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radios, they would then start to conduct intelligence gathering operations in what is called static covert surveillance as well as target acquisition for high value targets such as enemy headquarters, troop concentrations, and atomic weapons systems. They would also perform demolition tasks, in what was referred to as the 'demolition belt', at places where bottlenecks were likely to occur for enemy formations. Another task would have been escape and evasion (E&E) assistance to downed pilots and others needing repatriation.
193:
intelligence services and recruited their agents from amongst the civilian population. Specially selected civilian stay-behind networks or SBOs were created in many
Western countries, including Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Austria and others, including Iran. They prepared to organize resistance, sabotage and intelligence-gathering in occupied (NATO) territory. The most famous of these clandestine stay-behind networks was the Italian
25:
876:
The Pripet Swamp, which created a great gap between German Army Group Center and Army Group North soon after ... June 1941, made it impossible for large military formations to conduct mutually supporting operations. Attempts to bypass such extensive wetlands proved perilous, because outflanked Soviet
204:
Many hidden weapons-caches have been found in Italy, Austria, Germany, the
Netherlands and other countries that had been at the disposition of these "secret armies". As late as 1996, the United Kingdom revealed to the German government the existence of stay-behind weapons and equipment caches in
231:
to D+1-5). These units would quickly deploy forward, link up with the rear guard or 'aggressive delaying force' and 'stay-behind' as these forces withdrew, letting themselves be bypassed by advancing Warsaw Pact troops. Exploiting pre-reconnoitred hide sites and caches of arms, ammunition, and
192:
forces taking over an area. According to Martin
Packard they were "financed, armed, and trained in covert resistance activities, including assassination, political provocation and disinformation". These clandestine stay-behind organisations (SBOs) were created and run under the auspices of
1093:
Doreen
Hartwich, Bernd-Helge Mascher: Geschichte der SpezialkampffĂŒhrung (Abteilung IV des MfS) â Aufgaben, Struktur, Personal, Ăberlieferung, Der Bundesbeauftragte fĂŒr die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (BStU), Berlin
1142:
Francesco
Cacciatore (2021): Stay-behind networks and interim flexible strategy: the âGladioâ case and US covert intervention in Italy in the Cold War, Intelligence and National Security, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2021.1911436
226:
During the Cold War, military stay-behind units were usually long-range reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition units that were specifically earmarked for operations in the early phase of a potential war
213:, police found boxes with 9âmm pistols and ammunition, knives, navigation equipment, an RS-6 "spy radio", various manuals, tank- and aircraft-recognition books, a flask of brandy, and chocolate, as well as a copy of
1103:
Stephen
Russell Cox (2015). Britain and the origin of Israeli Special Operations: SOE and PALMACH during the Second World War, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 8:1, 60-78, DOI:10.1080/17467586.2014.964741
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operation is one where a country emplaces secret operatives or organizations in its own territory, for use in case of a later enemy occupation. The stay-behind operatives would then form the basis of a
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The Finns soon became seriously hindered and harassed by Soviet forces operating in their rear areas. Some of these units were left to operate as stay-behind or partisan units as the
Soviets retreated.
1151:
SMT-Verfahren im
Zusammenhang mit der Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU), in: Bohse, Daniel/Miehe, Lutz (Hrsg.): Sowjetische MilitĂ€rjustiz in der SBZ und frĂŒhen DDR: Tagungsband, Halle 2007.
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138:
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591:) Operatiën en Inlichtingen (Operations and Intelligence) was unique among its counterparts in other NATO countries in that it operated autonomously from NATO control.
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from behind enemy lines. Small-scale operations may cover discrete areas, but larger stay-behind operations envisage reacting to the conquest of whole countries.
1169:
Mark
Gasiorowski (2019) The US stay-behind operation in Iran, 1948-1953, Intelligence and National Security, 34:2, 170-188, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2018.1534639
209:. The content of these caches offer an insight into the equipment supplied to (German) stay-behind networks. In two of the secret caches, buried in the
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Stay-behind also refers to a military tactic whereby specially trained soldiers let themselves be overrun by enemy forces in order to conduct
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Koestler, Orwell und âDie
Wahrheit": die Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU) und das heimliche Lesen in der SBZ/DDR 1948 bis 1959
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set up this clandestine structure. Training for Palmach operatives was conducted at the Special Training Center (STC102) at
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stay-behind forces and partisans pounced on logistical troops as soon as German spearheads disappeared.
671:(A secret stay-behind organisation of West Berlin against the GDR 1948â1959 with strong support of CIA)
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that would operate in a stay-behind capacity in the event of an invasion of northern Australia
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1114:"Operatiën en Inlichtingen O&I The Dutch Stay-Behind Organisation during the Cold War"
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165:-occupied Soviet territory in the early 1940s operated with a stay-behind element.
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Soldier Under Three Flags: Exploits of Special Forces' Captain Larry A. Thorne
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Clandestine preparations started by governments for anticipated invasions
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Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society (OeWSGV, also: ĂWSGV)
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Nato's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe
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provided such stay-behind parties in the UK's sector of West Germany.
