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2117:
corrects the main problem of combinations being too sharp. By using the fourth valve by itself to replace the first and third combination, or the fourth and second valves in place of the first, second and third valve combinations, the notes requiring these fingerings are more in tune. The fourth valve used in combination with, rather than instead of, the first three valves fills in the missing notes in the bottom octave allowing the player to play chromatically down to the fundamental pitch of the instrument. For the reason given in the preceding paragraph some of these notes will tend to be sharp and must by "lipped" into tune by the player.
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32:
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2348:. With the comfort of the player in mind, companies have provided harnesses that sometimes use a strap joined to the tuba with two rings, a 'sack' to hold the bottom of the tuba, or numerous straps holding the larger parts of tubing on the tuba. The strap(s) goes over the shoulder like a sash or sit at the waist, so the musician can play the instrument in the same position as when sitting.
1048:, was a bass instrument shaped in a wavy form to make the tone holes accessible to the player. Tone holes change the pitch by providing an intentional leak in the bugle of the instrument, but this system has a pronounced effect on the timbre. By using valves instead, the tuba could produce a smoother tone, which led to its popularity. Tubas were mostly used by French composers, especially
2077:
2160:
to air flow when compared to a non-compensating tuba. This is due to the need for the air to flow through the valves twice. It also makes the instrument heavier. But many prefer this approach to having additional valves – or to the manipulation of tuning slides while playing – to achieve improved intonation within an ensemble.
2159:
The
Blaikley design plumbs the instrument so that if the fourth valve is used, the air is sent back through a second set of branches in the first three valves to compensate for the combination of valves. This does have the disadvantage of making the instrument significantly more "stuffy" or resistant
2084:
The valves add tubing to the main tube of the instrument, thus lowering its fundamental pitch. The first valve lowers the pitch by a whole step (two semitones), the second valve by a semitone, and the third valve by three semitones. Used in combination, the valve tubing is too short and the resulting
2058:
Piston valves require more maintenance than rotary valves – they require regular oiling to keep them freely operating, while rotary valves are sealed and seldom require oiling. Piston valves are easy to disassemble and re-assemble, while rotary valve disassembly and re-assembly is much more difficult
1999:
No standards exist for these designations, and their use is up to manufacturers who usually use them to distinguish among the instruments in their own product line. The size designation is related to the larger outer branches and not to the bore of the tubing at the valves, though the bore is usually
1872:
rotary-valved tubas pitched in the same octave as euphoniums. The "Small Swiss Tuba in C" is a tenor tuba pitched in C, and provided with 6 valves to make the lower notes in the orchestral repertoire possible. The French C tuba was the standard instrument in French orchestras until overtaken by F and
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Some tubas have a compensating system to allow accurate tuning when using several valves in combination, simplifying fingering and removing the need to constantly adjust slide positions. The most popular of the automatic compensation systems was invented by
Blaikley (Bevan, 1874) and was patented by
1820:
tuba often plays an octave above the contrabass tubas in brass bands, and the F tuba is commonly used by professional players as a solo instrument and, in
America, to play higher parts in the classical repertoire (or parts that were originally written for the F tuba, as is the case with Berlioz). In
2116:
The fourth valve is used in place of combinations of the first and third valves, and the second and fourth used in combination are used in place of the first three valves in combination. The fourth valve can be tuned to lower the pitch of the main tube accurately by five semitones, and thus its use
2120:
A fifth and sixth valve, if fitted, are used to provide alternative fingering possibilities to improve intonation, and are also used to reach into the low register of the instrument where all the valves will be used in combination to fill the first octave between the fundamental pitch and the next
2317:
can be manually screwed on next to the valves. The tuba is then usually rested on the left shoulder (although some tubas allow use of the right shoulder), with the bell facing directly in front of the player. Some marching tubas are made only for marching, and cannot be converted into a concert
2130:
tuba and a fourth above the CC tuba, so it needs additional tubing length beyond that provided by four valves to play securely down to a low F as required in much tuba music. The fifth valve is commonly tuned to a flat whole step, so that when used with the fourth valve, it gives an in-tune low
2010:
tubas are common in
American grade schools for use by young tuba players for whom a full size instrument might be too cumbersome. Though smaller and lighter, they are tuned and keyed identically to full-size tubas of the same pitch, although they usually have 3 rather than 4 or 5 valves.
1102:
is also seen instead of a tuba in the orchestral repertoire. The name is translated from "corno in basso" in German. The original design was inspired by the ophicleide and the bassoon. The cimbasso is rare today, but it is sometimes used in historically accurate performances.
2156:, which also, later still, produced Besson instruments). The patent on the system limited its application outside of Britain, and to this day, tubas with compensating valves are primarily popular in the United Kingdom and countries of the former British Empire.
