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1721:(笛子), or Chinese flute, with different sizes, structures (with or without a resonance membrane) and number of holes (from 6 to 11) and intonations (different keys). Most are made of bamboo, but can come in wood, jade, bone, and iron. One peculiar feature of the Chinese flute is the use of a resonance membrane mounted on one of the holes that vibrates with the air column inside the tube. This membrane is called a
1612:
1219:
1095:". The former Hebrew term is believed by some to refer to a wind instrument, or wind instruments in general, the latter to a stringed instrument, or stringed instruments in general. As such, Jubal is regarded in the Judeo-Christian tradition as the inventor of the flute (a word used in some translations of this biblical passage). In other sections of the Bible (1
1902:
1893:) is a relatively small, end-blown flute with a nasal tone quality found in the Caucasus region of Eastern Armenia. It is made of wood or cane, usually with seven finger holes and one thumb hole, producing a diatonic scale. One Armenian musicologist believes the sring to be the most characteristic of national Armenian instruments.
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3914:
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and a short distance from the oldest known human carving. On announcing the discovery, scientists suggested that the "finds demonstrate the presence of a well-established musical tradition at the time when modern humans colonized Europe". Scientists have also suggested that this flute's discovery may
1658:
of
Southern India. Presently, the eight-holed flute with cross-fingering technique is common among many Carnatic flutists. Prior to this, the South Indian flute had only seven finger holes, with the fingering standard developed by Sharaba Shastri, of the Palladam school, at the beginning of the 20th
1173:
Head joint geometry appears particularly critical to acoustic performance and tone, but there is no clear consensus among manufacturers on a particular shape. Acoustic impedance of the embouchure hole appears the most critical parameter. Critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include:
1181:
A study in which professional flutists were blindfolded could find no significant differences between flutes made from a variety of metals. In two different sets of blind listening, no flute was correctly identified in a first listening, and in a second, only the silver flute was identified. The
2865:
Scientists say they've found what they consider to be the earliest handcrafted musical instrument in a cave in southwest
Germany, less than a yard away from the oldest-known carving of a human. The flute fragments as well as the ivory figurine of a 'prehistoric Venus' date back more than 35,000
1240:
In its most basic form, a flute is an open tube which is blown into. After focused study and training, players use controlled air-direction to create an airstream in which the air is aimed downward into the tone hole of the flute's headjoint. There are several broad classes of flutes. With most
679:
According to historian
Alexander Buchner, there were flutes in Europe in prehistoric times, but they disappeared from the continent until flutes arrived from Asia by way of "North Africa, Hungary, and Bohemia". The end-blown flute began to be seen in illustration in the 11th century. Transverse
3919:
3929:
1470:, who helped greatly improve the instrument's dynamic range and intonation over its predecessors. With some refinements (and the rare exception of the Kingma system and other custom adapted fingering systems), Western concert flutes typically conform to Boehm's design, known as the
1461:
is positioned near the top, and the flutist blows across it. The flute has circular tone holes larger than the finger holes of its baroque predecessors. The size and placement of tone holes, key mechanism, and fingering system used to produce the notes in the flute's
2241:
Thirty-two tubular horizontal flutes were discovered in Caral ... made with pelican and condor bones could produce seven different sounds ... the discoveries at Caral proved that music was an integral part of the ritual life of the Andean people 5000 years
2866:
years, the researchers report ... the real prize is a nearly complete flute hollowed out from the bone of a griffon vulture ... found in the Hohle Fels cave, just 28 inches (70 centimeters) away from the spot where the prehistoric Venus ... was found
601:. While the oldest flutes currently known were found in Europe, Asia also has a long history with the instrument. A playable bone flute discovered in China is dated to about 9,000 years ago. The Americas also had an ancient flute culture, with instruments found in
1923:
2170:
Higham, Thomas; Basell, Laura; Jacobi, Roger; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Conard, Nicholas J. (2012). "Τesting models for the beginnings of the
Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle".
1474:. Beginner's flutes are made of nickel, silver, or brass that is silver-plated, while professionals use solid silver, gold, and sometimes even platinum flutes. There are also modern wooden-bodied flutes usually with silver or gold keywork. The wood is usually
651:
called the cross flute (Sanskrit: vāṃśī) "the outstanding wind instrument of ancient India", and said that religious artwork depicting "celestial music" instruments was linked to music with an "aristocratic character". The Indian bamboo cross flute,
3542:
Paper authored by
Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan unveiling the fundamental principles governing Indian classical music by research on Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra at the National Symposium on Acoustics (1998), ITC Sangeet Research Academy, Calcutta,
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are closed-ended. Open-ended flutes such as the concert flute and the recorder have more harmonics, and thus more flexibility for the player, and brighter timbres. An organ pipe may be either open or closed, depending on the sound desired.
1174:
the length of the chimney (the hole between the lip-plate and the head tube), chimney diameter, and radii or curvature of the ends of the chimney and any designed restriction in the "throat" of the instrument, such as that in the
Japanese
1863:, located in the Indian Ocean off southeastern Africa. One of the oldest instruments on the island, it bears close resemblance to end-blown flutes found in Southeast Asia and particularly Indonesia, where it is known as the
1869:, suggesting the predecessor to the sodina was carried to Madagascar in outrigger canoes by the island's original settlers emigrating from Borneo. An image of the most celebrated contemporary sodina flutist,
1340:. The player of a side-blown flute uses a hole on the side of the tube to produce a tone, instead of blowing on an end of the tube. End-blown flutes should not be confused with fipple flutes such as the
1423:
Usually in D, wooden transverse flutes were played in
European classical music mainly in the period from the early 18th century to the early 19th century. As such, the instrument is often indicated as
3080:
Judith Cohen, "Review of 'Music in
Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources', by Joachim Braun". Min-Ad: Israel Studies in Musicology Online. Vol. 3. (2004).
1283:. The fipple gives the instrument a distinct timbre which is different from non-fipple flutes and makes the instrument easier to play, but takes a degree of control away from the musician.
640:, often of bamboo) in the 12th–11th centuries BC, followed by the chi (or ch'ih) in the 9th century BC and the yüeh in the 8th century BC. Of these, the bamboo chi is the oldest documented
1957:. Diaphragmatic breathing optimizes inhalation, minimizing the number of breaths. Circular breathing brings air in through the nose and out through the mouth, enabling a continuous sound.
