Pipe organ - Knowledge

623:, the latter documenting organists hired to by the church and the installation of larger and permanent organs. The earliest is a payment in 1332 from the clergy of Notre Dame to an organist to perform on the feasts St. Louis and St. Michael. The Notre Dame School also shows how organs could have been used within the increased use of polyphony, which would have allowed for the use of more instrumental voices within the music. According to documentation from the 9th century by Walafrid Strabo, the organ was also used for music during other parts of the church service—the prelude and postlude the main examples—and not just for the effect of polyphony with the choir. Other possible instances of this were short interludes played on the organ either in between parts of the church service or during choral songs, but they were not played at the same time as the choir was singing. This shows that by this point in time organs were fully used within church services and not just in secular settings. Organs from earlier in the medieval period are evidenced by surviving keyboards and casings, but no pipes. Until the mid-15th century, organs had no stop controls. Each manual controlled ranks at many pitches, known as the "Blockwerk." Around 1450, controls were designed that allowed the ranks of the Blockwerk to be played individually. These devices were the forerunners of modern stop actions. The higher-pitched ranks of the Blockwerk remained grouped together under a single stop control; these stops developed into 830: 694: 1126: 1139: 873: 1337: 1167: 1005: 1271:) control multiple ranks. The name of the stop reflects not only the stop's timbre and construction, but also the style of the organ in which it resides. For example, the names on an organ built in the north German Baroque style generally will be derived from the German language, while the names of similar stops on an organ in the French Romantic style will usually be French. Most countries tend to use only their own languages for stop nomenclature. English-speaking nations as well as Japan are more receptive to foreign nomenclature. Stop names are not standardized: two otherwise identical stops from different organs may have different names. 36: 1353: 537: 1155: 1823: 4026:, Fr. -The name commonly applied by the French organ builders to such foundations and organ-toned metal stops as may be mounted or displayed in the buffet or case of an organ; accordingly, the MONTRES, which are usually of burnished tin, may be of 32 ft., 16 ft., and 8 ft. speaking lengths, as in the Organ in the Royal Church at Saint Denis near Paris. Sometimes the name is applied to the PRESTANT 4 ft., when its pipes are mounted. All the MONTRES are most carefully fashioned and finished, producing, when of tin brightly burnished, a beautiful effect in combination with the dark wood-work of the case. 1747: 1655: 1797: 854: 1503: 1774: 566: 1068: 390: 638: 734:). The Italian Baroque organ was often a single-manual instrument, without pedals. It was built on a full diapason chorus of octaves and fifths. The stop-names indicated the pitch relative to the fundamental ("Principale") and typically reached extremely short nominal pipe-lengths (for example, if the Principale were 8', the "Vigesimanona" was ½'). The highest ranks "broke back", their smallest pipes replaced by pipes pitched an octave lower to produce a kind of composite treble mixture. 1125: 375: 2099: 1588: 958: 815: 1477:, which add the pipes an octave above (super-octave) or below (sub-octave) each note that is played, may operate on one division only (for example, the Swell super octave, which adds the octave above what is played on the Swell to itself), or act as a coupler to another keyboard (for example, the Swell super-octave to Great, which adds to the Great manual the ranks of the Swell division an octave above what is played). 1186: 140: 1375: 1910: 4001:: Montre (Fr.). The case pipes of the French organ, corresponding to the English Open Diapason, the German Prestant, the Italian Principale, etc. Early alternative names were ‘le principal de devant’, ‘devanture en monstre’ (Reims Cathedral, 1570). The tone of the classical French Montre was somewhat more fluty than the various English Open Diapason types or German Principals. 1099:, which uses changes of pressure within lead tubing to operate pneumatic valves throughout the instrument. This allowed a lighter touch, and more flexibility in the location of the console, within a roughly 50-foot (15-m) limit. This type of construction was used in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and has had only rare application since the 1920s. 584:

bellows." Its portability made the portative useful for the accompaniment of both sacred and secular music in a variety of settings. The positive organ was larger than the portative organ but was still small enough to be portable and used in a variety of settings like the portative organ. Toward the middle of the 13th century, the portatives represented in the

1241:. By the mid-19th-century bellows were also operated by water engines, steam engines or gasoline engines. Starting in the 1860s bellows were gradually replaced by rotating turbines which were later directly connected to electrical motors. This made it possible for organists to practice regularly on the organ. Most organs, both new and historic, have electric 2491:. Two men come in to work the bellows, and the master stands and bidding to press on the pipes, and each pipe, according to its tuning and the master's playing, sounds the parsed of the Emperor. The guests are meanwhile seated at their tables, and twenty men enter with cymbals in their hands. The miscue continues while the guests continue their meal.' " 788:

developed to make it easier for the organist to manage the great number of stops. The desire for louder, grander organs required that the stops be voiced on a higher wind pressure than before. As a result, a greater force was required to overcome the wind pressure and depress the keys. To solve this problem, Cavaillé-Coll configured the English "

2103: 2101: 1525:

without requiring the addition or subtraction of stops. In a two-manual organ with Great and Swell divisions, the Swell will be enclosed. In larger organs, parts or all of the Choir and Solo divisions may also be enclosed. The pipes of an enclosed division are placed in a chamber generally called the

880:

The development of pneumatic and electro-pneumatic key actions in the late 19th century made it possible to locate the console independently of the pipes, greatly expanding the possibilities in organ design. Electric stop actions were also developed, which allowed sophisticated combination actions to

1639:

Many organs, particularly those built in the early 20th century, are contained in one or more rooms called organ chambers. Because sound does not project from a chamber into the room as clearly as from a freestanding organ case, enchambered organs may sound muffled and distant. For this reason, some

583:

organ. The portative organs were small and created for secular use and made of light weight delicate materials that would have been easy for one individual to transport and play on their own. The portative organ was a "flue-piped keyboard instrument, played with one hand while the other operated the

1470:

allows the stops of one division to be played from the keyboard of another division. For example, a coupler labelled "Swell to Great" allows the stops drawn in the Swell division to be played on the Great manual. This coupler is a unison coupler, because it causes the pipes of the Swell division to

1118:

Computers have made it possible to connect the console and windchests using narrow data cables instead of the much larger bundles of simple electric cables. Embedded computers in the console and near the windchests communicate with each other via various complex multiplexing syntaxes, comparable to

1114:

When electrical wiring alone is used to connect the console to the windchest, electric actions allow the console to be separated at any practical distance from the rest of the organ, and to be movable. Electric stop actions can be controlled at the console by stop knobs, by pivoted tilting tablets,

1056:

An organ contains two actions, or systems of moving parts: the keys, and the stops. The key action causes wind to be admitted into an organ pipe while a key is depressed. The stop action causes a rank of pipes to be engaged (i.e. playable by the keys) while a stop is in its "on" position. An action

787:

made it possible to build larger organs with more stops, more variation in sound and timbre, and more divisions. For instance, as early as in 1808, the first 32' contre-bombarde was installed in the great organ of Nancy Cathedral, France. Enclosed divisions became common, and registration aids were

504:. A Syrian visitor describes a pipe organ powered by two servants pumping "bellows like a blacksmith's" played while guests ate at the emperor's Christmas dinner in Constantinople in 911. The first Western European pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent from Constantinople to the West by the 321:

in 812, beginning the pipe organ's establishment in Western European church music. In England, "The first organ of which any detailed record exists was built in Winchester Cathedral in the 10th century. It was a huge machine with 400 pipes, which needed two men to play it and 70 men to blow it, and

757:

brought new organ-building ideas from continental Europe. English organs evolved from small one- or two-manual instruments into three or more divisions disposed in the French manner with grander reeds and mixtures, though still without pedal keyboards. The Echo division began to be enclosed in the

265:

whose sound begins to dissipate immediately after a key is depressed. The smallest portable pipe organs may have only one or two dozen pipes and one manual; the largest organs may have over 33,000 pipes and as many as seven manuals. A list of some of the most notable and largest pipe organs in the

1599:

The pipes, action, and wind system are almost always contained in a case, the design of which also may incorporate the console. The case blends the organ's sound and aids in projecting it into the room. The case is often designed to complement the building's architectural style and it may contain

1131:

Cross-section of one note of a mechanical-action windchest. Trackers attach to the wires hanging through the bottom board at the left. A wire pulls down on the pallet (valve) against the tension of the V-shaped spring. Wind under pressure surrounds the pallet, and when it is pulled down, the wide

774:

During the Romantic period, the organ became more symphonic, capable of creating a gradual crescendo. This was made possible by voicing stops in such a way that families of tone that historically had only been used separately could now be used together, creating an entirely new way of approaching

685:

Different national styles of organ building began to develop, often due to changing political climates. In the Netherlands, the organ became a large instrument with several divisions, doubled ranks, and mounted cornets. The organs of northern Germany also had more divisions, and independent pedal

557:

of Paris. In this period, organs began to be used in secular and religious settings. The introduction of organ into religious settings is ambiguous, most likely because the original position of the Church was that instrumental music was not to be allowed. By the 12th century there is evidence for

1302:

rank may also be made available as a 4′ Octave. When both of these stops are selected and a key (for example, c′) is pressed, two pipes of the same rank will sound: the pipe normally corresponding to the key played (c′), and the pipe one octave above that (c′′). Because the 8′ rank does not have

615:

key layout across its three manuals and pedalboard, although the keys were wider than on modern instruments. The width of the keys was slightly over two and a half inches, wide enough to be struck down by the fist, as the early keys are reported to have invariably been manipulated. It had twenty

2486:

It is a remarkable wooden object like an oil-press, and covered with solid leather. Sixty copper pipes are placed in it, so that they project above the leather, and where they are visible above the leather they are gilded. You can only see a small part of some of them, as they are of different

1278:

when a key is depressed is called an 8′ (pronounced "eight-foot") pitch. This refers to the speaking length of the lowest-sounding pipe in that rank, which is approximately eight feet (2.4 m). For the same reason, a stop that sounds an octave higher is at 4′ pitch, and one that sounds two

1091:

Tracker action has been used from antiquity to modern times. Before the pallet opens, wind pressure augments tension of the pallet spring, but once the pallet opens, only the spring tension is felt at the key. This sudden decrease of key pressure against the finger provides a "breakaway" feel.

681:

constructed instruments that were in themselves artistic, displaying both exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful sound. These organs featured well-balanced mechanical key actions, giving the organist precise control over the pipe speech. Schnitger's organs featured particularly distinctive reed

1739:

Although most countries whose music falls into the Western tradition have contributed to the organ repertoire, France and Germany in particular have produced exceptionally large amounts of organ music. There is also an extensive repertoire from the Netherlands, England, and the United States.

1666:

Regulation adjusts the action so that all pipes sound correctly. If the regulation is wrongly set, the keys may be at different heights, some pipes may sound when the keys are not pressed (a "cipher"), or pipes may not sound when a key is pressed. Tracker action, for example in the organ of

1047:

admits air to each rank. For a given pipe to sound, the stop governing the pipe's rank must be engaged, and the key corresponding to its pitch must be depressed. Ranks of pipes are organized into groups called divisions. Each division generally is played from its own keyboard and conceptually

1487:

couplers, which prevent the stops pulled in a particular division from sounding at their normal pitch. These can be used in combination with octave couplers to create innovative aural effects, and can also be used to rearrange the order of the manuals to make specific pieces easier to play.

