Soviet partisans - Knowledge

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children often put themselves in mortal danger. A number of Soviet sources extol the level of cooperation between the partisans and the populace, for example, a leader of the Minsk underground Communist Party committee reported: "The local people helped us in the search for weapons. From rivers, swamps, and forests, people located rifles, ammunition, shells, and all this was delivered to us." The local population provided food and clothing to partisans voluntarily. Local civilians organized into self-defense detachments, delivered food, collected weapons from past battles, and prepared lodging for partisans. Residents cared for sick and wounded fighters. Self-defense groups assisted partisans to secure areas and conduct reconnaissance. Communist Party leadership in partisan organizations was significant and had a positive influence. Commissars were responsible for ensuring discipline and supervised all partisan activities to ensure they followed guiding principles of the partisan movement. Political commissars insisted that partisan fighters enhance their ideological and political awareness and maintain close and friendly relations with the local population. In territories freed by the partisans, the partisans accumulated and trained reserves, provided care to the sick and wounded, built airfields to receive planes from the rest of the Soviet Union. Large numbers of Soviet citizens fleeing destruction from German-occupied areas were provided relief by partisans.

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crop in several villages having threatened their residents with execution (Bazhan2010, p. 418); they beat peasants up with rifle rods to force them to surrender harnesses and clothes and smashed the stoves in peasant homes to extract steel chimneys (Bazhan2010, pp. 424, 427). Balitskii called these gangs ‘bastards...alienating peasants from the real partisans engaged in fight against the fascists’ (Bazhan2010, p. 424). Ivan Syromolotnyi, inspector of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party, reported that partisans from the formation commanded by Aleksandr Saburov ‘resemble bandits. People flee from his unit to the forests as they flee from the Germans. Plunder is unlimited’ (Gogun & Kentii2006, p. 143). According to Dmitrii Medvedev, commander of Pobediteli unit, Saburov’s partisans became so accustomed to plunder that their commanders could not restrain them any longer. When he demanded that Ivan Shitov, commander of one of Saburov’s units, stop ‘the banditry and robberies’, ‘the former commissar of Shitov’s battalion asked me: “Do you want our partisans to kill us in the first action?”’ (Gogun & Kentii2006, p. 180). All these sweeping requisitions and plain plunder, sanctioned by field commanders, took place in villages considered generally loyal.

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civilians. Already in the autumn of 1941, the report of Komissariat of Interior Affairs was highly critical, and it became only worse, as stated in the counter-intelligence agency's report of April 1944. The main explanations given for the operations' failures were the isolated headquarters at Belomorsk, which did not know what operative units were doing, personnel who had no local knowledge and were partly made up of criminals (10–20% of all personnel were conscripted from prisons) without knowledge of how to operate in harsh terrain and climate, efficient Finnish counter-partisan patrolling (more than two-thirds of the infiltrating small partisan groups were completely destroyed) and Finnish internment of the ethnic Russian civilian population in concentration camps from those regions with active partisan operations. Internees were released to secure areas, preventing partisans from receiving local supplies. In addition, many Soviet Karelians reported to the Finns the movements of the partisans and did not support the Soviet Partisans.

2156: 1670:, the partisans overstated their effectiveness in their reports. These inflated figures were passed back up the chain of command to Stalin, even finding their way into Soviet history books. Gogun says that the primary partisan targets in 1941–42 were not the German invaders but rather the local police, who were under German direction, and civilian collaborators. Gogun argues that the years 1943–44 were the peak of partisan activity within the territory of present-day Ukraine, as the Soviets battled the far-right, nationalistic OUN and the UPA, both of whom collaborated with the Nazis. According to Gogun, reprisal measures for attacks on Soviet partisans or support for Ukrainian nationalists included burning down villages and executions. Gogun cites sources stating that whole families were killed, and children, even babies, were sometimes bayoneted or burned alive. 1366: 2677: 2285:

meet the expectations of military consumers was limited. In 1941–1942, they relied chiefly on field intelligence – foot patrols, observation and questioning of local population – and only from late 1942 onwards succeeded in developing human intelligence capabilities. Unfortunately, the majority of their agents and collaborators were illiterate farmers and laborers unprepared for intelligence work. Technological means of collection such as communications interceptors and night vision devices were used by the partisans only on rare occasions. Besides, the wide scale deployment and high efficiency of the German security services limited the partisans’ gathering capabilities in the military field to the rural areas, almost completely preventing their access to the Wehrmacht's bases and decision making centers.

1551: 1902:, most partisans attacked Finnish military supply and communication targets, but inside Finland proper, and Finnish sources claim that almost two-thirds of the attacks targeted civilians, killing 200 and injuring 50, mostly women, children and elderly. Finnish sources claim that on one occasion in the small village the partisans murdered all civilians, leaving no witnesses to the atrocities. According to Russian historians, Finnish historians and especially the mass media have politicized the issue of relations between Soviet partisans and Finnish civilians. In particular, Finnish historians characterize actions of a sabotage group against a group of Finnish border guards in the village of Kuoska in eastern Lapland as an attack on civilians. 2127:

then taken secretly to the woods. In 1942 and in the first half of 1943, residents of the Ushachsky district in Vitebsk region handed over 260 tons of bread to partisans. On the eve of the Soviet offensive into Belarus, partisan intelligence reported on German plans to deport a portion of the population to Ostrovets and to shoot the rest of the citizens. On 3 July 1944, the partisans seized the town and held it for several days until they were relieved by advancing Soviet forces. Belorussian partisans alone managed to rescue 15,000 Soviet citizens from German hands and moved another 80,000 inhabitants from German-occupied territory to the Soviet rear.

1531:, a corridor connecting Soviet-controlled and German-occupied territories, in February 1942. Soviet strategists started taking the partisan units into account after that. The Red Army organized centralized administrative and logistical support, and the Gate proved an important factor in assisting partisan detachments in occupied territory with weapons. As a result, the partisans were able to effectively undermine German troops and significantly hamper their operations in the region from April 1942 until the end of the year. Some Jews and lower-rank Soviet activists felt more secure in the partisan ranks than in civilian life under Soviet rule. 2289: 2323:

in these countries. For example, about 25,000 Soviet partisans fought in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Some of these perished in the resistance and have become national heroes in the countries they fought in, including M. Gusein-Zade in Yugoslavia, F. Poletaev in Italy, and V. Porik in France. More than 12,000 Soviet partisans operated in Poland alone, the most notable of which were P. Vershigora's 1st Ukrainian Partisan division and other partisan brigades and units commanded by I. Banov, V. Karasev, G. Kovalev, S. Sankov, and several others. Many of these partisans, together with 600,000 Red Army soldiers, died on Polish soil.

1909:, the allegation that partisans killed civilians in Finland is "an absolutely unreasonable point of view. It is contrary to international law and all documents and treaties concluded after the Second World War. The hype began during perestroika. There were publications about the death of peaceful Finnish civilians at the hands of partisans. The topic has been politicized. On Finnish territory, partisans entered villages searching for food. They had no goal of specifically destroying civilians. But it's clear that there were some conflicts. And the population of the border areas had weapons i.e. it had ceased to be peaceful." 2565:

regular and security divisions and 144 security and police battalions. At the same time, the total strength of German and Italian forces in North Africa was 12 divisions. The partisans made significant contributions to the war effort by interrupting German plans to exploit Soviet territories economically. German forces obtained only one-seventh of what they looted from other European countries. While about $ 1 billion worth of food and other products were expropriated from Soviet territories by the Germans, more than $ 26 billion worth of goods and services were extracted from other European countries.

2147:, was very bad. Having failed to properly provision the troops before the area was overrun by the Germans, partisans launched "in the words of the Crimean Provincial Party Committee, ‘violent confiscations of food in Tatar villages without distinguishing friends from foes'". This resulted in violent conflict between mostly Slavic partisans and local Tatars, encouraged by the Germans who allowed Tatar villages to raise self-defence militia. Being unable to obtain supplies, the Soviet partisans suffered major casualties, and the partisan resistance in the Crimea nearly vanished by the summer of 1942. 2384:, the Slovak National Uprising was brutally suppressed in late October 1944. The attempt of the Soviet Ukrainian partisans to continue the guerrilla war in the Carpathian Mountains during the winter of 1944–1945 had little effect on the Germans but led to severe losses among the partisans. Most returned to the Soviet-controlled territory without being able to assist the Red Army war effort. Nonetheless, the remnants of the Soviet Ukrainian partisan networks remained active in Slovakia and Moravia, mostly in the intelligence field, until early May. 1663:. Occupation forces testified that "During the two years of occupation, carried out mainly by Romanians, the city turned into a fortress of the partisan movement. Withdrawing from Odessa in the autumn of 1941, the Russians created a reliable partisan core in the city. The partisans settled in catacombs, the extensive network of which at 100 kilometers had no equal in Europe. It was a real underground fortress with staffs, shelters, logistical facilities of all kinds, right up to its own bakery and printing house, in which leaflets were printed." 1743: 4482: 1723:

difficult for the German-led occupation forces to carry out re-groupings and pinned down a considerable portion of their forces. During offensives by Soviet troops, German-led forces were often unable to organize strong defenses in the partisan zones. As a result, the German forces was forced to group forces only along the roads. Partisan areas were frequently used by regular Soviet troops to reach the flanks and rear of German groupings rapidly, to drop (land) airborne forces, and to disrupt organized enemy withdrawal.

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everyday behavior, local collaborators and sympathizers. This contribution allowed the Soviet regime to maintain its authority and control behind the German lines and reinforced its anti-Nazi propaganda effort in the occupied territories and in the West. The Soviet intelligence and security services used the information obtained by the partisans for improving their operational capabilities in the German-controlled territories and preparing the measures for reoccupation of Eastern Poland and the Baltic States.

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territories that deprived German forces of raw materials, food, and labor. The political work of the partisans and underground forces was a powerful force in the struggle against occupation. According to the commander of garrisons belonging to German Army Group Center, the partisan movement was combined with "efficient and skillful propaganda, which calls on people of the occupied areas to fight against invaders." This led to more reluctance to collaborate with German occupation forces.

1863: 1219: 40: 2056:." On 23 June 1943 the Soviet leaders ordered the partisans to denounce Polish partisan to the Nazis. The Soviet units were authorized to “shoot the leaders” and “discredit, disarm, and dissolve” their units. Under pretences of cooperation, two sizable Polish partisan units were led to their destruction (a common strategy involved inviting the Polish commanders to negotiations, arresting or murdering them and attacking the Polish partisans by surprise). 1507:

organizational problems, building up support and establishing an influence over the local people. Although data is incomplete, at the end of 1941, 99 partisan detachments and about 100 partisan groups are known to have operated in Belarus. In winter 1941–42, 50 partisan detachments and about 50 underground organisations and groups operated in Belarus. During December 1941, German guard forces in the Army Group Center rear comprised 4 security divisions,

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beyond the front until March 1942. One particular difficulty was the lack of radio communication, which was not addressed until April 1942. The partisan unit also lacked the support of local people. For several months, partisan units in Belarus were virtually left to their own devices; especially difficult was the winter of 1941–42, with severe shortages in ammunition, medicine and supplies. The actions of partisans were generally uncoordinated.

1836:, who fled to Moscow in the wake of the German invasion in 1941. Although the Soviet partisans in Lithuania were nominally under the control of the Command of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement, the guerrilla warfare specialists and instructors sent by it reported directly to the Central Command of the Partisan Movement. Modern Lithuanian historians estimate that about half of the Soviet partisans in Lithuania were escapees from 2369: 1350:) and annexed the lands totalling 201,015 square kilometres (77,612 sq mi) with a population of 13,299,000 inhabitants including ethnic Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Czechs and others. Soviet era sources state that in 1939, Soviet forces took control of regions of the Polish Republic that had "a population of more than 12 million, including more than 6 million Ukrainians and about 3 million Belarusians." 2581:

Soviet government could maintain a measure of control of, and extract varying degrees of loyalty from, the Soviet populations behind the German lines." The historian J. Armstrong also highly praised Soviet partisans ’efforts in this field, stating, "The great accomplishment of the partisans in the psychological field was their major contribution in turning the population of the occupied territories against the Germans."

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territories to join or support the struggle against the German occupation. According to historian Leonid Grenkevich, This partisan warfare on so vast a scale was unprecedented in Russian history. In the end, it was a genuine people's war. In general, the populace supported the partisan fighters by providing them not only moral support, and care and attention, but also food and masses of intelligence information.

1874:, many ethnic Russians and some Karelians supported the partisan attacks. Approximately 5,000 partisans altogether fought in the region, although the typical strength of the force was 1,500–2,300. Peculiarities of this front were that partisan units were not created inside occupied territory. Their personnel came from all over the Soviet Union and that they mainly operated from the Soviet side of the front line. 1644:

destroyed garrisons in 39 populated areas. Kovpak's operations played an important role in the development of the partisan movement against German occupying forces. This precipitous growth in the strength and activity level of partisan units prompted members of the German General Staff to suggest that Hitler consider the use of poison gas as a possible remedy to deal with the growing partisan menace.