1941:
is played. It is skillfully carved from wood/bamboo or metal and is played by blowing air into one end while covering and uncovering holes along the body to create different notes.
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along with 29 similar specimens. They were made from the wing bones of red-crowned cranes and each has five to eight holes. The earliest extant
Chinese transverse flute is a
914:
and dated to about 43,000 years ago. It may be the oldest flute discovered, but this has been disputed. In 2008, a flute dated to at least 35,000 years ago was discovered in
1690:
1119:
4000–1200 BC) and the Iron Age (1200–586 BC), the latter era "witness the creation of the
Israelite kingdom and its separation into the two kingdoms of Israel and Judea."
1241:
flutes, the musician blows directly across the edge of the mouthpiece, with 1/4 of their bottom lip covering the embouchure hole. However, some flutes, such as the
589:
with hand-bored holes are the earliest known identifiable musical instruments. A number of flutes dating to about 53,000 to 45,000 years ago have been found in the
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542:
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4 Aerophones The air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense ... 421 Edge instruments or flutes a narrow stream of air is directed against an edge
2527:
1427:. Gradually marginalized by the Western concert flute in the 19th century, baroque flutes were again played from the late 20th century as part of the
2215:"Brookhaven Lab Expert Helps Date Flute Thought to be Oldest Playable Musical Instrument, Bone flute found in China at 9,000-year-old Neolithic site"
1142:
A flute produces sound when a stream of air directed across a hole in the instrument creates a vibration of air at the hole. The airstream creates a
3937:
Conard, Nicholas J.; Malina, Maria; Münzel, Susanne C. (August 2009). "New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany".
4291:
1635:
is traditionally considered a master of the bamboo flute. The Indian flutes are very simple compared to the Western counterparts; they are made of
2916:
2756:
Nicholas J. Conard; Maria Malina; Susanne C. Münzel (August 2009). "New Flutes Document the Earliest Musical Tradition in Southwestern Germany".
3711:
Buchanan, Donna A. 2001. "Bulgaria §II: Traditional Music, 2: Characteristics of Pre-Socialist Musical Culture, 1800–1944, (iii): Instruments".
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and were depicted in Greek art about 800 AD. The transverse flute had spread into Europe by way of Germany, and was known as the German flute.
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In a regional dialect of Gujarati, a flute is also called Pavo. Some people can also play pair of flutes (Jodiyo Pavo) simultaneously.
1808:
535:
1768:, 대금, is a large bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a unique timbre.
1379:
may be played one resonator at a time (as is typical with pan pipes) or more than one at a time (as is typical with double flutes).
1182:
study concluded that there was "no evidence that the wall material has any appreciable effect on the sound color or dynamic range".
2739:
2476:
2311:(c. 400 B.C.) says the ch'ih was made of bamboo, its length was 16 inches, one hole opened upwards, and it was blown transversely.
1382:
Flutes can be played with several different air sources. Conventional flutes are blown with the mouth, although some cultures use
620:
has a long history, especially in China and India. Flutes have been discovered in historical records and artworks starting in the
3084:
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Banshi ... \transverse flute ... made from bamboo with six finger holes ... known as Lord Krishna's instrument.
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flutes that are used occasionally, and are pitched a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute, respectively. The
567:, producing sound with a vibrating column of air. Flutes produce sound when the player's air flows across an opening. In the
1700:
developed a methodology to produce perfectly tuned flutes for the ten 'thatas' currently present in Indian Classical Music.
1154:
of the sound produced by opening and closing holes in the body of the instrument, thus changing the effective length of the
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Other sizes of flutes and piccolos are used from time to time. A rarer instrument of the modern pitching system is the G
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or one half step lower when a B foot is attached. This means that the concert flute is one of the highest-pitched common
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There are several means by which flautists breathe to blow air through the instrument and produce sound. They include
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2058:"Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann"
1428:
1055:, an epic poem whose development spanned the period from about 2100–600 BC. A set of cuneiform tablets knows as the "
3671:, edited by Abel Oghlukian. Montreal: Ganatahayots' Aṛajnordarani "K'ristonēakan Usman ew Astuatsabanut'ean Kedron".
1162:. By varying the air pressure, a flutist can also change the pitch by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a
1115:", from the root word for "hollow". Archeological digs in the Holy Land have discovered flutes from the Bronze Age (
4348:
3103:
936:, in August 2009. This was the oldest confirmed musical instrument ever found, until a redating of flutes found in
764:(to blow, inflate) have been called "phonologically impossible" or "inadmissable". The first known use of the word
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19:
This article is about the whole family of instruments. For the flute commonly used in orchestras and bands, see
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3807:. Evanston, Illinois: Summy-Birchard Inc. Revised edition 1973, Princeton, New Jersey and Evanston, Illinois.
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1059:" provide precise tuning instructions for seven scales of a stringed instrument (assumed to be a Babylonian
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A musician who plays any instrument in the flute family can be called a flutist, flautist, or flute player.
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3428:, translated by Dayton C. Miller, with a new introduction by Samuel Baron. New York: Dover Publications.
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Flutes may have any number of pipes or tubes, though one is the most common number. Flutes with multiple
3861:
Maclagan, Susan J. "A Dictionary for the Modern Flutist", 2009, Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press.
3345:
1454:, a descendant of the medieval German flute, is a transverse treble flute that is closed at the top. An
1560:. Instruments made according to an older pitch standard, used principally in wind-band music, include D
1007:
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The complete guide to the flute and piccolo: From acoustics and construction to repair and maintenance
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plays an octave higher than the regular treble flute. Lower members of the flute family include the
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1206:. Silver is less common than silver alloys. Other materials used for flutes include gold, platinum,
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Grakan nshkhark' Komitas Vardapeti beghun grch'ēn: npast mē Komitas Vardapeti srbadasman harts'in
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1950:
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201:
597:, indicating a developed musical tradition from the earliest period of modern human presence in
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1624:
24:
3508:
Abram, David; Guides, Rough; Edwards, Nick; Ford, Mike; Sen, Devdan; Wooldridge, Beth (2004).
987:
bones were excavated a decade earlier from the same cave and dated to about 36,000 years ago.
5076:
4837:
4514:
3999:
16 Feet World's Longest Playble Flute New World Record by DM Office, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh.
