:
2270:Sidney Bechet
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Larry Shields
2255:
2251:
2244:Pete Fountain
2242:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:alto clarinet
2142:
2141:bass clarinet
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:Clarinet trio
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:chamber music
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2055:
2038:
2024:
2023:concert bands
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:bass clarinet
1993:
1983:
1982:Gustav Mahler
1979:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:Symphony in C
1891:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1845:
1831:
1826:
1812:
1807:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1750:
1745:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:Oehler system
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1649:Carl Baermann
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:Eugène Albert
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Theobald Böhm
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:Baltic-German
1578:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:, as used by
1545:
1541:
1536:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1498:, but with a
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:Ancient Egypt
1481:
1477:
1469:
1468:Anton Stadler
1465:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Albert system
1397:
1396:Oehler system
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:, metal, and
1241:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1019:The bridging
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
996:
995:
990:
989:
988:
986:
981:
967:
963:
947:
918:
908:
901:
897:
893:
889:
879:
877:
876:alto clarinet
873:
872:bass clarinet
869:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
635:
633:
632:
625:
622:
621:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
555:
554:
547:
544:
542:
539:
536:
535:Tubular bells
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
433:
428:
427:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
349:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
312:
306:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:Baritone horn
245:
244:
241:
236:
235:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Contrabassoon
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
154:
153:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
119:
112:
107:
104:
103:Playing range
100:
96:
93:
92:Single-reeded
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
39:
34:
28:
24:
16:
6755:Mock trumpet
6668:
6612:Mezz Mezzrow
6595:Clarinetists
6410:Reform Boehm
6294:
6233:
6224:
6196:
6177:
6158:
6139:
6120:
6099:
6078:
6059:
6040:
6017:
5994:
5971:
5948:
5925:
5902:
5879:
5856:
5833:
5810:
5787:
5764:
5744:The Clarinet
5743:
5723:The Clarinet
5722:
5704:The Clarinet
5703:
5684:
5661:
5642:
5623:
5602:
5577:
5565:
5553:
5534:
5528:
5516:
5497:
5491:
5464:
5445:
5439:
5426:
5416:
5404:
5392:
5380:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5326:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5271:
5258:
5249:
5246:The Clarinet
5245:
5235:
5223:. Retrieved
5219:
5209:
5197:. Retrieved
5186:
5176:
5164:
5127:(1): 27–28.
5124:
5120:
5114:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5060:
5054:
5037:
5033:
5023:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4916:Harris 1995a
4878:Lawson 1995b
4861:Lawson 1995c
4826:
4822:
4792:
4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4735:
4722:
4714:The Clarinet
4713:
4688:. Retrieved
4683:
4673:
4661:. Retrieved
4651:
4643:the original
4633:
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4599:
4587:
4575:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4528:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4460:the original
4455:
4430:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4376:
4364:
4339:
4335:
4302:
4298:
4282:Lawson 1995a
4277:
4268:
4265:The Clarinet
4264:
4254:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4215:
4190:
4184:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4084:(1): 45–58.
4081:
4077:
4071:
4059:
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4023:
4017:
4012:Arundo donax
4011:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3960:Harris 1995a
3955:
3943:
3938:, p. 7.
3931:
3919:
3907:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3871:, p. 5.
3864:
3852:
3827:
3822:, p. 4.
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3742:
3730:
3721:
3711:
3676:
3670:
3660:
3640:
3633:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3522:Harris 1995b
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3480:. Retrieved
3476:the original
3431:
3419:
3390:. Retrieved
3381:
3372:
3360:
3313:
3301:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3242:(1): 51–53.
3239:
3233:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3157:
3151:
3144:Rendall 1971
3139:
3127:
3108:
3056:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3028:
3018:
2997:
2987:
2842:
2683:also exist.