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relatively high number of the local volunteers to the Soviet guerrilla detachments starting from the summer of 1943. Furthermore, in many occupied areas the very presence of anti-German irregulars emphasized the continued presence of ‘Kremlin’s watchful eye’, unnerved occupying forces and their collaborators and thus undermined the enemy's attempt to ‘pacify’ the local populace.

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carried out large military activities. In Lithuania, there were two underground forces – these are quite large subdivisions – and by mid-1944, about 220 underground Communist organizations were operating. By the end of the war, there were 2 partisan brigades and 11 detachments. Two brigades took part in the liberation of Vilnius and provided assistance to Soviet troops.

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Russia, stating: "Meanwhile, the partisans had so thoroughly disrupted the railroads that the other two reserve divisions had to be routed to Pskov, 130 miles north of Nevel, and there loaded in trucks, not enough of which were available. On 9 October Kuchler decided to wait until the reinforcements were assembled before trying again to close the gap."

1627:'s 1st Russian People's Brigade of the SS (2,500 personnel, August 1943). In all, about 7,000 people of different anti-Soviet formations joined the Soviet partisan force, while about 1,900 specialists and commanders were dropped into occupied Belarus in 1943. However, local people mainly accounted for most increases in the Soviet partisan force. 2561:

offensives. Upon liberation of parts of the Soviet territory, the corresponding partisan detachments usually joined the regular Army. According to Soviet sources, the partisans were a vital force of the war. From 90,000 men and women by the end of 1941 (including underground) they grew to 220,000 in 1942, and to more than 550,000 in 1943.

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defeated the Soviet forces stationed there. But over time, the number of Soviet underground workers increased. Their ranks, as in the other occupied territories, grew at the expense of the NKVD sabotage groups that were being abandoned, escaped prisoners of war. The local population also became increasingly dissatisfied with Nazi Germany.

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decrease in the railroad capacity in the area of operations. This was critical for the success of Soviet military operations in the autumn of 1943. In Belarus alone, the partisans claimed the destruction of more than 90,000 rails along with 1,061 trains, 72 railroad bridges and 58 Axis garrisons. According to the

1984:, the organization and operation of Soviet partisans were similar to that in Ukrainian and Belarusian territories. However, there were notable differences in the interaction of partisans with Polish national forces and the local population. There were also Soviet-affiliated and controlled groups, namely 2536:) partisans; AK did not recognise any territorial changes after 1939 and considered this region as a legal part of Poland, while the Soviets planned to annex it into the Soviet Union after the war. Only in April 1944 did Polish and Soviet partisans start coordinating their actions against the Germans. 3004:

NB: usually the Soviet and post-Soviet writings on the Soviet partisan movement borrow data directly or indirectly from the Ponomarenko (Пономаренко П.К. Партизанское движение в Великой Отечественной войне. М., 1943.) and Volin (Волин Б.М. Всенародная партизанская война. М., 1942.) books, which could

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The partisan movement succeeded in accomplishing its ideological tasks. US Air Force historians N. F. Parrish, L. B. Atkinson, and A. F. Simpson remarked, "Aside from direct or indirect damage to the German war machine, the Moscow-controlled partisan movement was the sole effective means by which the

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In the early years of the war, following German invasion of the Soviet Union, many Polish and Soviet partisans saw Germans as the common enemy, and hostility between the two groups was limited. However, by mid-1943, as the Soviets gained the upper hand and started to push German forces westwards, and

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and Ukraine within an area 1,000 km (620 mi) along the front and 750 km (470 mi) wide. Reportedly, more than 230,000 rails were destroyed, along with many bridges, trains and other railroad infrastructure. The operation seriously incapacitated German logistics and was instrumental

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According to Alexander Statiev,"Despite the ruthless procurement policy sanctioned at the top level and numerous abuses by commanders that aggravated this policy, most requisitions in these regions still had a benign outcome: civilians perceived the loss of some of their assets to partisans as a fair

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In Belarus, workers and employees of Minsk, Brest, Grodno, Borisov and other cities that were occupied by Germany transferred weapons to partisan detachments that were sometimes stationed far away from large settlements. Weapons were bought, exchanged, or taken directly from garrisons, warehouses and

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To survive, resistance fighters largely relied on the civilian population. This included access to food, clothing and other supplies. Soviet partisans requisitioned food, livestock and clothes from local peasants, and when peasants did not share them willingly, they often did it by force. The results

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were operating already. Units formed and inserted into Belarus totalled 437 by the end of the 1941, comprising more than 7,200 personnel. However, as the front line moved further away, conditions steadily worsened for the partisan units, as resources ran out, and there was no large-scale support from

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According to historian Geoffrey Hosking, "All in all, the Soviet peoples displayed between 1941 and 1945 endurance, resourcefulness and determination which may be well beyond the capacities of economically more advanced nations. They won the war partly because of, partly in spite of, their leaders .

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region are rampant. There are daily reports that clashes with guerrilla groups occur in different places, which are partially parachuted or crossed the border or consist of prisoners of war who escaped from camps and armed by local residents. The number of fleeing increases every day. The guerrillas

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launched by the Slovak resistance movement on 29 August 1944. The insurgents established their headquarters in the central-Slovakian town Banská Bystrica, conducted contacts with the Allied powers, managed to hold out for two months against the German and the Slovak collaborationist troops, and even

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A significant number of Soviet citizens were outside Soviet borders during the war and many took part in numerous partisan formations and saboteur groups in France, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and other countries. More than 40,000 Soviet citizens joined partisan formations

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Partisan intelligence's contribution to the political leadership of the Soviet Union and its intelligence community appears to have been more significant, especially in collecting information on conditions in the occupied territories, as well as on the structure of the occupation administration, its

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From the very beginning of its existence, the partisan intelligence had been aimed chiefly at serving the Red Army operational purposes. It had frequently been asked to provide detailed information on enemy's whereabouts, strengths, armaments, movements and intentions. Yet, the partisans’ ability to

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In territories that were a part of the Soviet Union before the war, their relations with the locals were much better. There, Soviet partisans often had the support of civilians and the unity of partisans and the local population had a positive effect on partisan activities. Elderly men and women and

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Chodakiewicz reported that a high ranking Soviet commander said, “Most partisan units feed, clothe, and arm themselves at the expense of the local population and not by capturing booty in the struggle against fascism. That arouses in the people a feeling of hostility, and they say, ‘The Germans take

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carried out a raid from the Briansk forests to eastern Ukraine through Pinsk, Volyn', Rovno, Zhitomir, and Kiev oblasts. In 1943, they carried out operations in the Carpathians. Kovpak's Sumy partisan unit covered a distance of more than 10,000 kilometers in fighting at the rear of German troops and

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In 1942 terror campaigns against the territorial administration staffed by local "collaborators and traitors" received extra emphasis. This resulted, however, in definite divisions within the local civilian population, resulting in the beginning of the organisation of anti-partisan units with native

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began, prompted by the experience of the first year of war. The coordination, numerical buildup, structural reworking and established supply lines all translated into greatly increased partisan capability, which showed in the increased instances of sabotage on the railroads, with hundreds of engines

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The partisans rendered substantial help to Soviet Army forces operating at the front by conducting damaging strikes against the German rear area communication network. Partisan activities combined with the Soviet Army's increasing offensive success helped to inspire the local population in occupied

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Some historians assert that the Soviet reactions to returning partisans were not better than for Soviet POWs. However, most of the partisans were included in Soviet regular forces. A lot of former POWs avoided repressions because of joining the partisan units after the escape. In 1955, a pardon was

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Able-bodied male Jews were usually welcomed by the partisans (sometimes only if they brought their own weapons). More than 10% of the Soviet partisan movement were Jews. However, Jewish women, children, and the elderly were usually not welcome. Often, however, separate Jewish groups, both guerrilla

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commanders frequently overstepped the blurred line between requisition and robbery. Balitskii described how the partisans from the unit commanded by Yakov Mel’nik ‘ransacked Rudnitsa village like jackals and robbed almost all peasants’ (Bazhan2010, p. 452). Other units confiscated the entire potato

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soldiers left behind enemy lines, much like the beginning of partisan movements in Ukraine and Belarus. The movement grew throughout 1942, and in the summer of that year, the Lithuanian Soviet partisan movement began receiving material aid as well as specialists and instructors in guerrilla warfare

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In January 1943, out of 56,000 partisan personnel, 11,000 operated in western Belarus, 3.5 fewer per 10,000 local people than in the east, and even more so (up to a factor of 5 to 6) if one accounts for much more efficient Soviet evacuation measures in the east during 1941. Smallholders in the west

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By the end of 1943, partisans controlled more than 100 thousand square km. of Belarus, which was about 60 percent of the republic's territory. The partisans controlled more than 20 regional centers and thousands of villages. By the time of the return of the Soviet Army, most of the Byelorussian SSR

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German pacification operations in the summer and autumn 1941 were able to curb the partisan activity significantly. Many units went underground, and generally, in late 1941 to early 1942, the partisan units were not undertaking significant military operations, but limiting themselves to sorting out

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Later, the UPA and Soviet partisan leaders tried to negotiate a temporary alliance, but Moscow's NKVD Headquarters began harshly suppressing such moves by its local commanders. With both sides becoming established enemies, the Ukrainian civil population was primarily concerned with their survival.

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The partisan propaganda means had developed over the occupation period. In its early stage, the partisan messages were mainly short and unsophisticated and used simple spreading channels, such as verbal communication and leaflets. Consequently, some of the big-sized and mighty partisan detachments

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was formed by forces from the NKVD, the local Communist Party and Komsomol. Partisans in Dnipropetrovsk province provided significant assistance to troops on the southern and southwestern fronts, who helped restrain the German offensive in the Donbass in October–November 1941. Partisan detachments

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led in Smolensk the partisan brigade "Thirteen" which had an all female reconnaissance including Evdokiya Karpechkina. Due to lack of respect by men towards women, a rejection was made by Nina when a platoon made out of men was proposed to be put under the leadership of Nina Zevrova in Leningrad.

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According to German estimates, in August 1941, 10 percent of the Nazi rear area was full of Soviet partisans. By October 1942 this figure had risen to 75 percent, and by the autumn of the same year, fully 10 per cent of all German field divisions in Russia were engaged in fighting with partisans.

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The first year of the war was devastating for the Soviet partisans of Ukraine. Nevertheless, between August 1941 and the beginning of March 1942, 30,000 partisans had been organised into more than 1,800 detachments; by the beginning of May 1942, there were just 37 detachments, consisting of 1,918

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promised to collaborators who wished to return to the Soviet camp were significant factors in the 1943 growth of Soviet partisan forces. Desertions from the ranks of the German-controlled police and military formations strengthened units, with sometimes whole detachments coming over to the Soviet

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The buildup of the Soviet partisan force in western Belarus was ordered and implemented during 1943, with nine brigades, 10 detachments and 15 operational groups transferred from east to west, effectively tripling the partisan force there (reaching 36,000 troops in December 1943). It is estimated

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The Soviet partisan activity was a strategic factor in the defeat of the German forces on the Soviet-German front. During the summer and autumn of 1942, when partisan warfare was not at its peak, the German Army devoted about 10 percent of its overall strength in fighting partisans, including 15

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or sometimes even those who were considered not to support the partisans strongly enough. In some cases, Germans allowed peasants to form self-defense units against Soviet raids, which in extreme cases led to violent clashes between the Soviet partisans and local peasants, resulting in civilian

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among the residents of areas supporting partisan forces. In the case of partisan attack or sabotage, a number of locals would be executed. Such hostage operations happened in the form of preliminary arrests, post-attack retaliation actions, and/or compulsory "watch-groups" deployed on vulnerable

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Partisan groups in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia made a significant contribution to the Soviet victory. According to Alexander Chapenko, history professor at Murmansk State University, Latvia had the most number of partisan formations. There were large partisan units led by Vilis Samsons, which

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In 1943, after the Red Army started to liberate western Russia and north-east Ukraine, many partisans, including units led by Fedorov, Medvedev and Saburov, were ordered to re-locate their operations into central and western Ukraine still occupied by Nazis. Partisans of the Leningrad and Kalinin

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Because of the aggressive partisan attacks on rail communications, German Army Group North was forced to use truck transport to move reinforcements to the crucial sectors of the front where combat raged. German occupation leader Ziemke discussed the intensity of partisan fighting in northwestern

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According to the memoirs of Marshal G.K. Zhukov, the partisan fighters operating in Smolensk and Orel districts contributed significantly to Soviet Army victories in the summer of 1943 in Kursk and Orel. Further, as in the case of the earlier Soviet victories at Moscow and Stalingrad, the Kursk

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Territories liberated or under partisan authority were important during the war. There were major partisan areas and zones in Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk, and Orel oblasts. In Kalinin Oblast, for example, the partisans held 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi). Partisan zones and areas made it

