4581:
9609:
8046:
9067:
6249:
1569:
6195:
1499:
6087:
1597:
6213:
1527:
6959:
7375:
8118:
9090:
6709:
5445:
8106:
6008:
1276:
8070:
13753:
statistical artefact not of index number relativity (the
Gerschenkron effect) but of misapplying to the calculation of growth cost prices that do not accurately measure competitive value. The standard of living declined during the 1930s in response to Stalin's despotism, and after a brief improvement following his death, lapsed into stagnation. Glasnost and post-communist revelations interpreted as a whole thus provide no basis for Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov's relatively favorable characterization of the methods, economic achievements and human costs of Stalinism. The evidence demonstrates that the suppression of markets and the oppression of vast segments of the population were economically counterproductive and humanly calamitous, just as anyone conversant with classical economic theory should have expected.
6051:
1308:
5418:
6141:
6123:
237:
6159:
6033:
6267:
6231:
6105:
6177:
6069:
9680:
1294:
104:
1656:
8866:
8454:(teachers, state bureaucrats, soldiers) to be openly religious. While persecution accelerated following Stalin's rise to power, a revival of Orthodoxy was fostered by the government during World War II and the Soviet authorities sought to control the Russian Orthodox Church rather than liquidate it. During the first five years of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests. Many others were imprisoned or exiled. Believers were harassed and persecuted. Most seminaries were closed, and the publication of most religious material was prohibited. By 1941, only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence before World War I.
5403:
4417:
8997:. A further 62% of people polled preferred the Soviet system of central planning, while 24% prefer a market-based system. According to the Levada Center's polls, the primary reasons cited for Soviet nostalgia are the advantages of the shared economic union between the Soviet republics, including perceived financial stability. This was referenced by up to 53% of respondents in 2016. At least 43% also lamented the loss of the Soviet Union's global political superpower status. About 31% cited the loss of social trust and capital. The remainder of the respondents cited a mix of reasons ranging from practical travel difficulties to a sense of national displacement.
6890:, typically were the responsibility of the military. Lenin believed that the USSR would never overtake the developed world if it remained as technologically backward as it was upon its founding. Soviet authorities proved their commitment to Lenin's belief by developing massive networks, research and development organizations. In the early 1960s, the Soviets awarded 40% of chemistry PhDs to women, compared to only 5% in the United States. By 1989, Soviet scientists were among the world's best-trained specialists in several areas, such as Energy physics, selected areas of medicine, mathematics, welding and military technologies. Due to rigid state planning and
8094:
5988:. The domination was so absolute that for most of its existence, the country was commonly (but incorrectly) referred to as 'Russia'. While the Russian SFSR was technically only one republic within the larger union, it was by far the largest (both in terms of population and area), most powerful, and most highly developed. The Russian SFSR was also the industrial center of the Soviet Union. Historian Matthew White wrote that it was an open secret that the country's federal structure was 'window dressing' for Russian dominance. For that reason, the people of the USSR were usually called 'Russians', not 'Soviets', since 'everyone knew who really ran the show'.
6681:
8082:
9610:
8338:
5123:
1471:
7773:
1322:
7322:
1555:
1397:
1368:
1443:
1583:
3240:
1611:
1457:
7104:
7920:
7312:
6673:. Consumer goods, particularly outside large cities, were often scarce, of poor quality and limited variety. Under the command economy, consumers had almost no influence on production, and the changing demands of a population with growing incomes could not be satisfied by supplies at rigidly fixed prices. A massive unplanned second economy grew up at low levels alongside the planned one, providing some of the goods and services that the planners could not. The legalization of some elements of the decentralized economy was attempted with the
7365:
4927:
5570:(1947–1956), informally the Communist Information Bureau and officially the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, was the first official agency of the international Marxist-Leninist movement since the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943. Its role was to coordinate actions between Marxist-Leninist parties under Soviet direction. Stalin used it to order Western European communist parties to abandon their exclusively parliamentarian line and instead concentrate on politically impeding the operations of the
88:
7792:, the new system produced many broken marriages, as well as countless out-of-wedlock children. The epidemic of divorces and extramarital affairs created social hardships when Soviet leaders wanted people to concentrate their efforts on growing the economy. Giving women control over their fertility also led to a precipitous decline in the birth rate, perceived as a threat to their country's military power. By 1936, Stalin reversed most of the liberal laws, ushering in a pronatalist era that lasted for decades.
8058:
4399:
7815:
8275:
20440:
8034:
2532:
7700:
7175:
8291:
6020:
5388:
7093:
6827:
David Wilson, a historian, believed that the gas industry would account for 40% of Soviet fuel production by the end of the century. His theory did not come to fruition because of the USSR's collapse. The USSR, in theory, would have continued to have an economic growth rate of 2–2.5% during the 1990s because of Soviet energy fields. However, the energy sector faced many difficulties, among them the country's high military expenditure and hostile relations with the
8140:
1037:
20452:
4811:. Unparalleled in the world, it resulted in a large number of radioactive isotopes being released into the atmosphere. Radioactive doses were scattered relatively far. Although long-term effects of the accident were unknown, 4,000 new cases of thyroid cancer which resulted from the accident's contamination were reported at the time of the accident, but this led to a relatively low number of deaths (WHO data, 2005). Another major radioactive accident was the
1513:
7908:
6454:
5009:
6872:
8810:
1541:
1485:
4597:
1425:
1336:
8552:
1411:
1354:
6987:
4609:
8605:, censorship was diminished. During this time, a distinctive period of Soviet culture developed, characterized by conformist public life and an intense focus on personal life. Greater experimentation in art forms was again permissible, resulting in the production of more sophisticated and subtly critical work. The government loosened its emphasis on socialist realism; thus, for instance, many protagonists of the novels of author
8937:
wealthy capitalist West while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take over fifty years to catch up to where they were before the fall of the Soviet Bloc. However, virtually all the former Soviet republics were able to turn their economies around and increase GDP to multiple times what it was under the USSR, though with large wealth disparities, and many post-soviet economies described as oligarchic.
6622:
4346:
6318:
6570:
4974:. All senior government officials and most deputies of the Supreme Soviet were members of the CPSU. Of the party heads themselves, Stalin (1941–1953) and Khrushchev (1958–1964) were Premiers. Upon the forced retirement of Khrushchev, the party leader was prohibited from this kind of double membership, but the later General Secretaries for at least some part of their tenure occupied the mostly ceremonial position of
19256:
6812:
5598:
8303:
7238:
1980s showed that after worsening in the late-1970s and the early 1980s, adult mortality began to improve again. The infant mortality rate increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in 1974. Some researchers regarded the rise as mostly real, a consequence of worsening health conditions and services. The rises in both adult and infant mortality were not explained or defended by Soviet officials, and the
5032:) was nominally the highest state body for most of the Soviet history, at first acting as a rubber stamp institution, approving and implementing all decisions made by the party. However, its powers and functions were extended in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including the creation of new state commissions and committees. It gained additional powers relating to the approval of the
6562:, which significantly expanded Soviet capacity in heavy industry and capital goods during the 1930s. The primary motivation for industrialization was preparation for war, mostly due to distrust of the outside capitalist world. As a result, the USSR was transformed from a largely agrarian economy into a great industrial power, leading the way for its emergence as a superpower after
8665:
8318:
8243:. There are examples where the government retreated from this policy, most notably under Stalin where education was discontinued in languages that were not widespread. These languages were then assimilated into another language, mostly Russian. During World War II, some minority languages were banned, and their speakers accused of collaborating with the enemy.
8202:. At the same time, infant mortality began to rise. After 1974, the government stopped publishing statistics on the matter. This trend can be partly explained by the number of pregnancies rising drastically in the Asian part of the country where infant mortality was the highest while declining markedly in the more developed European part of the Soviet Union.
9551:
8541:
8430:. Both Christian and non-Christian establishments were shut down by the thousands in the 1920s and 1930s. By 1940, as many as 90% of the churches, synagogues, and mosques that had been operating in 1917 were closed; the majority of them were demolished or re-purposed for state needs with little concern for their historic and cultural value.
9681:
5504:. The Comintern intended to 'struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state'. It was abolished as a conciliatory measure toward Britain and the United States.