599:

gives an idea of what organs were like prior to the 13th century, after which more records of large church organs exist. In his account, he describes the sound of the organ: "among them bells outstanding in tone and size, and an organ through bronze pipes prepared according to the musical

925:

have since built hybrid organs. Allen Organs first introduced the electronic organ in 1937 and in 1971 created the first digital organ using CMOS technology borrowed from NASA which created the digital pipe organ using sound recorded from actual speaking pipes and incorporating the sounds

795:

Organ builders began to prefer specifications with fewer mixtures and high-pitched stops, more 8′ and 16′ stops and wider pipe scales. These practices created a warmer, richer sound than was common in the 18th century. Organs began to be built in concert halls (such as the organ at the

1545:. This device is usually placed above the centre of the pedalboard and is configured to rotate away from the organist from a near-vertical position (in which the shades are closed) to a near-horizontal position (in which the shades are open). An organ may also have a similar-looking 829: 1911: 2102: 1913: 1138: 896:

In the late 20th century, organ builders began to incorporate digital components into their key, stop, and combination actions. Besides making these mechanisms simpler and more reliable, this also makes it possible to record and play back an organist's performance using the

1457:

of the keyboards has varied widely across time and between countries. Most current specifications call for two or more manuals with sixty-one notes (five octaves, from C to c″″) and a pedalboard with thirty or thirty-two notes (two and a half octaves, from C to f′ or g′).

2323:

The purpose of extended ranks and of their being borrowed is to save on the number of pipes. For example, without unification, three stops may use 183 pipes. With unification three stops may borrow one extended rank of 85 pipes. That's 98 fewer pipes used for those three

1282:

The label on a stop knob or rocker tab indicates the stop's name and its pitch in feet. Stops that control multiple ranks display a Roman numeral indicating the number of ranks present, instead of pitch. Thus, a stop labelled "Open Diapason 8′ " is a single-rank

1107:. In such actions, an electromagnet attracts a small pilot valve which lets wind go to a bellows (the "pneumatic" component) which opens the pallet. When electricity operates the action directly without the assistance of pneumatics, it is commonly referred to as 1689:

The main development of organ repertoire has progressed along with that of the organ itself, leading to distinctive national styles of composition. Because organs are commonly found in churches and synagogues, the organ repertoire includes a large amount of

1453:, meaning "foot"). Every organ has at least one manual (most have two or more), and most have a pedalboard. Each keyboard is named for a particular division of the organ (a group of ranks) and generally controls only the stops from that division. The 1201:, which gives the pressure as the difference in water levels in the two legs of the manometer. The difference in water level is proportional to the difference in pressure between the wind and the atmosphere. The 0.10 psi above would register as 2.75 1914: 1471:

sound at the same pitch as the keys played on the Great manual. Coupling allows stops from different divisions to be combined to create various tonal effects. It also allows every stop of the organ to be played simultaneously from one manual.

1102:

A more recent development is the electric action, which uses low voltage DC to control the key and/or stop mechanisms. Electricity may control the action indirectly by activating air pressure valves (pneumatics), in which case the action is

1279:

octaves higher is at 2′ pitch. Likewise, a stop that sounds an octave lower than unison pitch is at 16′ pitch, and one that sounds two octaves lower is at 32′ pitch. Stops of different pitch levels are designed to be played simultaneously.

1213:

may be on only 2.2 inches (56 mm), while (in the extreme) solo stops in some large 20th-century organs may require up to 50 inches (1,300 mm). In isolated, extreme cases, some stops have been voiced on 100 inches (2,500 mm).

721:

became remarkably consistent throughout France over the course of the Baroque era, more so than any other style of organ building in history, and standardized registrations developed. This type of instrument was elaborately described by

1196:

The wind system consists of the parts that produce, store, and deliver wind to the pipes. Pipe organ wind pressures are on the order of 0.10 psi (0.69 kPa). Organ builders traditionally measure organ wind using a water U-tube

1057:

may be mechanical, pneumatic, or electrical (or some combination of these, such as electro-pneumatic). The key action is independent of the stop action, allowing an organ to combine a mechanical key action with an electric stop action.

1538:; their position can be adjusted from the console. When the swell shades are open, more sound is heard than when they are closed. Sometimes the shades are exposed, but they are often concealed behind a row of facade-pipes or a grill. 1079:

In a mechanical stop action, each stop control operates a valve for a whole rank of pipes. When the organist selects a stop, the valve allows wind to reach the selected rank. The first kind of control used for this purpose was a draw

934:

A pipe organ contains one or more sets of pipes, a wind system, and one or more keyboards. The pipes produce sound when pressurized air produced by the wind system passes through them. An action connects the keyboards to the pipes.

888:

instruments modeled on Baroque organs. They returned to building mechanical key actions, voicing with lower wind pressures and thinner pipe scales, and designing specifications with more mixture stops. This became known as the

548:

From 800 to the 1400s, the use and construction of organs developed in significant ways, from the invention of the portative and positive organs to the installation of larger organs in major churches such as the cathedrals of

326:. By the 17th century, most of the sounds available on the modern classical organ had been developed. At that time, the pipe organ was the most complex human-made device—a distinction it retained until it was displaced by the 1549:, found alongside any expression pedals. Pressing the crescendo pedal forward cumulatively activates the stops of the organ, starting with the softest and ending with the loudest; pressing it backward reverses this process. 686:

divisions became increasingly common. Organ makers began designing their cases in such a way that the divisions of the organ were visibly discernible. Twentieth-century musicologists have retroactively labelled this the

1796: 1579:(affecting all the divisions), and are either preset by the organ builder or can be altered by the organist. Modern combination actions operate via computer memory, and can store several channels of registrations. 188: 462:

began to appear in the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th or 7th century AD. Some 400 pieces of a hydraulis from the year 228 AD were revealed during the 1931 archaeological excavations in the former Roman town

908:

developed throughout the 20th century. Some pipe organs were replaced by digital organs because of their lower purchase price, smaller physical size, and minimal maintenance requirements. In the early 1970s,

2100: 1662:

The goal of tuning a pipe organ is to adjust the pitch of each pipe so that they all sound in tune with each other. How the pitch of each pipe is adjusted depends on the type and construction of that pipe.

1746: 1303:

enough pipes to sound the top octave of the keyboard at 4′ pitch, it is common for an extra octave of pipes used only for the borrowed 4′ stop to be added. In this case, the full rank of pipes (now an

2024:. Very little secular organ music was composed in France and Italy during the Baroque period; the written repertoire is almost exclusively intended for liturgical use. In England, composers such as 1039:

Pipes are arranged by timbre and pitch into ranks. A rank is a set of pipes of the same timbre but multiple pitches (one for each note on the keyboard), which is mounted (usually vertically) onto a

2129:

In the 19th and 20th centuries, organ builders began to build instruments in concert halls and other large secular venues, allowing the organ to be used as part of an orchestra, as in Saint-Saëns'

3871: 3427:

To pull out all the stops literally, then, is to pull out every knob so that air is allowed to blast through every rank as the organist plays, which creates a powerful blast of unfiltered sound.

1912: 190: 2729: 333:

Pipe organs are installed in churches, synagogues, concert halls, schools, mansions, other public buildings and in private properties. They are used in the performance of classical music,

792:" to assist in operating the key action. This is, essentially, a servomechanism that uses wind pressure from the air plenum, to augment the force that is exerted by the player's fingers. 1822: 1640:

modern builders, particularly those building instruments specializing in polyphony rather than Romantic compositions, avoid this unless the architecture of the room makes it necessary.

405:

The organ is one of the oldest instruments still used in European classical music that has commonly been credited as having derived from Greece. Its earliest predecessors were built in

853: 1563:

Organ stops can be combined in many permutations, resulting in a great variety of sounds. A combination action can be used to switch instantly from one combination of stops (called a

1290:

Sometimes, a single rank of pipes may be able to be controlled by several stops, allowing the rank to be played at multiple pitches or on multiple manuals. Such a rank is said to be

2487:

lengths. On one side of this structure there is a hole in which they place a bellows like a blacksmith's. three crosses are placed at the two extremities and in the middle of the

1115:

or rocker tabs. These are simple switches, like wall switches for room lights. Some may include electromagnets for automatic setting or resetting when combinations are selected.

4394: 997:

and volume of the sound produced by a pipe depends on the volume of air delivered to the pipe and the manner in which it is constructed and voiced, the latter adjusted by the

1166: 1154: 1084:, which the organist selects by pulling (or drawing) toward himself/herself. Pulling all of the knobs thus activates all available pipes, and is the origin of the idiom " 5028: 4865: 4328: 600:

proportions." This is one of the earliest accounts of organs in Europe and also indicates that the organ was large and more permanent than other evidence would suggest.

2526: 1773: 238:. Most organs have many ranks of pipes of differing pitch, timbre, and volume that the player can employ singly or in combination through the use of controls called 985:

Organ pipes are made from either wood or metal and produce sound ("speak") when air under pressure ("wind") is directed through them. As one pipe produces a single

2636: 1336: 189: 1571:

that can be pressed by the organist, generally located beneath the keys of each manual (thumb pistons) or above the pedalboard (toe pistons). The pistons may be

322:

its sound could be heard throughout the city." Beginning in the 12th century, the organ began to evolve into a complex instrument capable of producing different

1626:

Organ cases occasionally feature a few ranks of pipes protruding horizontally from the case in the manner of a row of trumpets. These are referred to as pipes

1314:(a wheel of rotating bells), the nightingale (a pipe submerged in a small pool of water, creating the sound of a bird warbling when wind is admitted), and the 2500:

Willis, Henry. "The Organ, Its History and Development." Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. Vol. 73. No. 1. Taylor & Francis Group, 1946. p. 60

1850:. Pre-Renaissance keyboard music is found in compiled manuscripts that may include compositions from a variety of regions. The oldest of these sources is the 3077:

Bowles, E. A. (1962). The Organ in the Medieval Liturgical Service. Revue Belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Muziekwetenschap, 16(1/4), 13–29.

3468: 2619: 1877:

and psalm settings. Sweelinck in particular developed a rich collection of keyboard figuration that influenced subsequent composers. The Italian composer

1233:

would operate a set of bellows, supplying the organ with wind. Rather than hire a calcant, an organist might practise on some other instrument such as a

611:

to describe the organ as "the king of instruments", a characterization still frequently applied. The Halberstadt organ was the first instrument to use a

3875: 357:

were popular; and in the homes of the wealthy. The beginning of the 21st century has seen a resurgence in installations in concert halls. A substantial

293:, in the 3rd century BC, in which the wind supply was created by the weight of displaced water in an airtight container. By the 6th or 7th century AD, 3130: 619:

Records of other organs permanently installed and used in worship services in the late 13th and 14th centuries are found in large cathedrals such as

2703: 814: 3589: 2559: 1343: 3013: 4307: 2679: 1088:". More modern stop selectors, utilized in electric actions, are ordinary electrical switches and/or magnetic valves operated by a rocker tab. 255:

played by the feet; each keyboard controls its own division (group of stops). The keyboard(s), pedalboard, and stops are housed in the organ's

2242:, wrote post-tonal organ music. Messiaen's music in particular redefined many of the traditional notions of organ registration and technique. 1352: 1245:, although some can still be operated manually. The wind supplied is stored in one or more regulators to maintain a constant pressure in the 616:

bellows operated by ten men, and the wind pressure was so high that the player had to use the full strength of their arm to hold down a key.