2454:, second edition. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
2001:
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2299:"Ancient Chinese Musical Instrument's Depicted On Some Of The Early Monuments In The Museum"
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1646:(बांसुरी), has six finger holes and one embouchure hole, and is used predominantly in the
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dated to c. 2600–2700 BC. Flutes are mentioned in a recently translated tablet of the
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flutes are other rare forms of the flute pitched up to four octaves below middle C.
1194:, bamboo, wood, or other organic materials. They were also made of glass, bone, and
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but have an internal duct to direct the air flow across the edge of the tone hole.
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bamboo with closed ends and has five stops on the flute's side instead of the top.
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1799:, encompasses a large number of musical flutes from Japan, include the end-blown
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have a duct that directs the air onto the edge (an arrangement that is termed a "
1147:
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as Indian literature from 1500 BC has made vague references to the cross flute.
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2011:
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1394:, which are acoustically similar to duct flutes, are blown by bellows or fans.
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3925:
Pair of ivory flutes by Johann Wilhelm Oberlender, mid-18th century, Nuremberg
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used to make it, and it is generally agreed that the best bamboo grows in the
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or Pullanguzhal, has eight finger holes, and is played predominantly in the
1408:
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still shares the two meanings. Attempts to trace the word back to the Latin
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1727:, which is usually a thin tissue paper. It gives the flute a bright sound.
1620:
1557:
1494:
1471:
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1046–256 BC). The oldest written sources reveal the Chinese were using the
621:
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354:
4872:
3426:
The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects
2098:
Wilford, John N. (24 June 2009). "Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music".
1500:
926:. It is a five-holed flute with a V-shaped mouthpiece and was made from a
379:
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4767:
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4451:
4446:
4404:
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4110:
3910:
Walking Stick Flute and Oboe, Georg Henrich Scherer, Butzbach, c. 1750–57
3778:
Loewy, Andrea Kapell. 1990. "Frederick the Great: Flutist and composer".
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Two main varieties of Indian flutes are currently used. The first, the
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Reprinted 1990, London: Kahn & Averill London: Khan & Averill
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help to explain "the probable behavioural and cognitive gulf between"
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Extant Medieval Musical Instruments: A Provisional Catalogue by Types
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1937:. The ọjà (flute) is used during cultural activities or events where
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3984:
Resources on flute acoustics from the University of New South Wales.
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The standard concert flute is pitched in C and has a range of three
975:
tusk and dated to 30,000–37,000 years ago, was found in 2004 in the
5039:
5012:
4867:
4847:
4787:
4740:
4715:
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3646:
Pahlevanian, Alina. (2001). "Armenia §I: Folk Music, 3: Epics", in
3411:
https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/flute/selection/
2959:"The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes"
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2006:
1824:
1804:
1791:
1575:(Keyed a minor 3rd above the standard C flute), F alto flute, and B
1486:
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1163:
1130:, and the cross flute believed by several accounts to originate in
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The quality of the flute's sound depends somewhat on the specific
1126:(shin bones). The flute has also always been an essential part of
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University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
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dates back to at least 1603, the earliest quotation cited by the
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2247:
1750:(簫), which is a different category of wind instrument in China.
1150:(usually cylindrical) within the flute. The flutist changes the
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Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language
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3477:
Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya; Roychaudhuri, Bimalakanta (2000).
2996:
Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China
2957:
Zhang, Juzhong; Xiao, Xinghua; Lee, Yun Kuen (December 2004).
2347:. Katmandu, Nepal: Nepali Folk Instrument Museum. p. 45.
2332:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 158–159, 180.
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4802:
4782:
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1976:
1966:
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1730:
Commonly seen flutes in the modern Chinese orchestra are the
1723:
1628:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1131:
1123:
1019:
1015:
995:
903:
661:
602:
486:
394:
384:
289:
244:
227:
217:
207:
3819:
The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers
3363:
Widholm, G.; Linortner, R.; Kausel, W.; Bertsch, M. (2001).
4852:
4476:
2694:. University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents. Archived from
2308:
1859:
is an end-blown flute found throughout the island state of
1735:
1651:
1594:
1060:
984:
940:
cave revealed them to be older, at 42,000 to 43,000 years.
606:
359:
334:
304:
269:
182:
102:
814:, after being adopted during the 18th century from Italy (
4630:
4133:
2406:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 287–288.
2287:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 178–179.
1313:
1036:, traditionally said to have been compiled and edited by
919:
3903:
A selection of historic flutes from around the world at
3837:
Second Edition 1996, New York: Oxford University Press.
1627:, and developed independently of the Western flute. The
967:
Bone flute made of a goat's tibia, 11th–13th century AD.
756:
has the same linguistic root, and the modern Dutch verb
3849:
Proper Flute Playing: A Companion to the Practice Books
2562:
Oxford English Dictionary (British & World English)
1746:(大笛). The bamboo flute played vertically is called the
994:(literally, "bone flute") was excavated from a tomb in
3507:
2640:
Random House Dictionary and Collins English Dictionary
2169:
1901:
1504:
Grenadilla wood piccolo with a modified wave headjoint
930:
wing bone. The discovery was published in the journal
559:
is a member of a family of musical instruments in the
3476:
2446:
Simpson, J. A. and Weiner, E. S. C. (eds.), "flute,
2056:
von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Sachs, Curt (March 1961).
1929:
is a traditional musical instrument utilized by the
1043:
The earliest written reference to a flute is from a
971:
An 18.7 cm flute with three holes, made from a
943:
The Hohle Fels flute is one of several found in the
879:
Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century
3642:
3640:
3365:"Silver, gold, platinum—and the sound of the flute"
2055:
826:. Other English terms, now virtually obsolete, are
4032:
3936:
3744:. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Macdonald.
3369:Proc. International Symposium on Musical Acoustics
3118:
3082:http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/min-ad04/BraunRev-2.pdf
2993:
2145:
2143:
1198:. Most modern flutes are made of metal, primarily
696:first appeared in the English language during the
1146:or siphon. This excites the air contained in the
5125:
3793:, second edition. : Burkart-Phelan, Inc., 2004.
3637:
3575:
2905:"Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute"
2685:
2442:
2440:
2438:
1190:Historically, flutes were most commonly made of
822:), like many musical terms in England since the
3786:(1712–1786) was a composer and patron of music.