2555:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2363:
2357:
2335:
2332:Other genres
2282:
2266:Johnny Dodds
2262:Jimmie Noone
2247:
2180:
2171:Wind quintet
2108:
2081:
2072:
2008:
1965:
1956:
1949:
1944:(1906), and
1924:
1915:
1909:
1886:
1862:
1685:
1665:Oskar Oehler
1662:
1646:
1630:
1599:
1579:
1537:
1504:register key
1473:
1428:basset horns
1424:
1416:
1392:Boehm system
1380:Boehm system
1372:
1368:
1349:
1336:Boehm system
1320:
1311:Arundo donax
1309:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1237:
1229:Construction
1199:
1182:
1178:register key
1158:
1138:stopped pipe
1122:
1115:
1081:
1064:
1052:
1037:
1020:
992:
982:
885:
851:
847:
843:
829:
816:clarinettist
815:
807:
805:
800:
796:
793:Jacob Denner
788:
786:
781:
774:
770:
763:
756:
752:
750:
729:concert band
717:register key
710:
682:
665:
663:
464:Glockenspiel
347:
346:
309:
196:
88:422.211.2–71
27:
15:
6889:Sarune Etek
6856:South Asian
6847:Dili tuiduk
6656:instruments
6654:Single reed
6508:Adolphe Sax
6503:Iwan MĂĽller
6473:Stephen Fox
6443:Amati-Denak
6384:Basset horn
5582:Baines 1991
5469:Baines 1991
5351:(1): 7–32.
4931:Miller 2015
4730:, p. 5
4686:(in German)
4553:: 113–142.
4299:Early Music
4166:Dobrée 1995
3735:Heaton 1995
3436:Miller 2015
3392:19 November
2917:basset horn
2771:Eric Dolphy
2761:Adolphe Sax
2732:Iwan MĂĽller
2696:Basset horn
2442:(sounding)
2350:The Beatles
2310:John Carter
2302:Eric Dolphy
2155:basset horn
2149:clarinets,
2015:clarinet, B
1992:basset horn
1914:(1866) and
1898:Tchaikovsky
1840: 1949
1821: 1870
1802: 1843
1759: 1870
1740: 1850
1709: 1760
1668: [
1641:Adolphe Sax
1604:invented a
1586:Iwan MĂĽller
1500:single-reed
1290:Mouthpieces
1129:cylindrical
1099:rarefaction
1036:The middle
966:basset horn
832:cylindrical
808:clarinetist
766:), or from
670:single-reed
586:Harpsichord
364:Bass guitar
332:Hurdy-gurdy
322:Double bass
267:French horn
192:Cor anglais
77:Single-reed
50:clarinets (
6909:Categories
6339:) clarinet
6333:Soprano (B
5373:Starr 2021
5225:24 October
5169:Suhor 2001
4785:Brown 1995
4747:8 December
4726:Quoted in
4240:(3): 102.
4052:Lowry 1985
3899:1290821116
3507:24 October
3365:Lowry 1985
3053:"clarinet"
3036:24 October
3025:"clarinet"
2994:"clarinet"
2974:References
2645:A clarinet
2573:C clarinet
2546:Stravinsky
2530:D clarinet
2437:Commentary
2402:and Greek
2374:Supertramp
2278:Artie Shaw
2090:era. Many
2075:media help
1874:, flutes,
1595:thumb rest
1420:thumb rest
1376:tone holes
1364:embouchure
1356:mouthpiece
1326:Components
1211:microtonal
1165:chamfering
1161:tone holes
917:whole tone
789:clarinette
761:Old French
757:clarinette
697:Eâ™ soprano
566:Clavichord
541:Vibraphone
537:aka Chimes
509:Snare drum
479:Lithophone
432:Percussion
277:Tenor horn
272:Mellophone
262:Flugelhorn
207:Nadaswaram
97:with keys)
6915:Clarinets
6750:Launeddas
6730:Chalumeau
6689:Saxophone
6364:Saxonette
5521:Rice 2009
5484:Pino 1998
5397:Pino 1998
5304:: 34–41.
5273:Billboard
5157:Pino 1998
4762:Pino 1998
4690:6 January
4663:5 January
4611:8 January
4514:: 16–41.
4489:2 January
4466:5 January
4435:Pino 1998
4369:Pino 1998
4342:: 21–32.
4193:: 68–76.
4147:Pino 1998
4135:Pino 1998
4123:Pino 1998
4111:Pino 1998
4064:Pino 1998
3996:Pino 1998
3984:Pino 1998
3972:Pino 1998
3790:9 October
3591:Pino 1998
3482:27 August
3424:Pino 1998
3412:Pino 1998
3196:Pino 1998
2979:Citations
2889:in 1939.