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The partisans made a significant contribution to the war by countering German plans to exploit occupied Soviet territories economically, gave considerable help to the Red Army by conducting systematic attacks against Germany's rear communication network, disseminated political rhetoric among the

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against the USSR, it soon was driven underground as it became apparent that the Germans' intentions for Ukraine were to establish a German colony with a subjugated local population, not an independent country as the UPA hoped for. As such, the UPA was driven underground and fought both the Nazi

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participated in the operations. The area of the operation was 900 km (560 mi) along the front (excluding Karelia and Crimea) and 400 km (250 mi) wide. Despite bad weather that only permitted the airlift of less than 50% of the planned supplies, the operation lead to a 35–40%

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order occurred on August 6, 1941 (detachment commanders Pavlovskiy and Bumazhkov). Some partisan detachments were parachuted into German-occupied territories in the summer of 1941. Urban underground groups were formed as a force complementing the activities of partisan units, operating in rural

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With the German supply lines already over-extended, the partisan operations in the rear of the front lines were able to severely disrupt the flow of supplies to the army that acted deep into Soviet territory. In the second half of the war, major partisan operations were coordinated with Soviet

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Latvian headquarters of the partisan movement reported that in the summer of 1944, partisans of eastern and central Latvia directly rescued more than 3,220 from being transferred to western Latvia, and also 278 Soviet soldiers were liberated from captivity, and they immediately joined partisan

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Soviet partisan relations with the population of the Baltic countries were complex. The Soviet government annexed these territories in June 1940 and faced increasing resistance after repressive actions against the Baltic populations. The German offensive in the Baltic was swift and effectively

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The Soviet Ukrainian partisans achieved some success only in Slovakia, a nominally independent country under German tutelage. The Slovakian countryside and mountains became a ‘hotbed’ for the Soviet guerrillas in the second half of 1944. Dozens of the partisan detachments that came from Soviet

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The effect of the partisan psychological warfare is hard to evaluate. Nevertheless, it appears that at least a part of the defections from the Wehrmacht and other Axis troops, that occurred on the Eastern front in 1942–1944, might be attributed to the partisan propaganda effort, as well as the

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Soviet partisans attacked Polish partisans, villages and small towns in order to weaken the Polish structures in the areas which Soviet Union claimed for itself. Frequent requisitions of food in local villages and brutal reprisal actions against villages considered disloyal to the Soviet Union

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troops which took over the territory following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. The partisan detachments distributed propaganda and attacked local industrial and military facilities, neutralizing around 14,000 enemy soldiers and officers and capturing extensive military equipment. With a

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Partisan operations against Finns were estimated as being highly ineffectual. The partisans did not have sufficient strength to attack military targets, and would often falsely report their raids to higher command, claiming attacks on German or Finnish military targets even if the victims were

1848:, while the other half was made up of airdropped special operations experts. It is estimated that in total, about 5,000 people engaged in pro-Soviet underground activities in Lithuania during the war. In general, the role of Soviet dissident groups in Lithuania in Second World War was minimal. 1726:

The partisan and underground struggle in the German-occupied territories influenced the reduction of morale and combat effectiveness of the German-led armed forces and contributed to Soviet Army victories. There was a collapse of German military and political leadership in the occupied Soviet

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Historian Matthew Cooper argued that, "The guerrilla was not simply a man fighting for his country; he was a political being struggling for a powerful and pervasive cause, against his own race as well as against the enemy. Militarily, he was to assist the progress of the Red Army by creating

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in 1943. As a result, Soviet partisans started extensive operations against both the Polish underground and the civilian population of the areas seized by the Soviets in 1939. The campaign of terror resulted in reports to London of horrifying looting, rape and murder. This made many local AK

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There is strong evidence that the central Soviet authorities deliberately refrained from a larger accumulation of partisan forces in western Belarus and let Polish underground military structures grow in these lands during 1941–42 in order to strengthen Moscow's relations with the

4048: 3116:(All-people struggle in Belarus against the German-fascist invaders) Всенародная борьба в Белоруссии против немецко-фашистских захватчиков. Т. 1. С. 84, 112., as cited in (HistB5) Гісторыя Беларусі: У 6 т. Т. 5. Беларусь у 1917–1945. – Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2006. – 613 с.; іл. 2577:

unbearable conditions in the enemy’s rear; politically he was to be the champion of the class struggle in the furtherance of the Communist millennium. The Soviet partisans were representatives of the Soviet regime and evidence that neither it nor ideology was defeated."

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Numerous accounts of Soviet partisan operations in former Polish territories discuss their strained relations with local peasants. Polish peasants often refused to voluntarily support the Soviet partisans, which in turn lead to the Soviets forcefully acquiring supplies.

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In the Bryansk region, Soviet partisans controlled large areas behind the German lines. In the summer of 1942 they effectively held more than 14,000 km (5,400 sq mi) with a population of over 200,000 people. Soviet partisans in the region were led by

1578:. Soviet partisans avoided to some extent attacking people of Polish nationality during the terror campaigns in 1942. After the breakdown of diplomatic relations between the USSR and the Polish government-in-exile in April 1943 resulting from the discovery of the 2020:). Additionally, Soviet partisans were instructed to opportunistically use the Nazis against Polish non-communist resistance by feeding the German forces information on Poles. The Soviet partisans were involved in several massacres of Polish civilians, including 1413:

areas. The network of underground structures developed and received a steady influx of specially chosen party activists. By the end of 1941, more than 2,000 partisan detachments (with more than 90,000 personnel) operated in German-occupied territories.

4476: 2588:: alleges that the "Soviet-allied guerrillas routinely engaged in plundering peasants. He argues that they "lacked popular support" and claims that such allegations have been "eliminated from the standard Soviet narrative about them". The book 1595:

that 10–12,000 personnel were transferred, and about the same number came from local volunteers. The buildup of the military force was complemented by the intensification of the underground Communist Party structures and propaganda activity.

2012:

commanders consider the Soviets as just another enemy and eventually on June 22, 1943 Soviets partisans were ordered by Moscow to take on the Polish units as well. In addition to engaging German military and police targets, according to

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price for the temporary absence of Germans and the eventual victory. However, most people in the borderlands, incorporated by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940, resented the Soviet regime and its representatives, the partisans."

2435:, and the hostilities between the two groups escalated. On numerous occasions in the years 1943–1944, the Soviets would invite Polish partisans to talks, then disarm them and some times execute the Polish partisan leaders. 2492:

In November and December 1943, punitive expeditions were organized against Oshkaln partisans, and police from Riga province were mobilized. Partisans maneuvred and retreated to the Zalveskie forests (40 km west of

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and Baltic territories occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940, but they had significantly less support there and often clashed with local national partisan groups, as well as German-controlled auxiliary police.

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units often came into conflict with Soviet partisan groups. In Estonia and Latvia, almost all the Soviet partisan units, dropped by air, were either destroyed by the German forces or the local self-defense units.

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The program of the partisan war was outlined in Moscow after the German attack in 1941 against the USSR. Directives issued on July 29, 1941 and in further documents by the Soviet People's Commissaries Council and

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non-communist states of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine. Most of the resistance groups in the Baltic States and Poland sought to re-establish independent states free of Soviet domination.

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Operation Rails War, August 3 – September 15, 1943. A major operation of partisan formations against the railroad communications intended to disrupt the German reinforcements and supplies for the

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Some formations calling themselves Soviet partisans operated a long way outside Soviet territory – usually organized by former Soviet citizens who had escaped from Nazi camps. One such formation,

2226:, September 19 – November 1, 1943. "Concerto" was a major operation of partisan formations against the railroad communications intended to disrupt the German reinforcements and supplies for the 2476:

Soviet forces focused on communicating with the local population. In August 1941, regular radio programs began in Latvian from Moscow. The newspaper "For Soviet Latvia” began to be published.

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occupation forces had been already carrying out their own requisitions. This led to conflicts between Soviet partisans and local populace in areas less friendly to the Soviet Union, mostly in

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made the act into law. It officially marks the anniversary 1941 directive of the Council of People's Commissars signed on this date declaring the intention to create partisan detachments.

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Partisans are accused of provoking brutal countermeasures from the Nazi occupiers that targeted civilians. Trying to limit partisan activities, German command employed mass killings of

1389:. The first detachments commanded by Red Army officers and local Communist Party activists were formed in the first days of the war between Germany and the Soviet Union, including the 3216:

By the German sources. Turonek, p. 79. Also noted is that this result, while in itself impressive, was less relevant than expected, as the German offensive in 1942 came further south.

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detachments. In the woodlands in the north-east of Latvia, about 1,500 families of civilians were hiding under the direct protection of the detachments of the 1st Partisan brigade.

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as part of its historical part, dressed in the uniforms of Partisan formations and marching under with weapons from that era. Both the uniforms and the weapons are provided by the

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Ukraine and formerly Soviet-occupied Poland conducted sabotage acts against German communication lines, harassed the local German community and finally took an active part in the

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According to Yehuda Bauer, Musial's book is “a most important contribution” to the history of the war, the Soviet partisans, and Polish-Jewish partisan relations in Belorussia.

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Michał Patyna; Zbigniew Cierpiński (April 2004). "Raport z badań przeprowadzonych podczas obozu naukowego KWSM na Białorusi i Litwie w lipcu 2003 r.". In Marian Wolański (ed.).

2016:

Soviet partisans also targeted the poorly armed and trained Belarusian and Polish self-defense units (some of these units were formed with Nazi encouragement and were viewed as

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district. Thus Estonia remained partisan free throughout most of the war. By 1944 only 234 partisans were fighting in Estonia and none were native volunteers, all being either

815: 801: 5244: 1825:

from Soviet-held territory. On 26 November 1942, the Command of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement (Lietuvos partizaninio judėjimo štabas) was created in Moscow, headed by the

1809:, the partisans were first under Russian and Belarusian command, and from January 1943, directly subordinated to the central Headquarters in Moscow, under the leadership of 3882: 4065: 1992:, which while often described as parts of the Polish resistance, were de facto controlled by Soviets, and as such can also be seen as extensions of the Soviet partisans. 7389: 5245:"1944 partisans' parade reenactment in Minsk | In Pictures | Belarus News | Belarusian news | Belarus today | news in Belarus | Minsk news" 3815:, Tyyne Martikaianen, (2002, 2004) "Rauha on ainoa mahdollisuutemme – Partisaanisodan kansainvälinen sovitusseminaari", English summary, Jatkosodan Siviiliveteraanit ry 808: 7134: 6742: 4055:"O zachowaniu się Polaków i niektórych naszych zadaniach", Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość, Pismo Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa, 1.09.2006, ISSN 1427-7476, s. 379–380. 8740: 6758: 2987:Літвіноўскі І. А. (Litvinowski) Партызанскі рух у Вялікую Айчынную вайну 1941–1945 // Беларуская энцыклапедыя: У 18 т. Т. 12. – Мінск: БелЭн, 2001. – 560 с. p. 134. 577: 7078: 6681: 6653: 5797: 5186:Директива Совнаркома СССР и ЦК ВКП(б) партийным и советским организациям прифронтовых областей о мобилизации всех сил и средств на разгром фашистских захватчиков 2652:. In 2011, the main celebrations dedicated to the Day of Partisan Glory and the 70th anniversary of the partisan movement were held in the city of Putivl in the 2310:

succeeded in establishing their own print houses that published periodic ‘partisan newspapers’ based on the propaganda broadcasts from Moscow and local reality.

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iterated his commands and directives to the people in his radio speech on 3 July 1941, and appointed himself Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army on 20 July 1941.

4739:

Yaacov Falkov, PhD Abstract, "The Use of Guerrilla Forces for the Intelligence Purposes of the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1945", Tel-Aviv University, 2013,

4229: 9005: 8719: 7398: 7085: 6219: 1448:. The territorial Staffs were subsequently created, dealing with the partisan movement in the respective Soviet Republics and in the occupied provinces of the 275: 5543:

Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941-1945", in Chris Murray (ed.),

7701: 7064: 6373: 5998: 2000: 1660: 364: 5465:"Bogdan Musial. Sowjetische Partisanen 1941–1944: Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, 2009. 592 S. ISBN 978-3-506-76687-8" 6714: 6660: 5846: 3418:Пантелеймон Кондратьевич Пономаренко, Александр Михайлович СамсоновВсенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков, 1941–1944. Наука, 1986. p. 377 3303:Пантелеймон Кондратьевич Пономаренко, Александр Михайлович СамсоновВсенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков, 1941–1944. Наука, 1986. p. 135 4657: 9030: 8927: 8864: 7171: 6667: 6283: 4693: 1416:

However, the activity of partisan forces was not centrally coordinated and supplied until spring of 1942. In order to coordinate partisan operations the

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of April–May 1943 attributed to the Soviets), the situation changed radically. From this moment on, Moscow treated the AK as a hostile military force.