2121:
available note on the open tube. The fifth and sixth valves also give the musician the ability to trill more smoothly or to use alternative fingerings for ease of playing. This type of tuba is what is most found in orchestras and wind bands around the world.
1661:, resembles a helicon with the bell pointed up (in the original models as the J. W. Pepper prototype and Sousa's concert instruments) and then curved to point forward (as developed by Conn and others). Some ancestors of the tuba, such as the military
1648:
because of their popularity in the early days of recorded music, as their sound could more easily be directed at the recording microphone. When wrapped to surround the body for cavalry bands on horseback or marching, it is traditionally known as a
1735:
tuba sounding one octave and a major sixth below the written pitch. This allows musicians to change instruments without learning new fingerings for the same written music. Consequently, when its music is written in treble clef, the tuba is a
1690:, and others with different tapers or no taper. Around the start of the Civil War, saxhorns manufactured for military use in the USA were commonly wrapped with the bell pointing backwards over the player's shoulder, and these were known as
1028:
of the instrument and still have a complete selection of notes. Prior to the invention of valves, brass instruments were limited to notes in the harmonic series, and were thus generally played very high with respect to their
2072:
tuba) usually has three valves. Among advanced players, four and five valve tubas are by far the most common choices, with six-valve tubas being relatively rare except among F tubas, which mostly have five or six valves.
1090:
contrabass tuba were pitched in F and C (see below on pitch systems). Sax's instruments gained dominance in France, and later in
Britain and America, as a result of the movements of popular instrument makers such as
2196:
or privileged tones. Adding the six semitones provided by the three valves, these alternative resonances let the instrument play chromatically down to the fundamental of the open bugle (which is a 29 Hz
345:
1935:
by
Bohland & Fuchs probably during 1910 or 1911 and was destined for the World Exhibition in New York in 1913. Two players are needed; one to operate the valves and one to blow into the mouthpiece.
322:
1944:
In addition to the length of the instrument, which dictates the fundamental pitch, tubas also vary in overall width of the tubing sections. Tuba sizes are usually denoted by a quarter system, with
2919:
2062:
Tubas generally have from three to six valves, though some rare exceptions exist. Three-valve tubas are generally the least expensive and are almost exclusively used by amateurs, and the
1621:, meaning the bore diameter increases as a function of the tubing length from the mouthpiece to the bell. The conical bore causes the instrument to produce a preponderance of even-order
2210:. Thus, even three-valved instruments with good alternative resonances can produce very low sounds in the hands of skilled players; instruments with four valves can play even lower.
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around the same time. Pistons may either be oriented to point to the top of the instrument (top-action) or out the front of the instrument (front-action or side-action).
1921:
contrabass tuba, on the suggestion of John Philip Sousa. The monster instruments were not completed until just after Sousa's death. Later, in the 1950s, British musician
344:
321:
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2192:, 39 Hz), which is between the fundamental and the second harmonic (an octave higher than the fundamental). These alternative resonances are often known as
1759:
tubas respectively, based on a traditional distortion of a now-obsolete octave naming convention. The fundamental pitch of a CC tuba is 32 Hz, and for a BB
2285:
There are many types of tubas that are manufactured in Europe, the United States, and Asia. In Europe, the predominant models that are professionally used are
1719:
Most music for the tuba is written in bass clef in concert pitch, so tuba players must know the correct fingerings for their specific instruments. Traditional
858:
1070:, like Wieprecht, was interested in marketing families of instruments ranging from soprano to bass, and developed a series of brass instruments known as
2325:, an instrument that is easier to carry since it was invented specifically for this and almost always cheaper than a true marching tuba. The earlier
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as 1-2-4-5-6. In CC tubas with five valves, the fifth valve may be tuned as a flat whole step or as a minor third depending on the instrument.
2000:
reported in instrument specifications. The quarter system is also not directly related to bell size, though there is typically a correlation.
3041:
1976:, which is a replica of the large York tubas owned by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra). Grand orchestral tubas are generally described as
2971:
1033:. Harmonics starting three octaves above the fundamental pitch are about a whole step apart, making a useful variety of notes possible.
851:
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1909:
exist but are extremely rare (there are at least four known examples). The first two were built by
Gustave Besson in BBB
1350:
943:. As with all brass instruments, the sound is produced by lip vibration – a buzz – into a
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2447:
made his fifth trombonist double on tuba, namely on ballads to make use of the tuba's distinct warm, enveloping sound.