4420:

Ahrens, Christian (2006). In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 399–499. New York: Routledge.

4369: 2265:

for the leading background score. The final recording took place in London's Temple Church on 1926 four-manual Harrison and Harrison organ.

1671:, includes adjustment nuts on the wire ends of the wooden trackers, which have the effect of changing the effective length of each tracker. 1318:("thunder effect", a device that sounds the lowest bass pipes simultaneously). Standard orchestral percussion instruments such as the drum, 3641: 2041:

Organ music was seldom written in the Classical era, as composers preferred the piano with its ability to create dynamics. In Germany, the

1922: 261:. The organ's continuous supply of wind allows it to sustain notes for as long as the corresponding keys are pressed, unlike the piano and 3929: 5361: 3994: 1604:, will most often contain pipes, which may be either sounding pipes or dummy pipes solely for decoration. The façade pipes may be plain, 3845: 3700: 1989:

fused characteristics of every national tradition and historical style in his large-scale preludes and fugues and chorale-based works.

1842:

Before the Baroque era, keyboard music generally was not written for one instrument or another, but rather was written to be played on

1072: 3940: 3826: 3815: 1064:. When the organist depresses a key, the corresponding rod (called a tracker) pulls open its pallet, allowing wind to enter the pipe. 939:

allow the organist to control which ranks of pipes sound at a given time. The organist operates the stops and the keyboards from the

4659:

Thistlethwaite, Nicholas (1999). "Origins and development of the organ". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4386: 661:

periods, the organ's tonal colors became more varied. Organ builders fashioned stops that imitated various instruments, such as the

4902: 2726: 2482:, p. 118. "the narrative of the Syrian hostage Harun Ibn Yahya...'This is what happens at Christmas...they bring what is called an 454:, which delivered a wind supply maintained through water pressure to a set of pipes. The hydraulis was played in the arenas of the 19:

This article is about organs that produce sound by driving wind through various pipes. For an overview of related instruments, see

3959: 3304: 693: 3611: 4979: 1846:

keyboard instrument. For this reason, much of the organ's repertoire through the Renaissance period is the same as that of the

884:

Beginning in the early 20th century in Germany and in the mid-20th century in the United States, organ builders began to build

4325: 2432: 5035: 4815: 4750: 4736: 4543:

Higginbottom, Edward (1999). "The French classical organ school". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4524: 4293:

Brooks, Gerard (1999). "French and Belgian organ music after 1800". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.),

3792: 3759: 974: 3418: 2523: 1148:

showing the tracker action. The black rods, called rollers, rotate to transmit movement sideways to line up with the pipes.

595:

It is difficult to directly determine when larger were first installed in Europe. An early detailed eyewitness account from

3225: 2367: 458:. The pumps and water regulators of the hydraulis were replaced by an inflated leather bag in the 2nd century AD, and true 274:, i.e. 'the number of ranks and additional equipment managed from a single console'—can be found in the quarterly magazine 4870: 4848: 5760: 4983: 3150: 2151: 1132:

rectangular chamber above the pallet feeds wind to all pipes of this note and stop; note the cutaway passages at the top.

2401: 926:

electronically within the memory of the digital organ thus having real pipe organ sound without the actual organ pipes.

4769: 4349: 3663: 2640: 2042: 876:

The pipe organ in the Organ of the St Viktor Church, Dülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, exhibits a modern façade.

585: 4706: 1190: 475:), which was used as a music instrument by the Aquincum fire dormitory; a modern replica produces an enjoyable sound. 4801: 4682: 4673:

Webber, Geoffrey (1999). "The north German organ school". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4668: 4654: 4640: 4622: 4608: 4594: 4580: 4566: 4552: 4538: 4510: 4496: 4482: 4468: 4454: 4439: 4425: 4019: 3524: 3252: 3043: 2928: 2783: 2745: 2600: 2479: 1854:, dating from about 1360. The Buxheimer Orgelbuch, which dates from about 1470 and was compiled in Germany, includes 885: 821: 698: 64: 4585:

McCrea, Andrew (1999). "British organ music after 1800". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4575:. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 526–527. New York: Routledge. 4561:. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 145–146. New York: Routledge. 4501:

Dalton, James (1999). "Iberian organ music before 1700". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

2049:(published 1845) marked the beginning of a renewed interest in composing for the organ. Inspired by the newly built 4951:, photos and specifications of some of the world's most interesting organs (subscription required for some content) 493: 297:

were used to supply Byzantine organs with wind. A pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent to the West by the

4617:. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 70–71. New York: Routledge. 4180:

Yearsley, David (1999). "The organ music of J. S. Bach". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.),

5775: 5354: 4487:

Cox, Geoffrey (1999). "English organ music to c1700". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

3561: 2287: 4891: 4199: 3472: 3024:(subscription required, though relevant reference is viewable in concise article). Retrieved on 26 January 2008. 2130: 1810: 901:

protocol. In addition, some organ builders have incorporated digital (electronic) stops into their pipe organs.

4963: 2673: 2616: 2119: 872: 859: 2206:

In the 20th-century symphonic repertoire, both sacred and secular, continued to progress through the music of

5770: 4445:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "Organ building today". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

4182: 2084: 2012:. Because the French organ of the 17th and early 18th centuries was very standardized, a conventional set of 1787: 1029: 776: 754: 382: 5755: 4876: 4459:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "Organ construction". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

3575:(1777) (subscription required, though relevant reference is viewable in preview). Retrieved on 22 May 2007. 3127: 1668: 1274:

To facilitate a large range of timbres, organ stops exist at different pitch levels. A stop that sounds at

1145: 497: 434: 174: 1060:

A key action in which the keys are connected to the windchests by only rods and levers is a mechanical or

5065: 3853: 3800: 2775: 2712: 2700: 170: 4276: 4163: 4141: 4119: 4058: 3585: 2552: 1542: 1085: 1004: 5347: 4698: 4473:

Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "The organ case". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),

3010: 1001:

to produce the desired tone and volume. Hence a pipe's volume cannot be readily changed while playing.

978: 962: 35: 4922: 4053:

Caldwell, John (2007). "Sources of keyboard music to 1660, §2: Individual sources". In L. Macy (Ed.),

4997: 2663: 2107: 1870: 780: 5640: 5298: 5191: 5125: 5120: 3444: 2311: 2080: 1926: 1104: 1096: 2248:

was an organist who studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the

2065:

led organ music into the symphonic realm. The development of symphonic organ music continued with

1502: 5680: 5408: 5230: 5160: 4366: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2095:'s symphonic works made use of the abilities of the large Romantic organs then built in Germany. 2029: 1957:. Near the end of the Baroque era, the chorale prelude and the partita became mixed, forming the 1757: 1684: 836: 742: 589: 536: 3637: 450:

is credited with inventing the organ in the 3rd century BC. He devised an instrument called the

5765: 4973: 3926: 2184: 1990: 1108: 840: 784: 596: 4982:, list of organs in Australia and New Zealand investigated by John Stiller, Research Officer, 4929:, an online pipe organ database with specifications of more than 10,000 organs in 95 countries 2798: 2510: 2187:. Because these concert hall instruments could approximate the sounds of symphony orchestras, 1802: 1658:

Tracker action showing adjusters on tracker ends which engage with the keys of the great organ

801: 723: 5576: 4533:(7th ed.). Edited by Catherine Crozier Gleason. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 3842: 2797:

Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., "The Organ, an Encyclopedia." Routledge. 2006. p. 327.

2249: 2188: 1986: 1753: 1733: 890: 860:

The Cavaillé-Coll organ of the cathedral of Nancy, featured the first 32' Bombarde in France.

766:

and the independent pedal division appeared in English organs beginning in the 18th century.

674: 354: 3751: 3697: 1894: 1530:. At least one side of the box is constructed from horizontal or vertical palettes known as 5543: 5293: 5240: 5225: 5200: 5165: 5021: 4197:

Michael Haydn: Duo Concertante for viola and organ. Joseph Haydn: Organ Concerto in C major

3812: 3615: 2817:

The Organ from its invention in the Hellenistic period to the end of the thirteenth century

2017: 2016:

developed for its repertoire. The music of French composers (and Italian composers such as

2013: 1946: 1930: 1379: 966: 759: 678: 608: 603:

The first organ documented to have been permanently installed was one installed in 1361 in

550: 194:

Improvisation in E, played on the organ located in the St. George's Minster in the town of

76: 41: 4976:, an online database of medieval musical iconography (featuring images of medieval organs) 4885:, a comprehensive database of over 2500 stops with descriptions, pictures, and sound clips 2005: 8: 5750: 5548: 5538: 5428: 5374: 5288: 5245: 5215: 5048: 2524:

http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/worship-and-music/music-choir/the-cathedral-organ/

2261: 2062: 1970: 1851: 1654: 1620: 1206: 910: 738: 620: 554: 267: 49: 4899: 4387:"Church organ playing Hans Zimmer's epic 'Interstellar' theme makes our world feel tiny" 4114:

Caldwell, John (2007). "Keyboard music, §I: Keyboard music to c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.),

2920: 1024:

according to their design and timbre. Flue pipes produce sound by forcing air through a

797: 5708: 5205: 5130: 4271:

Owen, Barbara (2007). "Keyboard music, §II: Organ music from c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.),

3956: 3301: 2902: 2867: 2092: 2070: 2058: 1605: 1600:

ornamental carvings and other decorations. The visible portion of the case, called the

1558: 922: 746: 646: 575:

Several innovations occurred to organs in the Middle Ages, such as the creation of the

327: 211: 149: 2211: 559: 20: 5667: 5650: 5177: 4811: 4797: 4746: 4732: 4678: 4664: 4650: 4636: 4618: 4604: 4590: 4576: 4562: 4548: 4534: 4520: 4506: 4492: 4478: 4464: 4450: 4435: 4421: 4323:

Lozenz, James Edward (2006). "Organ Transcriptions and the Late Romantic Period". In

4015: 3755: 3520: 3248: 3039: 2924: 2779: 2741: 2669: 2596: 2475: 2393: 2245: 2172: 2046: 2034: 2009: 1978: 1918: 1649: 1633: 1615: 1210: 1033: 1009: 917:

organ, an electronic instrument that incorporates real pipes; other builders such as

654: 565: 270:. A ranking of the largest organs in the world—based on the criterion constructed by 5553: 4957:, stoplists, pictures and information about some 33,500 pipe organs around the world 3439: 3222: 2424: 1287:

stop sounding at 8′ pitch. A stop labelled "Mixture V" is a five-rank mixture.

271: 5604: 5568: 5393: 5370: 5339: 5313: 5283: 5095: 5075: 2968: 2894: 2859: 2219: 1966: 1950: 1897:

began the most prolific period of Spanish organ composition, which culminated with

1874: 1829: 1680: 1595:, Thuringia, Germany has a highly decorative case with ornate carvings and cherubs. 1522: 1497: 905: 709:

In France, as in Italy, Spain and Portugal, organs were primarily designed to play

505: 358: 226:. Because each pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called 223: 4945:, featuring history and specifications of 28,000 pipe organs in the United Kingdom 3789: 2223: 2050: 5655: 5635: 5507: 5303: 5090: 4967: 4926: 4906: 4895: 4773: 4710: 4373: 4353: 4332: 4308:

Pipe organs are popping up in concert halls nationwide. Now—what to play on them?