2365:Billboard
2318:Don Byron
2285:Dixieland
2133:: three B
2084:Classical
1998:, and/or
1568:Beethoven
1492:chalumeau
1294:Ligatures
1280:composite
1234:Materials
1142:Recorders
1133:hourglass
1118:harmonics
1070:Acoustics
1054:altissimo
1051:The high
994:chalumeau
985:registers
852:altissimo
844:chalumeau
840:registers
801:clarionet
768:Provençal
751:The word
747:Etymology
725:orchestra
721:chalumeau
606:Virginals
581:Harmonium
559:Keyboards
546:Xylophone
530:Tubaphone
499:Mridangam
489:MarĂmbula
439:Bass drum
257:Euphonium
222:Saxophone
170:Woodwinds
132:Chalumeau
95:aerophone
6790:Zhaleika
6745:Hornpipe
6740:Ganurags
6713:European
6694:Tárogató
6669:Clarinet
6336:♭
6328:clarinet
6325:♭
6317:clarinet
6314:♭
6295:Clarinet
6234:Clarinet
5431:Archived
5357:41699070
5278:Archived
5193:Archived
4743:. Yamaha
3895:ProQuest
3784:Archived
3753:Archived
3703:32256677
3649:Archived
3386:Archived
2946:List of
2941:See also
2926:♭
2912:♭
2882:♭
2874:♭
2868:♭
2834:♭
2826:♭
2800:♭
2789:♭
2766:♭
2754:♭
2724:♭
2680:♭
2629:♭
2615:♭
2610:clarinet
2607:♭
2588:♭
2551:♭
2541:♭
2514:♭
2506:♭
2497:♭
2492:clarinet
2489:♭
2468:♭
2459:♭
2454:clarinet
2451:♭
2404:kompania
2250:big band
2231:sopranos
2228:♭
2222:♭
2216:♭
2210:♭
2204:♭
2198:♭
2146:♭
2136:♭
2034:♭
2028:♭
2018:♭
2012:♭
1987:♭
1969:♭
1954:(1911).
1939:Mahler's
1937:(1885),
1922:Dvořák's
1920:(1874),
1917:Má Vlast
1904:(1872),
1896:(1855),
1881:♭
1876:bassoons
1866:♭
1593:and the
1591:ligature
1525:♭
1496:recorder
1478:used in
1466:used by
1360:ligature
1338:clarinet
1316:ligature
1256:cocobolo
1186:overblow
1146:overblow
1026:♭
1006:♭
1000:♭
991:The low
937:♭
928:♭
922:♭
912:♭
868:clarinet
865:♭
857:♭
797:clarinet
753:clarinet
702:♭
674:woodwind
666:clarinet
525:Triangle
514:Steelpan
474:Handbell
449:Carillon
394:Shamisen
384:Mandolin
282:Trombone
197:Clarinet
177:Bagpipes
137:Tárogató
46:♭
31:Clarinet
23:Clavinet
6884:Pey pok
6816:Dozaleh
6760:Pibgorn
6735:Diplica
6725:BirbynÄ—
6704:Xaphoon
6684:Octavin
6537:Related
6498:Leblanc
5199:1 April
5141:3386973
5106:3343790
5015:3343790
4980:3343885
4098:3344436
3694:7077444
3625:3391282
3256:3389717
2887:Leblanc
2392:klezmer
2143:; two B
2088:Baroque
1946:Strauss
1906:Smetana
1488:Baroque
1434:History
1408:klezmer
1358:by the
1260:boxwood
1240:Ebonite
1203:Vibrato
1154:twelfth
1148:at the
1038:clarion
980:exist.
