135:
were depicted on the reliefs of seven tombs at
Saqqarra, six tombs at Giza, and the pyramids of Queen Khentkaus. Most memets were double-clarinets, where two reed tubes were tied or glued together to form one instrument. Multiple pipes were used to reinforce sound or generate a strong beat-tone with slight variations in tuning among the pipes. One of the tubes usually functioned as a drone, but the design of these simple instruments varied endlessly. The entire reed entered the mouth, meaning that the player could not easily articulate so melodies were defined by quick movement of the fingers on the tone holes. These types of double-clarinets are still prevalent today, but also developed into simplified single-clarinets and hornpipes. Modern-day idioglots found in Egypt include the
163:
71:
685:
945:, the lower lip rests against, but not over, the teeth as in pronouncing the letter "V" and the corners of the lip are drawn in (similar to a drawstring bag). With the less common double-lip embouchure, the top lip is placed under (around) the top teeth. In both instances, the position of the tongue in the mouth plays a vital role in focusing and accelerating the air stream blown by the player. This results in a more mature and full sound, rich in
752:
719:
735:
702:
20:
59:), there is no mouthpiece; the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Reeds are traditionally made of cane and produce sound when air is blown across or through them. The type of instruments that use a single reed are clarinets and saxophone. The timbre of a single and double reed instrument is related to the
648:
940:
muscles on the sides of the mouth. The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece. The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures. In clarinet playing, the lower lip is rolled over the teeth and corners of the mouth are drawn back, which has
134:
Most single-reed instruments are descended from single-reed idioglot instruments called 'memet', found in Egypt as early as 2700 BCE. Due to their fragility, no instruments from antiquity were preserved but iconographic evidence is prevalent. During the Old
Kingdom in Egypt (2778–2723 BCE), memets
42:
to produce sound. The very earliest single-reed instruments were documented in ancient Egypt, as well as the Middle East, Greece, and the Roman Empire. The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the vibrating reed is a tongue cut and shaped on the tube of cane. Much
78:: tubular single reeds in which the reed is still part of the reed stem. Reeds can be split from middle upward (kataglott, the reed hangs down) and from top downward (anaglott, the reed stands up). These particular reeds are drawn from those used in an
63:
caused by the shape of the corpus. E.g. the clarinet is only including the odd harmonics due to air column modes canceling out the even harmonics. This may be compared to the timbre of a
174:, and reed of a clarinet. These three components are present in many modern European Classical single-reed instruments and tend to be aesthetically and mechanically similar.
581:†The lowest possible pitch of each clarinet and saxophone is dependent on its manufacturer and model (the pitches used are typical of professional instruments).
348:
Note that if one was to compare clarinets to their saxophone counterparts while considering their approximate lowest (concert) pitch†, the order would shift:
917:
Although the clarinet and saxophone both have a single reed attached to their mouthpiece, the playing technique or embouchure is distinct from each other.
941:
the effect of drawing the upper lip around the mouthpiece to create a seal due to the angle at which the mouthpiece rests in the mouth. With the
1354:
896:
43:
later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane and attached to a
23:
The reeds of alto (left) and tenor saxophones (right) . They are of comparable dimensions to alto and bass clarinet reeds, respectively.
1392:
1359:
906:
1110:
1019:
996:
1919:
1010:
196:
422.3 Reedpipes with free reeds: The reed vibrates through a closely fitted frame, and there are fingerholes.
189:
422.2 Single reed instruments: The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella. These are the
1385:
167:
1469:
987:
162:
1103:
1378:
1883:
1759:
1456:
1418:
60:
1022:. "One will play a square wave and sound rather like a bagpipe or other double-reed instrument."