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Some tubas have a strong and useful resonance that is not in the well-known harmonic series. For example, most large B
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for indoor performances. In this context, the tuba was sometimes called "brass bass", as opposed to the double bass
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on 12 September 1835 for a "bass tuba" in F1. The original
Wieprecht and Moritz instrument used five valves of the
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valves. Rotary valves, invented by Joseph Riedl, are based on a design included in the original valve patents by
1771:
tubas are the contrabass tuba of choice in German, Austrian, and
Russian orchestras. In the United States, the BB
68:
2356:
2043:
was the first to use true rotary valves, starting in the 1840s or 1850s. Modern piston valves were developed by
3615:
2137:. The sixth valve is commonly tuned as a flat half step, allowing the F tuba to play low G as 1-4-5-6 and low G
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1115:
usually has a single tuba, though an additional tuba may be requested. It serves as the bass of the orchestral
53:
3651:
3620:
2330:
1593:. The key of a tuba depends on the fundamental pitch of the instrument, or fundamental note in the series of
1346:
1155:
731:
2206:). The addition of valves below that note can lower the instrument a further six semitones to a 20 Hz E
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75:
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tuba by three semitones. Thus, the first and third valves used in combination lower the pitch by something
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2525:"tuba noun - Pronunciation | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries"
2524:
1611:
tuba is approximately 18 feet (5.5 m) long, while that of a C tuba is 16 feet (4.9 m), of an E
1040:
used a bowl-shaped brass instrument mouthpiece but had keys and tone holes similar to those of a modern
3723:
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947:. It first appeared in the mid-19th century, making it one of the newer instruments in the modern
336:
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since the genre's inception. In the earliest years, bands often used a tuba for outdoor playing and a
1765:
tuba, 29 Hz. The CC tuba is used as an orchestral and concert band instrument in the U.S., but BB
82:
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1972:(examples: the Conn 36J Orchestra Grand Bass from the 1930s, and the current model Hirsbrunner HB-50
1891:
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of five semitones, and the first three valves used in combination are nearly a quarter tone sharp.
1628:
A tuba with its tubing wrapped for placing the instrument on the player's lap is usually called a
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3549:
2457:
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tuba when the first valve is depressed. The third valve is long enough to lower the pitch of a BB
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A person who plays the tuba is called a tubaist, a tubist, or simply a tuba player. In a
British
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Standard tubas can also be played whilst standing and marching, which is the usual practice in
2163:
Most modern professional-grade euphoniums also now feature Blaikley-style compensating valves.
1737:
1637:
1536:
1468:
1210:
1095:(who moved from France to Britain) and Henry Distin (who eventually found his way to America).
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1821:
most of Europe, the F tuba is the standard orchestral instrument, supplemented by the CC or BB
4026:
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3716:
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2044:
1787:
marching bands) and for adult amateurs. Many professionals in the U.S. play CC tubas, with BB
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being pressed. Tubas in different keys use different lengths of tubing. The main tube of a B
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During the American Civil War, most brass bands used a branch of the brass family known as
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tuba 13 feet (4.0 m), and of an F tuba 12 feet (3.7 m). The instrument has a
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1147:, and those ensembles generally have two to four tubas. It is also a solo instrument.
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2153:
1886:
1674:, which, by today's standards, have a narrower bore taper than tuba—the same as true
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1544:
1392:
1189:
1120:
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1968:. Larger piston tubas, particularly those with front action, are sometimes known as
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contrabass tuba. The term "tenor tuba" is often used more specifically to refer to B
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Detwiler, Dave. "Heritage: Marching Through the Early History of the Sousaphone".
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for use in his comedic music festivals. Also, a tuba pitched in FFF was made in
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The lowest note in the widely known repertoire is a 16 Hz double-pedal C
2103:
tuba by three semitones, but it is not long enough to lower the pitch of an A
1954:
designating a normal, full-size tuba. Larger rotary instruments are known as
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commissioned the London firm of Paxman to create a subcontrabass tuba in EEE
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rather than by buzzing the lips. The fundamental of this pitch borders on
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except as a convenience when comparing it to other sizes of the saxhorn.
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1895:, though the rest of the work is scored for this instrument as well.
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also common, and many train in the use of all four pitches of tubas.
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Tuba by Wieprecht & Moritz as described in Prussian patent No.19.
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have been written for the tuba by many notable composers, including
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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In modern jazz, it is not unknown for their players to take solos.
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1932:
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tuba, has a narrower bore and as such cannot be called by the name
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parts for the tuba are usually written in treble clef, with the B
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tuba is the most common in schools (largely due to the use of BB
4000:
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3433:
3428:
3423:
3335:
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2994:
2870:
William, Pryor. "New Orleans Jazz and the Trad Jazz Movement".
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is still used by bands in Europe and other parts of the world.
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are some of the most well known brands from the United States.
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and is generally left to qualified instrument repair persons.