4280: 4203: 4167: 4145: 4123: 4062: 3963: 3944: 3933: 3849: 3830: 3819: 3796: 3704: 3565: 3308: 3229: 3154: 3134: 3017: 2733: 2707: 2623: 2563: 2530: 2215: 2168: 2146: 1982: 1974: 1958: 1898: 1721: 1707: 1691: 1546: 1511: 1264: 1242: 1044: 993:. The greater the length of the pipe, the lower its resulting pitch will be. The 624: 576: 541: 513: 440: 389: 334: 306: 235: 5250: 2207: 2163:

Other composers who have used the organ prominently in orchestral music include

2054: 1779: 1268: 758:

early 18th century, and in 1712, Abraham Jordan claimed his "swelling organ" at

737:

In England, many pipe organs were destroyed or removed from churches during the

99: 5729: 5713: 5675: 5619: 5581: 5500: 5418: 5308: 5112: 5085: 5080: 5057: 4859: 3469:"The Physics of Organ Actions, Part 1: Mechanical Actions, "Fore-touch weight"" 2295: 2180: 2075: 2021: 2001: 1994: 1942: 1878: 1859: 1783: 1729: 1440: 1435: 1421: 1416: 1061: 998: 970: 750: 580: 569: 501: 483: 479: 406: 398: 290: 252: 247: 124: 4326:

An Organ Transcription of the Messe in C, op. 169 by Josef Gabriel Rheinberger

3128:

A brief look at the French Classical organ, its origins and German counterpart

2079:

that exploited the full possibilities of the symphonic organ, such as Widor's

1160:

Schematic animation of a mechanical-action windchest with three ranks of pipes

195: 5744: 5690: 5614: 5495: 5478: 5463: 5458: 5388: 5323: 5070: 4376:". Moore's School of Music: University of Houston. Retrieved on 19 June 2007. 2944:

Williams, Peter (1994). "Difficulties in Understanding the Earliest Organs".

2397: 2381: 2291: 2231: 2200: 2196: 2176: 2138: 2000:

In France, organ music developed during the Baroque era through the music of

1954: 1717: 1454: 1369: 1299: 1284: 1202: 1198: 1172: 990: 986: 940: 805: 670: 658: 642: 637: 607:, Germany. The first documented permanent organ installation likely prompted 509: 414: 346: 342: 338: 302: 256: 157: 131: 4766: 4346: 4336:(PDF). Florida State University College of Music. Retrieved on 19 June 2007. 3667: 3090:

Gwynn, Dominic (2015). "The Mediaeval Tradition in English Organ Building".

3059:

Williams, Peter (1997). "Further on The Organ in Western Culture 750–1250".

2959:

Caldwell, John (1966). "The Organ in the Medieval Latin Liturgy, 800–1500".

1962: 775:

organ registration. New technologies and the work of organ builders such as

5685: 5596: 5558: 5438: 5273: 5210: 5000:

about the large & small, famous & unique pipe organs of the world.

4852: 4843:, pipe organ website with information and detailed photos of various organs 4703: 2972: 2334: 2164: 2066: 1938: 1863: 1855: 1535: 1319: 918: 844: 789: 455: 4879:, a gallery of over 2000 pipe organ pictures from many different countries 3147: 2885:

Bridges, Geoffrey (1991). "Medieval Portatives: Some Technical Comments".

5586: 5517: 5443: 5328: 5318: 5278: 5260: 4937: 2256: 2235: 2227: 2192: 1847: 1832:(1986) championed an innovative and unprecedented approach to organ music 1514:, Germany. The expression pedal is visible directly above the pedalboard. 1507: 1311: 1238: 1218: 1067: 604: 521: 374: 350: 314: 286: 262: 4948: 1310:

Special unpitched stops also appear in some organs. Among these are the

558:

permanently installed organs existing in religious settings such as the

5645: 5609: 5473: 5433: 5413: 5255: 5187: 5150: 5142: 5007: 4970:

documents organs present and past in the five boroughs of New York City

3708: 1712: 1628: 1587: 1258: 1234: 1081: 957: 952: 936: 710: 239: 219: 4873:, a repository of information on significant organs and organ builders 4196: 3558: 2906: 2871: 528:

in 812, beginning its establishment in Western European church music.

486:(d. 913), in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the 5522: 5423: 5235: 5172: 5155: 5107: 5102: 5013: 4888: 2239: 2088: 2025: 1021: 1017: 763: 662: 612: 451: 447: 423: 394: 378: 298: 114: 91: 83: 69: 5001: 4960: 4932: 1402:

are accessed from the console. The console is either built into the

1111:. In this type, the electromagnet's armature carries a disc pallet. 5453: 5398: 2898: 2863: 2665:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa

1890: 472: 468: 464: 3078: 2073:. Widor and Vierne wrote large-scale, multi-movement works called 5485: 5403: 5220: 3038:(2nd ed.). Dover Publications. pp. Volume II, page 61. 1886: 1882: 1703: 1609: 1323: 1226: 1185: 702: 459: 294: 4828: 5512: 5448: 1695: 1592: 1567:) to another. Combination actions feature small buttons called 1482: 1374: 1275: 1222: 1025: 994: 525: 517: 323: 318: 310: 231: 59:

Organ, Church organ (used only for organs in houses of worship)

2191:

of orchestral works found a place in the organ repertoire. As

2137:). Frequently the organ is given a soloistic part, such as in 1941:. Sacred organ music was based on chorales: composers such as 139: 5490: 4808:

A New History of the Organ from the Greeks to the Present Day

4631:. In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), 4273: 4160: 4138: 4116: 4055: 1973:. The primary type of free-form piece in this period was the 1806: 1725: 714: 429: 417: 4990: 4787:

The Organ: Its evolution, principles of construction and use

4647:

The Organ: Its Evolution, Principles of Construction and Use

588:

appear to have real keyboards with balanced keys, as in the

4919: 4677:, pp. 219–235. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4635:, pp. 148–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4589:, pp. 279–298. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4547:, pp. 176–189. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4505:, pp. 165–175. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4491:, pp. 109–203. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2032:

wrote multi-sectional free works for liturgical use called

1699: 1327: 898: 666: 4942: 4840: 4834: 4782:. Colfax, North Carolina: Wayne Leupold Editions. No ISBN. 3299:"The decline of mixtures," in George Laing Miller (1913), 843:

containing numerous innovations, and especially the first

4996:"TourBus to the King of Instruments" – video series with 4954: 4882: 4477:, pp. 55–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4463:, pp. 18–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4449:, pp. 82–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4136:

McLean, Hugh J. (2007). "Böhm, Georg". In L. Macy (Ed.),

2921:

Critical and Bibliographical Notes on Early Spanish Music

1767:) forms an important part of the instrument's repertoire. 1541:

The most common method of controlling the louvers is the

4663:, pp. 1–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3937: 3823: 2637:"The Museums of Macedonia:Archaeological Museum of Dion" 1433:, meaning "hand"). The keyboard played by the feet is a 1175:, patron saint of music, depicted playing the pipe organ 285:

The origins of the pipe organ can be traced back to the

2294:

has four stops on 100 inches and ten stops on 50.

1446: 1263:

Each stop usually controls one rank of pipes, although

428:), a generic term for an instrument or a tool, via the 393:

4th century AD "Mosaic of the Female Musicians" from a

214:

that produces sound by driving pressurised air (called

4713:, Q. Faulkner, trans (2011). Lincoln, NE: Zea E-Books. 4158:

Ledbetter, David (2007). "Prelude". In L. Macy (Ed.),

2772:

On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments

1386:

The controls available to the organist, including the

40:

Pipe organ in the collegiate church of St. Michael in

4297:, pp. 274–275. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3966:. The Cinema Organ Society. Retrieved on 7 July 2009. 3195: 3193: 2617:

Pipe organs 101: an introduction to pipe organ basics

1048:

comprises an individual instrument within the organ.

745:

period. Some were relocated to private homes. At the

487: 381:

from the 1st century BC, oldest organ found to date,

5369: 3514: 3496:

William H. Barnes, "The Contemporary American Organ"

2466: 2464: 1395: 3399:

William H. Barnes "The Contemporary American Organ"