206:
1210:
1096:
800:
171:
44:
1863:
1639:
1593:
1426:
1225:
1144:
942:
820:
611:
566:
520:
312:
179:
8:
1749:
1668:
1479:
988:
Musical
Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music
555:
335:
1853:
1848:
1754:
1598:
1240:
496:
317:
119:
35:
1893:
1771:
1764:
1446:
1441:
1328:
1015:
992:
391:
330:
248:
39:
1836:
1831:
415:
243:
1499:
1276:
857:
461:
380:
294:
205:
The following is a list of clarinets and saxophones, relative to their range and
1888:
1634:
1504:
1401:
1250:
1139:
835:
606:
531:
426:
340:
271:
19:
1913:
1816:
1654:
1159:
636:
626:
485:
450:
289:
266:
215:
1734:
1220:
815:
658:
70:
1088:
647:
103:
1826:
1801:
1524:
1474:
1409:
1312:
91:
64:
48:
1843:
1821:
1776:
1729:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1629:
937:
596:
1190:
780:
691:
1898:
1811:
1744:
1739:
1719:
1649:
1583:
1568:
1215:
1195:
1154:
932:, formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip, which rests on the
925:
805:
785:
760:
684:
663:
651:
621:
362:
225:
147:
107:
99:
1563:
1307:
879:
83:
1806:
1796:
1724:
1613:
1573:
1431:
1255:
1205:
1134:
946:
921:
840:
795:
757:
724:
601:
357:
307:
220:
143:
32:
1370:
1791:
1644:
1608:
1578:
1464:
1349:
1281:
1200:
1169:
1149:
891:
790:
631:
616:
238:
151:
127:
95:
87:
56:
1858:
1781:
1588:
1558:
1553:
1519:
1509:
1286:
1271:
1230:
1185:
1164:
862:
852:
810:
775:
741:
136:
115:
111:
79:
1489:
1786:
1703:
1603:
1514:
1436:
1333:
1291:
1245:
933:
901:
867:
830:
708:
284:
123:
82:. Also used in bagpipes, and reedpipes or clarinet family:
920:
The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the
751:
1683:
1494:
718:
261:
52:
1064:
The
Clarinet: Some notes upon its history and construction
1484:
1235:
825:
734:
701:
985:
Donald Murray
Campbell, Arnold Myers; et al. (2004).
200:
912:
585:
1911:
1036:. United States: Diagram Visual Information Ltd.
1008:Foster, Caxton C. and Soloway, Elliott (1981).
1386:
1104:
1081:. New York, NY: Taplinger Publishing Company.
936:and is supported by the chin muscles and the
1118:
1393:
1379:
1111:
1097:
966:
964:
962:
178:Single reed instruments fall under three
1066:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
1051:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
970:
646:
161:
69:
18:
1061:
1031:
975:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
959:
1912:
1055:
1025:
1374:
1092:
1076:
979:
154:. See links to other examples below.
1070:
1046:
1400:
1040:
193:including clarinets and saxophones.
13:
201:Comparing clarinets and saxophones
14:
1931:
157:
47:of some sort. By contrast, in a
1034:Musical Instruments of the World
913:Playing a single reed instrument
750:
733:
717:
700:
683:
586:List of single-reed instruments
1002:
669:
1:
952:
642:
16:Class of woodwind instruments
7:
10:
1936:
209:from the opposite family:
1876:
1712:
1676:
1667:
1622:
1546:
1537:
1455:
1417:
1408:
1342:
1321:
1300:
1264:
1178:
1127:
1014:, p.165. Addison-Wesley.
590:
1032:Midgley, R, ed. (1976).
51:instrument (such as the
1920:Single-reed instruments
1062:Rendall, G.F. (1971).
654:
175:
131:
29:single-reed instrument
24:
1011:Real Time Programming
930:single lip embouchure
650:
165:
73:
22:
1640:Heckelphone-clarinet
1145:Heckelphone-clarinet
1049:The Baroque Clarinet
971:Hoeprich, E (2008).
943:saxophone embouchure
928:are variants of the
612:Heckelphone-clarinet
207:key of transposition
1047:Rice, A.R. (1992).
38:that uses only one
1599:Reclam de xeremies
1241:Reclam de xeremies
991:, p.53-5. Oxford.
655:
186:412.13 Free reeds.
176:
132:
120:reclam de xeremies
25:
1907:
1906:
1872:
1871:
1772:Gourd mouth organ
1663:
1662:
1533:
1532:
1368:
1367:
1077:Kroll, O (1968).
578:
577:
346:
345:
142:Examples include
139:and the zummara.