5322:"Военнослужащие Беларуси приняли участие в параде в честь 75-летия Великой Победы в Москве | Витебск | Новости Витебска и Витебской области" 3086: 2488:

do not seek more shelter from the population, but organize their bases in impassable forests and wetlands, from where they are attacking settlements."

8980: 8975: 7057: 6504: 6380: 4066:"Komunikat dot. śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów sowieckich w latach 1942–1944 na terenie byłego województwa nowogródzkiego" 2665: 2373: 2259:, June 22 – August 19, 1944. Belarusian partisans took major part in Operation Bagration. They were often considered the fifth front (along with the 2106: 2070: 1667: 1286: 280: 5335: 4459: 2924: 9060: 6357: 5737: 5185: 744: 6794: 6106: 5508:

Smilovitskii, Leonid. Antisemitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: The Case of Belorussia in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20, 2006

4568:"Роль гражданского населения в оказании помощи белорусским партизанам и подпольщикам в оказании помощи фронту в годы Великой Отечественной войны" 8857: 6613: 5915: 2903:

Among the population of Eastern territories were circa 38% Poles, 37% Ukrainians, 14,5% Belarusians, 8,4% Jews, 0,9% Russians and 0,6% Germans.

1648: 1249: 8612: 7405: 7368: 7345: 6866: 5788: 5758: 2074: 1653: 1571:. A certain level of military cooperation, imposed by the command headquarters, was noted between Soviet partisans and the Polish Home Army, 1417: 1313:

local population by publishing newspapers and leaflets, and succeeded in creating and maintaining feelings of insecurity among Axis forces.

1302: 7120: 4743: 8988: 7498: 7354: 7338: 7310: 6558: 5765: 2799: 2764: 1954:

1939–1945 border changes. The orange line depicts the extent of areas occupied by Soviet Union in 1939–1941 per the secret protocol of the

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However, due to the Red Army's inability or possibly unwillingness to support the rebels, many of whom were loyal to the London-based

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regions also had significant partisan activity during the occupation period. In the Oryol and Smolensk regions, partisans were led by

9070: 8733: 7361: 5751: 5709: 2676: 1767: 1489: 1365: 489: 1647:

Partisans in regions of Ukraine assisted the Soviet Army in battles in Kiev, where the first partisan regiment under the command of

1463:. In 1944 Soviet partisans provided "proletarian internationalist" help to the people of German-occupied Central Europe, with seven 8582: 6401: 6175: 5938: 5804: 5615: 5252: 4780:

Yaacov Falkov, Forest Spies. The Intelligence Activity of the Soviet Partisans (Magnes Press and Yad Vashem Press: Jerusalem, 2017)

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are currently held every year by youth unions, university students and reenactment groups. Every five years, reenactors from the

2668:

was a Soviet award with two classes on introduced on 2 February 1943 for partisans who demonstrate exemplary performance in war.

1922: 786: 477: 177: 3708:(in Russian). the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Delphi Council of Russia. Archived from 9083: 7680: 7192: 6042: 5580: 5143: 4636: 2778: 2448: 2253:

Battle of Borisovsk-Begoml, April 22 – May 15, 1944. Major battle between Belarusian partisans and German punitive expeditions.

606: 253: 3032: 2621:, celebrated on June 29 since 2010, celebrating the veterans of Partisan units throughout the USSR. It was established by the 501: 8276: 8181: 7708: 7454: 7329: 6415: 6389: 6246: 5952: 5869: 5458: 5373: 4844: 4817: 4548: 4329: 4299: 4187: 3929: 3595: 3568: 2885: 2512:

and the destruction of the village of Bakaloriškės). The anti-Soviet resistance movements in the Baltic states, known as the

2155: 1493: 484: 342: 4789:

Leonid D. Grenkevich. The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis.Routledge. 2013. p. 263

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Leonid D. Grenkevich. The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis.Routledge. 2013. p. 311

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personnel parachuted in from the Soviet-controlled territories. A very small pro-Soviet underground, however, did exist. In

1550: 8509: 7916: 7802: 6967: 6434: 6430: 6408: 6012: 5126:"Официальный информационный портал МО Первомайское сельское поселение | Выборгский район | Ленинградская область" 3615: 2891: 2860:

Leonid D. Grenkevich. The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis.Routledge. 2013. p.325

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raided a prisoner of war camp where Soviets were held, and having defeated the guards of the camp, released 300 prisoners.

1535: 1499: 1468: 1393: 145: 5079:

Matthew Cooper, The Phantom War: The German Struggle Against Soviet Partisans, 1941–1944. Macdonald and Janes̓, 1979, p. 8

3064: 1763:(Pskov and Novgorod) regions operated against German forces for as many as three years before liberation by the Red Army. 9151: 8424: 7888: 7220: 7206: 6419: 3647: 1928: 1355: 472: 95: 443: 8895: 8633: 8502: 8380: 7958: 7673: 7624: 7382: 6937: 6189: 6028: 5876: 5730: 5552: 5534: 5488: 4095: 3847: 3514: 3487: 2870:

Elżbieta Trela-Mazur (1997). Włodzimierz Bonusiak; Stanisław Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Mikołaj Iwanow (eds.).

1242: 1074: 855: 457: 450: 2497:). Due to the support of the local population, the Oshkaln partisans withstood difficulties of the winter of 1943/44. 1789:

While Soviet sources claim that thousands of partisans were operating in the Baltic region, they only operated in the

8749: 7631: 7603: 7420: 7002: 6721: 6688: 5502: 5444: 5399: 5391: 5291: 4871: 4291:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947

4269: 4237: 3956: 3820: 3812: 3800: 3783: 3762: 3742: 3676: 3541: 3121: 2992: 2945: 2783: 1891:. One of the more notable leaders of the partisan movement in Finland and Karelia was the future leader of the USSR, 1539: 1378: 893: 135: 5904: 3285:

Aleksander A. Maslov. Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941–1945. Routledge. p. 124

2959: 8786: 7944: 7881: 7016: 6852: 5975: 4257: 3944: 2381: 1981: 1338: 1174: 6529: 2192:

Battle of Bryansk forests, May–June 1943. Partisan battle in the Bryansk forests with German punitive expeditions.

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after inviting them to "negotiations" in 1943, and also denounced them to the Germans, who then killed the Poles.

1373:

In 1941, the core of the partisan movement were the remains of the Red Army units destroyed in the first phase of

8310: 8151: 8140: 7976: 7735: 7694: 7587: 7525: 6912: 6182: 6051: 6019: 5321: 2794: 2163:

Vasily Korzh raid, Autumn 1941 – March 23, 1942. 1,000 km (620 mi) raid of a partisan formation in the

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casualties, as was the case with the Koniuchy and Naliboki massacres in Polish-Lithuanian borderland in 1943–44.

2007:

continued to worsen and were broken off completely by Soviet government in the aftermath of the discovery of the

1519:

was in the hands of the partisan groups and the actual size of the republic controlled by the Germans was small.

369: 6699: 6267: 2250:

Battle of Polotsk-Leppel, April 1944. Major battle between Belarusian partisans and German punitive expeditions.

8880: 8696: 8668: 8546: 8339: 7576: 7027: 6953: 6749: 6120: 5839: 5744: 5629: 5429: 5414: 4901: 4378:"Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland. Innenansichten aus dem Gebiet Baranovici 1941–1944. Eine Dokumentation" 4167: 3795:

Tyyne Martikainen,(1988) "Neuvostoliiton partisaanien tuhoiskut siviilikyliin 1941–1944, PS-paino Värisuora Oy

3504: 3463: 2759: 2709: 2704:

studio. This was done at the 2014 and 2019 jubilee parade editions was done for the first time in 2020 for the

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called for the formation of partisan detachments and 'diversionist' groups in the German-occupied territories.

240: 2648:

on 22 September, first appearing on the Ukrainian calendar in October 2001 after an order came from President

9050: 8756: 8689: 8640: 8571: 8396: 7902: 7853: 7617: 7610: 7213: 6974: 6765: 5818: 5046:

Les anciens détenus du Goulag: libérations massives et réhabilitations dans l'URSS poststalinienne, 1953–1964

2940:(HistBel-5) Гісторыя Беларусі: У 6 т. Т. 5. Беларусь у 1917–1945. – Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2006. – 613 с.; іл. 2721: 2697: 1906: 1445: 1235: 1093: 650: 594: 562: 332: 110: 90: 3888: 873: 310: 9088: 8830: 8726: 8101: 8062: 6981: 6816: 6801: 6728: 6707: 6525: 6203: 5989: 5982: 5966: 5677: 5636: 5608: 4414:

Statiev, Alexander (2014-10-21). "Soviet Partisan Violence against Soviet Civilians: Targeting Their Own".

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Soviet partisans are therefore a controversial issue in those countries. In Latvia, former Soviet partisan

212: 3317: 2398:

In addition to fighting the Nazis, Soviet partisans fought against organizations that sought to establish

9025: 9015: 8793: 8117: 8069: 7687: 7659: 7512: 7127: 7106: 6627: 6290: 6196: 5686: 5464: 5097:

Soviet Partisans in World War II. Edited by John A. Armstrong. University of Wisconsin Press, 1964. p. 38

4941:А Дрізулис. Борьба латышского народа в годы Великой Отечественной войны. 1941–1945. Зинатне, 1970, p. 405 2921: 2066: 1955: 1857: 1784: 1716: 1385:

activists who chose to remain in Soviet-occupied prewar Poland. The most common unit of the period was a

1080: 940: 638: 557: 467: 428: 337: 130: 70: 9000: 8910: 8591: 8087: 8006: 7951: 7839: 7795: 7445: 7071: 6995: 6897: 6774: 6646: 6639: 6599: 6572: 6304: 6237: 5832: 5643: 5573: 4836:

Fugitives of the Forest: The Heroic Story Of Jewish Resistance And Survival During The Second World War

2513: 2424: 2004: 1945: 1830: 1780: 1564: 796: 723: 418: 386: 3225:

Mentioned as primary in the report of the HQ of partisan movement on November 9, 1942. Turonek, p. 79.

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At the same time, when pressed for supplies, partisans also engaged in significant amount of plunder:

1905:

Russian views however differ, as according to Sergey Verigin, Director of the Institute of History in

9146: 8493: 8410: 8195: 8055: 8027: 7860: 7765: 7555: 6988: 6062: 5716: 2288: 2200: 2017: 1547:

personnel in 1942. By November 1942, Soviet partisan units in Belarus numbered about 47,000 persons.

1464: 1330: 496: 354: 305: 75: 6260: 5422:

The war behind the Eastern Front : the Soviet partisan movement in North-West Russia, 1941–1944

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The war behind the Eastern Front : the Soviet partisan movement in North-West Russia, 1941–1944

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was prosecuted and convicted for war crimes against locals. The conviction was ultimately upheld by

115: 8944: 8232: 8209: 7461: 7262: 7255: 6919: 6579: 6551: 6544: 5931: 2444: 2361: 1409: 759: 664: 85: 6276: 6253: 5070:

Geoffrey A. Hosking, The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within. p.294

4230:"W sierpniu 1943 r. partyzantka dokonała dywersji na torach kolejowych między Ostrogiem a Sławutą" 3531: 3477: 1999:, the conflicts between Soviet-affiliated and independent groups intensified, especially as Poles 1527:

The turning point in the development of the Soviet partisan movement came with the opening of the

1049: 8654: 8598: 8468: 8328: 8013: 7666: 7562: 7468: 7036: 6904: 6874: 6838: 6823: 6695: 6587: 6565: 6511: 6497: 6479: 6143: 5924: 5652: 5601: 4740: 2693: 1841: 1568: 1512: 1425: 423: 248: 192: 3175:

area were there were more than 50 partisan groups operational, including more than 2,000 troops.

2028:

on 29 January 1944. Soviet partisans and Red Army Officers have also murdered members of Polish

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on June 22, 1943, Soviet partisans received orders to engage non-communist Polish partisans of

2317: 1966: 1820:

In 1941, the Soviet partisan movement in Lithuania began with the actions of a small number of

1341: 1317: 980: 716: 613: 187: 4289: 3585: 3558: 1021: 689: 9040: 8837: 8560: 8403: 8299: 8269: 8225: 7965: 7930: 7923: 7846: 7744: 7185: 7162: 7009: 6620: 6157: 5897: 5883: 5566: 5526: 5516: 4834: 4319: 4273: 3987: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3141: 2393: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2244: 2227: 1508: 1201: 970: 930: 903: 730: 706: 701: 623: 401: 315: 23: 8849: 6455: 3863: 2203:. It involved concentrated actions by more than 100,000 partisan fighters from Belarus, the 2085:

sites and killed if they did not avert the attack. In Belarus alone, according to historian

222: 9107: 8905: 8661: 8516: 8167: 8124: 8094: 8020: 7830: 7809: 6735: 6212: 5890: 2814: 2517: 2351:), were subordinated to the communist partisan leadership and considered as Soviet allies. 2041: 1607: 1374: 1298: 1126: 908: 711: 2040:. Similar assaults on the Polish resistance organizations also took place in the Ukraine. 8: 8965: 8779: 8553: 8431: 8387: 7909: 7043: 6809: 6336: 6166: 6150: 6099: 5188:. Решения партии и правительства по хозяйственным вопросам. М., 1968. — Т. З. — С. 38–39. 3921: 2256: 2179: 2159:

A map showing railroad traffic disruptions in the area of Army Group Center, August 1943.