3713:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
3648:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
3388:Encyclopedia of physical science and technology
1789:
1085:as being the "father of all those who play the
668:appeared in reliefs from the 1st century AD at
3897:from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at
3047:
3045:
3025:"The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia"
4342:
4018:
3683:"Top 10 Igbo Traditional Musical Instruments"
3054:"Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia"
2435:
2369:
2367:
2336:
1615:An eight-holed classical Indian bamboo flute.
1290:) flutes, such as the Western concert flute,
1170:without opening or closing any of the holes.
575:. A musician who plays the flute is called a
536:
3891:. Oxford University Press. (by subscription)
3480:The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music
3076:
3074:
2532:Oxford English Dictionary (American English)
2256:"The Development of Flutes in North America"
1351:Flutes may be open at one or both ends. The
687:
3390:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
3160:: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 7.
3051:
3042:
3022:
1286:Another division is between side-blown (or
4349:
4335:
4025:
4011:
3612:
3149:
2470:
2468:
2376:Colour Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments
2364:
768:was in the 14th century. According to the
543:
529:
3119:Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000).
3071:
2974:
2397:
2395:
660:, who is depicted with the instrument in
4921:
3915:Glass flute, Claude Laurent, Paris, 1813
3563:"Jodiyo Pavo by Mubarak Ali Husain 2016"
2415:
2413:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2278:
2276:
2165:
2163:
1900:
1842:
1661:
1610:
1598:
1512:
1499:
1438:
1407:
1217:
962:
31:
4356:
3730:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
3449:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
3099:Strong's Hebrew Concordance, "chalil".
2879:"Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music"
2465:
2373:
2147:"Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music"
2097:
1944:
1666:Cipriano Garcia playing a flute of the
1022:, dating from 433 BC, during the later
906:, with two to four holes, was found at
5126:
4490:
3821:. New York: Charles's Scribners Sons.
3445:
3385:
3261:
2813:
2811:
2737:BBC: 'Oldest musical instrument' found
2392:
2091:
979:cave near Ulm, in the southern German
563:group. Like all woodwinds, flutes are
4330:
4006:
3782:30 (1): 117–125. JSTOR 40374049. The
3681:Simwa, Adrianna (22 September 2017).
3680:
3456:: Taylor & Francis. p. 354.
3312:
3211:
3180:
3101:http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2485.htm
2665:The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
2410:
2401:
2342:
2327:
2316:
2282:
2273:
2160:
1717:In China there are many varieties of
1397:
3930:Flute by Garion, Paris, c. 1720–1740
3615:"Le billet Rakoto Frah vaut de l'or"
3581:
2746:. BBC News. Retrieved on 2013-08-10.
2378:. New York: Hamlyn. pp. 64–65.
2253:
1838:
1517:Center: Piccolo. Right: larger flute
1111:48:36) the flute is referred to as "
3829:Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
3487:: Motilal Banarsidass Publication.
2819:"'Oldest musical instrument' found"
2808:
2144:John Noble Wilford (24 June 2009).
1650:of Northern India. The second, the
1508:
1418:
1122:Some early flutes were made out of
13:
4701:
3920:Porcelain flute, Saxony, 1760–1790
3674:
3222:: Read Country Books. p. 36.
3129:: Popular Prakashan. p. 125.
2404:The History of Musical Instruments
2330:The History of Musical Instruments
2285:The History of Musical Instruments
1466:were evolved from 1832 to 1847 by
990:A playable 9,000-year-old Chinese
609:, dating back 5,000 years and in
571:classification system, flutes are
14:
5150:
3873:
3760:(pbk.) New York: Schirmer Books.
3613:Maminirina, Rado (15 July 2011).
3346:"Acoustic impedance of the flute"
3343:
3264:"Introduction to flute acoustics"
3215:Choreographic Music for the Dance
2913:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2474:
2217:. Brookhaven National Laboratory.
1429:historically informed performance
1063:). One of those scales is named "
3511:The Rough Guide to South India 3
3350:Flute acoustics: an introduction
2919:from the original on 28 May 2009
2254:Goss, Clint (22 November 2019).
1914:
872:
856:
3990:Polish folk musical instruments
3723:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
3704:
3661:
3658:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
3606:
3546:
3536:
3501:
3470:
3439:
3415:
3404:
3386:Meyers, Robert A., ed. (2002).
3379:
3356:
3337:
3306:
3281:
3255:
3236:
3205:
3174:
3153:How to Play Flute & Shehnai
3143:
3112:
3093:
3016:
2987:
2950:
2931:
2897:
2871:
2837:
2749:
2729:
2710:
2679:
2653:
2628:
2598:
2580:
2550:
2520:
2495:
2423:. The Free Dictionary By Farlex
1873:(d. 2001), was featured on the
1782:The Japanese flute, called the
676:from the 2nd–4th centuries AD.
613:dating back about 7,500 years.
3905:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3899:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3191:: Ayer Publishing. p. 7.
2851:. 24 June 2009. Archived from
2735:Ghosh, Pallab. (25 June 2009)
2686:Tenenbaum, David (June 2000).
2291:
2221:
2207:
2049:
1623:is an important instrument in
726:, or possibly from Old French
680:flutes entered Europe through
1:
3582:Shaw, Geo (8 November 1879).
2042:
2022:Recorder (musical instrument)
1764:The Korean flute, called the
1698:Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan
1116:
783:
625:
3715:, second edition, edited by
3650:, second edition, edited by
3252:, UNSW. Retrieved June 2007.
2726:, UCLA. Retrieved June 2007.
2477:"Is it flutist or flautist?"
2345:Musical Instruments of Nepal
2231:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
2229:"Music in the Ancient Andes"
2193:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003
1807:, as well as the transverse
1185:
1137:
7:
3667:Komitas, Vardapet. (1994).
3621:(in French). Archived from
2994:Goodman, Howard L. (2010).
2374:Buchner, Alexander (1980).
1960:
1790:
1771:
834:(17th and 18th centuries).
10:
5155:
3584:"Music among the Malagasy"
3150:Chaturvedi, Mamta (2001).
3122:Students' Britannica India
2343:Kadel, Ram Prasad (2007).
2173:Journal of Human Evolution
2062:The Galpin Society Journal
1775:
1757:
1710:
1706:
1588:
1434:
1401:
1008:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
1006:) flute discovered in the
841:
837:
830:(15th–19th centuries) and
18:
5085:
5030:
4993:
4758:
4567:
4368:
4263:
4210:
4159:
4146:
4121:
4073:
4054:
4045:
3895:Essay on the Jiahu flutes
3371:: 277–280. Archived from
3181:Morse, Constance (1968).