8543:
200:
8542:
5108:, the KGB engaged in the suppression of political dissent and maintained an extensive network of informers, reasserting itself as a political actor to some extent independent of the party-state structure, culminating in the anti-corruption campaign targeting high-ranking party officials in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
8908:
208:
207:
202:
203:
221:
218:
212:
222:
220:
219:
12864:
Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte
Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute" [The double dictatorship: Experiences with dictatorship in the GDR and effects on the relationship to dictatorship today]. In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa,
9271:
called the collapse of the Soviet Union "a small victory for socialism, not only because of the fall of one of the most anti-socialist states in the world, where working people had fewer rights than in the West, but also because it freed the term 'socialism' from the burden of being associated in the
8402:
Religious influence had been strong in the
Russian Empire. The Russian Orthodox Church enjoyed a privileged status as the church of the monarchy and took part in carrying out official state functions. The immediate period following the establishment of the Soviet state included a struggle against the
7787:
Under Lenin, the state made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Many early
Russian feminists and ordinary Russian working women actively participated in the Revolution, and many more were affected by the events of that period and the new policies. Beginning in October 1918,
7237:
The late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a reversal of the declining trajectory of the rate of mortality in the USSR, and was especially notable among men of working age, but was also prevalent in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country. An analysis of the official data from the late
7148:
were common outside major cities. Soviet maintenance projects proved unable to take care of even the few roads the country had. By the early-to-mid-1980s, the Soviet authorities tried to solve the road problem by ordering the construction of new ones. Meanwhile, the automobile industry was growing at
7131:
Soviet rail transport was the largest and most intensively used in the world; it was also better developed than most of its
Western counterparts. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, Soviet economists were calling for the construction of more roads to alleviate some of the burdens from the railways and
6745:, growth could have been faster. By their calculation, per capita income in 1989 should have been twice higher than it was, considering the amount of investment, education and population. The authors attribute this poor performance to the low productivity of capital. Steven Rosefielde states that the
5644:
opened large-scale business relations with the
Soviets in the late 1920s, hoping that it would lead to long-term peace. Finally, in 1933, the United States officially recognized the USSR, a decision backed by the public opinion and especially by US business interests that expected an opening of a new
12200:
Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet
Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64619-0. "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953
8453:
to intensify the propaganda campaign. Accordingly, although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned, a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the formal structures and mass media, and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions
7836:. All left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand in the Soviet school system. Literate people were automatically hired as teachers. For a short period, quality was sacrificed for quantity. By 1940, Stalin could announce that illiteracy had been eliminated. Throughout the 1930s,
7077:
and its only role was civilian-grade research tasks. Mir was the only orbital station in operation from 1986 to 1998. Gradually, other modules were added to it, including
American modules. However, the station deteriorated rapidly after a fire on board, so in 2001 it was decided to bring it into the
4962:
highest office in the Soviet Union. Depending on the degree of power consolidation, it was either the
Politburo as a collective body or the General Secretary, who always was one of the Politburo members, that effectively led the party and the country (except for the period of the highly personalized
8936:
were associated with sharp increases in mortality, Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, and
Estonia saw a tripling of unemployment and a 42% increase in male death rates between 1991 and 1994, and in the following decades, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the
8563:
The culture of the Soviet Union passed through several stages during the USSR's existence. During the first decade following the revolution, there was relative freedom and artists experimented with several different styles to find a distinctive Soviet style of art. Lenin wanted art to be accessible
7840:
rose sharply, which has been attributed to reforms in education. In the aftermath of World War II, the country's educational system expanded dramatically, which had a tremendous effect. In the 1960s, nearly all children had access to education, the only exception being those living in remote areas.
6696:
Although statistics of the Soviet economy are notoriously unreliable and its economic growth difficult to estimate precisely, by most accounts, the economy continued to expand until the mid-1980s. During the 1950s and 1960s, it had comparatively high growth and was catching up to the West. However,
4989:
However, in practice the degree of control the party was able to exercise over the state bureaucracy, particularly after the death of Stalin, was far from total, with the bureaucracy pursuing different interests that were at times in conflict with the party, nor was the party itself monolithic from
8482:
was emphasized in the educational curriculum, and numerous state publications promoted atheistic views. During this period, the number of churches fell from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1959 to 1965, and the number of synagogues dropped from 500 to 97. The number of working mosques also declined, falling
6842:
and another 206,500 kilometres (128,300 mi) for natural gas. Petroleum and petroleum-based products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a variety of manufactured goods, primarily machinery, arms and military equipment, were exported. In the 1970s and 1980s, the USSR heavily
8957:
According to the New Russia Barometer (NRB) polls by the Centre for the Study of Public Policy, 50% of Russian respondents reported a positive impression of the Soviet Union in 1991. This increased to about 75% of NRB respondents in 2000, dropping slightly to 71% in 2009. Throughout the 2000s, an
7982:
All citizens of the USSR had their own ethnic affiliation. The ethnicity of a person was chosen at the age of sixteen by the child's parents. If the parents did not agree, the child was automatically assigned the ethnicity of the father. Partly due to Soviet policies, some of the smaller minority
6826:
The need for fuel declined in the Soviet Union from the 1970s to the 1980s, both per ruble of gross social product and per ruble of industrial product. At the start, this decline grew very rapidly but gradually slowed down between 1970 and 1975. From 1975 and 1980, it grew even slower, only 2.6%.
6657:
was discouraged, but widespread. The final allocation of output was achieved through relatively decentralized, unplanned contracting. Although in theory prices were legally set from above, in practice they were often negotiated, and informal horizontal links (e.g. between producer factories) were
8923:
Western academicians published various analyses of the post-Soviet states' development, claiming that the dissolution was followed by a severe drop in economic and social conditions in these countries, including a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of
8425:
decree establishing the Russian SFSR as a secular state also decreed that 'the teaching of religion in all where subjects of general instruction are taught, is forbidden. Citizens may teach and may be taught religion privately.' Among further restrictions, those adopted in 1929 included express
5620:
By 1921, Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin realized that capitalism had stabilized itself in Europe and there would not be any widespread revolutions anytime soon. It became the duty of the Russian Bolsheviks to protect what they had in Russia, and avoid military confrontations that might destroy their
4795:
it was discovered that its environmental problems were greater than what the Soviet authorities admitted. The Soviet Union was the world's second largest producer of harmful emissions. In 1988, total emissions in the Soviet Union were about 79% of those in the United States. But since the Soviet
8539:
5162:
branches of the government. The system was governed less by statute than by informal conventions, and no settled mechanism of leadership succession existed. Bitter and at times deadly power struggles took place in the Politburo after the deaths of Lenin and Stalin, as well as after Khrushchev's
17439:
Neoliberal austerity has created demographic losses exceeding Stalin's deportations back in the 1940s (although without the latter's loss of life). As government cutbacks in education, healthcare and other basic social infrastructure threaten to undercut long-term development, young people are
5178:
was established, the majority of whose members were directly elected in competitive elections held in March 1989, the first in Soviet history. The Congress now elected the Supreme Soviet, which became a full-time parliament, and much stronger than before. For the first time since the 1920s, it
209:
8461:
had become a thing of the past, and with the looming threat of war, the Stalin administration began shifting to a more moderate religion policy in the late 1930s. Soviet religious establishments overwhelmingly rallied to support the war effort during World War II. Amid other accommodations to
7225:
demonstrated a gradual decrease as well—from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974. In general, the birth rates of the southern republics in Transcaucasia and Central Asia were considerably higher than those in the northern parts of the Soviet Union, and in some cases even increased in the
8953:
regretted the fall of the Soviet Union, setting a 15-year record, and the majority of these regretting opinions came from people older than 55. In 2020, polls conducted by the Levada Center found that 75% of Russians agreed that the Soviet era was the greatest era in their country's history.
5072:
largely emulated the structure of the central institutions, although the Russian SFSR, unlike the other constituent republics, for most of its history had no republican branch of the CPSU, being ruled directly by the union-wide party until 1990. Local authorities were organized likewise into
213:
13752:
The new evidence shows that administrative command planning and Stalin's forced industrialization strategies failed in the 1930s and beyond. The economic miracle chronicled in official hagiographies and until recently faithfully recounted in Western textbooks has no basis in fact. It is the
6940:
preventing the US from acquiring a competitive advantage. However, technology-based planning was executed in a centralized, government-centric manner that greatly hindered its flexibility. This was exploited by the US to undermine the strength of the Soviet Union and thus foster its reform.