1869:In the Renaissance period, Dutch composers such as 1862:. The earliest Italian organ music is found in the 1427: 1249:until the action allows it to flow into the pipes. 682:timbres and large Pedal and Rückpositiv divisions. 234:, volume, and construction throughout the keyboard 4780:A Guide to the Pipe Organ for Composers and Others 3762:. Google Book search. Retrieved on 15 August 2008. 3559:Dietrich Buxtehude's organ works: A practical help 3190: 2725:Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert (1940). 1809:) famously included a prominent organ part in his 1491: 1378:The five-manual, 522-stop detached console at the 989:, multiple pipes are necessary to accommodate the 820:A typical modern 20th-century console, located in 632: 4866:Organ transcriptions and the Late Romantic Period 4284:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4171:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4149:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4127:(subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008. 4066:(subscription required). Retrieved on 7 May 2008. 3728: 3726: 3233:. Ferguson (Tr.) (1977). Retrieved on 7 May 2007. 2850:Bridges, Geoffrey (1992). "Medieval Portatives". 2595:. Richmond VA USA: The Organ Historical Society. 2461: 1032:, whereas reed pipes produce sound via a beating 492:(organ) as one of the typical instruments of the 5742: 4727:Bush, Douglas and Kassel, Richard (Ed.) (2006). 4347:Literature-based reed assignment in organ design 4186:, p. 236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3419:"What Does It Mean to 'Pull Out All the Stops'?" 2380:Szostak, Michał (November 2017 – January 2018). 1937:Early Baroque organ music in Germany was highly 2143:Symphonie Concertante for Organ & Orchestra 349:to accompany the screening of films during the 245:A pipe organ has one or more keyboards (called 4862:, a scholarly description of flue pipe physics 4757:The History of the Organ in the United States. 3723: 3519:(Second ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 3–4. 3377: 3375: 3157:. GBM MARKETING ApS. Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 353:era; in municipal auditoria, where orchestral 345:. In the early 20th century, pipe organs were 5355: 5029: 5010:about large pipe organs in USA and in Europe. 5002:American Video & Audio Production Company 3492: 3490: 3174: 3172: 2984: 2982: 2553:"Strange ills afflict pipe organs of Europe". 1632:and are particularly common in organs of the 5006:"The Joy of Music" – television series with 4938:The Top 20 – The World's Largest Pipe Organs 4933:Organ Historical Society Pipe Organ Database 4837:, quarterly UK publication about pipe organs 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 3754:. Revised edition. Augsburg Fortress. p. 9. 3356: 3354: 2756: 2754: 2379: 2306: 2304: 1612:, or painted and are usually referred to as 1225:required at least one person to operate the 1221:, playing the organ before the invention of 524:requested a similar organ for his chapel in 317:requested a similar organ for his chapel in 3995:New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 3866: 3864: 3862: 3666:. Nzorgan.com. 26 July 1997. Archived from 3372: 2988:Kennedy, Michael (Ed.) (2002). "Organ". In 1881:wrote in the typical Italian genres of the 1706:elements, etc.) as well as solo in nature ( 1444: 1425: 1414:Keyboards played by the hands are known as 1330:have also been imitated in organ building. 432: 5362: 5348: 5036: 5022: 4849:"A Young Person's Guide to the Pipe Organ" 4764:De Organographia, Parts III – V with Index 4517:The Language of the Classical French Organ 3487: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3169: 3160: 2992:, p. 644. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2979: 2763: 2158: 1985:, Böhm, and Buxtehude. The organ music of 1358:M.P. Möller three-rank chapel organ (1936) 1307:) is one octave longer than the keyboard. 808:used the organ in their orchestral works. 697:Baroque pipe organ of the 18th century at 364: 4991:Resources for pipe organ video recordings 4810:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4252: 4110: 4108: 3517:Process Instruments and Controls Handbook 3351: 3137:". Steve Thomas. Retrieved on 7 May 2007. 2837:Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris 2751: 2586: 2584: 2301: 2298:. Oddmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 July 2007. 2203:to provide accompaniment for the films. 1904: 973:, Utah, has 11,623 pipes and accompanies 4314:, Nov–Dec 2004. Retrieved on 7 May 2007. 3895: 3893: 3859: 3752:Instruction Book for Beginning Organists 3242: 3058: 2958: 2943: 2839:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2748:. Perseus. Retrieved on 9 February 2008. 2629: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2097: 1908: 1653: 1643: 1586: 1501: 1373: 1184: 1066: 1036:, like that of a clarinet or saxophone. 1003: 956: 871: 692: 636: 564: 540:9th century image of an organ, from the 535: 388: 373: 186: 4796:Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4603:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4356:". PIPORG-L. Retrieved on 19 June 2007. 3899:Wicks "Swell division", "Swell shades". 3614:. Bowralanglican.org.au. Archived from 3302:The Recent Revolution in Organ Building 3261: 3033: 2884: 2849: 2769: 2422: 2152:Concerto for Organ, Strings and Tympani 1858:of vocal music by the English composer 1813:, which is thus sometimes known as the 1786:, 1888) at the console of the organ at 1521:refers to a system that allows for the 1399: 562:and other locations throughout Europe. 5743: 5043: 4789:(4th ed.). London: MacDonald. No ISBN. 4759:Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4716:Bédos de Celles, Dom François (1768). 4105: 3644:from the original on 30 September 2011 3330:Bicknell "Organ building today", 82ff. 3220:Bédos de Celles, Dom François (1766). 2961:Proceedings of the Musical Association 2834: 2814: 2581: 2509:Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., 2425:"The Largest Pipe Organs in the World" 2053:organs, the French organist-composers 1575:(affecting only a single division) or 16:Wind instrument controlled by keyboard 5343: 5017: 3890: 3741:Bicknell "Organ construction", 27–28. 3732:Bicknell "Organ construction", 26–27. 3720:Bicknell "Organ construction", 18–20. 3505:Bicknell "Organ construction", 23–24. 3408:Bicknell "Organ construction", 22–23. 3247:. Faber and Faber. pp. 126–130. 3223:Extraits de l'Art du facteur d'orgues 3148:Copenhagen Portal: Roskilde Cathedral 3089: 2939: 2937: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2682:from the original on 21 February 2023 2668:, vol. 4, Taylor & Francis, 2639:. Macedonian Heritage. Archived from 2590: 2447: 2423:Szostak, Michał (30 September 2018). 2155:, and Frigyes Hidas' Organ Concerto. 1552: 975:The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square 867: 586:miniatures of illuminated manuscripts 4720:. Charles Ferguson (Trans.) (1977). 4675:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4661:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4633:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4587:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4545:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4519:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4503:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4489:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4475:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4461:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4447:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4295:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 4183:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ 3592:from the original on 20 January 2012 2661: 2655: 2593:The Aeolian pipe organ and its music 2435:from the original on 7 November 2020 2404:from the original on 25 January 2019 2346:Organ built by Wilhelm Schwarz, 1901 1636:and large 20th-century instruments. 1534:, which operate in a similar way to 443:used in ancient Roman circus games. 4984:Organ Historical Trust of Australia 4601:The New Harvard Dictionary of Music 4345:Glück, Sebastian Matthäus (2003). " 3638:"Antwerpse Kathedraalconcerten vzw" 2574:N. Pippenger, "Complexity Theory", 2296:Atlantic City Convention Hall Organ 1694:, which is accompanimental (choral 1480:In addition, larger organs may use 1342:Stop knobs of the Baroque organ in 1229:. When signaled by the organist, a 13: 4689: 4629:Italian organ music to Frescobaldi 4599:Randel, Don Michael (Ed.) (1986). 3588:. Douglas-self.com. 10 June 2011. 3548:Bicknell "Organ construction", 18. 3515:Douglas M. Considine, ed. (1974). 3381:Bicknell "Organ construction", 20. 3369:Bicknell "Organ construction", 27. 3146:Organ by Hermean Raphaelis, 1554. 2934: 2923:(PDF). London: Quaritch, 119–127. 2823: 2803: 2392:. The Musical Opinion Ltd: 12–28. 1380:United States Naval Academy Chapel 1267:and undulating stops (such as the 769: 138: 14: 5787: 4889:An introductory site to the organ 4822: 4035:Bicknell "The organ case", 66–67. 3187:Bicknell "The organ case", 66–71. 2020:) was written for use during the 1977:, as exemplified in the works of 1591:The organ of the Severikirche in 1012:, showing the pipes of the organ. 800:in Paris), and composers such as 4980:Pipe Organ Documentation Project 4627:Stembridge, Christopher (1999). 4397:from the original on 8 June 2022 4379: 4359: 4339: 4317: 4300: 4287: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4189: 4174: 4152: 4130: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4047: 4038: 3034:Audsley, George Ashdown (1965). 2716:. Retrieved on 10 February 2008. 1925:on the Fisk-Nanney organ at the 1821: 1795: 1772: 1745: 1732:, organ symphonies, suites, and 1351: 1335: 1165: 1153: 1137: 1124: 1040: 852: 828: 813: 494:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 409:in the 3rd century BC. The word 34: 4961:The New York City Organ Project 4831:, a basic overview of the organ 4645:Sumner, William Leslie (1973). 4213:(1). Retrieved on 10 July 2007. 4029: 4004: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3950: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3874:. Crumhorn Labs. Archived from 3836: 3806: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3744: 3735: 3714: 3691: 3682: 3656: 3630: 3612:"St Jude's: History Pipe Organ" 3604: 3578: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3508: 3499: 3461: 3432: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3363: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3236: 3211: 3202: 3181: 3140: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3083: 3079:https://doi.org/10.2307/3686069 3071: 3052: 3027: 3004: 2995: 2952: 2913: 2878: 2843: 2791: 2719: 2693: 2609: 2568: 2545: 2340: 2327: 2317: 2288:Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ 2280: 1492:Enclosure and expression pedals 1191:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 929: 633:Renaissance and Baroque periods 77:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 4920:International Organ Foundation 4794:The European Organ, 1458–1850. 4434:New York: Dover Publications. 3993:PETER WILLIAMS, BARBARA OWEN, 3947:. Retrieved on 13 August 2008. 3872:"A brief tour of a pipe organ" 3833:. Retrieved on 13 August 2008. 3022:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2990:The Oxford Dictionary of Music 2536: 2516: 2503: 2494: 2416: 2373: 2360: 2120:United States Military Academy 1961:. This genre was developed by 1837: 1387: 1180: 822:St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin 1: 4762:Praetorius, Michael (1619). 4724:. Raleigh, NC: Sunbury Press. 4367:Messiaen's organ registration 2770:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990), 2511:"The Organ, an Encyclopedia." 2370:". Retrieved on 3 March 2008. 