1706:
bass, even though it shared the same tube length as a modern E
1074:. The instruments developed by Sax were generally pitched in E
939:) is the largest and lowest-pitched musical instrument in the
3698:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
3443:
3418:
3129:
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1877:. One popular example of the use of the French C tuba is the
1135:
as the lowest voice). It is the principal bass instrument in
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2289:(Germany) and Miraphone (Germany). Asian brands include the
1017:. The first tenor tuba was invented in 1838 by Moritz's son
2999:
2368:
2262:
1831:, for example, specifically notates the low tuba parts for
1064:. These pieces are now normally performed on F or CC tuba.
1024:
The addition of valves made it possible to play low in the
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890:
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Tubas are found in various pitches, most commonly in F, E
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2990:
Tubenet Sean Chisham's popular Tubenet discussion forum
2386:
jazz scene. The tuba was used most frequently with the
2076:
1185:
Well known and influential parts for the tuba include:
1052:, who famously used the ophicleide in his compositions
2673:
Meucci, Renato. "Historical Account on the Cimbasso".
2553:. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 530.
1729:
tuba sounding two octaves and one step below and the E
1119:
section and it can reinforce the bass voices of the
1086:, while the Wieprecht "basstuba" and the subsequent
928:
922:
896:
3015:
Official site for the annual TubaChristmas concerts
1841:
tubas in most regions. In the United Kingdom, the E
919:
887:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2333:players, however, generally use marching tubas or
2124:The bass tuba in F is pitched a fifth above the BB
2995:Brass-Forum.co.uk UK based brass discussion forum
2910:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2309:Some tubas are capable of being converted into a
4013:
140:A bass tuba in F with front-action piston valves
2423:albums, including the sessions compiled as the
1986:tubas. Smaller instruments may be described as
1800:Comparison of euphonium (left) and tuba (right)
3724:
3035:
852:
2980:The International Tuba-Euphonium Association
2975:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2166:
1850:The euphonium is sometimes referred to as a
1814:(a fourth above the contrabass tubas). The E
1561:Tuba section (known as "bass section") in a
3731:
3717:
3042:
3028:
2379:. Many musicians played both instruments.
2293:(Japan) and Jupiter Instruments (Taiwan).
2085:pitch tends to be sharp. For example, a BB
1694:, and came in sizes from cornets down to E
859:
845:
2946:Learn how and when to remove this message
2415:use a sousaphone as the bass instrument.
1552:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2959:
2355:
2075:
1795:
1740:but not when the music is in bass clef.
1556:
989:
3000:Brassmusic.Ru — Russian Brass Community
2548:
2240:
1827:only when the extra weight is desired.
4014:
2764:
2225:, which is often played using a timed
2177:tubas have a strong resonance at low E
2146:
1178:tubas are used and are referred to as
1044:. Another forerunner to the tuba, the
1013:that was the forerunner of the modern
3712:
3049:
3023:
2382:This practice was mostly used in the
2245:The tuba is generally constructed of
1644:) instead of upward are often called
3005:Tuba/Sousaphone as blues instruments
2890:
2850:
2575:"tuba definition - Latin Dictionary"
2313:style, known as "marching tubas". A
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2869:
2360:"Kaiserbass" (tuba in B♭) and
2269:. Unfinished brass will eventually
13:
2672:
2390:groups and prominent in the album
2051:family of instruments promoted by
1657:, named after American bandmaster
982:, they are known as bass players.
224:
14:
4058:
2886:
1939:
1847:is the standard orchestral tuba.
1743:The lowest pitched tubas are the
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3738:
2895:
2321:Most marching bands opt for the
2280:
1351:Homenaje a Federico García Lorca
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134:
30:
2863:
2844:
2801:
2765:Winter, James (1975). "Brass".
2758:
2733:
1860:, one octave higher than the BB
1804:The next smaller tubas are the
180:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
41:needs additional citations for
3616:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
2709:
2685:
2666:
2645:
2621:
2597:
2567:
2542:
2529:Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
2517:
2273:and thus must be periodically
2249:, which is either unfinished,
2235:its overtones define the pitch
1288:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
1:
3621:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
2808:"Instruments and Equipment".
2681:: 44–45 – via ProQuest.
2510:
2435:. New York City-based tubist
2304:
2091:tuba becomes (in effect) an A
1248:: All symphonies, except the
1001:Patent No. 19 was granted to
2277:to maintain its appearance.