900:keywork
892:soprano
848:clarion
782:clarion
737:klezmer
719:to the
699:. The B
695:to the
519:Timpani
484:Marimba
459:Cymbals
454:Celesta
409:Ukulele
404:Tambura
369:Guzheng
348:Plucked
287:Trumpet
217:Piccolo
182:Bassoon
6894:Toleat
6842:BĂĽlban
6821:Mijwiz
6806:Arghul
6765:Pilili
6720:Alboka
6699:Venova
6662:Modern
6518:Selmer
6425:Oehler
6420:MĂĽller
6415:Mazzeo
6400:Albert
6240:
6203:
6184:
6165:
6146:
6127:
6108:
6085:
6066:
6047:
6026:
6003:
5980:
5957:
5934:
5911:
5888:
5865:
5842:
5819:
5796:
5773:
5750:
5729:
5710:
5691:
5672:
5649:
5630:
5611:
5541:
5504:
5452:
5355:
5318:768201
5316:
5139:
5104:
5067:
5013:
4978:
4843:962035
4841:
4567:842396
4565:
4422:951470
4420:
4356:841468
4354:
4207:842134
4205:
4096:
4037:12 May
3897:
3840:
3759:2 July
3701:
3691:
3623:
3293:922164
3291:
3254:
3164:
3115:
3063:
3006:
2905:in A,
2871:or BBB
2831:The BB
2583:Mozart
2308:, and
2268:, and
2213:, an E
2100:Mozart
1980:, and
1931:Brahms
1622:Mazzeo
1548:Mozart
1540:tuning
1446:, 1732
1272:Selmer
1195:fourth
1150:octave
1021:throat
960:; the
956:, or B
909:on a B
850:, and
836:timbre
775:clarus
771:clarin
764:clarin
685:family
624:Ghatam
618:Others
601:Spinet
419:Zither
359:Guitar
342:Violin
252:Cornet
227:Tharai
6868:Pungi
6826:Sipsi
6780:Sipsi
6405:Boehm
5353:JSTOR
5314:JSTOR
5281:(PDF)
5268:(PDF)
5137:JSTOR
5102:JSTOR
5011:JSTOR
4976:JSTOR
4839:JSTOR
4819:(PDF)
4684:Sonic
4563:JSTOR
4418:JSTOR
4352:JSTOR
4332:(PDF)
4203:JSTOR
4094:JSTOR
3652:(PDF)
3645:(PDF)
3621:JSTOR
3289:JSTOR
3252:JSTOR
2626:The B
2511:The E
2440:Range
2410:. In
2396:choro
2190:choir
2104:Weber
2009:The E
1890:Bizet
1872:oboes
1672:]
1264:ebony
1244:ivory
1191:sixth
1174:pitch
898:have
888:range
882:Range
842:(the
814:), a
668:is a
596:Piano
591:Organ
504:Parai
494:Melam
399:Sitar
354:Banjo
337:Viola
327:Huqin
317:Cello
311:Bowed
202:Flute
52:Boehm
6863:Pepa
6238:ISBN
6201:ISBN
6182:ISBN
6163:ISBN
6144:ISBN
6125:ISBN
6106:ISBN
6083:ISBN
6064:ISBN
6045:ISBN
6024:ISBN
6001:ISBN
5978:ISBN
5955:ISBN
5932:ISBN
5909:ISBN
5886:ISBN
5863:ISBN
5840:ISBN
5817:ISBN
5794:ISBN
5771:ISBN
5748:ISBN
5727:ISBN
5708:ISBN
5689:ISBN
5670:ISBN
5647:ISBN
5628:ISBN
5609:ISBN
5539:ISBN
5502:ISBN
5450:ISBN
5252:(3).
5227:2022
5201:2010
5065:ISBN
4749:2022
4692:2023
4665:2023
4613:2023
4491:2023
4468:2023
4271:(3).
4039:2015
3838:ISBN
3792:2012
3761:2009
3699:PMID
3509:2022
3484:2021
3394:2016
3162:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3038:2022
3004:ISBN
2933:and
2431:Name
2400:saze
2276:and
2236:Jazz
2175:horn
2102:and
2094:and
1842:by
1631:The
1510:to G
1482:and
1404:jazz
1352:reed
1350:The
1306:reed
1300:Reed
1262:and
1193:and
1125:bore
1123:The
964:and
894:and
818:(in
810:(in
741:jazz
727:and
678:bore
664:The
469:Gong
444:Bell
414:Yazh
389:Harp
379:Lyre
374:Koto
292:Tuba
212:Oboe
54:and
6770:Pku
5306:doi
5129:doi
5094:doi
5042:doi
5003:doi
4968:doi
4831:doi
4827:124
4555:doi
4516:doi
4410:doi
4406:110
4344:doi
4307:doi
4242:doi
4195:doi
4086:doi
4028:doi
4024:106
3689:PMC
3681:doi
3613:doi
3571:doi
3544:doi
3281:doi
3244:doi
2865:EEE
2434:Key
2348:".