6939:
as the means to acquire science and technology in both the private and public sectors. In contrast, the USSR was offensively and defensively maneuvering in the acquisition and use of the worldwide technology, to increase the competitive advantage that they acquired from the technology while
217:
216:
201:
210:
8006:
Members of various ethnicities participated in legislative bodies. Organs of power like the Politburo, the Secretariat of the Central Committee etc., were formally ethnically neutral, but in reality, ethnic Russians were overrepresented, although there were also non-Russian leaders in the
214:
211:
205:
204:
215:
206:
8238:
greatly from each other. When a language had been given a writing system and appeared in a notable publication, it would attain 'official language' status. There were many minority languages which never received their own writing system; therefore, their speakers were forced to have a
8433:
More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937 alone. Only a twelfth of the Russian Orthodox Church's priests were left functioning in their parishes by 1941. In the period between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in Russia fell from 29,584 to less than 500 (1.7%).
16145:
In his new book, Maelstrom of Memory, Mr. Yakovlev lists some of the nightmares uncovered by his commission. More than 41 million Soviets were imprisoned from 1923 to 1953. More than 884,000 children were in internal exile by 1954. More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937
7152:
Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were still riddled with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and bad decision-making. Soviet authorities were unable to meet the growing demand for transport infrastructure and services.
223:
8449:. The government targeted religions based on state interests, and while most organized religions were never outlawed, religious property was confiscated, believers were harassed, and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools. In 1925, the government founded the
4533:. Despite efforts to maintain the Soviet Union's superpower status, the economy struggled due to its centralized nature, technological backwardness, and inefficiencies. The vast military expenditures and burdens of maintaining the Eastern Bloc, further strained the Soviet economy.
198:
5528:, and Comecon was meant to prevent countries in the Soviets' sphere of influence from moving towards that of the Americans and Southeast Asia. Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's reply to the formation in Western Europe of the Organization for European Economic Co-Operation (OEEC),
4834:, for example, is mined, all forests have been destroyed by contamination, while the northern and other parts of Russia have been affected by emissions. During the 1990s, people in the West were also interested in the radioactive hazards of nuclear facilities, decommissioned
171:
168:
7242:
stopped publishing all mortality statistics for ten years. Soviet demographers and health specialists remained silent about the mortality increases until the late-1980s, when the publication of mortality data resumed, and researchers could delve into the real causes.
175:
8900:. The USSR implemented a broad range of policies over a long period of time, with a large amount of conflicting policies being implemented by different leaders. Some have a positive view of it whilst others are critical towards the country, calling it a repressive
177:
176:
8210:
Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry.
8027:. During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the Soviet republics had reached 25 million.
8045:
9012:
celebrated on 9 May is still one of the most important and emotional dates in Russia. Catherine Wanner asserts that Victory Day commemorations are a vehicle for Soviet nostalgia, as they "kept alive a mythology of Soviet grandeur, of solidarity among the
8147:
In 1917, before the revolution, health conditions were significantly behind those of developed countries. As Lenin later noted, "Either the lice will defeat socialism, or socialism will defeat the lice". The Soviet health care system was conceived by the
8745:
Soviet Olympic team was notorious for skirting the edge of amateur rules. All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. According to many experts, that gave the Soviet Union a huge advantage over the
174:
173:
167:
7043:. The Soviet public's reaction to the American moon-landing was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about it, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it attention, and another portion was angered.
169:
5605:
The Marxist-Leninist leadership of the Soviet Union intensely debated foreign policy issues and changed directions several times. Even after Stalin assumed dictatorial control in the late 1920s, there were debates, and he frequently changed positions.
165:
8615:, developed during this late period. In architecture, the Khrushchev era mostly focused on functional design as opposed to the highly decorated style of Stalin's epoch. In music, in response to the increasing popularity of forms of popular music like
7128:. The country had a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. However, due to inadequate maintenance, much of the road, water and Soviet civil aviation transport were outdated and technologically backward compared to the First World.
5582:, promoted Stalin's positions. The Cominform's concentration on Europe meant a deemphasis on world revolution in Soviet foreign policy. By enunciating a uniform ideology, it allowed the constituent parties to focus on personalities rather than issues.
170:
164:
163:
162:
172:
166:
8694:
adopted a statement "About the party's tasks in sphere of physical culture". In the statement was determined the role of physical culture in Soviet society and the party's tasks in political leadership of physical culture movement in the country.
7876:
was applied in the leading institutions of higher education by subjecting Jewish applicants to harsher entrance examinations. The Brezhnev era also introduced a rule that required all university applicants to present a reference from the local
8229:
Under Lenin, the government gave small language groups their own writing systems. The development of these writing systems was highly successful, even though some flaws were detected. During the later days of the USSR, countries with the same
8540:
7934:
The Soviet Union was an ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. The total population of the country was estimated at 293 million in 1991. According to a 1990 estimate, the majority of the population were
7799:
to grant women the right to vote. After heavy casualties in World War I and II, women outnumbered men in Russia by a 4:3 ratio. This contributed to the larger role women played in Russian society compared to other great powers at the time.
4963:
authority of Stalin, exercised directly through his position in the Council of Ministers rather than the Politburo after 1941). They were not controlled by the general party membership, as the key principle of the party organization was
8722:
and also topping the medal tally at the Winter Olympics six times. The Soviet Union's Olympics success has been attributed to its large investment in sports to demonstrate its superpower image and political influence on a global stage.
6384:
The army had the greatest political influence. In 1989, there served two million soldiers divided between 150 motorized and 52 armored divisions. Until the early 1960s, the Soviet navy was a rather small military branch, but after the
18022:
7046:
In the 1970s, specific proposals for the design of a space shuttle emerged, but shortcomings, especially in the electronics industry (rapid overheating of electronics), postponed it till the end of the 1980s. The first shuttle, the
6541:
were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army, a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population. After the severe economic collapse, Lenin replaced war
12247:[Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I "On the establishment of the post of President of the USSR and amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR"] (in Russian). 10 October 2017. Archived from
6934:
determined that the Soviet Union addressed the acquisition of science and technology in a manner that was radically different from what the US was using. In the case of the US, economic prioritization was being used for indigenous
17049:
6910:
rejected by the scientific community in the Soviet Union and abroad but supported by Stalin's inner circles. Implemented in the USSR and China, it resulted in reduced crop yields and is widely believed to have contributed to the
5574:, the U.S. program of rebuilding Europe after the war and developing its economy. It also coordinated international aid to Marxist-Leninist insurgents during the Greek Civil War in 1947–1949. It expelled Yugoslavia in 1948 after
16284:
Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government—that of the Soviet Union under the
8470:
was held in 1943. Stalin had the support of the majority of the religious people in the USSR even through the late 1980s. The general tendency of this period was an increase in religious activity among believers of all faiths.
16916:
14113:
8904:. The opinions on the USSR are complex and have changed over time, with different generations having different views on the matter as well as on Soviet policies corresponding to separate time periods during its history.
6605:
of the Cold War, the Soviet economy was burdened by military expenditures, heavily lobbied for by a powerful bureaucracy dependent on the arms industry. At the same time, the USSR became the largest arms exporter to the
6553:
After a long debate among the members of the Politburo about the course of economic development, by 1928–1929, upon gaining control of the country, Stalin abandoned the NEP and pushed for full central planning, starting
5524:, СЭВ, SEV) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under Soviet control that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with several communist states elsewhere in the world. Moscow was concerned about the
8750:
and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or real amateurs. Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second only once, in the
15451:
15305:
197:
10383:
8948:
has shown that over 50% of Russia's population regretted this event, with the only exception to this being in the year 2012 when support for the Soviet Union dipped below 50 percent. A 2018 poll showed that 66% of
6533:, which involved the nationalization of industry, centralized distribution of output, coercive or forced requisition of agricultural production, and attempts to eliminate money circulation, private enterprises and
5234:) and applied the law as established by the constitution or as interpreted by the Supreme Soviet. The Constitutional Oversight Committee reviewed the constitutionality of laws and acts. The Soviet Union used the
18645:
12712:
Michał Jerzy Zacharias, "The Beginnings of the Cominform: The Policy of the Soviet Union towards European Communist Parties in Connection with the Political Initiatives of the United States of America in 1947."