2080:Tuba with four rotary valves
1835:which are played on CC or BB
7:
2450:
2066:(a marching version of a BB
2019:Tubas are made with either
1003:Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht
955:, and largely replaced the
199:Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht
10:
4063:
4037:German musical instruments
3683:Pitch of brass instruments
2629:"Vienna Symphonic Library"
2439:performed frequently with
2367:The tuba has been used in
1753:, referred to as CC and BB
1692:over-the-shoulder saxhorns
985:
18:
4042:Marching band instruments
3971:
3866:
3855:
3746:
3675:
3629:
3588:
3495:
3452:
3396:
3261:
3057:
2295:Holton Instrument Company
2167:Resonance and false tones
2014:
1915:, one octave below the BB
1892:Pictures at an Exhibition
1199:Pictures at an Exhibition
1164:British style brass bands
307:
302:
241:
234:
223:
216:
208:
194:
190:sounded by lip vibration)
178:
152:
145:
133:
2299:King Musical Instruments
1721:British-style brass band
1601:) available without any
1563:British style brass band
2972:Encyclopædia Britannica
2810:Music Educators Journal
2767:Music Educators Journal
2549:Forsyth, Cecil (1982).
2458:Brass instrument valves
2419:played tuba on several
2351:
2237:in the listener's ear.
1432:Symphonic Metamorphosis
1222:Also sprach Zarathustra
1106:
1007:Johann Gottfried Moritz
203:Johann Gottfried Moritz
4047:Orchestral instruments
4032:Contrabass instruments
3467:Marching baritone horn
2985:International Tuba Day
2409:Dirty Dozen Brass Band
2364:
2081:
1970:grand orchestral tubas
1958:and are often denoted
1801:
1738:transposing instrument
1700:basses. However, the E
1578:
1553:Types and construction
1469:Ralph Vaughan Williams
1211:Night on Bald Mountain
1093:Gustave Auguste Besson
995:
229:
3986:Low-frequency effects
3652:Classical trombonists
3249:Double bell euphonium
3010:More Thoughts on Tuba
2741:"Compensating System"
2359:
2079:
1799:
1565:, consisting of two E
1560:
1415:Symphonie fantastique
1347:La noche de los mayas
1300:Ride of the Valkyries
1055:Symphonie fantastique
993:
228:
21:Tuba (disambiguation)
3754:Acoustic bass guitar
2916:improve this article
2816:(9): 101–102. 1969.
2655:, Scriveners, 1978.
2579:Latin-Dictionary.org
2483:List of tuba players
2478:Helicon (instrument)
2443:. Starting in 1955,
2331:Drum and bugle corps
2241:Materials and finish
1885:'s orchestration of
1485:Alexander Arutiunian
1332:An American in Paris
1156:drum and bugle corps
337:High range of a Tuba
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3809:Contrabass trombone
2928:footnote references
2717:"Trombone and Tuba"
2342:British brass bands
2147:Compensating valves
1906:subcontrabass tubas
1854:and is pitched in B
1808:, pitched in F or E
1747:, pitched in C or B
1338:Silvestre Revueltas
1019:Carl Wilhelm Moritz
1011:Berlinerpumpen type
783:Electronic keyboard
368:Musical instruments
362:Part of a series on
314:Low range of a Tuba
236:Related instruments
130:
3601:British brass band
3472:Marching euphonium
3239:Subcontrabass tuba
2468:Subcontrabass tuba
2413:Rebirth Brass Band
2365:
2291:Yamaha Corporation
2082:
1873:C tubas since the
1802:
1682:but distinct from
1640:pointing forward (
1579:
1449:: Symphonies Nos.
1370:: Symphonies Nos.