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intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
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184:(SIS) helped to set up clandestine stay-behind networks in many
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185:
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219:, the guerrilla warfare manual written in 1957 by Swiss Major
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to resist a potential Axis occupation before and during the
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1063:"Eyes on Target: 'Stay-behind' Forces During the Cold War"
1020:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War"
952:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War"
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Stay-behind operations of significant size existed during
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countries, intending to activate them in the event of
391:
International Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol School
927:
Getting It Wrong: Fragments From a Cyprus Diary 1964
744:
Study and Training Group for Military Reconnaissance
272:
21 Special Air Service Regiment (Artists) (Reserve)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
313:4/73 (Sphinx) Special Observation Post Battery RA
1198:
631:Plan Bleu, La Rose des Vents, and Arc-en-ciel (
482:List of known clandestine stay-behind plans
895:. Pathfinder Publishing, Inc. p. 45.
551:. SOE Palestine, with assistance from the
251:List of military stay-behind trained units
1078:
1035:
992:
967:
282:23 Special Air Service Regiment (Reserve)
197:, acknowledged by Italian Prime Minister
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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333:Escadron Spécial de Recherche (SOE/ESR)
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153:. The United Kingdom put in place the
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141:tasks often from pre-prepared hides.
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535:Palestine Post-Occupational Scheme (
371:, Lochoi Oreinon Katadromon or LOK (
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
858:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 122.
578:Operatiën en Inlichtingen (O&I)
525:(Gibraltar), designed by Commander
409:-Abteilung IV SpezialkampffĂŒhrung (
13:
669:Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit
539:): joint plan between the British
473:with an official doctrine to wage
174:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14:
1238:
661:â Technischer Dienst, or TD BJD (
449:Regional Force Surveillance Units
1217:Psychological warfare techniques
1061:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020).
1018:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020).
950:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020).
929:. UK: AuthorHouse. p. 364.
803:Long-range reconnaissance patrol
301:Special Reconnaissance Squadron
23:
1227:Urban guerrilla warfare tactics
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34:needs additional citations for
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389:Training was conducted at the
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477:against a potential occupier.
1120:. 6 May 2021. Archived from
469:), non-secret branch of the
292:Honourable Artillery Company
245:Honourable Artillery Company
7:
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614:Operation (Red) Sheepskin (
182:Secret Intelligence Service
178:Central Intelligence Agency
176:(NATO) coordinated and the
10:
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1207:Stay-behind organizations
852:Collins, John M. (1998).
363:7e Compagnie de Commandos
323:10th Special Forces Group
1178:Ganser, Daniele (2005),
1080:10.1177/0968344520914345
1037:10.1177/0968344520914345
993:Ballinger, Adam (1994).
969:10.1177/0968344520914345
925:Packard, Martin (2008).
823:Eastern Syria Insurgency
720:InformationsbyrÄn ('IB')
369:1st Paratroopers Brigade
1212:Intelligence operations
889:Gill, Henry A. (1998).
788:Clandestine cell system
457:Australian Army Reserve
471:Yugoslav People's Army
180:(CIA) and the British
659:Bund Deutscher Jugend
353:Korps Commandotroepen
235:The United Kingdom's
201:on October 24, 1990.
677:, Turkish branch of
343:FernspÀher Companies
262:Special Boat Service
43:improve this article
1124:on October 23, 2023
689:NihtilÀ-Haahti plan
537:Mandatory Palestine
523:Operation Goldeneye
463:Territorial Defense
128:resistance movement
855:Military Geography
1189:978-0-7146-5607-6
1004:978-1-85797-158-3
995:The quiet Soldier
936:978-1-4343-7065-5
771:Challenge Project
730:Operation Washtub
675:Counter-Guerrilla
649:SDRA8 and STC/Mob
549:200 days of dread
475:guerrilla warfare
379:Ăzel Harp Dairesi
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513:Operation Tracer
455:), units of the
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237:Territorial Army
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211:Grunewald forest
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58:"Stay-behind"
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54:Find sources:
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38:
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32:This article
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1126:. Retrieved
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748:West Germany
709:Arla gryning
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561:Mount Carmel
507:Nazi Germany
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41:Please help
36:verification
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756:1948â1953 (
712: [
703:Switzerland
589:Netherlands
581: [
557:Moshe Dayan
527:Ian Fleming
401:Warsaw Pact
357:Netherlands
207:West Berlin
190:Warsaw Pact
168:During the
123:stay-behind
1201:Categories
908:2013-09-28
871:2013-09-28
839:References
813:Home guard
699:Projekt-26
531:Royal Navy
467:Yugoslavia
444:Projekt-27
395:Weingarten
69:newspapers
997:. Orion.
833:Terrorism
517:Gibraltar
453:Australia
397:Germany.
159:Partisans
818:Free War
782:See also
609:Portugal
572:Cold War
543:and the
365:(France)
186:European
170:Cold War
1042:p.12-13
754:Qashqai
701:(P-26,
693:Finland
663:Germany
653:Belgium
626:Austria
545:Palmach
503:Werwolf
421:Romania
347:Germany
337:Belgium
145:History
83:scholar
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1128:24 May
1001:
933:
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724:Sweden
683:Turkey
665:-West)
643:Norway
633:France
616:Greece
595:GLADIO
383:Turkey
373:Greece
172:, the
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599:Italy
585:]
565:Haifa
563:near
428:World
229:D-Day
132:spies
90:JSTOR
76:books
1184:ISBN
1130:2021
1094:2016
999:ISBN
974:p.16
931:ISBN
897:ISBN
860:ISBN
758:Iran
718:and
256:NATO
243:and
163:Axis
62:news
1075:doi
1032:doi
964:doi
722:in
639:ROC
541:SOE
407:MfS
393:in
303:RAC
241:SAS
161:in
45:by
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