8198:. These improvements continued into the 1960s when statistics indicated that the life expectancy briefly surpassed that of the United States. Life expectancy started to decline in the 1970s, possibly because of
5648:
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin ordered Marxist-Leninist parties across the world to strongly oppose non-Marxist political parties, labor unions or other organizations on the left, which they labelled
6766:, started to collapse. Prices were still fixed, and the property was still largely state-owned until after the country's dissolution. For most of the period after World War II until its collapse, Soviet GDP (
15217:А. П. Чуприков, В. Д. Мишиев. // Латеральность населения СССР в конце 70-х и начале 80-х годов. К истории латеральной нейропсихологии и нейропсихиатрии. Хрестоматия. Донецк, 2010, 192 с.
199:
6381:(1948) and National Civil Defense Forces (1970) were formed, which ranked first, third, and sixth in the official Soviet system of importance (ground forces were second, Air Force fourth, and Navy fifth).
5705:. In September, Germany invaded Poland, and the USSR also invaded later that month, resulting in the partition of Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of
3459:
3398:
1627:
With the exception of the CIS – an intergovernmental organization and legal successor to the Soviet Union – only states that are former Soviet republics, now members of the United Nations, are listed as
161:
8117:
8418:. In practice, the Soviet system subscribed to a narrow interpretation of this right, and in fact used a range of official measures to discourage religion and curb the activities of religious groups.
17788:
8782:
and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with tremendous efforts". Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the
17913:
14171:
9113:-speaking Ukrainians of Ukraine's southern and eastern regions have a more positive view of the USSR. In some countries with internal conflict, there is also nostalgia for the USSR, especially for
3383:
18881:
Michalski, Tomasz; Hlynskyy, Nazar (2009). "Economic transformation disparity in European post-Soviet countries in the period of transformation". In Palmowski, Tadeusz; Vaitekūnas, Stasys (eds.).
9247:
and denouncing it as revisionist and reverted to capitalism. The Chinese government in 1963 articulated its criticism of the USSR's system and promoted China's ideological line as an alternative.
8786:
in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.
25527:
4229:
4208:
4187:
4166:
4078:
7999:, and Ukrainians, who were all East Slavic and Orthodox, shared close cultural, ethnic, and religious ties, while other groups did not. With multiple nationalities living in the same territory,
5628:
Moscow eventually stopped threatening other states, and instead worked to open peaceful relationships in terms of trade, and diplomatic recognition. The United Kingdom dismissed the warnings of
3074:
initially resisted Lenin's proposal but ultimately accepted it, and with Lenin's agreement he changed the name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), although all republics began as
3052:
of 1922, Lenin called for the Russian SFSR and other national Soviet republics to form a greater union which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (Russian:
4580:
4062:
17857:
8993:
very negatively. A 2021 poll conducted by the Levada Center found that 49% of Russians prefer the USSR's political system, while 18% prefer the current political system and 16% would prefer a
5625:
that settled long-standing grievances. At the same time, the two countries secretly set up training programs for the illegal German army and air force operations at hidden camps in the USSR.
5609:
During the country's early period, it was assumed that Communist revolutions would break out soon in every major industrial country, and it was the Russian responsibility to assist them. The
15151:
22016:
18011:
7788:
Lenin's government liberalized divorce and abortion laws, decriminalized homosexuality (re-criminalized in 1932), permitted cohabitation, and ushered in a host of reforms. However, without
17079:
5206:
became the highest organ of state power 'in the period of transition'. Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary, only remaining President for the final months of the existence of the USSR.
17440:
emigrating to better their lives rather than suffer in an economy without jobs. More than 12% of the overall population (and a much larger percentage of its labor force) now works abroad.
14246:
9169:, where the capitalist elite have been replaced by an unaccountable bureaucratic elite and there is no true democracy or workers' control of industry. In particular, American Trotskyist
12409:
4070:
15069:
159:
20735:
15415:
12757:
10690:
10342:
7845:
tried to make education more accessible, making it clear to children that education was closely linked to the needs of society. Education also became important in giving rise to the
24567:
23772:
23692:
20526:
19359:
16705:
6719:
Overall, the growth rate of per capita income in the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1989 was slightly above the world average (based on 102 countries). A 1986 study published in the
3688:
2677:
812:
7226:
post–World War II period, a phenomenon partly attributed to slower rates of urbanization and traditionally earlier marriages in the southern republics. Soviet Europe moved towards
21225:
9272:
propaganda systems of East and West with Soviet tyranny — for the East, in order to benefit from the aura of authentic socialism, for the West, in order to demonize the concept."
9066:
8069:
2921:. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the
10768:
14110:
10717:
5456:
During his rule, Stalin always made the final policy decisions. Otherwise, Soviet foreign policy was set by the commission on the Foreign Policy of the Central Committee of the
15441:
15196:
12052:[Law: About state governing bodies of USSR in a transition period on the bodies of state authority and administration of the USSR in Transition] (in Russian). sssr.su.
15302:
6762:. His policies relaxed state control over enterprises but did not replace it by market incentives, resulting in a sharp decline in output. The economy, already suffering from
8105:
18198:
10905:
8691:
4311:
1725:
17115:
Theodore P. Gerber & Michael Hout, "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991–1995", AJS Volume 104 Number 1 (July 1998): 1–50.
8575:
The government encouraged a variety of trends. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writers
7374:
21168:
21130:
21030:
20955:
20840:
20833:
19763:
19746:
15238:"In Russia, left isn't quite right Handedness: The official Moscow line is that lefties are OK, but suspicion of those who are different persists from the old Soviet days"
13024:
10365:
9398:
8172:'s tenure as leader, during which the health care system was heavily criticized for many basic faults, such as the quality of service and the unevenness in its provision.
7881:
party secretary. According to statistics from 1986, the number of higher education students per the population of 10,000 was 181 for the USSR, compared to 517 for the US.
6642:
5033:
4955:
4939:
4714:
2249:
18824:
Libman, Alexander; Obydenkova, Anastassia V. (2019). "Historical Legacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Inequality: Evidence from Post-Communist Regions".
18233:
15700:
Pål Kolstø, "Political construction sites: Nation-building in Russia and the post-Soviet States". Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. 81–104 uncorrected version,
9139:
The left's view of the USSR is complex. While some leftists regard the USSR as an example of state capitalism or that it was an oligarchical state, other leftists admire
19793:
18381:
18634:
17426:
9994:"GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"
8410:
In Soviet law, the 'freedom to hold religious services' was constitutionally guaranteed, although the ruling Communist Party regarded religion as incompatible with the
6593:, only a tiny share of domestic products was traded internationally. After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, external trade rose rapidly. However, the influence of the
6529:, whereby production and distribution of goods were centralized and directed by the government. The first Bolshevik experience with a command economy was the policy of
160:
4991:
1690:
19109:
Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schmitz, Andrea; Schröder, Hans-Henning (2012). "Introduction". In Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schröder, Hans-Henning (eds.).
23797:
10823:
Hønneland, Geir; Jørgensen, Anne-Kristin (December 2002). "Implementing Russia's International Environmental Commitments: Federal Prerogative or Regional Concern?".
6649:
intervention by superiors. All critical economic decisions were taken by the political leadership. Allocated resources and plan targets were usually denominated in
5636:
diplomatic recognition in 1922. There was hope for a settlement of the pre-war Tsarist debts, but it was repeatedly postponed. Formal recognition came when the new
3114:. The Soviets used this abbreviation so frequently that audiences worldwide became familiar with its meaning. After this, the most common Russian initialization is
23633:
23628:
23623:
21110:
21070:
20808:
15678:
8183:, while highlighting such successes as having the most doctors and hospitals in the world, recognized the system's areas for improvement and felt that billions of
8180:
6559:
2914:
17943:
10033:
6958:
21648:
20501:
19736:
8168:
became general secretary, the Soviet healthcare system was held in high esteem by many foreign specialists. This changed, however, from Brezhnev's accession and
5163:
dismissal, itself due to a decision by both the Politburo and the Central Committee. All leaders of the Communist Party before Gorbachev died in office, except
25477:
23316:
21653:
20728:
20256:
19756:
17488:
14586:
13455:
4951:
17690:
16235:
Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.