3087:19 September 2020 at the
2976:10.1017/s0003598x00113432
2947:. BBC. 23 September 1999.
2592:Oxford English Dictionary
2452:Oxford English Dictionary
1753:
1584:
898:A fragment of a juvenile
885:Night Revels of Han Xizai
798:Oxford English Dictionary
770:Oxford English Dictionary
688:Etymology and terminology
5093:Chinese folk flute music
3805:The Art of Flute Playing
3726:Crane, Frederick. 1972.
3315:"Anatomy of a Headjoint"
3106:17 February 2013 at the
2722:1 September 2006 at the
1933:, who are indigenous to
1880:
1607:eight-holed bamboo flute
1344:, which are also played
1213:
1040:, mentions chi flutes.
632:(a reed instrument) and
3780:College Music Symposium
3687:Legit.ng – Nigeria news
3446:Arnold, Alison (2000).
2943:15 January 2009 at the
1951:diaphragmatic breathing
1670:culture. Photograph by
1277:"). These are known as
1232:instrument and type of
983:. Two flutes made from
4100:412.2. Non-idiophonic
3313:Spell, Eldred (1983).
3248:13 August 2010 at the
3184:Music and Music-makers
2742:1 October 2010 at the
2140:. Citation on p. 248.
1906:
1896:
1852:
1675:
1625:Indian classical music
1616:
1608:
1518:
1505:
1447:
1415:
1237:
1158:and its corresponding
968:
593:region of present-day
40:
25:Flute (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
4838:Native American flute
3803:Putnik, Edwin. 1970.
3789:Phelan, James, 2004.
3740:Galway, James. 1982.
3619:Express de Madagascar
3522:. pp. 670, 671.
3212:Arvey, Verna (2007).
2002:Native American flute
1904:
1846:
1691:Bharata Natya Shastra
1686:area of South India.
1665:
1614:
1602:
1589:Further information:
1516:
1503:
1452:Western concert flute
1445:Western concert flute
1443:An illustration of a
1442:
1413:Western concert flute
1411:
1404:Western concert flute
1221:
1168:fundamental frequency
1026:. It is fashioned of
966:
842:Further information:
573:edge-blown aerophones
35:
21:Western concert flute
5098:List of compositions
3784:famous Prussian king
3588:The Musical Standard
3333:on 16 November 2007.
3268:UNSW Music Acoustics
3052:Goss, Clint (2012).
3023:Goss, Clint (2012).
2915:. 30 December 2004.
2402:Sachs, Kurt (1940).
2328:Sachs, Kurt (1940).
2283:Sachs, Kurt (1940).
1945:Breathing techniques
1851:player in Madagascar
1107:5:12 and 30:29, and
804:was used in 1860 by
4467:Simple system flute
4095:412.14. Band/ribbon
3959:10.1038/nature08169
3951:2009Natur.460..737C
3889:Oxford Music Online
3851:. London: Novello.
3847:Wye, Trevor. 1988.
3817:Toff, Nancy. 1985.
2845:"Music for cavemen"
2778:10.1038/nature08169
2770:2009Natur.460..737C
2185:2012JHumE..62..664H
2120:10.1038/nature07995
2112:2009Natur.459..248C
949:Venus of Hohle Fels
824:Italian Renaissance
806:Nathaniel Hawthorne
752:. The English verb
664:art. In India, the
467:Electronic keyboard
52:Musical instruments
46:Part of a series on
16:Woodwind instrument
5077:Shepherd's whistle
4169:421.1. Non-fipple
4086:412.12. Percussion
4083:412.11. Concussion
4080:412.1. Idiophonic
3885:Grove Music Online
2938:The bone age flute
2883:The New York Times
2616:on 11 January 2015
2568:on 11 January 2015
2538:on 11 January 2015
2483:on 16 January 2014
2152:The New York Times
1955:circular breathing
1907:
1853:
1676:
1617:
1609:
1519:
1506:
1448:
1416:
1398:Western transverse
1238:
1160:resonant frequency
1071:word for "flute".
969:
958:early modern human
844:Paleolithic flutes
740:Middle High German
587:Paleolithic flutes
196:String instruments
41:
5121:
5120:
5026:
5025:
4989:
4988:
4941:Soprano (descant)
4754:
4753:
4563:
4562:
4550:Double contrabass
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4248:422.3. Free reed
4142:
4141:
4074:412. Interruptive
4055:411. Displacement
3945:(7256): 737–740.
3867:978-0-8108-6711-6
3529:978-1-84353-103-6
3494:978-81-208-1708-1
3463:978-0-8240-4946-1
3397:978-0-12-227410-7
3375:on 13 March 2008.
3229:978-1-4067-5847-4
3198:978-0-8369-0724-7
3167:978-81-288-1476-1
3136:978-0-85229-760-5
3009:978-90-04-18337-7
2698:on 5 January 2001
2688:"Neanderthal jam"
2588:"Fluter (c.1400)"
2354:978-99946-883-0-2
2037:List of flautists
2017:Pipe (instrument)
1839:Sodina and suling
1694:Sarana Chatushtai
1639:and are keyless.
1547:double contrabass
1476:African Blackwood
1053:Epic of Gilgamesh
945:Hohle Fels cavern
848:Prehistoric music
553:
552:
131:Brass instruments
5146:
5139:Jazz instruments
4991:
4990:
4919:
4918:
4699:
4698:
4488:
4487:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4254:422.32. Multiple
4243:422.22. Multiple
4229:422.12. Multiple
4201:421.22. Internal
4198:421.21. External
4157:
4156:
4052:
4051:
4039:Wind instruments
4027:
4020:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3978:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3571:. 24 March 2016.
3550:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3443:
3437:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3329:. Archived from
3319:The Flute Worker
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3116:
3110:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3000:Brill Publishers
2991:
2985:
2984:
2979:. Archived from
2978:
2969:(302): 769–778.
2954:
2948:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2764:(7256): 737–40.
2753:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2612:. Archived from
2602:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2564:. Archived from
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2534:. Archived from
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2479:. Archived from
2475:Smith, Fenwick.
2472:
2463:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2167:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2139:
2106:(7244): 248–52.