1260:The Rite of Spring
1228:Eine Alpensinfonie
1150:Tubas are used in
996:
512:String instruments
250:Subcontrabass tuba
230:
128:
4009:
4008:
3759:Bass (voice type)
3706:
3705:
3662:Euphonium players
3051:Brass instruments
2966:"Bombardon"
2956:
2955:
2948:
2426:Birth of the Cool
2335:Contrabass bugles
2154:Boosey and Hawkes
2029:Friedrich Blühmel
1659:John Philip Sousa
1642:pavillon tournant
1636:. Tubas with the
1519:(Tuba Concerto),
1398:Fountains of Rome
1393:Ottorino Respighi
1234:Till Eulenspiegel
1190:Modest Mussorgsky
1061:Benvenuto Cellini
1031:fundamental pitch
869:
868:
447:Brass instruments
357:
356:
346:
323:
126:
125:
118:
100:
4054:
3861:
3789:Bass synthesizer
3733:
3726:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3657:Jazz trombonists
3637:(all) Trumpeters
3575:Axial flow valve
3487:Contrabass bugle
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3020:
2976:
2968:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2880:
2879:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2664:
2651:Clifford Bevan,
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2581:. Archived from
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2521:
2463:Contrabass bugle
2441:Henry Threadgill
2202:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2071:
2070:
2045:François Périnet
2033:Heinrich Stölzel
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1974:Grand Orchestral
1967:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1875:Second World War
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1745:contrabass tubas
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1321:Romeo and Juliet
1312:Sergei Prokofiev
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1162:(see below). In
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
914:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
882:
861:
854:
847:
359:
358:
348:
347:
325:
324:
260:Contrabass bugle
147:Brass instrument
138:
131:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
16:Brass instrument
4062:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3973:
3967:
3868:
3862:
3853:
3742:
3737:
3707:
3702:
3671:
3642:Jazz trumpeters
3625:
3584:
3580:Harmonic series
3496:Parts/technique
3491:
3448:
3392:
3351:Soprano helicon
3321:Baroque trumpet
3316:Natural trumpet
3257:
3208:Alto/Tenor horn
3092:Fanfare trumpet
3053:
3048:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2913:
2904:This section's
2900:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2868:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2822:10.2307/3392572
2807:
2806:
2802:
2779:10.2307/3394871
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2653:The Tuba Family
2650:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2609:Merriam-Webster
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2585:on 22 June 2015
2573:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2493:Tuba repertoire
2453:
2388:Louis Armstrong
2354:
2307:
2283:
2243:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2152:Boosey (later,
2149:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2067:
2017:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1927:
1926:
1923:Gerard Hoffnung
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1833:Kontrabasstuba,
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1788:
1783:sousaphones in
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1646:recording tubas
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1533:Jennifer Higdon
1517:Bruce Broughton
1438:Johannes Brahms
1421:Hungarian March
1327:George Gershwin
1240:Ein Heldenleben
1217:Richard Strauss
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1109:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1026:harmonic series
988:
918:
909:
908:
886:
877:
876:
865:
836:
835:
826:
818:
817:
768:
758:
757:
728:aka Kettledrums
641:
631:
630:
514:
504:
503:
449:
439:
438:
379:
353:
352:
351:
350:
349:
342:
339:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
319:
316:
185:
141:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4060:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:Bass amplifier
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:Unfigured bass
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Basso continuo
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3876:Alternate bass
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:Pedal keyboard
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Bass saxophone
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:Soprano cornet
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Pocket trumpet
3084:
3079:
3074:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2963:, ed. (1911).
2961:Chisholm, Hugh
2954:
2953:
2908:external links
2903:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2887:External links
2885:
2882:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2800:
2757:
2732:
2708:
2684:
2665:
2644:
2620:
2596:
2566:
2559:
2541:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2353:
2350:
2346:military bands
2306:
2303:
2282:
2279:
2255:electro-plated
2242:
2239:
2227:flutter tongue
2214:
2207:
2203:
2189:
2168:
2165:
2148:
2145:
2016:
2013:
1996:instruments.
1941:
1940:Size vs. pitch
1938:
1554:
1551:
1501:Martin Ellerby
1497:Joseph Hallman
1477:Edward Gregson
1462:
1461:
1447:Anton Bruckner
1444:
1442:Symphony No. 2
1435:
1427:Paul Hindemith
1424:
1410:Hector Berlioz
1407:
1390:
1365:
1354:
1335:
1324:
1316:Fifth Symphony
1309:
1306:Faust Overture
1283:Richard Wagner
1280:
1269:
1252:
1243:
1214:
1152:marching bands
1145:military bands
1108:
1105:
1050:Hector Berlioz
987:
984:
867:
866:
864:
863:
856:
849:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Clavicytherium
775:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
750:
745:
739:
734:
729:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
515:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
364:
363:
355:
354:
340:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
317:
312:
311:
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
239:
238:
232:
231:
221:
220:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
196:
192:
191:
182:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
156:
154:Classification
150:
149:
143:
142:
139:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4059:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Keyboard bass
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Contrabassoon
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Bass trombone
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:Bass clarinet
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Brass section
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
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3660:
3658:
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3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Brass quintet
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
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3581:
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3551:
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3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Hand-stopping
3523:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
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3407:
3405:
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3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Slide trumpet
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:Tenor cornett
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3250:
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3237:
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3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Baritone horn
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
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3026:
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3022:
3016:
3013:
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3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
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2988:
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2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2939:
2929:
2925:
2924:inappropriate
2921:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2877:
2873:
2872:IAJRC Journal
2866:
2858:
2854:
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2839:
2835:
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2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
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2742:
2736:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2698:
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2680:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2661:9780684154770
2658:
2654:
2648:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2560:0-486-24383-4
2556:
2552:
2551:Orchestration
2545:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2505:
2502:
2500:(music event)
2499:
2498:Tubachristmas
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
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2469:
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2428:
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2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2377:(string bass)
2374:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:Manufacturers
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Encounters II
2220:
2219:William Kraft
2211:
2195:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2144:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2078:
2074:
2065:
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2056:
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2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1997:
1975:
1971:
1957:
1937:
1934:
1924:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1853:
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1830:
1807:
1798:
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1722:
1717:
1715:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:. The modern
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1597:(also called
1596:
1564:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1537:Tuba Concerto
1534:
1530:
1529:David Carlson
1526:
1525:Roger Steptoe
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Philip Sparke
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:John Williams
1478:
1474:
1473:Tuba Concerto
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:Pines of Rome
1400:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Gustav Mahler
1366:
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1363:
1358:
1355:
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1301:
1296:
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1290:
1289:
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1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:Edgard Varèse
1270:
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1188:
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1186:
1183:
1181:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:concert bands
1134:
1133:bass trombone
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
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1069:
1065:
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1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
983:
981:
980:military band
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
912:
904:
880:
874:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
829:
828:
822:
821:
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811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
762:
761:
754:
751:
749:
746:
743:
742:Tubular bells
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
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697:
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689:
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669:
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664:
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657:
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649:
647:
644:
643:
640:
635:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
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592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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569:
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558:
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547:
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520:
519:
513:
508:
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492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:Baritone horn
452:
451:
448:
443:
442:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Contrabassoon
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
378:
373:
372:
369:
366:
365:
361:
360:
338:
315:
306:
301:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Baritone horn
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
237:
233:
227:
222:
219:
218:Playing range
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
183:
181:
177:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
155:
151:
148:
144:
137:
132:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4027:Bass (sound)
3974:reproduction
3963:Walking bass
3923:Figured bass
3886:Bass effects
3867:Performance/
3849:Washtub bass
3843:
3740:Bass (sound)
3693:Horn section
3647:Horn players
3606:Balkan brass
3513:Rotary valve
3508:Piston valve
3439:Tibetan horn
3306:Natural horn
3284:Mute cornett
3232:
3231:
3195:
3156:
3122:
3108:
3064:
2970:
2942:
2936:January 2018
2933:
2918:by removing
2905:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2853:ITEA Journal
2852:
2846:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2773:(2): 34–37.
2770:
2766:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2735:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:
2711:
2700:. Retrieved
2697:Philharmonia
2696:
2687:
2678:
2675:ITEA Journal
2674:
2668:
2652:
2647:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:the original
2578:
2569:
2550:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2437:Marcus Rojas
2430:
2424:
2398:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2339:
2320:
2308:
2287:Meinl-Weston
2284:
2244:
2222:
2212:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2083:
2061:
2057:
2018:
1998:
1973:
1969:
1955:
1943:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:movement in
1878:
1851:
1849:
1832:
1805:
1803:
1744:
1742:
1718:
1713:
1691:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1632:or simply a
1630:concert tuba
1629:
1627:
1619:conical bore
1598:
1580:
1545:
1521:John Golland
1493:James Barnes
1463:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1360:
1357:Gustav Holst
1341:
1330:
1320:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1246:Shostakovich
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1184:
1179:
1158:and in many
1149:
1110:
1097:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1035:
1023:
1015:piston valve
997:
973:
960:
953:concert band
941:brass family
872:
870:
671:Glockenspiel
554:
553:
516:
498:
303:Sound sample
112:
106:October 2019
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3943:Lament bass
3891:Bass chorus
3814:Double bass
3779:Bass pedals
3774:Bass guitar
3747:Instruments
3150:Wagner tuba
3145:Vienna horn
3140:German horn
3135:French horn
2745:Dwerden.com
2504:Wagner tuba
2445:Stan Kenton
2432:Miles Ahead
2421:Miles Davis
2417:Bill Barber
2405:brass bands
2401:New Orleans
2384:New Orleans
2373:double bass
2194:false tones
2053:Adolphe Sax
1956:kaisertubas
1785:high school
1541:Marcus Paus
1489:Eric Ewazen
1362:The Planets
1141:brass bands
1068:Adolphe Sax
793:Harpsichord
571:Bass guitar
539:Hurdy-gurdy
529:Double bass
474:French horn
399:Cor anglais
275:Wagner tuba
195:Inventor(s)
4016:Categories
3933:Partimento
3596:Brass band
3545:Pedal tone
3535:Mouthpiece
3530:Embouchure
3482:Sousaphone
3477:Trombonium
3462:Mellophone
3397:Indigenous
3388:Jazzophone
3378:Saxotromba
3368:Sudrophone
3358:Ophicleide
3279:Cornettino
3262:Antiquated
3213:Flugelhorn
3164:Contrabass
3072:Contrabass
2750:4 February
2726:2024-09-08
2702:2023-12-08
2638:2017-09-22
2614:2012-05-26
2589:4 February
2511:References
2488:Roman tuba
2473:Sousaphone
2323:sousaphone
2305:Variations
2231:infrasound
2111:just short
2064:sousaphone
1898:Larger BBB
1887:Mussorgsky
1852:tenor tuba
1806:bass tubas
1688:euphoniums
1655:sousaphone
1571:and two BB
1546:Tuba Mirum
1509:Kalevi Aho
1266:Petroushka
1255:Stravinsky
1250:Fourteenth
1160:jazz bands
1038:ophicleide
976:brass band
957:ophicleide
945:mouthpiece
773:Clavichord
748:Vibraphone
744:aka Chimes
716:Snare drum
686:Lithophone
639:Percussion
484:Tenor horn
479:Mellophone
469:Flugelhorn
414:Nadaswaram
285:Ophicleide
245:Sousaphone
76:newspapers
3996:Subwoofer
3953:Slap bass
3938:Jazz bass
3903:Bass note
3896:Fuzz bass
3881:Bass clef
3824:Guitarrón
3819:Euphonium
3769:Bass drum
3589:Ensembles
3570:Water key
3555:Valve oil
3311:Post horn
3244:Euphonium
3223:Kuhlohorn
3184:Superbone
2920:excessive
2838:221060268
2795:221063884
2721:www.uv.es
2633:Vsl.co.at
2407:like the
2251:lacquered
2035:in 1818.