25091:
23089:
22541:
22322:
18012:"Celebrations, Commemorative Dates and Related Rituals: Soviet Experience, its Transformation and Contemporary Victory Day Celebrations in Russia and Latvia"
16649:
8718:
in Helsinki thus became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. The Soviet Union was the biggest rival to the United States at the Summer Olympics, winning
8156:, health care was to be controlled by the state and would be provided to its citizens free of charge, a revolutionary concept at the time. Article 42 of the
5942:
5373:
in 1973, but they were neither widely known or accessible to people living under Communist rule, nor were they taken seriously by the Communist authorities.
5061:
4620:
With an area of 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi), the Soviet Union was the world's largest country, a status that is retained by the
2894:
2560:
2237:
2171:
1870:
236:
17792:
10292:
8490:. Official relations between the Orthodox Church and the government again warmed to the point that the Brezhnev government twice honored Orthodox Patriarch
6633:
From the 1930s until its dissolution in late 1991, the way the Soviet economy operated remained essentially unchanged. The economy was formally directed by
23958:
21218:
21105:
21065:
20778:
19782:
19751:
18494:
17905:
17883:
13936:
5461:
5370:
5175:
5093:
4947:
12242:"Zakon SSSR ot 14 marta 1990 g. N 1360-I "Ob uchrezhdenii posta Prezidenta SSSR i vnesenii izmeneniy i dopolneniy v Konstitutsiyu (Osnovnoy Zakon) SSSR""
25472:
24784:
21090:
20875:
20660:
19741:
19693:
15811:
15481:
14047:
13499:
13422:
9089:
8619:
in the West, many jazz orchestras were permitted throughout the USSR, notably the Melodiya Ensemble, named after the principle record label in the USSR.
7221:
of the USSR decreased from 44.0 per thousand in 1926 to 18.0 in 1974, mainly due to increasing urbanization and the rising average age of marriages. The
5882:
4943:
4895:
1327:
15379:
You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics
8583:
were active during this time. As a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, films received encouragement from the state, and much of director
103:
24401:
23640:
20701:
15237:
14148:
12121:
8093:
5917:
was split off from the Uzbekistan SSR. With the constitution of 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved, resulting in its constituent republics of
4800:
was only 54% of that of the United States, this means that the Soviet Union generated 1.5 times more pollution than the United States per unit of GNP.
2898:
18170:
Nostalgia and discontinuity of life: A multiple case study of older ex-Soviet refugees seeking psychotherapeutic help for immigration-related problems
10542:
7202:
policies) amounted to a combined total of 18 million, some 10 million in the 1930s, and more than 20 million in 1941–1945. The postwar
5407:
23613:
23165:
20945:
20905:
20721:
19990:
17849:
13181:
8486:
Religious institutions remained monitored by the Soviet government, but churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques were all given more leeway in the
6923:, relative to the world population, than any other major country due to the strong levels of state support for scientific developments by the 1980s.
5489:
16588:
15276:
13972:
12270:
Lambelet, Doriane (1989). "The Contradiction Between Soviet and American Human Rights Doctrine: Reconciliation Through Perestroika and Pragmatism".
10165:
23508:
22006:
21125:
20990:
20870:
20798:
18403:
16611:
15603:
15163:
12244:Закон СССР от 14 марта 1990 г. N 1360-I "Об учреждении поста Президента СССР и внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) СССР"
10791:
10487:
8932:
increased by an average of 9 points for all former Soviet republics. According to Western analysis, the economic shocks that accompanied wholesale
5811:. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary
2606:
1041:
17071:
12241:
10261:
Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, "Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired at Danish DR K on 22 October 2018.
8564:
to the Russian people. On the other hand, hundreds of intellectuals, writers, and artists were exiled or executed, and their work banned, such as
8081:
22199:
22114:
21211:
21045:
20818:
18502:
14367:
12292:
9948:
9282:
9101:
In some post-Soviet republics, there is a more negative view of the USSR, although there is no unanimity on the matter. In large part due to the
9004:'. The war became a topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts. As a result of the
7028:
and orbital stations were drawn up in Soviet design offices, but personal disputes between designers and management prevented their development.
7012:—a competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability with the United States. This was followed by other successful satellites, most notably
5045:
4058:
1964:
14238:
10406:
5068:(Premier) and managing an enormous bureaucracy responsible for the administration of the economy and society. State and party structures of the
2586:
1655:
25400:
21842:
21050:
21010:
20940:
20890:
20860:
20855:
18498:
14401:
14307:
13726:
Rosefielde, Steven (1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labor and Economic Growth in the 1930s".
10571:
8659:
8647:
7818:
5902:
4548:(restructuring) aimed to revitalize the Soviet system but instead accelerated its unraveling. Nationalist movements gained momentum across the
4145:
4042:
1987:
5592:
5543:
in Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Comecon, the regional economic organization for the
23821:
23777:
23583:
23258:
21100:
21095:
21005:
20980:
20975:
20965:
20865:
20823:
20803:
20793:
20763:
19688:
19301:
18909:
16214:
16188:
15080:
13815:
10792:"Nuclear Pollution Plagues Former Soviet Union : Environment: A map marking non-military explosions shows scope of 'national disaster.'"
10517:
6775:
5978:
5958:
4050:
4032:
1135:
17972:
15407:
14276:
5563:
satellites, with the Pact's only direct military actions having been the invasions of its own member states to keep them from breaking away.
25522:
24189:
23804:
21891:
21455:
21020:
20950:
20783:
20768:
20572:
20554:
19354:
18106:
16899:
10324:
9997:
7719:
6416:
In the post-war period, the Soviet Army was directly involved in several military operations abroad. These included the suppression of the
6013:
5878:
5279:
was suppressed and dissent was punished. Independent political activities were not tolerated, whether these involved participation in free
2618:
1281:
17557:
David Stuckler, Lawrence King, and Martin McKee. "Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis."
13779:
12423:
24281:
23846:
23787:
22104:
21784:
21162:
21115:
21060:
21055:
21040:
21025:
21000:
20900:
20828:
20813:
20773:
20758:
20695:
20494:
19873:
19843:
16783:
14995:
14662:
12961:
12605:
12367:
12272:
9134:
9005:
7707:
The Soviet Union imposed heavy control on city growth, preventing some cities from reaching their full potential while promoting others.
6373:
secret police, and so its internal troops were under the joint leadership of the defense and internal commissariats. After World War II,
5613:
was the weapon of choice. A few revolutions did break out, but they were quickly suppressed (the longest lasting one was in Hungary)—the
5327:
5179:
refused to rubber stamp proposals from the party and Council of Ministers. In 1990, Gorbachev introduced and assumed the position of the
4374:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
2729:
2189:
2025:
1930:
1786:
18900:
Ovcharova, Lilia; Biryukova, Svetlana (2018). "Poverty and the Poor in Post-Soviet Russia". In Rauhut, Daniel; Hatti, Neelambar (eds.).
16630:"Sports in Soviet Union Only for Elite : There Are Top Athletes, and then There Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go up"
15854:
14767:
10614:
5444:
24241:
23601:
23493:
23160:
21120:
21015:
20995:
20960:
20910:
20895:
20885:
20880:
20130:
20090:
20000:
19811:
19327:
15767:
Dinkel, R.H. (1990). "The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the Example of the Soviet Union".
10869:
10750:
9486:
9292:
6883:
6860:
6611:
5465:
5437:
4979:
4975:
3654:
2926:
2594:
2176:
993:
615:
10941:
10727:
9755:
Named the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in 1918, then renamed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1936.