1900:'s
1892:'s
1254:or
1127:is
952:, C
6911::
5668:.
5664:.
5476:^
5429:.
5425:.
5365:^
5349:38
5347:.
5312:.
5302:16
5300:.
5270:.
5250:45
5248:.
5244:.
5218:.
5191:.
5185:.
5149:^
5135:.
5125:35
5123:.
5100:.
5090:12
5088:.
5038:42
5036:.
5032:.
5009:.
4999:12
4997:.
4974:.
4964:20
4962:.
4938:^
4923:^
4904:^
4885:^
4868:^
4851:^
4837:.
4825:.
4821:.
4804:^
4769:^
4712:.
4700:^
4682:.
4561:.
4551:49
4549:.
4512:37
4510:.
4454:.
4442:^
4416:.
4404:.
4385:.
4350:.
4340:34
4338:.
4334:.
4319:^
4303:14
4301:.
4289:^
4269:47
4267:.
4263:.
4238:16
4236:.
4201:.
4191:39
4189:.
4173:^
4154:^
4092:.
4082:16
4080:.
4022:.
4016:.
3891:10
3889:.
3885:.
3812:^
3782:.
3778:.
3720:.
3697:.
3687:.
3677:49
3675:.
3669:.
3619:.
3609:54
3607:.
3583:^
3567:96
3565:.
3540:33
3538:.
3492:^
3443:^
3402:^
3384:.
3380:.
3325:^
3287:.
3277:82
3275:.
3250:.
3240:48
3238:.
3176:^
3075:^
3055:.
3027:.
2996:.
2919:,
2915:,
2823:BB
2797:EE
2700:F
2670:A
2650:A
2622:Bâ™
2618:)
2578:C
2560:.
2535:D
2500:)
2462:)
2379:.
2324:,
2320:,
2316:,
2300:,
2296:,
2264:,
2260:,
2256:,
2106:.
2006:.
1994:,
1976:,
1948:'
1933:'
1837:c.
1818:c.
1799:c.
1756:c.
1737:c.
1711:).
1706:c.
1670:de
1572:c.
1535:.
1414:.
1406:,
1217:.
1156:.
1140:.
1048:))
987::
846:,
739:,
735:,
6646:e
6639:t
6632:v
6322:E
6311:A
6287:e
6280:t
6273:v
6246:.
6209:.
6190:.
6171:.
6152:.
6133:.
6114:.
6091:.
6072:.
6053:.
6032:.
6009:.
5986:.
5963:.
5940:.
5917:.
5894:.
5871:.
5848:.
5825:.
5802:.
5779:.
5756:.
5735:.
5716:.
5697:.
5678:.
5655:.
5636:.
5617:.
5547:.
5510:.
5458:.
5375:.
5359:.
5320:.
5308::
5229:.
5203:.
5143:.
5131::
5108:.
5096::
5073:.
5048:.
5044::
5017:.
5005::
4982:.
4970::
4948:.
4918:.
4899:.
4880:.
4863:.
4845:.
4833::
4787:.
4751:.
4694:.
4667:.
4615:.
4569:.
4557::
4522:.
4518::
4493:.
4470:.
4424:.
4412::
4389:.
4358:.
4346::
4313:.
4309::
4284:.
4248:.
4244::
4209:.
4197::
4168:.
4100:.
4088::
4041:.
4030::
3901:.
3846:.
3794:.
3763:.
3737:.
3724:.
3705:.
3683::
3627:.
3615::
3577:.
3573::
3550:.
3546::
3524:.
3511:.
3486:.
3396:.
3355:.
3295:.
3283::
3258:.
3246::
3170:.
3121:.
3069:.
3040:.
3012:.
2786:E
2751:B
2721:E
2604:B
2503:E
2486:E
2465:A
2448:A
2192:.
2177:.
2127:)
2077:.
1846:.
1823:.
1570:(
1564:3
1552:3
1533:3
1529:4
1520:4
1512:4
1508:3
1061:)
1059:6
1046:6
1042:4
1010:4
978:7
974:6
970:3
958:2
954:3
950:3
942:3
932:3
906:3
904:D
862:E
653:e
646:t
639:v
90:(
58:)
43:B
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