1680:baritones
1663:bombardon
1623:harmonics
1595:overtones
1587:, C, or B
1513:Josef Tal
1465:Concertos
1343:Sensemayá
1294:Lohengrin
1172:and two B
1129:euphonium
1125:woodwinds
1113:orchestra
1042:saxophone
949:orchestra
813:Virginals
788:Harmonium
766:Keyboards
753:Xylophone
737:Tubaphone
706:Mridangam
696:Marímbula
646:Bass drum
464:Euphonium
429:Saxophone
377:Woodwinds
255:Euphonium
209:Developed
188:aerophone
171:Aerophone
3991:Sub-bass
3958:Walkdown
3948:Ostinato
3908:Bassline
3869:notation
3834:Octobass
3565:Leadpipe
3454:Marching
3414:Vuvuzela
3189:Cimbasso
3158:Trombone
3097:Firebird
2878:: 61–65.
2859:: 27–29.
2534:18 April
2451:See also
2411:and the
2393:Hot Five
2318:model.
2315:leadpipe
2311:marching
2275:polished
2200:♭
2186:♭
2180:♭
2174:♭
2140:♭
2134:♭
2127:♭
2106:♭
2100:♭
2094:♭
2088:♭
2069:♭
2047:for the
2041:Graslitz
1933:Kraslice
1928:♭
1918:♭
1912:♭
1901:♭
1869:♭
1863:♭
1857:♭
1844:♭
1838:♭
1824:♭
1817:♭
1811:♭
1790:♭
1780:♭
1774:♭
1768:♭
1762:♭
1756:♭
1750:♭
1732:♭
1726:♭
1709:♭
1703:♭
1697:♭
1684:trumpets
1671:saxhorns
1614:♭
1608:♭
1599:partials
1590:♭
1584:♭
1574:♭
1568:♭
1175:♭
1169:♭
1100:cimbasso
1083:♭
1077:♭
1072:saxhorns
999:Prussian
732:Triangle
721:Steelpan
681:Handbell
656:Carillon
601:Shamisen
591:Mandolin
489:Trombone
404:Clarinet
384:Bagpipes
295:Cimbasso
186:(Valved
3799:Bassoon
3667:Tubists
3630:Players
3404:Alphorn
3383:Bazooka
3373:Saxtuba
3363:Serpent
3346:Helicon
3341:Sackbut
3326:Buccina
3274:Cornett
3269:Clarion
3218:Fiscorn
3197:Saxhorn
3179:Soprano
3102:Flumpet
3082:Piccolo
3066:Trumpet
2914:Please
2906:use of
2830:3392572
2787:3394871
2327:helicon
2271:tarnish
2217:in the
2049:saxhorn
2037:Červený
2005:⁄
1991:⁄
1981:⁄
1963:⁄
1949:⁄
1676:cornets
1651:helicon
1539:), and
1277:Déserts
1192:(orch.
1166:, two E
1121:strings
1088:Červený
1046:serpent
986:History
969:trumpet
726:Timpani
691:Marimba
666:Cymbals
661:Celesta
616:Ukulele
611:Tambura
576:Guzheng
555:Plucked
494:Trumpet
424:Piccolo
389:Bassoon
290:Serpent
280:Helicon
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184:423.232
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3503:Valves
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3110:Cornet
3058:Modern
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1386:, and
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596:Harp
586:Lyre
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