6708:
25507:
23133:
22570:
22375:
22036:
21771:
21080:
21075:
20850:
20845:
20118:
20013:
19885:
19671:
15186:
12544:
12169:
Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management
10274:
9464:
8487:
7894:
5890:
5683:
5268:
4222:
3042:
2681:
2553:
1773:
1768:
17:
18433:
18404:"Seven Letters Exchanged Between the Central Committees of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
15715:
7057:, endured prolonged construction and was canceled in 1991. For their launch into space, there is today an unused superpower rocket,
5722:
3196:
dominated the country to such an extent that, during Soviet Union's existence, it was colloquially, but incorrectly, referred to as
25166:
22714:
22413:
22317:
22174:
22139:
22088:
21873:
20654:
20611:
20023:
19940:
19833:
15134:
Rebecca Balmas Neary, "Mothering Socialist Society: The Wife-Activists' Movement and the Soviet Culture of Daily Life, 1934–1941",
12017:
11974:
11413:
9402:
9205:
6618:
in the 1970s was gigantic, forming 40–60% of the entire federal budget and accounting to 15% of the USSR's GDP (13% in the 1980s).
5974:
5174:
enacted reforms shifting power away from the highest bodies of the party and making the Supreme Soviet less dependent on them. The
5057:
4905:
2780:
2602:
1917:
851:
16499:
15524:
15351:
14025:
13262:
13106:
13063:
12088:
11826:
11759:
11716:
11683:
11620:
11577:
11494:
11451:
11367:
11284:
11242:
11203:
11165:
11119:
11080:
11001:
10897:
8719:
5468:. It was known as the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (or Narkomindel), until 1946. The most influential spokesmen were
24703:
24608:
24523:
24050:
23814:
23645:
23608:
23206:
21521:
19963:
19770:
19637:
9121:
who have been forced to flee their homes and have been displaced. The many Russian enclaves in the former USSR republics such as
8609:
concerned themselves with problems of daily life rather than with building socialism. Underground dissident literature, known as
7750:), which had assumed the position of capital of Soviet Central Asia, had risen to fourth place. Another city worth mentioning is
7141:
5029:
4967:, demanding strict subordination to higher bodies, and elections went uncontested, endorsing the candidates proposed from above.
4466:
in the late 1920s ushered in an era of intense centralization and totalitarianism. Stalin's rule was characterized by the forced
4004:
3815:
1887:
1828:
701:
13016:
8928:, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income. Between 1988 and 1989 and 1993–1995, the
8282:
in 1929, magazine of the Society of the Godless. The first five-year plan of the Soviet Union is shown crushing the gods of the
6457:
The Soviet Union in comparison to other countries by GDP (nominal) per capita in 1965 based on a West-German school book (1971)
25502:
25407:
24824:
23563:
23216:
22517:
22269:
22162:
21796:
21689:
21526:
21234:
20544:
20487:
19661:
19506:
18193:
17309:
7755:
6689:
6425:
6056:
5874:
5860:
5243:
5053:
2902:
2373:
2368:
2095:
1685:
1313:
18371:
16731:
10196:
8234:
situation implemented similar policies. A serious problem when creating these writing systems was that the languages differed
5417:
24919:
24582:
24261:
23497:
22596:
22483:
22134:
21287:
20744:
20677:
20148:
19649:
19615:
19603:
19598:
19489:
19196:
19171:
19152:
19099:
19074:
19048:
18994:
18983:
18957:
18929:
18890:
18871:
18798:
18771:
18748:
18723:
18677:
18604:
18559:
18529:
18346:
18340:
18310:
18056:
17832:
17612:
17542:
17416:
17396:
17217:
17026:
16981:
16826:
16777:
16688:
16493:
16438:
16399:
16353:
16265:
16108:
16028:
15994:
15561:
15518:
15387:
15345:
15322:
15008:
14761:
14734:
14701:
14656:
14594:
14457:
14019:
13625:
13463:
13349:
13299:
13256:
13143:
13129:
13100:
13057:
12955:
12928:
12878:
12648:
12599:
12396:
12351:
12306:
12222:
12180:
12082:
12011:
11968:
11900:
11867:
11820:
11753:
11677:
11614:
11571:
11533:
11488:
11445:
11407:
11361:
11327:
11278:
11236:
11197:
11159:
11113:
11074:
11040:
10995:
9197:
8727:
8710:. In the same year, when the Soviet representative Konstantin Andrianov became an IOC member, the USSR officially joined the
5962:
5382:
4471:
3831:
2689:
2242:
1997:
1823:
911:
838:
825:
25303:
20075:
18145:
16940:
16444:
16271:
16034:
15936:
15567:
14463:
14085:
13631:
13355:
13305:
12789:
Mueller, Gordon H. (1976). "Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922".
10926:{{Cite news |title=Wastes of War: Rotting Nuclear Subs Pose Threat |first1=David |last1=Hoffman |date=16 November 1998 |url=
6550:(NEP) in 1921, legalizing free trade and private ownership of small businesses. The economy steadily recovered as a result.
2358:
939:
603:
25253:
24965:
24218:
22455:
22011:
21986:
21533:
20683:
20629:
20539:
20185:
19953:
17573:
16405:
16359:
14337:
13845:
10029:
8376:
8000:
7739:
7120:
of the late 1920s and 1930s led to the development of infrastructure on a massive scale, most notably the establishment of
6555:
6312:
6146:
6128:
5954:
5926:
5910:
4467:
4331:
4201:
4008:
3961:
3499:
2693:
2546:
1799:
1639:
8134:
8057:
25517:
25497:
25196:
24140:
23767:
23170:
22977:
21302:
20689:
20634:
20559:
20065:
19731:
19678:
19666:
18275:
17161:
16132:
14051:
13503:
13418:
11927:
11859:
8739:
8590:
During Stalin's rule, the Soviet culture was characterized by the rise and domination of the government-imposed style of
8008:
7727:
6308:
6164:
6038:
5938:
5906:
5870:
5457:
5184:
5183:, concentrated power in his executive office, independent of the party, and subordinated the government, now renamed the
4921:
4909:
4604:, an area that was previously covered with forests until acid rainfall from a nearby copper smelter killed all vegetation
4448:
3095:
2906:
2638:
2493:
1695:
1299:
484:
22344:
21791:
15668:
8498:. A poll conducted by Soviet authorities in 1982 recorded 20% of the Soviet population as 'active religious believers.'
6566:. The war caused extensive devastation of the Soviet economy and infrastructure, which required massive reconstruction.
6405:
and during war situation was to eradicate enemy infrastructure and nuclear capacity. The air force also had a number of
262:
24698:
24317:
23673:
23238:
22576:
22332:
22179:
21868:
21806:
21403:
21385:
20619:
20549:
20534:
20113:
20108:
19828:
19776:
19024:
18269:
17935:
10019:
9727:
9343:
8974:
7988:
7293:
7277:
6816:
6789:
of 0.920, placing it in the 'high' category of human development. It was the third-highest in the Eastern Bloc, behind
6782:
countries. Compared to countries with similar per-capita GDP in 1928, the Soviet Union experienced significant growth.
6670:
6626:
6410:
6326:
6272:
6236:
6110:
5946:
5922:
5918:
5886:
5025:
5017:
4901:
4879:
4710:
4649:
3996:
3986:
2938:
2863:
2712:
to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed
2363:
2281:
2217:
1763:
1604:
1341:
1121:
708:
17465:
5869:
Constitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as
25131:
25020:
24955:
24256:
24115:
23455:
23068:
22581:
22154:
21981:
21961:
21886:
21801:
21766:
21724:
21255:
20624:
20595:
20585:
20365:
20316:
20249:
20060:
19788:
19390:
19294:
19259:
19122:
18464:
17598:
10642:
9385:
8924:
disease, infant mortality and domestic violence, as well as demographic losses, income inequality and the rise of an
8852:
8529:
8495:
8422:
8190:
After the revolution, life expectancy for all age groups went up. This statistic in itself was seen by some that the
8173:
8149:
7214:
reasonable estimate would place the total number of excess deaths for the whole period somewhere around 60 million.'
6806:
6771:
6721:
6598:
6362:
6254:
6200:
6182:
5950:
5934:
5898:
5227:
5203:
5049:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
3413:
3033:, demanded that all power be transferred to the Soviets, and gained support from the workers and soldiers. After the
2197:
1220:
17496:
17135:
14078:"The Soviet Union and the United States – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress"
13385:
13337:
Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941
11931:
10606:
9041:
9020:
Russian Victory Day parades are organized annually in most cities, with the central military parade taking place in
7206:
was 45 to 50 million smaller than it would have been if pre-war demographic growth had continued. According to
7149:
a faster rate than road construction. The underdeveloped road network led to a growing demand for public transport.