2314:to indicate specific pitches. 2268: 2259:used pipe organ in the movie 1923:Fantasia and Fugue in G minor 1761: 1674: 1391: 1209:). An Italian organ from the 1016:Organ pipes are divided into 713:verses rather than accompany 439:, an instrument similar to a 251:) played by the hands, and a 230:, each of which has a common 21:Organ (music) § Overview 4943:National Pipe Organ Register 4913: 4365:Galuska, Andrew R. (2001). " 3856:. Retrieved on 25 June 2007. 3803:. Retrieved on 4 March 2008. 3780:Ahrens, 339; Kassel, 526–527 3440:"Organ Types and Components" 2382:"The World's Largest Organs" 2353: 1710:, hymn versets designed for 1669:Cradley Heath Baptist Church 1506:The console of the organ in 1409: 1382:crafted by R. A. Colby, Inc. 1146:Cradley Heath Baptist Church 1095:A later development was the 1071:Pipes from the organ of the 741:of the 16th century and the 424: 369: 175:Category:Pipe organ builders 7: 4883:Encyclopedia of Organ Stops 4785:Sumner, William L. (1973). 3938:American Guild of Organists 3854:American Guild of Organists 3824:American Guild of Organists 3801:United States Naval Academy 3312:. Retrieved on 7 July 2009. 2776:University of Chicago Press 2740:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2713:Online Etymology Dictionary 2218:. Other composers, such as 1461: 1403: 1189:Bellows of a pipe organ at 835:The organ of the Cathedral- 762:to be a new invention. The 531: 500:in the imperial capital of 496:. It was often used in the 488: 171:List of pipe organ builders 10: 5792: 5761:Basso continuo instruments 4778:Soderlund, Sandra (1994). 4729:The Organ: An Encyclopedia 4699:Musica mechanica organoedi 4413: 4195:Lang, Paul Henry (1971). " 3908:Wicks "Expression pedals". 3750:Johnson, David N. (1973). 3245:A New History of the Organ 3126:Phelps, Lawrence (1973). " 2887:The Galpin Society Journal 2852:The Galpin Society Journal 2626:. Retrieved on 6 May 2007. 2368:The World's Largest Organs 2038:through the 19th century. 1678: 1647: 1619:within the context of the 1556: 1495: 1367: 1363: 1256: 979:Orchestra at Temple Square 963:Salt Lake Tabernacle organ 950: 777:Eberhard Friedrich Walcker 418: 330:in the late 19th century. 278:and in the online journal 18: 5722: 5701: 5666: 5628: 5595: 5567: 5531: 5381: 5269: 5186: 5141: 5056: 4998:Carol Williams (organist) 4718:L'art du facteur d'orgues 4515:Douglass, Fenner (1995). 4331:27 September 2007 at the 4306:Barone, Michael (2004). " 3848:27 September 2007 at the 3711:Retrieved on 13 May 2008. 3339:Retrieved on 7 July 2009. 3307:17 September 2011 at the 3036:The Art of Organ Building 2529:29 September 2017 at the 1893:. In Spain, the works of 1871:Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck 1582: 1144:Interior of the organ at 1086:to pull out all the stops 1051: 839:(France), first organ of 749:, organ builders such as 732:The Art of Organ Building 728:L'art du facteur d'orgues 185: 180: 168: 163: 155: 148: 137: 130: 120: 110: 75: 63: 55: 48: 33: 4806:Williams, Peter (1980). 4792:Williams, Peter (1966). 4745:. St. Louis: Concordia. 4571:Kassel, Richard (2006). 4557:Kassel, Richard (2006). 4529:Gleason, Harold (1988). 4372:3 September 2007 at the 3917:Wicks "Crescendo pedal". 3771:Randel "Rossignol", 718. 3272:Randel "Organ", 586–587. 3243:Williams, Peter (1980). 3133:7 September 2006 at the 2760:Randel "Hydraulis", 385. 2732:21 February 2023 at the 2699:Harper, Douglas (2001). 2562:22 February 2012 at the 2542:Randel "Organ", 584–585. 2513:Routledge. 2006. p. 327. 2312:Helmholtz pitch notation 2273: 2133:(sometimes known as the 2081:Symphony for Organ No. 6 1949:wrote chorale preludes, 1927:Stanford Memorial Church 1716:use, etc.). The organ's 1252: 1097:tubular-pneumatic action 946: 5681:Piano Technicians Guild 4731:. New York: Routledge. 4709:18 January 2012 at the 4531:Method of Organ Playing 4222:Higginbottom, 177, 189. 3795:6 November 2008 at the 3703:5 December 2008 at the 3586:"Water Engines: Page 6" 3564:3 February 2019 at the 3228:11 October 2007 at the 3001:Sumner "The Organ", 39. 2738:A Greek-English Lexicon 2706:7 December 2008 at the 2622:26 October 2006 at the 2366:Willey, David (2001). " 2159:Modern and contemporary 2123:West Point Cadet Chapel 2116:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov 2112:Flight of the Bumblebee 1685:List of organ composers 837:Basilica of Saint-Denis 699:Monastery of Santa Cruz 590:Cantigas de Santa Maria 448:Ctesibius of Alexandria 365:History and development 266:world can be viewed at 5776:Orchestral instruments 4772:26 August 2014 at the 4767:(English translation) 4696:Adlung, Jacob (1768). 4231:Higginbottom, 178–181. 4044:Wicks "Organ Chamber". 3557:Koopman, Ton (1991). " 3321:Thistlethwaite, 14–15. 3153:5 January 2008 at the 2835:Wright, Craig (1989). 2591:Smith, Rollin (1998). 2310:This article uses the 2185:Ralph Vaughan Williams 2126: 1991:George Frideric Handel 1934: 1905:Common practice period 1659: 1596: 1515: 1445: 1426: 1383: 1217:With the exception of 1193: 1109:direct electric action 1076: 1013: 982: 877: 841:Aristide Cavaille-Coll 781:Aristide Cavaillé-Coll 755:"Father" Bernard Smith 719:French Classical Organ 715:congregational singing 706: 650: 597:Wulfstan of Winchester 572: 545: 433: 402: 386: 361:spans over 500 years. 313:, in 757. Pepin's son 199: 143: 4966:20 April 2018 at the 4755:Ochse, Orpha (1975). 4649:. London: Macdonald. 4613:Sefl, Alfred (2006). 4432:Art of Organ-Building 4352:12 March 2007 at the 4208:The Musical Quarterly 4202:22 April 2016 at the 4012:Art of Organ-Building 3818:1 August 2008 at the 3790:USNA Music Department 2919:Riaño, J. F. (1887). 2815:Perrot, Jean (1971). 2615:Thomas, Steve, 2003. 2522:Winchester Cathedral 2250:Organ reform movement 2106: 1987:Johann Sebastian Bach 1917: 1754:Johann Sebastian Bach 1736:of orchestral works. 1657: 1644:Tuning and regulation 1590: 1505: 1406:or detached from it. 1377: 1298:. For example, an 8′ 1188: 1070: 1007: 960: 891:Organ Reform Movement 886:historically inspired 875: 696: 675:Zacharias Hildebrandt 640: 568: 539: 520:in 757. Pepin's son 392: 377: 347:installed in theaters 193: 142: 5771:Keyboard instruments 5702:Amplifiers, speakers 5544:Generalized keyboard 5375:keyboard instruments 4925:17 July 2018 at the 4905:4 March 2016 at the 4871:Organs and Organists 4855:on 20 December 2013. 4847:Sonderlund, Sandra. 4741:Klotz, Hans (1969). 3975:Randel "Organ", 580. 3670:on 27 September 2011 3360:Randel "Organ", 579. 3348:Randel "Organ", 578. 3290:Randel "Organ", 586. 3178:Randel "Organ", 585. 2973:10.1093/jrma/93.1.11 2662:Ring, Trudy (1994), 2578:, 239:90–100 (1978). 2458:Randel "Organ", 583. 2085:Organ Symphony No. 3 2018:Girolamo Frescobaldi 1947:Heinrich Scheidemann 1931:Stanford, California 1866:, dating from 1420. 1720:repertoire includes 1543:balanced swell pedal 967:Salt Lake Tabernacle 760:St Magnus-the-Martyr 679:Gottfried Silbermann 673:, Jasper Johannsen, 609:Guillaume de Machaut 413:is derived from the 94:(beating reed pipes) 42:Neunkirchen am Brand 5756:Baroque instruments 5549:Isomorphic keyboard 5539:Enharmonic keyboard 5429:Electronic keyboard 5246:Trompette militaire 5117:Combination action 4894:20 May 2016 at the 4860:Flue Pipe Acoustics 4704:English translation 4279:16 May 2008 at the 4166:16 May 2008 at the 4144:16 May 2008 at the 4122:16 May 2008 at the 4061:16 May 2008 at the 3962:11 May 2009 at the 3943:6 July 2000 at the 3932:7 July 2010 at the 3829:6 July 2000 at the 3475:on 16 December 2019 3425:. 7 December 2018. 3199:Thistlethwaite, 12. 3016:2 July 2008 at the 3011:Keyboard instrument 2819:. University Press. 2799:Extract of page 327 2576:Scientific American 2474:. IB Tauris, 2010, 2063:Charles-Marie Widor 1993:composed the first 1971:Dieterich Buxtehude 1852:Robertsbridge Codex 1803:Camille Saint-Saëns 1752:The organ music of 1621:French organ school 1073:Comayagua Cathedral 911:Rodgers Instruments 802:Camille Saint-Saëns 798:Palais du Trocadéro 739:English Reformation 724:Dom Bédos de Celles 669:. Builders such as 446:The Greek engineer 268:List of pipe organs 150:Related instruments 50:Keyboard instrument 30: 5709:Keyboard amplifier 5629:Piano construction 5299:Historical Society 4974:Musiconis Database 4898:particularly this 4743:The Organ Handbook 4274:Grove Music Online 4161:Grove Music Online 4139:Grove Music Online 4117:Grove Music Online 4056:Grove Music Online 3618:on 13 October 2009 3117:Thistlethwaite, 5. 3061:The Organ Yearbook 2946:Festschrift Series 2472:Taste of Byzantium 2199:were installed in 2127: 2093:Sigfrid Karg-Elert 2071:Charles Tournemire 2059:Alexandre Guilmant 2043:six sonatas op. 65 1935: 1895:Antonio de Cabezón 1660: 1597: 1559:Combination action 1553:Combination action 1516: 1384: 1211:Renaissance period 1194: 1077: 1014: 983: 923:Johannus Orgelbouw 878: 868:Modern development 707: 651: 647:Roskilde Cathedral 573: 546: 403: 387: 328:telephone exchange 212:musical instrument 200: 144: 28: 5738: 5737: 5337: 5336: 5126:Tubular-pneumatic 5121:Electro-pneumatic 4816:978-0-253-15704-1 4751:978-0-570-01306-8 4737:978-0-415-94174-7 4722:The Organ-Builder 4525:978-0-300-06426-1 4312:Symphony magazine 3957:Electronic setter 3760:978-0-8066-0423-7 3664:"organ blowers 3" 3570:The Musical Times 3092:Organists' Review 2558:, 26 April 2005. 2246:Albert Schweitzer 2173:Ottorino Respighi 2104: 2047:Felix Mendelssohn 2010:Nicolas de Grigny 2006:François Couperin 1979:Matthias Weckmann 1951:chorale fantasias 1919:Robert Huw Morgan 1915: 1698:, congregational 1650:Pipe organ tuning 1634:Iberian peninsula 1523:control of volume 1400:registration aids 1396:expression pedals 1105:electro-pneumatic 1028:, like that of a 1010:Seville Cathedral 484:Ibn Khurradadhbih 204: 203: 191: 103: 102:(free reed pipes) 95: 87: 5783: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5096:Expression pedal 5076:Eight-foot pitch 5038: 5031: 5024: 5015: 5014: 4856: 4851:. Archived from 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4383: 4377: 4363: 4357: 4343: 4337: 4321: 4315: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4269: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4172: 4156: 4150: 4134: 4128: 4112: 4103: 4102:Stembridge, 160. 4100: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4084:Stembridge, 148. 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4014:, Vol. I, p.544 4008: 4002: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3954: 3948: 3927:Pipe Organ Guide 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3878:on 10 April 2008 3868: 3857: 3843:Pipe Organ Guide 3840: 3834: 3813:Pipe Organ Guide 3810: 3804: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709:C. B. Fisk, Inc. 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3640:. Akc-orgel.be. 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3471:. Archived from 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3281:McCrea, 279–280. 3279: 3273: 3270: 3259: 3258: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3108:Douglass, 10–12. 