2095:
2089:
2088:
2053:
1997:List of flutists
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1798:
1796:
1672:Frances Densmore
1648:Hindustani music
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1509:Concert variants
1419:Wooden one-keyed
1309:end-blown flutes
1166:rather than the
1118:
1049:cuneiform tablet
887:, originally by
876:
860:
788:
785:
779:The Hous of Fame
774:Geoffrey Chaucer
712:, possibly from
656:, was sacred to
642:transverse flute
627:
569:Hornbostel–Sachs
545:
538:
531:
43:
42:
39:and other flutes
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5081:
5022:
4985:
4917:
4750:
4697:
4570:
4559:
4486:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4325:
4316:
4285:423.12. Tubular
4259:
4206:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4117:
4069:
4047:
4041:
4031:
3982:Flute acoustics
3876:
3871:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3662:
3645:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3580:
3576:
3561:
3558:Wayback Machine
3551:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3444:
3440:
3422:Boehm, Theobald
3420:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3384:
3380:
3361:
3357:
3342:
3338:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3250:Wayback Machine
3243:Flute acoustics
3241:
3237:
3230:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3117:
3113:
3108:Wayback Machine
3098:
3094:
3089:Wayback Machine
3079:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3002:. p. 226.
2992:
2988:
2983:on 3 June 2013.
2955:
2951:
2945:Wayback Machine
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2858:
2856:
2855:on 26 June 2009
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2754:
2750:
2744:Wayback Machine
2734:
2730:
2724:Wayback Machine
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:Merriam-Webster
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2473:
2466:
2445:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2372:
2365:
2355:
2341:
2337:
2326:
2317:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2281:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2248:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2168:
2161:
2096:
2092:
2054:
2050:
2045:
1963:
1947:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1883:
1841:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1762:
1756:
1715:
1709:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1511:
1437:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1369:bosun's whistle
1216:
1188:
1148:resonant cavity
1140:
1067:", which is an
977:Geißenklösterle
938:Geißenklösterle
896:
895:
894:
893:
892:
877:
869:
868:
867:playing a flute
861:
850:
840:
811:The Marble Faun
786:
690:
638:end-blown flute
549:
520:
519:
510:
502:
501:
452:
442:
441:
412:aka Kettledrums
325:
315:
314:
198:
188:
187:
133:
123:
122:
63:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5113:Vertical flute
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4981:Sub-contrabass
4978:
4976:Sub-great bass
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
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4790:
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4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
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4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
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4707:
4705:
4696:
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4685:
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4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4649:
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4643:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4400:Five-key flute
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:422.31. Single
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:422.21. Single
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:422.11. Single
4217:
4215:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4166:
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4154:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
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4113:
4107:
4098:
4097:
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4093:
4087:
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4077:
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4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4049:
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4030:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3901:
3892:
3879:Ardal Powell.
3875:
3874:External links
3872:
3870:
3869:
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3815:
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3008:
2986:
2949:
2930:
2896:
2885:. 24 June 2009
2870:
2836:
2825:. 25 June 2009
2807:
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2709:
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2652:
2627:
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2579:
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2157:
2156:
2090:
2074:10.2307/842168
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Pipe and tabor
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1946:
1943:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1879:
1875:local currency
1840:
1837:
1776:Main article:
1773:
1770:
1758:Main article:
1755:
1752:
1713:Chinese flutes
1711:Main article:
1708:
1705:
1674:taken in 1919.
1668:Tohono O'odham
1656:Carnatic music
1586:
1583:
1510:
1507:
1485:starting from
1468:Theobald Boehm
1436:
1433:
1420:
1417:
1402:Main article:
1399:
1396:
1365:police whistle
1312:, such as the
1215:
1212:
1187:
1184:
1139:
1136:
1128:Indian culture
891:(10th century)
883:remake of the
878:
871:
870:
862:
855:
854:
853:
852:
851:
839:
836:
818:, itself from
772:, this was in
698:Middle English
689:
686:
551:
550:
548:
547:
540:
533:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
511:
508:
507:
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500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Clavicytherium
459:
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429:
423:
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64:
59:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Alto (treble)
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Slide whistle
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Hydraulophone
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Anasazi flute
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Subcontrabass
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Flûte d'amour
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4145:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3988:Folk flutes (
3986:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:0-7119-8465-4
3854:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:0-19-510502-8
3840:
3836:
3835:0-7153-8771-5
3832:
3828:
3827:0-684-18241-6
3824:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:0-87487-077-1
3810:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:0-9703753-0-1
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:1-871082-13-7
3771:
3767:
3766:0-02-871380-X
3763:
3759:
3758:0-356-04712-1
3755:
3751:
3750:0-356-04711-3
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:0-87745-022-6
3733:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:Stanley Sadie
3714:
3710:
3709:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3657:
3653:
3652:Stanley Sadie
3649:
3643:
3641:
3625:on 9 May 2013
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3434:0-486-21259-9
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:New Hampshire
3186:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:Flute History
2713:
2697:
2693:
2692:The Why Files
2689:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:0-19-861186-2
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2385:0-600-36421-6
2381:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:(6): 664–76.
2178:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1889:(also called
1888:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
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1596:
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1574:
1573:soprano flute
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:subcontrabass
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1497:instruments.
1496:
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1425:baroque flute
1414:
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1334:Anasazi flute
1331:
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1315:
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1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
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1280:fipple flutes
1276:
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1057:musical texts
1054:
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748:
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741:
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733:
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722:
721:Old Provençal
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
685:
683:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
647:Musicologist
645:
643:
639:
636:(or xiao, an
635:
631:
623:
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426:Tubular bells
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38:
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26:
22:
5018:Willow flute
4646:Nose whistle
4357:
4161:
4122:413. Plosive
4065:Whipcracking
3997:Bamboo Flute
3989:
3942:
3938:
3888:
3884:
3848:
3818:
3804:
3790:
3779:
3741:
3727:
3721:John Tyrrell
3712:
3705:Bibliography
3690:. Retrieved
3686:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3656:John Tyrrell
3647:
3627:. Retrieved
3623:the original
3618:
3608:
3596:. Retrieved
3591:
3587:
3577:
3566:
3554:Ghostarchive
3552:Archived at
3548:
3538:
3520:Rough Guides
3510:
3503:
3479:
3472:
3448:
3441:
3425:
3417:
3406:
3387:
3381:
3373:the original
3368:
3358:
3349:
3344:Wolfe, Joe.
3339:
3331:the original
3318:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3293:HyperPhysics
3292:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:
3262:Wolfe, Joe.