6749:
declined due to Stalin's despotism. While there was a brief improvement after his death, it lapsed into stagnation.
4640:
portion accounted for a quarter of the country's area and was the cultural and economic center. The eastern part in
24879:
24862:
24528:
24008:
23353:
22566:
22447:
22383:
22041:
21852:
21448:
21367:
21339:
20590:
20395:
20383:
20207:
20197:
20153:
19968:
19644:
19593:
19476:
17680:
15553:
8672:
8525:
8307:
7869:
7169:
6092:
5930:
5856:
5359:
5343:
5255:
5231:
5139:
4243:
3789:
3777:
3678:
2701:
2227:
190:
109:
16660:
12118:
11788:
8033:
4443:
and ended in dissolution amidst economic collapse and political disintegration. Established in 1922 following the
2862:
by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, the
25487:
25482:
24673:
24211:
23826:
23155:
23123:
22654:
22537:
22388:
22327:
22046:
20600:
20580:
20400:
20388:
20244:
20229:
20143:
20045:
19627:
19447:
16485:
14300:"The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev"
12074:
10299:
9707:
9356:
9182:
8941:
8819:
8775:
8760:
8759:. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the late 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the
8735:
8703:
8326:
8295:
7747:
7195:
7125:
6866:
6790:
6218:
6074:
5966:
5914:
5894:
5131:
5041:
4792:
4773:
4718:
4557:
4367:
3982:
2918:
2867:
2298:
1865:
966:
17879:
14923:
Paper presented at the International Conference on Healthy, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe.
13946:
10927:
8865:
5682:
The rapid growth of power in Nazi Germany encouraged both Paris and Moscow to form a military alliance, and the
5653:. In the usage of the Soviet Union, and of the Comintern and its affiliated parties in this period, the epithet
4788:, the world's largest (by volume) and deepest freshwater lake that is also an internal body of water in Russia.
25278:
24904:
24337:
23836:
23809:
23746:
23265:
22398:
22068:
21966:
21918:
21751:
21679:
21297:
20341:
20321:
20018:
19632:
19457:
19385:
19091:
17645:
15942:
15477:
14803:
9731:
9711:
9178:
9033:
8799:
8731:
8224:
7758:), which saw rapid growth during the 20th century, rising from the 32nd most populous in the union to the 7th.
7239:
7203:
6847:. At its peak in 1988, it was the largest producer and second-largest exporter of crude oil, surpassed only by
6601:. Grain and sophisticated consumer manufactures became major import articles from around the 1960s. During the
5617:—lasted only from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919. The Russian Bolsheviks were in no position to give any help.
5303:
5003:
4734:
4726:
3713:
3628:
3041:
seized power from the Provisional Government in the name of the Soviets, Lenin proclaimed the formation of the
3026:
3007:
2697:
2622:
2445:
2154:
2117:
1083:
476:
21761:
15803:
15704:
13177:
7024:, making him the first human to ever be launched into space and complete a space journey. The first plans for
4858:
submarine in 2000 in the west further raised concerns. In the past, there were accidents involving submarines
4636:, rank among the top 10 countries by land area, and the largest country entirely in Europe, respectively. The
25074:
24789:
24613:
24573:
24327:
24251:
24246:
24150:
23943:
23687:
23568:
23374:
22659:
22408:
22078:
21976:
21756:
21324:
21277:
20510:
20412:
20239:
20103:
20055:
19816:
19610:
19484:
19467:
11960:
10638:"The Chernobyl Accident 20 Years on: An Assessment of the Health Consequences and the International Response"
9715:
9499:
9451:
9372:
9254:(JCP) released a press statement titled "We welcome the end of a party which embodied the historical evil of
9162:
9028:
on May 9 sees millions of Russians carry the portraits of their relatives who fought in the war. Russia also
8220:
8199:
7857:
7809:
7298:
7282:
7087:
6734:
6666:
6574:
5864:
5402:
5180:
5069:
4867:
4750:
4569:
4549:
3936:
3766:
3481:
2922:
2890:
2630:
2614:
2513:
2483:
2478:
1242:
880:
43:
20713:
17761:
15245:
14138:
12114:
7263:
6894:, the Soviets remained far behind technologically in chemistry, biology, and computers when compared to the
5743:, the Soviet Union did not cooperate with any other nation, choosing to follow its own path. However, after
25492:
25360:
25340:
25243:
24894:
24844:
24708:
24553:
24518:
24201:
23841:
23596:
23503:
22875:
22707:
22644:
22508:
22498:
22337:
22122:
21821:
21811:
21580:
21319:
20008:
19683:
19578:
19379:
19287:
18506:
9071:
9037:
8873:
8655:
8269:
8191:
7035:, the USSR only had automated spacecraft launches with no crewed spacecraft, passing on the 'Moon' part of
6421:
6417:
5977:
was formed on annexed territory as a Union Republic in March 1940 and then incorporated into Russia as the
4891:
4601:
4180:
4159:
3650:
3181:
In English-language media, the state was referred to as the Soviet Union or the USSR. The Soviet Union was
2851:
2721:
2660:, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally
2498:
2348:
2164:
2159:
2139:
1982:
1977:
1938:
1892:
1880:
1855:
1845:
1814:
1804:
1210:
865:
131:
12312:
12053:
10169:
9225:. Factors contributing to the anarchist animosity towards the USSR included the Soviet destruction of the
8884:
such as the USSR, especially under Stalin, has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of
7321:
5827:
and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as
25258:
24995:
24867:
24774:
24728:
24718:
24683:
24563:
24438:
24423:
24077:
24043:
23953:
23948:
23398:
23185:
23180:
22885:
22790:
22629:
22403:
22167:
22073:
21847:
21441:
20289:
20271:
20037:
19895:
19856:
19823:
19513:
19501:
19417:
19319:
18855:
17209:
16629:
16580:
15589:
15268:
15159:
14946:
14582:
13982:
13968:
13932:
13801:
13765:
13451:
13291:
13092:
12736:
12454:
11480:
11399:
10444:
9703:
9302:
9110:
8521:
8507:
8491:
8467:
8450:
7850:
6927:
6674:
6448:
5702:
5065:
4746:
4416:
4291:
4138:
4054:
3804:
3527:
3511:
3209:
2713:
2626:
2488:
2473:
2468:
2107:
2102:
2043:
1850:
1647:
655:
22219:
18411:
17007:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
15593:
14055:
13580:
Harrison, Mark (1993). "Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G. I. Khanin".
13507:
13414:
10801:
10495:
9558:, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law
6680:
2879:
87:
25318:
25151:
24933:
24914:
24814:
24804:
24799:
24391:
24271:
23963:
23393:
22836:
22749:
22262:
21933:
21816:
21615:
21312:
21307:
20970:
20788:
20284:
20261:
20234:
19058:
19034:
18921:
18913:
18551:
17824:
17412:
17203:
17010:
15982:
15314:
15109:
14798:
13248:
12248:
12172:
11802:
11745:
11644:
11141:
9956:
9858:
9166:
9094:
9061:
9001:
6886:
within its economy, however, the most remarkable Soviet successes in technology, such as producing the
4360:
3946:
3881:
3519:
3219:
2338:
2308:
1202:
14919:
The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades
14834:
Recent Developments of Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960–1970
14359:
12110:
11783:
9233:, and the defeat of the rival anarchist factions by the Soviet-supported Communist faction during the
8466:
began broadcasting a religious hour, and a historic meeting between Stalin and Orthodox Church leader
8337:
7832:
for Education of Soviet Russia. In the beginning, the Soviet authorities placed great emphasis on the
5621:
bridgehead. Russia was now a pariah state, along with Germany. The two came to terms in 1922 with the
25370:
25350:
25323:
25079:
24839:
24598:
24477:
24406:
24286:
23880:
23856:
22920:
22184:
22056:
21272:
21260:
20326:
20299:
20202:
18376:
14299:
12734:
Marantzidis, Nikos (2013). "The Greek Civil War (1944–1949) and the International Communist System".
12514:
11315:
10898:"Armed With Nuke Payload, How Dangerous Is Russia's Nuclear-Armed Submarine Resting In Arctic Ocean?"