1441: 1266: 1062: 1056: 1035: 960: 265: 202: 182: 65: 4007: 2737: 2528:

In eastern and south-eastern Lithuania, Soviet partisans constantly clashed with Polish

1833: 9102: 9097: 8970: 8915: 8772: 8605: 8530: 8484: 8454: 8362: 8202: 7867: 7751: 7645: 7596: 7534: 7290: 7241: 7050: 6674: 6329: 6127: 4921: 4439: 4136: 4128: 4084: 3709: 3409:Вячеслав Иванович Боярский. Партизанство: вчера, сегодня, завтра. Граница, 2003. p. 217 3198:Вячеслав Иванович Боярский. Партизанство: вчера, сегодня, завтра. Граница, 2003. p. 218 2809: 2804: 2705: 2637: 1936:

maximum strength of 3,900, its losses amounted to 600 captured and up to 850 executed.

1932: 1429: 1191: 985: 837: 822: 413: 300: 5481:

War in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45

5009: 4988: 4959: 4510: 4380:. The Sarmatian Review. Russian documents translated into German by Tatjana Wanjat in 4377: 1754: 433: 9112: 9010: 8900: 8763: 8647: 8537: 8477: 8438: 8371: 8353: 8319: 8262: 8216: 8160: 7985: 7723: 7715: 7652: 7505: 7099: 6631: 6092: 6071: 5781: 5548: 5530: 5498: 5484: 5454: 5440: 5425: 5410: 5395: 5387: 5369: 4897: 4867: 4840: 4813: 4544: 4443: 4431: 4325: 4295: 4265: 4196: 4163: 4160:

Niemen rzeka niezgody. Polsko-sowiecka wojna partyzancka na Nowogródczyźnie 1943-1944

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Their involvement in actions that affected the civilian population (for example, the

2348: 2223: 2089:, German anti-partisan actions killed an estimated 345,000 people, mostly civilians. 2086: 2025: 2021: 1826: 1742: 1684: 1659:

The partisan struggle was noteworthy in Odessa province, with partisan forces led by

1270: 1068: 832: 670: 535: 396: 217: 197: 169: 140: 100: 5384:

The Soviet partisan movement, 1941–1944 : a critical historiographical analysis

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sparked the creation of numerous self-defence units, often joining the ranks of the

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K. Drum, Air Power and Russian Partisan Warfare (New York: Arno Press, 1962), p. X.

4423: 4120: 4029: 3024: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2769: 2689: 2610: 2337: 2260: 2204: 2110: 1977: 1888: 1884: 1704: 1583: 1437: 1179: 1169: 1042: 1014: 965: 868: 754: 633: 599: 540: 516: 506: 5862: 5292:"В параде 3 июля в Минске примут участие "партизаны" и российская военная техника" 5231:"УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ № 1020/2001 — Офіцiйне представництво Президента України" 4204: 4041: 2593: 8932: 8705: 8417: 8332: 8290: 8188: 8131: 7999: 7781: 7772: 7301: 6883: 6859: 6113: 5359: 5230: 4747: 4463: 4456: 4427: 4052: 4017: 2928: 2871: 2754: 2717: 2630: 2407: 2293: 2212: 2196: 1927:

Between 1941 and 1944 forty groups were active behind the Axis front line in the

1712: 1700: 1688: 1680: 1433: 1223: 1164: 374: 8817: 4481:. Houston Circle of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. 2006. 3861:

Moraru, Anton (16 April 2015). "Mișcarea teroristă în spatele Frontului Român".

3776:

Implementing Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: The Case of Finland

3611: 2880:]. Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. p. 294. 8712: 8248: 8174: 6226: 6085: 5162:"Изменения в Федеральный закон "О днях воинской славы и памятных датах России"" 5161: 4889: 4124: 3056: 2479:

According to the Daugavpils Regional Commissioner in his report of 20 May 1942:

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that included five infantry divisions, military police, 120 tanks and aviation.

2144: 2008: 1985: 1974: 1579: 1528: 1472: 995: 990: 920: 859: 771: 694: 207: 5048:(in French). Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences socilaes (PhD thesis). 3639: 2189:, October 26 – November 29, 1942. Raid in Bryansk forests and Eastern Ukraine. 408: 9140: 8523: 6448: 6297: 6136: 5512: 5026: 4435: 4200: 4021: 2960:"ПИНСК В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ... (Pinsk during the Great Patriotic...)" 2873:

Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941

2649: 2553: 2529: 2455:. While the UPA initially attempted to find a common anti-Soviet ground with 2432: 2037: 2013: 1970: 1892: 1572: 1359: 1136: 1121: 1116: 320: 162: 5108:"В Беларуси собираются презентовать книгу, очерняющую партизанское движение" 4771:, eds. J.F. Muracciole and G. Piketty (Robert Laffont, Paris 2015): 938–943. 3892: 2318:

Foreign nationalities serving with the partisans and Soviet partisans abroad

2105:

Among the targets of Soviet partisans were not only Axis military and their

1950: 1636:

individuals, that were operational and communicating with the Soviet Union.

1554:

German photo showing alleged partisans hanged by the Germans in January 1943

8822: 8626: 6926: 6831: 6462: 5825: 5589: 5198: 4543:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas. pp. 466–472. 3834:"Рейды советских партизан на территорию Финляндии в 1942–1944 гг. * Статья" 2743: 2456: 2399: 2216: 2186: 2143:

Particularly in Crimea, the Soviet partisans relation with local populace,

2049: 1989: 1899: 1862: 1844:, Soviet activists and Red Army soldiers left behind the quickly advancing 1731:

victory too stimulated strong new growth of the partisan movement overall.

1708: 1696: 1692: 1640: 1624: 1620: 1471:

operating in Poland, and 20 united formations and detachments operating in

1405: 1334: 1294: 1282: 1278: 1146: 682: 511: 120: 31: 5299: 2596:

was criticized by Belarusian media for denigrating the partisan movement.

2494: 8461: 8447: 8109: 6785: 6606: 6591: 5945: 2967: 2878:

Sovietization of eastern Poland during the Soviet occupation in 1939–1941

2701: 2653: 2235: 2208: 2045: 1274: 1186: 1131: 55: 4111:

Józef Garliński (April 1975). "The Polish Underground State 1939–1945".

2509: 2460:

occupiers and the Soviet forces (including partisans) at the same time.

1218: 7816: 7569: 7548: 6441: 5774: 5702: 5365: 5165: 3560:

The Lands Between: Conflict in the East European Borderlands, 1870–1992

2725: 2713: 2622: 1845: 1111: 1028: 523: 105: 5125: 4189:

Zeszyty Naukowe Koła Wschodnioeuropejskiego Stosunków Międzynarodowych

4132: 2548: 2178:

Battle of Bryansk forests, May 1942. Partisan battle against the Nazi

39: 8079: 7484: 7281: 7092: 6890: 6845: 5336:"Belarusian military carry Belarus' flag at Victory parade in Moscow" 4236:(in Polish). Towarzystwo Kultury Polskiej na Donbasie. Archived from 3706:""Равнение на Победу" (Eyes toward Victory), the Republic of Karelia" 2716:

Partisan Detachment and three Red Army units who participated in the

2102:

everything away and one must also give something to the partisans’.”

2029: 1196: 677: 6366: 4195:. Zdzisław J. Winnicki. Wrocław: Wrocław University. pp. 7–17. 2573:. . The war showed the Soviet system at its best and at its worst." 6350: 6078: 4914:"В Прибалтике в 1941—1944 годы воевали 15 тысяч советских партизан" 4722: 4675: 3503:

Markwick, R.; Cardona, E. Charon; Cardona, Euridice Charon (2012).

3153:(All-people struggle...) V.1. p. 107., as cited in (HistB5) p. 493. 2427:

and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the revelations about the

2365:

dispatched sabotage and intelligence units to Hungary and Moravia.

2001:

were principally the victims of Soviet terror between 1939 and 1941

1995:

After an initial period of wary collaboration with the independent

1837: 1821: 1802: 1397: 1382: 1306: 1141: 955: 950: 5361:

Stalin's Commandos: Ukrainian Partisan Forces on the Eastern Front

3479:

Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front

2368: 8922: 4810:

Aftermath: Legacies and Memories of War in Europe, 1918–1945–1989

4599:"СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЕ НАРОДОВ СССР НА ОККУППИРОВАННОЙ ВРАГОМ ТЕРРИТОРИИ" 3536:(illustrated ed.). University Press of Kansas. p. 204. 3482:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 204. 2645: 2626: 2484: 2344: 2230:

and on the direction of the Soviet offensive in the Smolensk and

2081: 2053: 1794: 1790: 1615: 1428:(Chief of Staff) and initially commanded by top Politburo member 1369:

Execution of alleged partisans by German soldiers, September 1941

1290: 4185: 1866:

Village of Viianki after the Soviet partisan raid, July 7, 1943.

1614:

from December 1942, formally permitted in February 1943) and an

1598: 6960: 5558: 3612:"Партизаны Прибалтики: особенности национального сопротивления" 3313: 2618: 2540:

given to all returned prisoners of war and Nazi collaborators.

2326: 2239: 2171: 1879: 1806: 1746:

German propaganda photo: interrogation of a Soviet partisan by

1602:

Soviet partisans on the road in Belarus, 1944 counter-offensive

1460: 1421: 4741:

http://humanities1.tau.ac.il/history-school/images/falkovE.pdf

3644:. Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras" 2065:

of such requisitioning were made more severe by the fact that

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on the 75th anniversary of the Liberation of Belarus in 2019.

2681: 2520:, (established before the Soviet re-occupation in 1944), and 2467: 2231: 2168: 2164: 1962: 1401: 1346: 1324: 5144:"29 июня – День памяти партизан и подпольщиков 29 июня 1941" 2680:

Soldiers depicting Belorussian partisans during a parade in

2387: 5545:

Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts

5495:

Stalin's guerrillas : Soviet partisans in World War II

3084: 2423:

following the breakdown of diplomatic relationship between

2275:). Upwards of 300,000 partisans took part in the operation. 1798: 883: 545: 157: 4046:

Memorandum Pantelejmona Ponomarienki z 20 stycznia 1943 r.

1652:

operating in the Novomoskovsk region under the command of

5451:

Sowjetische Partisanen 1941–1941: Mythos und Wirklichkeit

5437:

Surviving the Holocaust With the Russian Jewish Partisans

5010:"Сопротивление в Латвии в годы войны. Партизаны. Часть 3" 4981:"Сопротивление в Латвии в годы войны. Партизаны. Часть 2" 4952:"Сопротивление в Латвии в годы войны. Партизаны. Часть 1" 2451:

engaged in armed conflicts with Soviet partisans and the

2071:

territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939

1766:

There was a large scale sign up by women to participate.

578:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

2438: 1543:

and thousands of cars destroyed by the end of the year.