3106: 3100: 3099: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3031: 3025: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2749: 2723: 2717: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2643:on 18 April 2018 2633: 2627: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2588: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2377: 2371: 2364: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2308: 2299: 2284: 2220:Olivier Messiaen 2195:became popular, 2105: 2076:organ symphonies 1967:Johann Pachelbel 1916: 1830:Olivier Messiaen 1825: 1799: 1776: 1766: 1763: 1749: 1708:chorale preludes 1681:Organ repertoire 1498:Expression pedal 1451: 1431: 1355: 1339: 1169: 1157: 1141: 1128: 1008:Interior of the 906:electronic organ 856: 832: 817: 726:in his treatise 491: 478:The 9th century 438: 427: 421: 420: 359:organ repertoire 222:selected from a 192: 101: 93: 85: 38: 31: 27: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5718: 5697: 5662: 5624: 5591: 5582:Manual keyboard 5563: 5527: 5508:Piano accordion 5377: 5368: 5338: 5333: 5265: 5182: 5137: 5091:Crescendo pedal 5052: 5042: 4993: 4968:Wayback Machine 4927:Wayback Machine 4916: 4907:Wayback Machine 4896:Wayback Machine 4846: 4841:ellykooiman.com 4825: 4820: 4774:Wayback Machine 4711:Wayback Machine 4692: 4690:Further reading 4687: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4374:Wayback Machine 4364: 4360: 4354:Wayback Machine 4344: 4340: 4333:Wayback Machine 4322: 4318: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4281:Wayback Machine 4270: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4204:Wayback Machine 4194: 4190: 4179: 4175: 4168:Wayback Machine 4157: 4153: 4146:Wayback Machine 4135: 4131: 4124:Wayback Machine 4113: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4063:Wayback Machine 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4009: 4005: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3964:Wayback Machine 3955: 3951: 3945:Wayback Machine 3934:Wayback Machine 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3860: 3850:Wayback Machine 3841: 3837: 3831:Wayback Machine 3820:Wayback Machine 3811: 3807: 3797:Wayback Machine 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3705:Wayback Machine 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3566:Wayback Machine 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423:Merriam-Webster 3417: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3309:Wayback Machine 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3262: 3255: 3241: 3237: 3230:Wayback Machine 3217: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3155:Wayback Machine 3145: 3141: 3135:Wayback Machine 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3032: 3028: 3018:Wayback Machine 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2980: 2957: 2953: 2942: 2935: 2918: 2914: 2883: 2879: 2848: 2844: 2833: 2824: 2813: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2778:, p. 124, 2768: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2734:Wayback Machine 2724: 2720: 2708:Wayback Machine 2698: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2676: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2624:Wayback Machine 2614: 2610: 2603: 2589: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2564:Wayback Machine 2551:Michael Woods, 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2531:Wayback Machine 2521: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2333:Organ built by 2332: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2302: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2255:Music director 2216:Herbert Howells 2212:Maurice Duruflé 2169:Richard Strauss 2161: 2147:Francis Poulenc 2098: 1995:organ concertos 1983:Nicolaus Bruhns 1959:chorale partita 1909: 1907: 1899:Juan Cabanilles 1840: 1833: 1826: 1817: 1800: 1791: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1750: 1687: 1679:Main articles: 1677: 1652: 1646: 1585: 1561: 1555: 1547:crescendo pedal 1536:Venetian blinds 1500: 1494: 1475:Octave couplers 1464: 1412: 1372: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1347: 1340: 1261: 1255: 1203:inches of water 1183: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1158: 1149: 1142: 1133: 1129: 1054: 955: 949: 932: 870: 863: 857: 848: 833: 824: 818: 772: 770:Romantic period 635: 560:Abbey of Fécamp 542:Utrecht Psalter 534: 514:Pepin the Short 441:portative organ 372: 367: 307:Pepin the Short 187: 44: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5789: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5730:Prepared piano 5726: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5714:Leslie speaker 5711: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5620:Pedal keyboard 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5554:Jankó keyboard 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5501:Electric piano 5498: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5419:Clavicytherium 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4971: 4958: 4955:Organ Database 4952: 4949:Die Orgelseite 4946: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4909:of Organ Terms 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4829:The Pipe Organ 4824: 4823:External links 4821: 4819: 4818: 4804: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4753: 4739: 4725: 4714: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4671: 4657: 4643: 4625: 4611: 4597: 4583: 4569: 4555: 4541: 4527: 4513: 4499: 4485: 4471: 4457: 4443: 4430:Audsley, G.A. 4428: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4378: 4358: 4338: 4316: 4299: 4286: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4188: 4173: 4151: 4129: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4003: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3949: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3889: 3858: 3835: 3805: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3743: 3734: 3722: 3713: 3690: 3681: 3655: 3629: 3603: 3577: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3525: 3507: 3498: 3486: 3460: 3431: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3371: 3362: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3260: 3253: 3235: 3210: 3201: 3189: 3180: 3168: 3159: 3139: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3082: 3070: 3051: 3044: 3026: 3003: 2994: 2978: 2951: 2933: 2912: 2899:10.2307/842212 2877: 2864:10.2307/842265 2842: 2822: 2802: 2790: 2784: 2762: 2750: 2718: 2692: 2674: 2654: 2628: 2608: 2601: 2580: 2567: 2544: 2535: 2515: 2502: 2493: 2470:Dalby, Andrew 2460: 2446: 2415: 2372: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2326: 2316: 2300: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2197:theatre organs 2189:transcriptions 2181:Anton Bruckner 2160: 2157: 2135:Organ Symphony 2131:Symphony No. 3 2108:Carol Williams 2002:Jean Titelouze 1955:chorale motets 1943:Samuel Scheidt 1906: 1903: 1879:Claudio Merulo 1873:composed both 1860:John Dunstaple 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1815:Organ Symphony 1811:Symphony No. 3 1801: 1794: 1792: 1788:Saint Clotilde 1778: 1771: 1769: 1751: 1744: 1734:transcriptions 1676: 1673: 1648:Main article: 1645: 1642: 1584: 1581: 1557:Main article: 1554: 1551: 1496:Main article: 1493: 1490: 1463: 1460: 1411: 1408: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1257:Main article: 1254: 1251: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1152: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1062:tracker action 1053: 1050: 1045:stop mechanism 971:Salt Lake City 951:Main article: 948: 945: 931: 928: 913:pioneered the 869: 866: 865: 864: 858: 851: 849: 834: 827: 825: 819: 812: 771: 768: 751:Renatus Harris 667:viola da gamba 634: 631: 570:Positive organ 533: 530: 502:Constantinople 467:, province of 407:ancient Greece 383:Museum of Dion 371: 368: 366: 363: 355:transcriptions 309:, King of the 291:Ancient Greece 272:Michał Szostak 218:) through the 202: 201: 183: 182: 178: 177: 166: 165: 161: 160: 153: 152: 146: 145: 135: 134: 128: 127: 125:3rd century BC 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 106: 105: 97: 89: 79: 73: 72: 67: 65:Classification 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 46: 45: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5788: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:C instruments 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723:Miscellaneous 5721: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Digital piano 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5479:Theatre organ 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5464:Hammond organ 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5389:Bowed clavier 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4802:0-253-32083-6 4799: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4683:0-521-57584-2 4680: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4669:0-521-57584-2 4666: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4655:0-356-04162-X 4652: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4641:0-521-57584-2 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4623:0-415-94174-1 4620: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4609:0-674-61525-5 4606: 4602: 4598: 4596: 4595:0-521-57584-2 4592: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4581:0-415-94174-1 4578: 4574: 4573:Sound effects 4570: 4568: 4567:0-415-94174-1 4564: 4560: 4559:Display pipes 4556: 4554: 4553:0-521-57584-2 4550: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4539:0-13-579459-5 4536: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4511:0-521-57584-2 4508: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4497:0-521-57584-2 4494: 4490: 4486: 4484: 4483:0-521-57584-2 4480: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4469:0-521-57584-2 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4455:0-521-57584-2 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4440:0-486-21314-5 4437: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426:0-415-94174-1 4423: 4419: 4418: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4020:0-486-21314-5 4017: 4013: 4010:G.A. AUDSLEY 4007: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3894: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3698:About Opus 72 3694: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3528: 3526:0-07-012428-0 3522: 3518: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3390:Gleason, 3–4. 3387: 3378: 3376: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3254:0-571-11459-8 3250: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3045:0-486-21315-3 3041: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3007: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2929:0-306-70193-6 2926: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2787: 2785:0-226-42548-7 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746:0-19-864226-1 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2658: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2604: 2602:0-913499-16-1 2598: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2480:9781848851658 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2292:Atlantic City 2289: 2283: 2279: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232:Jean Langlais 2229: 2225: 2224:György Ligeti 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:Gustav Mahler 2174: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:Joseph Jongen 2136: 2132: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083:and Vierne's 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:Cavaillé-Coll 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:registrations 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921:plays Bach's 1920: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:intabulations 1853: 1849: 1845: 1831: 1828:The composer 1824: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1594: 1589: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1508:Salem Minster 1504: 1499: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1398:, stops, and 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1370:Organ console 1354: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:effet d'orage 1313: 1308: 1306: 1305:extended rank 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1187: 1174: 1173:Saint Cecilia 1168: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1006: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 991:musical scale 988: 980: 976: 972: 968: 965:found at the 964: 959: 954: 944: 942: 938: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 902: 900: 894: 892: 887: 882: 874: 861: 855: 850: 846: 842: 838: 831: 826: 823: 816: 811: 810: 809: 807: 806:Gustav Mahler 803: 799: 793: 791: 786: 782: 778: 767: 765: 761: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 720: 716: 712: 704: 700: 695: 691: 689: 683: 680: 676: 672: 671:Arp Schnitger 668: 664: 660: 656: 648: 644: 639: 630: 628: 626: 622: 617: 614: 610: 606: 601: 598: 593: 591: 587: 582: 578: 571: 567: 563: 561: 556: 552: 543: 538: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 512:as a gift to 511: 510:Constantine V 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 485: 481: 476: 474: 471:(present day 470: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 437: 436: 431: 426: 416: 415:Ancient Greek 412: 408: 400: 396: 391: 384: 380: 376: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343:popular music 340: 339:secular music 336: 331: 329: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 305:as a gift to 304: 303:Constantine V 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 260: 259: 254: 253:pedal clavier 250: 249: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 197: 184: 179: 176: 172: 167: 162: 159: 154: 151: 147: 141: 136: 133: 132:Playing range 129: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 104: 98: 96: 90: 88: 82: 81: 80: 78: 74: 71: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 51: 47: 43: 37: 32: 26: 22: 5559:Short octave 5468: 5439:Harmonichord 5251:Voix céleste 5241:Registration 5211:Tibia Clausa 5058:Construction 5044: 4986:, 1978–1986. 