1927:
1837:Orthotonophonium
1832:Indian harmonium
1674:
1673:
1547:Cylindrical bore
1544:
1543:
1419:Cylindrical bore
1415:
1414:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1006:
1000:
983:
977:
976:
968:
754:
737:
721:
704:
687:
572:
571:
561:
560:
549:
548:
537:
536:
526:
525:
514:
513:
502:
501:
491:
490:
479:
478:
467:
466:
456:
455:
444:
443:
432:
431:
421:
420:
409:
408:
397:
396:
386:
385:
374:
373:
351:
350:
329:
328:
306:
305:
283:
282:
260:
259:
237:
236:
212:
211:
191:percussion reeds
180:Hornbostel–Sachs
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1868:
1708:
1659:
1618:
1529:
1451:
1404:
1402:Reed aerophones
1399:
1369:
1364:
1343:Southeast Asian
1338:
1317:
1296:
1277:Double clarinet
1260:
1174:
1123:
1117:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1007:
1003:
984:
980:
969:
960:
955:
915:
886:Southeast Asian
858:Double clarinet
767:
766:
765:
764:
763:
755:
746:
745:
744:
738:
729:
728:
727:
722:
713:
712:
711:
705:
696:
695:
694:
690:Treble/soprano
688:
679:
678:
672:
645:
593:
588:
569:
568:
558:
557:
552:
546:
545:
534:
533:
523:
522:
517:
511:
510:
499:
498:
488:
487:
482:
476:
475:
464:
463:
453:
452:
447:
441:
440:
429:
428:
418:
417:
412:
406:
405:
394:
393:
383:
382:
377:
371:
370:
326:
325:
303:
302:
280:
279:
257:
256:
234:
233:
203:
160:
61:harmonic series
17:
12:
11:
5:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Quadruple reed
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Heckel-clarina
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1265:Middle Eastern
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1251:Stock-and-horn
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Heckel-clarina
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1024:
1001:
978:
957:
956:
954:
951:
914:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
887:
883:
882:
876:
875:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
849:
848:
847:Middle Eastern
844:
843:
838:
836:Stock-and-horn
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
771:
756:
749:
748:
747:
739:
732:
731:
730:
723:
716:
715:
714:
706:
699:
698:
697:
689:
682:
681:
680:
676:
675:
674:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
661:
644:
641:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
607:Heckel-clarina
604:
599:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
576:
575:
564:
553:
550:
541:
540:
529:
518:
515:
506:
505:
494:
483:
480:
471:
470:
459:
448:
445:
436:
435:
424:
413:
410:
401:
400:
389:
378:
375:
366:
365:
360:
355:
344:
343:
338:
333:
321:
320:
315:
310:
298:
297:
292:
287:
275:
274:
269:
264:
252:
251:
246:
241:
229:
228:
223:
218:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
187:
159:
158:Classification
156:
76:idioglot reeds
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1932:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Physharmonica
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Richter-tuned
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:Central Asian
1299:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1020:9780201019377
1017:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
997:9780198165040
994:
990:
989:
982:
974:
967:
965:
963:
958:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
884:
881:
878:
877:
874:Central Asian
873:
872:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
768:
762:
759:
753:
743:
736:
726:
720:
710:
703:
693:
686:
665:
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653:
649:
638:
637:Bass Clarinet
635:
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623:
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361:
359:
356:
354:Lowest Pitch
353:
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50:
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41:
37:
34:
30:
21:
1735:Couesnophone
1623:Conical bore
1538:
1500:Oboe d'amore
1475:English horn
1457:Conical bore
1221:Mock trumpet
1119:
1079:The Clarinet
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1009:
1004:
986:
981:
973:The Clarinet
972:
929:
919:
916:
816:Mock trumpet
659:Mock Trumpet
347:
204:
190:
177:
141:
133:
75:
74:Drawings of
28:
26:
1827:Guide-chant
1802:Martinshorn
1539:Single reed
1525:Taepyeongso
1410:Double reed
1355:Sarune Etek
1322:South Asian
1313:Dili tuiduk
1122:instruments
1120:Single reed
897:Sarune Etek
677:Traditional
670:Traditional
527:Contra-alto
313:Contra-alto
150:, and some
92:dili tuiduk
65:square wave
49:double reed
1844:Saenghwang
1822:Pump organ
1777:Hornophone
1730:Concertina
1699:Pitch pipe
1694:Party horn
1689:Bullroarer
1630:Aulochrome
953:References
938:buccinator
643:Historical
597:Aulochrome
573:Contrabass
562:Contrabass
336:Contrabass
172:mouthpiece
148:saxophones
100:chalumeaus
45:mouthpiece
36:instrument
1899:Tone hole
1812:Organetto
1750:Chromatic
1745:Harmonica
1740:Harmoneon
1720:Accordion
1669:Free reed
1650:Saxophone
1584:Launeddas
1569:Chalumeau
1216:Launeddas
1196:Chalumeau
1155:Saxophone
947:overtones
926:saxophone
806:Launeddas
786:Chalumeau
761:Launeddas
758:Sardinian
740:Egyptian
664:Chalumeau
652:Chalumeau
622:Saxophone
363:Saxophone
226:Saxophone
182:classes:
144:clarinets
108:launeddas
1914:Category
1807:Melodica
1797:Mangtong
1755:Diatonic
1725:Claviola
1655:Tárogató
1614:Zhaleika
1574:Clarinet
1432:Chirimia
1256:Zhaleika
1211:Hornpipe
1206:Ganurags
1179:European
1160:Tárogató
1135:Clarinet
922:clarinet
841:Zhaleika
801:Hornpipe
796:Ganurags
770:European
725:Zhaleika
627:Tárogató
602:Clarinet
570:♭
559:♭
547:♭
535:♭
524:♭
512:♭
503:Baritone
500:♭
489:♭
477:♭
465:♭
454:♭
442:♭
430:♭
419:♭
407:♭
395:♭
384:♭
372:♭
358:Clarinet
327:♭
318:Baritone
308:Baritone
304:♭
281:♭
258:♭
235:♭
221:Clarinet
168:ligature
152:bagpipes
98:, early
33:woodwind
1792:Lusheng
1765:Tremolo
1645:Octavin
1609:Xaphoon
1594:Pibgorn
1579:Diplica
1470:Bombard
1465:Bassoon
1427:Balaban
1350:Pey pok
1282:Dozaleh
1226:Pibgorn
1201:Diplica
1191:BirbynÄ—
1170:Xaphoon
1150:Octavin
892:Pey pok
821:Pibgorn
791:Diplica
781:BirbynÄ—
707:Bamboo
692:birbynÄ—
632:Xaphoon
617:Octavin
422:Soprano
398:Soprano
387:Soprano
249:Soprano
244:Soprano
239:Soprano
128:zummara
96:dozaleh
88:diplica
57:bassoon
1859:Triola
1782:Hulusi
1677:Single
1589:Mijwiz
1564:BĂĽlban
1559:Arghul
1554:Alboka
1520:Sopila
1510:Rhaita
1505:Piston
1480:Gralla
1360:Toleat
1308:BĂĽlban
1287:Mijwiz
1272:Arghul
1231:Pilili
1186:Alboka
1165:Venova
1128:Modern
1018:
995:
907:Toleat
880:BĂĽlban
863:Mijwiz
853:Arghul
811:Pilili
776:Alboka
742:mijwiz
591:Modern
137:arghul
126:, and
116:pilili
112:mijwiz
84:bĂĽlban
80:arghul
1877:Other
1849:Sheng
1787:Khene
1704:Sneng
1604:Sipsi
1515:Shawm
1437:Duduk
1334:Pungi
1292:Sipsi
1246:Sipsi
934:teeth
902:Sneng
868:Sipsi
831:Sipsi
709:sipsi
468:Tenor
295:Tenor
285:Tenor
216:Range
124:sipsi
104:cifte
31:is a
1894:Reed
1884:Bore
1713:Sets
1684:Bawu
1495:Oboe
1447:Piri
1442:Guan
1329:Pepa
1016:ISBN
993:ISBN
924:and
538:Bass
492:Bass
457:Alto
433:Alto
341:Bass
331:Bass
290:Bass
272:Alto
267:Alto
262:Alto
166:The
55:and
53:oboe
40:reed
1854:ShĹŤ
1490:Kèn
1485:Hne
1236:Pku
826:Pku
1916::
1864:Yu
961:^
949:.
544:~B
509:~A
474:~B
439:~A
404:~D
369:~A
170:,
146:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
67:.
27:A
1394:e
1387:t
1380:v
1112:e
1105:t
1098:v
999:.
567:E
556:B
551:0
532:B
521:E
516:1
497:E
486:B
481:1
462:B
451:E
446:2
427:E
416:B
411:3
392:B
381:E
376:3
324:B
301:E
278:B
255:E
232:B
130:.
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