3257:
3238:
3214:
3207:
3183:
3176:
3152:
3145:
3121:
3114:
3095:
3061:. Retrieved
3057:
3032:. Retrieved
3028:
3018:
2995:
2989:
2981:the original
2966:
2962:
2952:
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2908:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2882:
2873:
2864:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:the original
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2822:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2731:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2691:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:the original
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2561:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2531:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:the original
2451:
2447:
2425:. Retrieved
2403:
2375:
2358:
2344:
2338:
2329:
2306:
2293:
2284:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2249:
2240:
2233:. Retrieved
2223:
2209:
2176:
2172:
2151:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2085:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2032:Vessel flute
1972:Flute method
1948:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1864:
1854:
1781:
1763:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1702:
1688:
1677:
1641:
1621:bamboo flute
1618:
1581:bass flute.
1558:treble flute
1555:
1520:
1495:concert band
1480:
1472:Boehm system
1455:
1449:
1422:
1381:
1374:
1350:
1307:
1285:
1278:
1239:
1223:
1222:Playing the
1210:and copper.
1189:
1180:
1172:
1141:
1121:
1112:
1090:
1086:
1081:4:21, cites
1073:
1064:
1056:
1042:
1031:
1024:Zhou dynasty
999:
989:
970:
954:Neanderthals
947:next to the
942:
931:
897:
889:Gu Hongzhong
884:
881:Song dynasty
831:
827:
819:
815:
809:
801:
797:
793:
791:
777:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
709:
705:
701:
693:
691:
678:
646:
622:Zhou dynasty
618:bamboo flute
615:
591:Swabian Jura
585:
580:
576:
556:
554:
355:Glockenspiel
238:
237:
200:
92:
29:
4951:Voice flute
4893:Tin whistle
4833:Low whistle
4768:Almpfeiferl
4535:Contra-alto
4452:Irish flute
4447:Glass flute
4236:Single reed
4222:Double reed
4061:Sword blade
3692:10 February
3598:15 November
3436:, pp. 8–12.
3289:"The Flute"
2661:"Flutenist"
2265:10 December
2235:10 December
1987:Irish flute
1931:Igbo people
1871:Rakoto Frah
1778:Fue (flute)
1535:contra-alto
1384:nose flutes
1259:tin whistle
981:Swabian Alb
787: 1380
700:period, as
666:cross flute
477:Harpsichord
255:Bass guitar
223:Hurdy-gurdy
213:Double bass
158:French horn
83:Cor anglais
5128:Categories
4971:Contrabass
4966:Great bass
4888:Tabor pipe
4843:Organ pipe
4636:Nose flute
4609:Shakuhachi
4540:Contrabass
4180:Side-blown
4153:(enclosed)
4035:Aerophones
3594:(797): 297
3424:. (1964).
3273:18 January
3058:Flutopedia
3029:Flutopedia
2558:"Flautist"
2260:Flutopedia
2043:References
1992:Jazz flute
1982:Hand flute
1939:Igbo music
1861:Madagascar
1801:shakuhachi
1742:(新笛), and
1566:piccolo, E
1539:contrabass
1457:embouchure
1431:practice.
1388:flue pipes
1377:resonators
1346:vertically
1330:shakuhachi
1288:transverse
1208:grenadilla
1047:-language
1018:province,
918:cave near
916:Hohle Fels
908:Divje Babe
863:Statue of
714:Old French
649:Curt Sachs
565:aerophones
457:Clavichord
432:Vibraphone
428:aka Chimes
400:Snare drum
370:Lithophone
323:Percussion
168:Tenor horn
163:Mellophone
153:Flugelhorn
98:Nadaswaram
5103:Tone hole
5057:Molinukai
4936:Sopranino
4923:Recorders
4873:Spilåpipa
4858:Sjøfløyte
4798:Flageolet
4778:Dentsivka
4773:Atenteben
4555:Hyperbass
4410:Kagurabue
4292:Chromatic
4174:End-blown
4091:Free reed
3752:(cloth);
3629:7 October
3327:0737-8459
3158:New Delhi
3063:8 January
3034:8 January
2963:Antiquity
2786:0028-0836
2671:5 January
2645:5 January
2620:5 January
2572:5 January
2542:5 January
2528:"Flutist"
2487:5 January
2136:205216692
2068:: 24–25.
1829:kagurabue
1684:Nagercoil
1659:century.
1631:God Lord
1551:hyperbass
1491:orchestra
1361:pan pipes
1251:flageolet
1234:pan flute
1186:Materials
1156:resonator
1144:Bernoulli
1138:Acoustics
1075:The Bible
1038:Confucius
1028:lacquered
900:cave bear
832:flutenist
816:flautista
692:The word
682:Byzantium
674:Amaravati
497:Virginals
472:Harmonium
450:Keyboards
437:Xylophone
421:Tubaphone
390:Mridangam
380:Marímbula
330:Bass drum
148:Euphonium
113:Saxophone
61:Woodwinds
5040:Gemshorn
5013:Koncovka
4995:Overtone
4931:Garklein
4868:Souravli
4848:Salamuri
4788:Dvoyanka
4716:Larchemi
4653:Pinkillu
4641:Kalaleng
4604:Hotchiku
4589:Floghera
4435:Shinobue
4362:whistles
4308:423.23.
4302:423.22.
4296:423.21.
4279:423.11.
4184:421.13.
4178:421.12.
4172:421.11.
4111:Whirling
4105:Rotating
4089:412.13.
3967:19553935
3556:and the
3298:20 March
3246:Archived
3104:Archived
3085:Archived
2941:Archived
2923:21 April
2917:Archived
2909:CBC Arts
2823:BBC News
2794:19553935
2740:Archived
2720:Archived
2702:14 March
2636:"Fluter"
2606:"Fluter"
2201:22575323
2128:19444215
2007:Palendag
1961:See also
1825:shinobue
1805:hotchiku
1792:hiragana
1772:Japanese
1689:In 1998
1605:Carnatic
1578:♭
1569:♭
1563:♭
1487:middle C
1342:recorder
1255:recorder
1247:gemshorn
1230:Pre-Inca
1196:nephrite
1164:harmonic
1109:Jeremiah
1099:10:5, 1
1089:and the
1069:Akkadian
1045:Sumerian
1033:Shi Jing
912:Slovenia
802:Flautist
710:flo(y)te
611:Labrador
577:flautist
561:woodwind
416:Triangle
405:Steelpan
365:Handbell
340:Carillon
285:Shamisen
275:Mandolin
173:Trombone
88:Clarinet
68:Bagpipes
37:Shinobue
5067:Tonette
5062:Ocarina
5008:Kalyuka
4913:Zuffolo
4903:Whistle
4878:Stabule
4793:Flabiol
4741:Soinari
4731:Paixiao
4711:Kuvytsi
4688:Washint
4678:Šupelka
4673:Sopilka
4515:Concert
4510:Soprano
4500:Piccolo
4492:Concert
4440:Yokobue
4430:Ryūteki
4420:Minteki
4415:Komabue
4385:Daegeum
4380:Bansuri
4275:Natural
4234:422.2.