1515:, and 260 companies from different branches of service. 4511:"Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland: SR, April 2006" 4382:

Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte

4349: 3587:

The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands

6220:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4375: 3502: 3095:] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. Archived from 4283: 4281: 3533:

Stalin's guerrillas: Soviet partisans in World War II

3506:

Soviet Women on the Frontline in the Second World War

1522: 365:

Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

2869: 2599: 1432:, was organized on May 30, 1942. The Staff had its 1303:

coordinated and controlled by the Soviet government

4859: 4287: 4278: 4083: 3918:Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation 2722:Honor Guard Company of the Armed Forces of Belarus 2417: 2059: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3132: 3130: 2247:, Axis losses totalled more than 53,000 soldiers. 2234:directions. Partisans from Belarus, Karelia, the 1559:showed "surprising" sympathies to the partisans. 9138: 3978: 3976: 3391: 3088:"Великая Отечественная война." Вопросы и ответы. 1774: 745:Romanian resistance movement during World War II 5497:. University Press of Kansas, 2006 (hardcover, 5274:"РЕПОРТАЖ: Как идет подготовка к параду 3 июля" 4798:Martin Gilbert, 'The Holocaust' (1986), p. 515. 4157: 4110: 3729: 3727: 1639:In 1942–43, Putivl' partisan detachment led by 5511: 5407:Soviet Partisan versus German Security Soldier 4896:, p. 476, University of Toronto Press (2000), 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4251: 3178: 3127: 2447:(UPA) formed in 1942 as a military arm of the 2117: 1623:battalion (900 personnel, February 1943), and 1610:, a certain lessening of the terror campaign ( 1498:By Soviet estimates, in August 1941 about 231 1287:Soviet-occupied territories of interwar Poland 811:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia 8865: 5574: 4541:Sovietiniai partizanai Lietuvoje 1941–1944 m. 4227: 4086:Bloodlands – Europe between Hitler and Stalin 4077: 4075: 3973: 3911: 2998: 2354: 1877:Partisans distributed propaganda newspapers, 1687:and others and numbered over 60,000 men. The 1418:Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement 1243: 5547:(London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119. 5462: 4832: 4352:"The myth exposed by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz" 3724: 3093:"Great Patriotic War"; questions and answers 2327:Ethnic minorities serving with the partisans 4496: 4324:. Oxford University Press. pp. 72–74. 4317: 3687: 3685: 3014:pp. 528–541, Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina 2629:Regional Duma. On 11 April 2009, President 2044:called the Polish resistance the "bands of 2003:, and Soviet diplomatic relations with the 1339:Soviet Union invaded the eastern regions of 1316:Soviet partisans also operated on interwar 573:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan 153:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals 8872: 8858: 5581: 5567: 4885: 4883: 4826: 4769:Encyclopédye de la Seconde guerre mondiale 4313: 4311: 4104: 4072: 3938: 3778:, Martinuss Nijoff Publishers, Dordrecht. 3634: 3632: 3590:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 3201: 2981: 2863: 2666:Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War" 2552:Soviet partisan village reconstruction in 2468:Relations with the locals in Baltic States 2374:Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1408:on June 26, 1941. The first awards of the 1325:Formation of anti-German Soviet resistance 1250: 1236: 661:Polish resistance movement in World War II 5386:, Frank Cass Publishers, 1999 (hardcover 5057: 5055: 5043: 4767:Yaacov Falkov, “Partisans Sovétiques” in 4562: 4560: 4384:, vol. 88. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. 4221: 3642:Soviet saboteurs in Lithuania (1941–1944) 3379: 3367: 3051: 3049: 2604: 2388:Operations against independence movements 2092: 1939: 1490:Belarusian resistance during World War II 1088:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang 4807: 4376:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (21 April 2006). 3682: 3563:. Oxford University Press. p. 179. 2675: 2609:Partisans and Underground Fighters Day ( 2547: 2543: 2483:“The activities of the partisans in the 2367: 2304: 2287: 2279: 2154: 1949: 1861: 1741: 1597: 1549: 1364: 828:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People 5217:"22 вересня – День партизанської слави" 4880: 4591: 4457:The Third Reich: Charisma and Community 4413: 4308: 4148: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3629: 3583: 3577: 3529: 3475: 3251: 3249: 3078: 2625:in March 2009 at the initiative of the 1923:Moldovan resistance during World War II 1333:in 1939, which marked the beginning of 478:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance 178:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias 9139: 7428: 7406:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5237: 5052: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4557: 4350:News & Publications (1 May 2006). 4345: 4343: 4341: 4176: 4081: 3875: 3860: 3556: 3085:various authors; P.L. Bobylev (1985). 3046: 2449:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 2109:, but also civilians accused of being 1851: 1589: 1478: 1301:was launched from mid-1941 on. It was 802:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National 8853: 8277:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7709:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7355:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7311:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6416:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5562: 5357: 4538: 4466:, Routledge, Martin Kitchen, page 357 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4010:Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland 3905: 3691:Stepakov, Victor and Frolov, Dmitry: 3661: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3273: 2439:Relations with Ukrainian nationalists 2331: 2238:, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and the 2150: 1872:Finnish occupation of Eastern Karelia 1534:In spring 1942, the concentration of 1494:Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany 816:Anti-Fascist Council for the National 583:Japanese People's Emancipation League 485:National Committee for a Free Germany 7399:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6431:Rape during the liberation of France 3992: 3848:"Партизаны в Карелии: мифы и правда" 3698: 3246: 2951: 1381:, and the local Communist Party and 5523:Belarus under the German occupation 5479:Shepherd Juliette & Pattinson, 5112:Наш Гомель – Новости Гомеля сегодня 4752: 4338: 4234:Na Wołyniu i Podolu, Polacy Donbasu 2957: 2659: 2372:A village priest being awarded the 1929:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 502:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization 473:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 96:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 13: 7625:German invasion of the Netherlands 5905:Weather events during World War II 5350: 4400: 3509:(illustrated ed.). Springer. 2688:Today, reenactments of the famous 1523:Vitsyebsk gate and Western Belarus 1075:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice 343:People's Liberation Insurgent Army 14: 9168: 9157:World War II resistance movements 8256:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5199:"День партизанской славы Украины" 4264:, McFarland & Company, 1997, 3951:, McFarland & Company, 1997, 2964:Istoria Pinska (History of Pinsk) 2720:were carried by personnel of the 2600:Partisan commemoration and legacy 2343:units and mixed family groups of 2075:the Baltic states annexed in 1940 2005:Polish exile government in London 1400:district (June 23, 1941) and the 894:Anti-fascist research group Kafka 8816: 5588: 5328: 5314: 5284: 5266: 5223: 5209: 5191: 5179: 5154: 5136: 5118: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5037: 5020: 5002: 4973: 4944: 4935: 4906: 4635:Vitalij Afanasevich Perezhogin, 3171:At the end of 1941, only in the 2765:Soviet partisan united formation 2382:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 2292:Memorial to Soviet partisans in 1217: 1175:Anti-Germans (political current) 38: 5518:Białoruś pod okupacją niemiecką 4866:. Internet Archive. McFarland. 4853: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4733: 4715: 4704:from the original on 2005-12-21 4686: 4668: 4650: 4641: 4637:Советское партизанское движение 4629: 4620: 4609:from the original on 2018-10-08 4580:from the original on 2018-10-08 4532: 4521:from the original on 2012-07-18 4485:from the original on 2018-10-09 4469: 4450: 4388:from the original on 2012-07-18 4366:from the original on 2016-03-06 4113:Journal of Contemporary History 4058: 4035: 3854: 3840: 3826: 3789: 3768: 3747: 3650:from the original on 2006-04-26 3618:from the original on 2018-10-08 3604: 3550: 3523: 3496: 3469: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3320:from the original on 2018-10-10 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3267: 3258: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3192: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138:Białoruś pod okupacją niemiecką 3110: 3067:from the original on 2007-08-06 3035:from the original on 2007-01-01 3017: 2894:from the original on 2016-04-07 2795:Young Guard (Soviet resistance) 2506:killing of the Polish civilians 2418:Relations with Polish partisans 2220:in the Soviet victory at Kursk. 2060:Relations with local population 8881:Resistance during World War II 8503:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6213:Territorial changes of Germany 6121:Indonesian National Revolution 5435:Kagan, Jack, & Dov Cohen. 5298:. Jun 18, 2014. Archived from 3314:"Ложь, большая ложь и история" 3008: 3005:be intentionally exaggerating. 2934: 2922:Radio Broadcast, July 3, 1941. 2914: 2908: 2854: 2760:Resistance during World War II 2710:2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2412:European Court of Human Rights 856:Post–World War II anti-fascism 241:Resistance during World War II 1: 7903:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7854:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7618:German invasion of Luxembourg 5999:Mediterranean and Middle East 4833:Allan Levine (13 July 2010). 4812:. Routledge. pp. 53–54. 4162:. Warsaw: Rytm. p. 336. 3803:, Tyyne Martikainen, (2002). 3735:Partisaanien jäljet 1941–1944 3557:Prusin, Alexander V. (2010). 2847: 2698:Minsk Independence Day Parade 2590:Soviet partisans in 1941–1944 1775:Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1293:. The activity emerged after 1094:Red and anarchist black metal 651:Norwegian resistance movement 595:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 563:National Liberation Committee 333:Bulgarian resistance movement 111:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold 7810:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7499:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6817:Independent State of Croatia 5453:. Ferdinand Schöningh, 2009. 4428:10.1080/09668136.2014.957928 4090:. Basic Books. p. 247. 3884:Gwardia Ludowa, Armia Ludowa 3805:Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit 3737:, Oulun Kirjateollisuus Oy. 2966:(in Russian). Archived from 2615:День партизан и подпольщиков 1887:and "Lenin's Banner" in the 797:Yugoslav resistance movement 787:Moldovan resistance movement 254:National Liberation Movement 213:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion 7: 8794:End of World War II in Asia 8634:Western invasion of Germany 8141:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8118:Second Battle of El Alamein 7688:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7660:Battle of the Mediterranean 7513:Italian invasion of Albania 5687:Air warfare of World War II 5409:. Osprey Publishing, 2019 ( 4860:Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). 4839:. Lyons Press. p. 43. 4288:Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). 3774:Lauri Hannikainen, (1992). 3733:Eino Viheriävaara, (1982). 3584:Statiev, Alexander (2010). 2731: 2636:The Day of Partisan Glory ( 2118:In Soviet Union territories 1858:Soviet partisans in Finland 1785:Soviet partisans in Estonia 1305:and modeled on that of the 1081:This machine kills fascists 941:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust 639:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten 558:Italian resistance movement 468:German resistance to Nazism 429:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 281:Latvian resistance movement 146:Concentrazione Antifascista 131:1922 Italian general strike 71:Republikanischer Schutzbund 10: 9173: 9152:National liberation armies 8911:June Uprising in Lithuania 8720:Naval bombardment of Japan 8088:First Battle of El Alamein 8007:Battle of Christmas Island 7952:Japanese invasion of Burma 7716:Italian invasion of Greece 7632:German invasion of Belgium 7604:German invasion of Denmark 7577:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7446:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5710:Comparative military ranks 4294:. McFarland. p. 101. 4125:10.1177/002200947501000202 3889:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej 2671: 2425:Polish government in exile 2391: 2355:Soviet Ukrainian partisans 2335: 1946:Soviet partisans in Poland 1943: 1920: 1916: 1855: 1831:Lithuanian Communist Party 1781:Soviet partisans in Latvia 1778: 1630: 1565:Polish government-in-exile 1487: 1483: 1396:of Major Dorodnykh in the 1342:the Second Polish Republic 874:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander 387:Danish resistance movement 370:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 8953: 8889:Anti-communist resistance 8888: 8809: 8641:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8581: 8572:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8309: 8196:Allied invasion of Sicily 8150: 8056:Aleutian Islands campaign 8028:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7975: 7966:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7861:Second Battle of Changsha 7766:German invasion of Greece 7734: 7611:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7586: 7524: 7419: 7300: 7026: 6936: 6784: 6487: 6478: 6236: 6061: 5953:North and Central Pacific 5914: 5676: 5669: 5596: 5358:Gogun, Alexander (2015). 5032:Bakaloriškių sunaikinimas 3914:"The "London Government"" 3807:, PS-Paino Värisuora Oy. 3669:Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot 3530:Slepyan, Kenneth (2006). 2641: 2614: 1988:, later transformed into 1982:Soviet invasion of Poland 1793:region of Latvia and the 1758:Paratroopers, Russia 1942 1673: 1331:German invasion of Poland 355:Anti-Fascist Organisation 306:Belgian National Movement 16:WWII resistance movements 8233:Allied invasion of Italy 8210:Solomon Islands campaign 7959:Third Battle of Changsha 7556:First Battle of Changsha 7462:Second Sino-Japanese War 6402:German military brothels 6268:United States war crimes 4539:Zizas, Rimantas (2014). 4158:Zygmunt Boradyn (1999). 4082:Snyder, Timothy (2012). 3753:Veikko Erkkilä, (1999). 3087: 2642:День партизанської слави 2445:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 2362:Slovak National Uprising 1410:Hero of the Soviet Union 818:Liberation of Yugoslavia 760:Slovak National Uprising 665:Polish Underground State 86:Antifaschistische Aktion 8954:Anti-fascist resistance 8655:Second Guangxi campaign 8510:Philippines (1944–1945) 8014:Battle of the Coral Sea 7917:Fall of the Philippines 7563:Battle of South Guangxi 7469:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6875:Italian Social Republic 2694:Armed Forces of Belarus 1956:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1907:Petrozavodsk University 1666:According to historian 1459:(Motherland), acted in 1426:Panteleimon Ponomarenko 1289:in 1941–45 and eastern 804:Liberation of Macedonia 311:Front de l'Indépendance 193:Abraham Lincoln Brigade 8240:Armistice of Cassibile 8042:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7993:Battle of the Java Sea 7896:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7796:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7789:Battle of South Shanxi 7759:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7542:Battle of the Atlantic 7156:Korean Liberation Army 6869:(until September 1943) 6826:(until September 1944) 6804:(until September 1944) 5382:Grenkevich, Leonid D. 4808:Haughton, Tim (2016). 