4877:Orgelgalerie 4853:the original 4807: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4763: 4756: 4742: 4728: 4721: 4717: 4697: 4674: 4660: 4646: 4632: 4628: 4614: 4600: 4586: 4572: 4558: 4544: 4530: 4516: 4502: 4488: 4474: 4460: 4446: 4431: 4399:. Retrieved 4390: 4381: 4361: 4341: 4324: 4319: 4311: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4272: 4249:McCrea, 279. 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4210: 4207: 4191: 4181: 4176: 4159: 4154: 4137: 4132: 4115: 4098: 4093:Webber, 224. 4089: 4080: 4071: 4054: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4023: 4011: 4006: 3998: 3989: 3984:Kassel, 146. 3980: 3971: 3952: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3880:. Retrieved 3876:the original 3838: 3808: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3746: 3737: 3716: 3693: 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3668:the original 3658: 3646:. Retrieved 3632: 3620:. Retrieved 3616:the original 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3580: 3572: 3569: 3553: 3544: 3539:Dalton, 168. 3535: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3477:. Retrieved 3473:the original 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3443: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3365: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3300: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3244: 3238: 3221: 3213: 3208:Douglass, 3. 3204: 3183: 3166:Webber, 222. 3162: 3142: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3073: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3035: 3029: 3021: 3006: 2997: 2989: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2915: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2836: 2816: 2793: 2771: 2765: 2737: 2721: 2711: 2695: 2684:, retrieved 2664: 2657: 2645:. Retrieved 2641:the original 2631: 2611: 2592: 2575: 2570: 2556:Post-Gazette 2555: 2547: 2538: 2518: 2505: 2496: 2488: 2483: 2471: 2437:. Retrieved 2428: 2418: 2406:. Retrieved 2389: 2385: 2375: 2362: 2342: 2335:M. P. Moller 2329: 2319: 2282: 2262:Interstellar 2260: 2254: 2244: 2208:Marcel Dupré 2205: 2193:silent films 2165:Gustav Holst 2162: 2150: 2142: 2134: 2128: 2074: 2067:Louis Vierne 2055:César Franck 2040: 2033: 2030:John Stanley 1999: 1939:contrapuntal 1936: 1868: 1864:Faenza Codex 1843: 1841: 1814: 1780:César Franck 1738: 1711: 1692:sacred music 1688: 1665: 1661: 1638: 1627: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1598: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565:registration 1564: 1562: 1540: 1532:swell shades 1531: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1443: 1434: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1385: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1281: 1276:unison pitch 1273: 1269:Voix céleste 1262: 1246: 1230: 1219:water organs 1216: 1195: 1117: 1113: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1078: 1075:in Honduras. 1059: 1055: 1038: 1015: 984: 933: 930:Construction 919:Allen Organs 914: 903: 895: 883: 881:be created. 879: 845:Barker lever 794: 790:Barker lever 785:Henry Willis 773: 743:Commonwealth 736: 731: 727: 718: 708: 687: 684: 652: 629: 618: 602: 594: 574: 547: 516:King of the 477: 456:Roman Empire 445: 410: 404: 351:silent movie 335:sacred music 332: 284: 279: 275: 257: 246: 244: 227: 215: 207: 205: 181:Sound sample 86:(flue pipes) 25: 5668:Maintenance 5641:Innovations 5587:Split sharp 5577:Frequencies 5518:Synthesizer 5444:Harpsichord 5382:Instruments 5261:Zimbelstern 5045:Pipe organs 4401:6 September 3688:Sefl, 70–71 3218:(in French) 3020:(2008). In 2893:: 103–116. 2858:: 107–108. 2686:19 November 2439:15 November 2257:Hans Zimmer 2236:Gerd Zacher 2228:Jehan Alain 2035:voluntaries 1848:harpsichord 1838:Early music 1765: 1748 1312:Zimbelstern 1239:harpsichord 1181:Wind system 747:Restoration 688:Werkprinzip 655:Renaissance 653:During the 605:Halberstadt 522:Charlemagne 482:geographer 315:Charlemagne 263:harpsichord 220:organ pipes 196:Dinkelsbühl 111:Inventor(s) 84:422.222.11 56:Other names 5751:Pipe organ 5745:Categories 5605:Expression 5474:Reed organ 5469:Pipe organ 5434:Fortepiano 5414:Clavichord 5314:Repertoire 5284:Fairground 5256:Vox humana 5231:Ophicleide 5151:En chamade 5008:Diane Bish 4391:Classic FM 3999:ORGAN STOP 3674:22 October 3648:22 October 3622:22 October 3596:22 October 3067:: 133–141. 2948:: 167–195. 2675:1884964036 2429:Vox Humana 2408:24 January 2269:References 2110:performs " 1975:praeludium 1963:Georg Böhm 1889:, and the 1713:alternatim 1704:liturgical 1675:Repertoire 1629:en chamade 1573:divisional 1439:(from the 1436:pedalboard 1420:(from the 1404:organ case 1344:Weingarten 1259:Organ stop 1247:windchests 1235:clavichord 1022:reed pipes 1018:flue pipes 953:Organ pipe 711:alternatim 705:, Portugal 621:Notre Dame 555:Notre Dame 551:Winchester 498:Hippodrome 280:Vox Humana 208:pipe organ 29:Pipe organ 5636:Acoustics 5424:Claviharp 5304:Portative 5236:Plein-jeu 5108:Swell box 5103:Tremulant 4914:Databases 4835:The Organ 4240:Cox, 198. 4075:Cox, 190. 2967:: 11–24. 2647:28 August 2398:0030-4883 2386:The Organ 2354:Citations 2240:Petr Eben 2089:Max Reger 2026:John Blow 1875:fantasias 1758:Haussmann 1606:burnished 1528:swell box 1519:Enclosure 1410:Keyboards 1388:keyboards 1346:, Germany 1205:(70 1199:manometer 1082:stop knob 1041:windchest 764:swell box 663:krummhorn 649:, Denmark 645:organ in 613:chromatic 577:portative 506:Byzantine 452:hydraulis 397:villa in 395:Byzantine 379:Hydraulis 370:Antiquity 299:Byzantine 287:hydraulis 276:The Organ 121:Developed 115:Ctesibius 70:Aerophone 5523:Virginal 5454:Melodica 5399:Carillon 5394:Calliope 5309:Positive 5066:Builders 4964:Archived 4923:Archived 4903:Archived 4900:Glossary 4892:Archived 4770:Archived 4707:Archived 4395:Archived 4370:Archived 4350:Archived 4329:Archived 4277:Archived 4200:Archived 4164:Archived 4142:Archived 4120:Archived 4059:Archived 3960:Archived 3941:Archived 3930:Archived 3882:19 April 3846:Archived 3827:Archived 3816:Archived 3793:Archived 3701:Archived 3642:Archived 3590:Archived 3562:Archived 3305:Archived 3226:Archived 3151:Archived 3131:Archived 3098:: 41–45. 3014:Archived 2730:Archived 2704:Archived 2680:archived 2620:Archived 2560:Archived 2527:Archived 2484:organon. 2433:Archived 2402:Archived 2201:theatres 1891:ricercar 1722:preludes 1462:Couplers 1392:couplers 1300:Diapason 1296:borrowed 1285:diapason 1265:mixtures 1030:recorder 862:(France) 665:and the 625:mixtures 581:positive 579:and the 532:Medieval 508:emperor 473:Budapest 469:Pannonia 465:Aquincum 401:, Syria. 399:Maryamin 385:, Greece 301:emperor 224:keyboard 164:Builders 100:422.132 92:422.122 5651:Aliquot 5615:Sustain 5532:Layouts 5486:Orphica 5404:Celesta 5371:Musical 5324:Theatre 5226:Mixture 5221:Gedackt 5201:Bourdon 5166:Voicing 5161:Scaling 5113:Tracker 5071:Console 4414:Sources 3453:26 June 2727:Organon 2489:organon 2337:, 1940. 2118:at the 1887:canzona 1883:toccata 1790:, Paris 1784:Rongier 1730:sonatas 1718:secular 1696:anthems 1577:general 1569:pistons 1468:coupler 1449:, pĕdis 1417:manuals 1364:Console 1324:celesta 1292:unified 1243:blowers 1231:calcant 1227:bellows 999:builder 941:console 703:Coimbra 659:Baroque 643:baroque 480:Persian 460:bellows 435:organum 425:órganon 419:ὄργανον 324:timbres 295:bellows 258:console 248:manuals 236:compass 5691:Wrench 5686:Tuning 5676:Action 5646:Wiring 5597:Pedals 5513:Spinet 5449:Keytar 5294:German 5289:French 5274:Barrel 5216:Cornet 5178:Tuning 5086:Pedals 5081:Manual 4814: 4800: 4749: 4735: 4681: 4667: 4653: 4639: 4621: 4615:Blower 4607: 4593: 4579: 4565: 4551: 4537: 4523: 4509: 4495: 4481: 4467: 4453: 4438: 4424: 4024:MONTRE 4018: 3758: 3523: 3449:. 2024 3251: 3042: 2927: 2907:842212 2905: 2872:842265 2870: 2782: 2744: 2672: 2599: 2478: 2396: 2324:stops. 2238:, and 2214:, and 2183:, and 2008:, and 1969:, and 1953:, and 1885:, the 1726:fugues 1616:montre 1610:gilded 1602:façade 1593:Erfurt 1583:Casing 1483:unison 1326:, and 1320:chimes 1223:motors 1119:MIDI. 1052:Action 1043:. The 1026:fipple 995:timbre 915:hybrid 783:, and 717:. The 526:Aachen 518:Franks 489:urghun 341:, and 319:Aachen 311:Franks 232:timbre 5656:Cross 5491:Piano 5459:Organ 5409:Chime 5329:Water 5319:Shoes 5279:Crawl 5206:Tibia 5188:Stops 5143:Pipes 3479:4 May 3447:Organ 2903:JSTOR 2868:JSTOR 2701:Organ 2274:Notes 2114:" by 1807:Nadar 1700:hymns 1614:(en) 1512:Salem 1455:range 1441:Latin 1428:mănus 1422:Latin 1253:Stops 987:pitch 947:Pipes 937:Stops 430:Latin 411:organ 240:stops 228:ranks 210:is a 158:Organ 5610:Soft 5569:Keys 5373:and 5192:List 5173:Reed 5156:Flue 5131:Stop 5049:list 4812:ISBN 4798:ISBN 4747:ISBN 4733:ISBN 4679:ISBN 4665:ISBN 4651:ISBN 4637:ISBN 4619:ISBN 4605:ISBN 4591:ISBN 4577:ISBN 4563:ISBN 4549:ISBN 4535:ISBN 4521:ISBN 4507:ISBN 4493:ISBN 4479:ISBN 4465:ISBN 4451:ISBN 4436:ISBN 4422:ISBN 4403:2022 4016:ISBN 3884:2008 3756:ISBN 3676:2011 3650:2011 3624:2011 3598:2011 3521:ISBN 3481:2019 3455:2024 3249:ISBN 3040:ISBN 2925:ISBN 2780:ISBN 2742:ISBN 2688:2020 2670:ISBN 2649:2009 2597:ISBN 2476:ISBN 2441:2019 2410:2019 2394:ISSN 2286:The 2091:and 2069:and 2061:and 2028:and 2022:Mass 1945:and 1805:(by 1782:(by 1756:(by 1683:and 1328:harp 1207:mmAq 1034:reed 1020:and 977:and 961:The 921:and 904:The 899:MIDI 804:and 753:and 677:and 657:and 641:The 553:and 216:wind 206:The 173:and 169:see 156:see 4310:". 4206:". 3573:123 3568:". 3445:BYU 3096:101 2969:doi 2895:doi 2860:doi 2390:382 2290:in 2149:'s 2141:'s 2045:of 1929:in 1844:any 1510:in 1485:off 1447:pēs 1294:or 1237:or 969:in 289:in 5747:: 4393:. 4389:. 4254:^ 4211:57 4107:^ 4022:: 3997:, 3936:. 3892:^ 3861:^ 3852:. 3822:. 3799:. 3725:^ 3707:. 3489:^ 3442:. 3421:. 3374:^ 3353:^ 3263:^ 3192:^ 3171:^ 3094:. 3065:27 3063:. 2981:^ 2965:93 2963:. 2936:^ 2901:. 2891:44 2889:. 2866:. 2856:45 2854:. 2825:^ 2805:^ 2774:, 2753:^ 2736:. 2710:. 2678:, 2583:^ 2463:^ 2449:^ 2431:. 2427:. 2400:. 2388:. 2384:. 2303:^ 2252:. 2234:, 2230:, 2226:, 2222:, 2210:, 2179:, 2175:, 2171:, 2167:, 2145:, 2087:. 2057:, 2004:, 1997:. 1981:, 1965:, 1901:. 1762:c. 1760:, 1728:, 1724:, 1702:, 1623:. 1608:, 1466:A 1394:, 1390:, 1322:, 943:. 893:. 779:, 701:, 690:. 627:. 592:. 337:, 282:. 242:. 5363:e 5356:t 5349:v 5194:) 5190:( 5051:) 5047:( 5037:e 5030:t 5023:v 4701:. 4442:: 4405:. 3886:. 3678:. 3652:. 3626:. 3600:. 3529:. 3483:. 3457:. 3257:. 3048:. 2975:. 2971:: 2931:. 2909:. 2897:: 2874:. 2862:: 2651:. 2605:. 2533:. 2443:. 2412:. 2125:. 1933:. 981:. 847:. 730:( 544:. 422:( 198:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.