4220:422.1.
4192:421.2.
4109:412.22
4103:412.21
3975:4336590
3947:Bibcode
3881:"Flute"
3568:YouTube
3485:Kolkata
2889:26 June
2859:26 June
2829:26 June
2802:4336590
2766:Bibcode
2503:"Flute"
2421:"Flute"
2181:Bibcode
2108:Bibcode
2027:Washint
1935:Nigeria
1833:minteki
1817:ryūteki
1813:komabue
1809:gakubue
1766:daegeum
1760:Daegeum
1707:Chinese
1644:Bansuri
1633:Krishna
1591:Bansuri
1523:piccolo
1483:octaves
1435:Concert
1353:ocarina
1304:bansuri
1292:piccolo
1271:ocarina
1263:tonette
1243:whistle
1225:zampoña
1178:Flute.
1079:Genesis
1065:embūbum
1012:Suizhou
1010:at the
973:mammoth
928:vulture
924:Germany
865:Krishna
838:History
794:Flutist
758:fluiten
736:flahute
658:Krishna
654:Bansuri
595:Germany
581:flutist
410:Timpani
375:Marimba
350:Cymbals
345:Celesta
300:Ukulele
295:Tambura
260:Guzheng
239:Plucked
178:Trumpet
108:Piccolo
73:Bassoon
5134:Flutes
5045:Pifana
5032:Vessel
5003:Fujara
4908:Xirula
4898:Txistu
4808:Fujara
4760:Fipple
4726:Miskal
4683:Svirel
4668:Sodina
4626:Kōauau
4594:Frilka
4505:Treble
4472:Tambin
4425:Nohkan
4358:Flutes
4310:Valved
4290:423.2
4273:423.1
4194:Fipple
4186:Vessel
4129:Ghatam
3973:
3965:
3939:Nature
3865:
3855:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3811:
3797:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3734:
3543:India.
3526:
3516:London
3491:
3460:
3454:London
3432:
3394:
3325:
3226:
3220:London
3195:
3164:
3133:
3127:Mumbai
3006:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2758:Nature
2667:. 1906
2512:25 May
2458:
2427:25 May
2382:
2351:
2309:Erh Ya
2199:
2134:
2126:
2100:Nature
2082:842168
2080:
1866:suling
1857:sodina
1849:sodina
1754:Korean
1738:(曲笛),
1734:(梆笛),
1732:bangdi
1680:bamboo
1637:bamboo
1585:Indian
1549:, and
1531:C bass
1527:G alto
1392:organs
1386:. The
1367:, and
1306:; and
1275:fipple
1269:, and
1267:fujara
1204:nickel
1200:silver
1176:Nohkan
1124:tibias
1113:chalil
1105:Isaiah
1103:1:40,
1097:Samuel
1092:kinnor
1014:site,
933:Nature
828:fluter
820:flauto
743:floite
732:flaüte
728:fleüte
717:flaute
706:flowte
702:floute
670:Sanchi
599:Europe
515:Ghatam
509:Others
492:Spinet
310:Zither
250:Guitar
233:Violin
143:Cornet
118:Tharai
5108:Uakti
5086:Other
4956:Tenor
4883:Tarka
4828:Kuisi
4823:Khlui
4818:Khloy
4803:Frula
4783:Diple
4663:Quray
4621:Kaval
4584:Danso
4571:blown
4482:Xindi
4457:Koudi
4372:blown
4370:Side-
4304:Slide
4298:Keyed
4281:Conch
4266:Brass
4264:423.
4211:422.
4162:Flute
4160:421.
3971:S2CID
3742:Flute
2849:MSNBC
2798:S2CID
2132:S2CID
2078:JSTOR
1977:Frula
1967:Diple
1919:
1887:sring
1881:Sring
1821:nōkan
1740:xindi
1724:di mo
1629:Hindu
1464:range
1338:quena
1326:danso
1322:kaval
1214:Types
1152:pitch
1132:India
1101:Kings
1083:Jubal
1077:, in
1020:China
1016:Hubei
996:Jiahu
904:femur
766:flute
762:flare
754:flout
750:fluit
747:Dutch
724:flaüt
708:, or
694:flute
662:Hindu
603:Caral
557:flute
487:Piano
482:Organ
395:Parai
385:Melam
290:Sitar
245:Banjo
228:Viola
218:Huqin
208:Cello
202:Bowed
93:Flute
4961:Bass
4853:Shvi
4736:Siku
4693:Xiao
4658:Qina
4616:Gudi
4569:End-
4530:Bass
4525:Alto
4477:Venu
4395:Fife
4390:Dizi
4360:and
4213:Reed
4151:free
4149:Non-
4048:Free
3963:PMID
3863:ISBN
3853:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3823:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3795:ISBN
3770:ISBN
3762:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3719:and
3694:2023
3654:and
3631:2012
3600:2010
3524:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3458:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3392:ISBN
3323:ISSN
3300:2016
3275:2006
3224:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3065:2012
3036:2012
3004:ISBN
2925:2009
2891:2009
2861:2009
2831:2009
2790:PMID
2782:ISSN
2704:2006
2673:2015
2647:2015
2622:2015
2574:2015
2544:2015
2514:2012
2489:2015
2456:ISBN
2429:2012
2380:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2307:The
2267:2020
2242:ago.
2237:2020
2197:PMID
2124:PMID
1953:and
1909:The
1891:blul
1885:The
1855:The
1831:and
1803:and
1794:: ふえ
1748:xiao
1744:dadi
1736:qudi
1719:dizi
1652:Venu
1619:The
1595:Venu
1593:and
1529:and
1521:The
1493:and
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