4026:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 3912:Yohanan Cohen (1989). 3640:"Audronė Janavičienė. 3476:Krylova, Anna (2010). 3057:"У ПОЛЬСКИХ МСТИТЕЛЕЙ" 2685: 2605:Commemorative holidays 2586:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 2557: 2490: 2377: 2297: 2160: 2141: 2093:In annexed territories 1967:Second Polish Republic 1958: 1940:Soviet-occupied Poland 1867: 1759: 1606:The Soviet victory at 1603: 1555: 1536:smaller partisan units 1379:destruction battalions 1370: 614:Jewish Labor Committee 188:International Brigades 116:Roter Frontkämpferbund 8404:Second Battle of Guam 8300:Bengal famine of 1943 8270:Second Battle of Kiev 8226:Battle of the Dnieper 7931:Battle of Wake Island 7803:East African campaign 7745:Battle of South Henan 7390:atrocities by Germans 7163:Korean Volunteer Army 6144:Occupation of Germany 5898:Music in World War II 5463:Yehuda Bauer (2010). 4274:Google Print, p.98-99 3207:Turonek, pp. 110–112. 2712:, the banners of the 2679: 2551: 2544:Historical assessment 2481: 2394:Anti-Soviet partisans 2371: 2305:Psychological warfare 2291: 2280:Intelligence activity 2273:3rd Belorussian Front 2269:2nd Belorussian Front 2265:1st Belorussian Front 2245:Soviet historiography 2228:Battle of the Dnieper 2158: 2136: 2024:, on May 8, 1943 and 1953: 1944:Further information: 1931:, acting against the 1865: 1745: 1601: 1553: 1513:2 SS Infantry Brigade 1509:1 SS Infantry Brigade 1368: 1202:Libertarian socialism 1050:Grândola, Vila Morena 971:Unite Against Fascism 931:Antifascistisk Aktion 904:Armed Forces Movement 707:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne 702:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz 624:Luxembourg resistance 286:Lithuanian resistance 8906:Lithuanian partisans 8690:Surrender of Germany 8168:Battle of West Hubei 8125:Guadalcanal campaign 8095:Battle of Stalingrad 8021:Battle of Madagascar 6795:Albania protectorate 6582:(formerly Swaziland) 6291:Wehrmacht war crimes 6107:Expulsion of Germans 5891:Art and World War II 5789:British contribution 5738:Governments in exile 5424:. Frank Cass, 2005 ( 5302:on February 27, 2021 4478:The Sarmatian Review 4356:The Sarmatian Review 4318:Nechama Tec (1994). 3850:. November 16, 2016. 3458:. Frank Cass, 2005 ( 3264:Turonek, pp. 84, 85. 3234:Turonek, pp. 83, 86. 3029:wwii-soldat.narod.ru 2815:Macedonian Partisans 2518:Lithuanian partisans 2376:2nd class in Ukraine 2042:Communist propaganda 2030:anti-Nazi resistance 1619:camp, including the 1375:Operation Barbarossa 1344:(referred to as the 1299:Operation Barbarossa 1267:resistance movements 1127:Diversity of tactics 609:during the Holocaust 8989:Bohemia and Moravia 8780:Potsdam Declaration 8669:Italy (Spring 1945) 8432:Liberation of Paris 7889:Siege of Sevastopol 6907:(until August 1944) 6810:Wang Jingwei regime 6632:from September 1943 6592:from September 1944 6530:from September 1944 6390:Romanian war crimes 6381:Persecution of Jews 6367:Croatian war crimes 6337:Japanese war crimes 6151:Occupation of Japan 6100:First Indochina War 5812:Military production 5724:Declarations of war 4416:Europe-Asia Studies 4228:Ryszard Zieliński. 3961:Google Print, p. 88 3712:on November 2, 2005 3025:"ГАЛЕРЕЯ ВЕТЕРАНОВ" 2779:Partisan detachment 2644:) is celebrated in 2257:Operation Bagration 2180:punitive expedition 2107:collaboration units 1963:eastern territories 1852:Finland and Karelia 1842:concentration camps 1661:V. Molodtsov-Badaev 1590:The 1943–44 buildup 1479:Areas of operations 1224:Politics portal 1106:Tactics and methods 1063:Rock Against Racism 1057:Nazi Punks Fuck Off 1036:First they came ... 961:Anti-Fascist Action 690:Bataliony Chłopskie 276:Estonian resistance 266:Austrian resistance 249:Albanian resistance 203:Dabrowski Battalion 183:Confederal militias 66:Arbeiter-Schutzbund 8916:Estonian partisans 8773:Surrender of Japan 8606:Battle of Iwo Jima 8455:Belgrade offensive 7868:Siege of Leningrad 7752:Battle of Shanggao 7681:British Somaliland 7646:Dunkirk evacuation 7597:Norwegian campaign 7535:Invasion of Poland 7362:Japanese prisoners 6330:Italian war crimes 6261:British war crimes 6176:Soviet occupations 5960:South-West Pacific 5847:Allied cooperation 5805:Military equipment 5493:Slepyan, Kenneth. 5469:Yad Vashem Studies 5132:. 10 October 2022. 5130:pervomayskoe-sp.ru 5061:Grenkevich, p. 324 5044:Marc Elie (2007). 4894:Ukraine: a history 4863:Poland's holocaust 4746:2017-03-18 at the 4462:2018-10-08 at the 4262:Poland's Holocaust 4258:Tadeusz Piotrowski 4051:2016-04-27 at the 4016:2012-07-18 at the 3984:Poland's Holocaust 3949:Poland's Holocaust 3945:Tadeusz Piotrowski 3864:Literatura și Arta 3445:Grenkevich, p. 224 3436:Grenkevich, p. 226 3427:Grenkevich, p. 255 3294:Grenkevich, p. 209 2927:2016-03-04 at the 2810:Croatian Partisans 2805:Yugoslav Partisans 2800:Chinese resistance 2706:Victory Day Parade 2686: 2617:) is a holiday in 2558: 2522:local self-defence 2378: 2332:Jews and partisans 2298: 2201:Battle of Smolensk 2161: 2151:List of operations 1969:, attached to the 1959: 1868: 1760: 1604: 1569:Władysław Sikorski 1556: 1430:Kliment Voroshilov 1371: 1192:Left-wing politics 986:Anti-Racist Action 838:Yugoslav Partisans 823:Croatian Partisans 726:Organizacja Bojowa 301:Belgian Resistance 223:Thälmann Battalion 136:Aventine Secession 9134: 9133: 8901:Latvian partisans 8847: 8846: 8805: 8804: 8648:Battle of Okinawa 8547:Burma (1944–1945) 8381:Mariana and Palau 8161:Tunisian campaign 7986:Fall of Singapore 7910:Fall of Hong Kong 7653:Battle of Britain 7506:Operation Himmler 7415: 7414: 7079:Dutch East Indies 6722:Southern Rhodesia 6474: 6473: 6374:Genocide of Serbs 6277:German war crimes 6254:Soviet war crimes 6247:Allied war crimes 6093:Division of Korea 6072:Chinese Civil War 5870:Strategic bombing 5782:Manhattan Project 5459:978-3-50676-687-8 5420:Hill, Alexander, 5405:Hill, Alexander, 5375:978-1-784-53168-3 4846:978-1-4617-5005-5 4819:978-1-4617-5005-5 4550:978-9955-847-88-5 4331:978-0-19-509390-2 4301:978-0-7864-0371-4 3931:978-0-7914-0018-0 3646:(in Lithuanian). 3597:978-0-521-76833-7 3570:978-0-19-929753-5 3454:Hill, Alexander, 3400:, pp. 106–9. 2887:978-83-7133-100-8 2832:Italian Partisans 2820:Slovene Partisans 2774:partisan regiment 2696:take part in the 2592:by Polish author 2584:Polish historian 2453:Polish resistance 2349:Bielski partisans 2224:Operation Concert 2087:Christian Gerlach 1997:Polish resistance 1685:Alexander Saburov 1465:united formations 1438:Military Councils 1285:, the previously 1260: 1259: 1069:Rock gegen Rechts 1008:Music and culture 833:Slovene Partisans 607:Jewish resistance 536:Cretan resistance 453:of the Resistance 397:French Resistance 218:Palafox Battalion 198:British Battalion 170:Spanish Civil War 141:Arditi del Popolo 101:Confessing Church 9164: 9147:Soviet partisans 8874: 8867: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8823:World portal 8821: 8820: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8683:Prague offensive 8678: 8676:Battle of Berlin 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8620:Vienna offensive 8615: 8608: 8601: 8599:Battle of Manila 8594: 8574: 8565: 8556: 8549: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8489: 8480: 8473: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8383: 8376: 8367: 8358: 8349: 8342: 8340:Korsun–Cherkassy 8335: 8324: 8302: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8182:Bombing of Gorky 8177: 8170: 8163: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8072: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8049:Battle of Midway 8044: 8037: 8035:Battle of Gazala 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7945:Battle of Borneo 7940: 7938:Malayan campaign 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7882:Bombing of Gorky 7877: 7875:Battle of Moscow 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7727: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7639:Battle of France 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7492:Munich Agreement 7487: 7480: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7448: 7441: 7426: 7425: 7408: 7401: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7377:Soviet prisoners 7371: 7364: 7357: 7348: 7341: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7317:German prisoners 7313: 7293: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6855: 6853:French Indochina 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6777: 6768: 6761: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6700:from August 1944 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6583: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6485: 6484: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6426: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6344:Nanjing Massacre 6339: 6332: 6323: 6321:Nuremberg trials 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6054: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5925:Asia and Pacific 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5854:Mulberry harbour 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5696: 5689: 5674: 5673: 5662: 5655: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5540: 5527:Książka i Wiedza 5476: 5449:Musial, Bogdan. 5379: 5344: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5251:. Archived from 5241: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5114:. June 17, 2018. 5104: 5098: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5030:Rimantas Zizas. 5029: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4987:. Archived from 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4958:. Archived from 4948: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4920:. Archived from 4910: 4904: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4750: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4727:slonimtown.nm.ru 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4680:slonimtown.nm.ru 4672: 4666: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4626:Grenkevich, p.86 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4515:www.ruf.rice.edu 4507: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4473: 4467: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4422:(9): 1525–1552. 4411: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4362:(2): 1217–1220. 4347: 4336: 4335: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4285: 4276: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4209: 4203:. Archived from 4194: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4089: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4039: 4033: 4030:Sarmatian Review 4005: 3990: 3980: 3971: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3891:, archived from 3879: 3873: 3872: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3793: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3614:. 3 April 2015. 3608: 3602: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3473: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3276:, pp. 36–7. 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3162:(HistB5) p. 493. 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142:Książka i Wiedza 3134: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2955: 2949: 2938: 2932: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2842:Yuke-Tepe (1025) 2837:Greek Resistance 2827:Slovak partisans 2770:Partisan brigade 2738:Bandenbekämpfung 2690:Partisans Parade 2660:Partisan honours 2643: 2616: 2338:Jewish partisans 2261:1st Baltic Front 2205:Leningrad Oblast 2018:collaborationist 1978:Soviet Republics 1889:Russian language 1885:Finnish language 1834:Antanas Sniečkus 1584:Katyn Commission 1436:networks in the 1265:were members of 1263:Soviet partisans 1252: 1245: 1238: 1222: 1221: 1180:Anti-Japaneseism 1170:Anti-nationalism 1043:Fischia il vento 1015:A las Barricadas 966:Anti-Nazi League 782:Soviet partisans 755:Slovak partisans 634:Dutch resistance 541:Greek resistance 517:Oster conspiracy 507:Schwarze Kapelle 451:National Council 446:de la Résistance 338:Fatherland Front 291:Soviet partisans 76:Socialist Action 42: 19: 18: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9119: 8985:Czechoslovakia 8981:Channel Islands 8949: 8933:Cursed soldiers 8884: 8878: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8815: 8813: 8801: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8739: 8734:Atomic bombings 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8577: 8570: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8492: 8483: 8476: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8437: 8430: 8425:Eastern Romania 8423: 8418:Warsaw Uprising 8416: 8411:Tannenberg Line 8409: 8402: 8397:Western Ukraine 8395: 8386: 8379: 8370: 8361: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8327: 8318: 8305: 8298: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8189:Battle of Kursk 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8146: 8139: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8005: 8000:St Nazaire Raid 7998: 7991: 7984: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7824: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7782:Anglo-Iraqi War 7780: 7773:Battle of Crete 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7730: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7702:Eastern Romania 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7520: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7444: 7437: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7388: 7381: 7376: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7296: 7289: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7263:Western Ukraine 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7207:Northeast China 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6913:Slovak Republic 6911: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6884:Empire of Japan 6882: 6873: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6793: 6780: 6773: 6764: 6757: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6586: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6470: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6429: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6396:Sexual violence 6395: 6388: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6114:Greek Civil War 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5939:South-East Asia 5937: 5930: 5923: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5798:Military awards 5796: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5692: 5685: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5587: 5557: 5537: 5525:]. Warsaw: 5376: 5353: 5351:Further reading 5348: 5347: 5342:. Jun 24, 2020. 5334: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5280:. Jun 13, 2019. 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5042: 5038: 5028:(in Lithuanian) 5027: 5025: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4965: 4963: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4925: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4753: 4748:Wayback Machine 4738: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4612: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4464:Wayback Machine 4455: 4451: 4412: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4369: 4367: 4348: 4339: 4332: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4286: 4279: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4226: 4222: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4192: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4053:Wayback Machine 4040: 4036: 4018:Wayback Machine 4006: 3993: 3981: 3974: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3924:. p. 127. 3910: 3906: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3836:. June 5, 2015. 3832: 3831: 3827: 3794: 3790: 3773: 3769: 3752: 3748: 3732: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3683: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3474: 3470: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255:Turonek, p. 84. 3254: 3247: 3243:Turonek, p. 83. 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3189:Turonek, p. 78. 3188: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3136:Jerzy Turonek, 3135: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2956: 2952: 2939: 2935: 2929:Wayback Machine 2919: 2915: 2909: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2734: 2718:Minsk Offensive 2674: 2662: 2631:Dmitry Medvedev 2607: 2602: 2546: 2470: 2441: 2420: 2408:Vasiliy Kononov 2396: 2390: 2357: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2320: 2307: 2294:Khabarovsk Krai 2282: 2213:Smolensk Oblast 2197:Battle of Kursk 2153: 2120: 2095: 2062: 1948: 1942: 1925: 1919: 1860: 1854: 1827:First Secretary 1787: 1779:Main articles: 1777: 1755:Fallschirmjäger 1717:Dmitry Medvedev 1681:Oleksiy Fedorov 1676: 1668:Alexander Gogun 1633: 1592: 1525: 1496: 1488:Main articles: 1486: 1481: 1377:, personnel of 1356:Communist Party 1327: 1256: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1165:Anti-capitalism 1160: 1152: 1151: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1009: 1001: 1000: 946:United Kingdom 910: 853: 845: 844: 817: 810: 803: 732: 725: 719:Ghetto Uprising 718: 696: 684: 672: 608: 601: 452: 445: 444:Mouvements Unis 434:Libération-Nord 375:Prague uprising 238: 230: 229: 147: 61:Central Europe 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9170: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9078: 9073: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8753: 8750:South Sakhalin 8746: 8745: 8744: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8550: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8490: 8481: 8474: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8384: 8377: 8368: 8359: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8287: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8229: 8222: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8175:Battle of Attu 8171: 8164: 8156: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8066: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7924:Battle of Guam 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7847:Battle of Kiev 7843: 7836: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7465: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7386: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7358: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346:United Kingdom 7342: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7314: 7306: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7032: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750:British Empire 6743:United Kingdom 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6584: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6559:Czechoslovakia 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6456:Rape of Manila 6452: 6445: 6438: 6427: 6412: 6405: 6393: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6294: 6287: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6227:United Nations 6223: 6216: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6086:Decolonization 6082: 6075: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6032: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6009: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5986: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5778: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5759:United Kingdom 5755: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5682: 5680: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5605: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5556: 5555: 5553:978-1138612945 5541: 5536:978-8305126113 5535: 5513:Turonek, Jerzy 5509: 5506: 5491: 5489:978-0230575691 5477: 5447: 5433: 5418: 5403: 5380: 5374: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5327: 5313: 5283: 5265: 5236: 5222: 5208: 5190: 5178: 5153: 5135: 5117: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5051: 5036: 5019: 5001: 4972: 4943: 4934: 4905: 4890:Orest Subtelny 4879: 4872: 4852: 4845: 4825: 4818: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4751: 4732: 4714: 4685: 4667: 4649: 4640: 4628: 4619: 4590: 4556: 4549: 4531: 4495: 4468: 4449: 4399: 4337: 4330: 4307: 4300: 4277: 4250: 4220: 4175: 4168: 4147: 4119:(2): 219–259. 4103: 4097:978-0465032976 4096: 4071: 4057: 4034: 3991: 3972: 3937: 3930: 3904: 3874: 3853: 3839: 3825: 3788: 3767: 3746: 3723: 3697: 3695:, 2004, Moscow 3681: 3667:Laine, Antti: 3660: 3628: 3603: 3596: 3576: 3569: 3549: 3542: 3522: 3516:978-0230362543 3515: 3495: 3489:978-0521197342 3488: 3468: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3390: 3388:, p. 104. 3378: 3376:, p. 103. 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3316:. 2012-09-17. 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3266: 3257: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3177: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3144:, 1993; p. 76. 3126: 3109: 3077: 3045: 3016: 3007: 2997: 2980: 2950: 2933: 2913: 2907: 2886: 2862: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2784:Partisan group 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2673: 2670: 2661: 2658: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2545: 2542: 2469: 2466: 2440: 2437: 2429:Katyn massacre 2419: 2416: 2392:Main article: 2389: 2386: 2356: 2353: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2306: 2303: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2236:Kalinin Oblast 2221: 2209:Kalinin Oblast 2199:and later the 2193: 2190: 2183: 2152: 2149: 2145:Crimean Tatars 2119: 2116: 2094: 2091: 2061: 2058: 2009:Katyn Massacre 1986:Gwardia Ludowa 1961:In the former 1941: 1938: 1921:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1856:Main article: 1853: 1850: 1811:Arturs Sproģis 1776: 1773: 1675: 1672: 1632: 1629: 1591: 1588: 1580:Katyn massacre 1529:Vitsyebsk gate 1524: 1521: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1473:Czechoslovakia 1467:and 26 larger 1404:detachment of 1326: 1323: 1269:that fought a 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1072: 1065: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 996:Refuse Fascism 993: 991:Redneck Revolt 988: 983: 976:United States 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 944: 943: 934: 933: 924: 923: 921:Spanish Maquis 914: 913: 906: 897: 896: 887: 886: 877: 876: 871: 860:denazification 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 841: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 813: 806: 790: 789: 784: 775: 774: 772:Spanish Maquis 765: 764: 763: 762: 748: 747: 738: 737: 736: 735: 728: 721: 714: 709: 704: 699: 692: 687: 680: 675: 654: 653: 644: 643: 642: 641: 627: 626: 617: 616: 611: 604: 597: 588: 587: 586: 585: 575: 566: 565: 560: 551: 550: 549: 548: 538: 529: 528: 527: 526: 521: 520: 519: 514: 504: 499: 494: 493: 492: 482: 481: 480: 461: 460: 458:National Front 455: 448: 441: 439:Libération-sud 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 405: 404: 390: 389: 380: 379: 378: 377: 372: 358: 357: 348: 347: 346: 345: 340: 326: 325: 324: 323: 318: 313: 308: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 271:Baltic states 269: 268: 259: 258: 257: 256: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 208:ILP Contingent 205: 200: 195: 185: 180: 166: 165: 160: 155: 150: 143: 138: 133: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 79: 78: 73: 68: 59: 58: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9169: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8896:Baltic States 8894: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757:Kuril Islands 8754: 8751: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8524:Syrmian Front 8521: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8470:Market Garden 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8329:Monte Cassino 8326: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695:Baltic states 7692: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7339:United States 7336: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7275:Quốc dân Đảng 7272: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6975:Liechtenstein 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759:United States 6756: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449:Comfort women 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6433: / 6432: 6428: 6425: 6422: / 6421: 6418: / 6417: 6413: 6410: 6409:Camp brothels 6406: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298:The Holocaust 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284:forced labour 6281: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137:Marshall Plan 6134: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5990:Eastern Front 5987: 5984: 5983:Western Front 5980: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5877:Puppet states 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819:Naval history 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5766:United States 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5503:0-7006-1480-X 5500: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445:0-85303-336-6 5442: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5400:0-7146-4428-5 5397: 5393: 5392:0-7146-4874-4 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5255:on 2019-07-04 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4991:on 2019-05-18 4990: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4962:on 2019-05-18 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4924:on 2019-05-18 4923: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4875: 4873:9780786403714 4869: 4865: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4694:"Аллея Славы" 4689: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4658:"Аллея Славы" 4653: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4623: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4270:0-7864-0371-3 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4240:on 2011-08-14 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4210:on 2012-10-20 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4190: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4042:Bogdan Musiał 4038: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022:Bogdan Musial 4019: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957:0-7864-0371-3 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3895:on 2015-06-19 3894: 3890: 3887:(in Polish), 3886: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3821:951-98964-4-9 3818: 3814: 3813:952-91-4327-3 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801:951-97949-0-5 3798: 3792: 3785: 3784:0-7923-1611-8 3781: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3763:952-9619-18-9 3760: 3757:, Arator Oy. 3756: 3750: 3744: 3743:951-99396-6-0 3740: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3678: 3677:951-1-06947-0 3674: 3670: 3664: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3545: 3543:9780700614806 3539: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3364:, p. 96. 3363: 3358: 3352:, p. 93. 3351: 3346: 3340:, p. 90. 3339: 3334: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3122:985-469-149-7 3119: 3113: 3099:on 2007-09-27 3098: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3011: 3001: 2994: 2993:985-11-0198-2 2990: 2984: 2970:on 2006-06-21 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2946:985-469-149-7 2943: 2937: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2920:J.V. Stalin, 2917: 2911: 2904: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2708:. During the 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2650:Leonid Kuchma 2647: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2597: 2595: 2594:Bogdan Musial 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2554:Rostov Oblast 2550: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2530:Armia Krajowa 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2433:Armia Krajowa 2430: 2426: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2112: 2111:collaborators 2108: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:Armia Krajowa 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:Bogdan Musial 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1893:Yuri Andropov 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1574:Armia Krajowa 1570: 1566: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1391:Starasyel'ski 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1360:Joseph Stalin 1357: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:guerrilla war 1268: 1264: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1137:Popular front 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122:Direct action 1120: 1118: 1117:Deplatforming 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 977: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 948: 947: 942: 939: 938: 937: 932: 929: 928: 927: 922: 919: 918: 917: 912: 907: 905: 902: 901: 900: 895: 892: 891: 890: 885: 882: 881: 880: 875: 872: 870: 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368: 367: 366: 363: 362: 361: 356: 353: 352: 351: 344: 341: 339: 336: 335: 334: 331: 330: 329: 322: 321:Witte Brigade 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 298: 297: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 272: 267: 264: 263: 262: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 234: 233: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 175: 174: 173: 171: 164: 163:Volante Rossa 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 128: 127: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 9066:Soviet Union 9065: 8831:Bibliography 8814: 8627:Project Hula 8592:Vistula–Oder 8561: 8494: 8485: 8469: 8439: 8388: 8372: 8363: 8354: 8320: 8217: 8132: 8108: 8078: 7829: 7722: 7667:North Africa 7369:Soviet Union 7323:Soviet Union 7249:Soviet Union 7248: 7017:Vatican City 6927:Vichy France 6832:German Reich 6729:Soviet Union 6715:South Africa 6708:Sierra Leone 6661:Newfoundland 6480:Participants 6463:Marocchinate 6167: 6158: 6128: 6006:North Africa 5967:Indian Ocean 5826:Nazi plunder 5717:Cryptography 5590:World War II 5544: 5522: 5517: 5494: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5450: 5436: 5421: 5406: 5394:, paperback 5383: 5360: 5340:eng.belta.by 5339: 5330: 5316: 5304:. Retrieved 5300:the original 5295: 5286: 5278:www.belta.by 5277: 5268: 5257:. Retrieved 5253:the original 5248: 5239: 5225: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5181: 5170:. Retrieved 5168:. 2017-04-11 5156: 5147: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4993:. Retrieved 4989:the original 4984: 4975: 4964:. Retrieved 4960:the original 4955: 4946: 4937: 4926:. Retrieved 4922:the original 4917: 4908: 4893: 4862: 4855: 4835: 4828: 4809: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4768: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4706:. Retrieved 4698:glory.rin.ru 4697: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4662:glory.rin.ru 4661: 4652: 4643: 4631: 4622: 4611:. Retrieved 4602: 4593: 4582:. Retrieved 4540: 4534: 4523:. Retrieved 4514: 4487:. Retrieved 4477: 4471: 4452: 4419: 4415: 4390:. Retrieved 4381: 4368:. Retrieved 4359: 4355: 4320: 4290: 4261: 4253: 4242:. Retrieved 4238:the original 4233: 4223: 4212:. 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Retrieved 2877: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2755:People's war 2744:Come and See 2742: 2687: 2663: 2656:of Ukraine. 2635: 2608: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2457:Nazi Germany 2442: 2421: 2405: 2397: 2379: 2358: 2341: 2321: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2283: 2217:Oryol Oblast 2187:Sydir Kovpak 2174:of Belarus. 2162: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2079: 2063: 2034: 1994: 1990:Armia Ludowa 1960: 1926: 1911: 1904: 1900:East Karelia 1897: 1878: 1876: 1869: 1819: 1815: 1788: 1768:S.V. Grishin 1765: 1761: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1677: 1665: 1658: 1649:E.K. 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