10416:
9960:
9029:
8885:
8517:
7890:
7227:
6378:
5614:
4612:
One of the many impacts of the approach to the environment in the USSR and post-Soviet states is the
4074:
4066:
3591:
3361:
2737:
20294:
18212:
18072:
17992:
17762:"Russia vs. Ukraine: More Russians Want the Soviet Union and Communism Back Amid Continued Tensions"
14393:
7772:
6701:
much more quickly and consistently than in other countries, despite a rapid increase in the capital
5122:
4791:
Neighbouring countries were aware of the high levels of pollution in the Soviet Union but after the
24884:
24723:
24693:
24558:
24472:
24381:
24344:
23968:
23782:
23650:
22779:
22127:
22051:
21684:
21585:
21349:
21329:
21292:
21282:
21265:
21250:
20407:
19066:
14630:
12372:
Bertrand M. Patenaude Center for Russian, East European & Eurasian Studies, Stanford University
10026:
9251:
8973:, 16% of respondents said the collapse of the USSR did good, while 61% said it did harm. In a 2018
8699:
8442:
8157:
7311:
6936:
6374:
5740:
5323:
5199:
5195:
5151:
5147:
5143:
4656:, was much less populous. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) east to west across 11
4553:
3723:
3079:
2859:
2127:
1794:
93:
18592:
The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933
16210:
16184:
14821:. Vol. 510. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. pp. 155–77.
13805:
6409:
and tactical bombers to support the army in the war. Strategic missile forces had more than 1,400
5701:
proposed a better deal, which would give the USSR control over much of Eastern Europe through the
5295:
within and especially outside the country was limited. The state restricted rights of citizens to
5167:
and Khrushchev, both dismissed from the party leadership amid internal struggle within the party.
5158:
existed between the Party, Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers that represented executive and
4776:, at 7,495 metres (24,590 ft). The USSR also included most of the world's largest lakes; the
25512:
25390:
25365:
25201:
25050:
25010:
24713:
24658:
24543:
24411:
23894:
23851:
23733:
23723:
23211:
23075:
23014:
22816:
22700:
22624:
22550:
22354:
21991:
21496:
21344:
19656:
18790:
18715:
18292:
17526:
16096:
14853:
14268:
14122:
13341:
13001:
12565:
10691:"One of the Murmansk Region's most polluting facilities shuts down after more than seven decades"
9659:
9632:
9588:
9555:
9170:
8869:
8427:
8415:
8360:
7109:
6786:
6767:
5816:
5799:
5764:
5622:
5610:
5497:
5307:
5215:
4846:. It was also known in the early 1990s that the USSR had transported radioactive material to the
4478:, which eliminated perceived enemies of the state. The Soviet Union played a crucial role in the
4038:
4020:
4000:
3887:
3859:
3351:
3060:
3018:
2745:
2271:
1948:
1743:
1163:
1065:
925:
731:
39:
22503:
18687:
Habibov, Nazim (June 2013). "Who Wants to Redistribute? An Analysis of 14 Post-Soviet Nations".
18051:. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 70, 160–167.
16706:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System"
16100:
12722:
11525:
6329:
ballistic missile, the deployment of which by the Soviet Union in the late 1970s launched a new
4970:
The Communist Party maintained its dominance over the state mainly through its control over the
3253:
25328:
25186:
25156:
25111:
25062:
25057:
24990:
24874:
24834:
24794:
24628:
24538:
24533:
24354:
24266:
24133:
24036:
23591:
23553:
23518:
23243:
22984:
22900:
22591:
22209:
22204:
22144:
21595:
21538:
21484:
21479:
21334:
20336:
19928:
19866:
18943:
18207:
16895:"Integrative Complexity of American and Soviet Foreign Policy Rhetoric: A Time Series Analysis"
14789:
13769:
13617:
12683:
12449:
12039:
11892:
11606:
11563:
11032:
10069:
9993:
9057:
8823:
8364:
7995:. Some ethnic groups voluntarily assimilated, while others were brought in by force. Russians,
7767:
6669:
and health care. In the manufacturing sector, heavy industry and defence were prioritized over
5812:
5718:
5048:) to wield its power between plenary sessions, ordinarily held twice a year, and appointed the
4875:
4479:
3569:
3447:
3257:
2733:
1101:
1059:
22493:
20466:
18883:
The Problems of Development and International Cooperation in the Region of the Southern Baltic
17265:"Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs"
17018:
16973:
16765:
15986:
14726:
14693:
14646:
12941:
12585:
9216:
or implementing worker liberation, as well as corruption and the Soviet authoritarian nature.
7364:
5981:
in 1956. Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below).
5555:. Although nominally a "defensive" alliance, the Pact's primary function was to safeguard the
5190:
Tensions grew between the Union-wide authorities under Gorbachev, reformists led in Russia by
4486:, but at a tremendous human cost, with millions of Soviet citizens perishing in the conflict.
25467:
25355:
25096:
25069:
25030:
24970:
24769:
24738:
24648:
24396:
24332:
23936:
23741:
23530:
23326:
23248:
23233:
23128:
23060:
23052:
22989:
22945:
22915:
22880:
22806:
22674:
22586:
22545:
22359:
22255:
21719:
21590:
20455:
19427:
19206:
18586:
18582:
18280:
The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems.
17604:
17388:
17014:
16969:
14751:
13327:
12640:
12508:
12298:
9118:
8961:
In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of
8635:
8279:
8250:
functioned as an official language, as the 'language of interethnic communication' (Russian:
7865:
7849:. Citizens directly entering the workforce had the constitutional right to a job and to free
7829:
6990:
6429:
5828:
5547:
of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of
4964:
4871:
4859:
4560:, which formally dissolved on December 26, 1991, ending nearly seven decades of Soviet rule.
3869:
2970:
2144:
1943:
35:
31:
20479:
16961:
16174:, vol 2: Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions, St Martin's Press, New York (1988)
12229:
The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
9212:
such as other leftists. Critics also point towards its failure to implement any substantial
6737:
than market economies at the same level of economic development in most cases. According to
5632:
and a few others about a continuing Marxist-Leninist threat, and opened trade relations and
5350:, which were considered as examples of "bourgeois morality" by Soviet law theorists such as
25385:
25293:
25288:
25040:
24975:
24733:
24668:
24663:
24653:
24623:
24618:
24578:
24085:
23655:
23223:
22522:
22238:
21971:
21881:
21704:
21632:
21600:
21550:
21545:
20217:
20080:
19900:
19698:
19412:
19264:
15035:
10453:
9834:
8783:
8752:
8715:
8707:
8356:
7776:
7117:
6979:
6971:
6949:
6912:
6439:
applied, meaning all able-bodied males aged 18 and older were drafted in the armed forces.
6386:
5744:
5235:
5155:
5013:
4900:
There were three power hierarchies in the Soviet Union: the legislature represented by the
4863:
4440:
3843:
3646:
2796:
2772:
2717:
2435:
2291:
2149:
2122:
2012:
2007:
1992:
1860:
1028:
575:
337:
22214:
20304:
15712:
12541:
12422:(in Polish). Biblioteka Zrzeszenia Prawników Demokratów. pp. 153, 162. Archived from
11319:
10270:
8872:
in Europe by theatre and by year. Nazi Germany suffered 80% of its military deaths on the
8834:
5686:
was signed in May 1935. A firm believer in collective security, Stalin's foreign minister
5452:
signing bilateral documents during Gorbachev's official visit to the United States in 1990
5318:
was considered as the source of human rights. Therefore, the Soviet legal system regarded
3025:, workers' and soldiers' Soviets emerged throughout the country and shared power with the
8:
25380:
25136:
25086:
25005:
24909:
24743:
24688:
24643:
24638:
24633:
24588:
24548:
24513:
24455:
24369:
24300:
24162:
23983:
23718:
23548:
23336:
23253:
23190:
22940:
22639:
22618:
22612:
22001:
21709:
21560:
21513:
21501:
21203:
20444:
20173:
19978:
19907:
19715:
19564:
19442:
19364:
19337:
19218:
19188:
19001:
18975:
18863:
18521:
18441:
17977:
17746:
17534:
16550:
15834:
15191:
15026:
13381:
12636:
10825:
10370:
10298:. Towson University: Department of Geography & Environmental Planning. Archived from
9842:
9788:
9230:
9213:
9189:
9152:
9078:
9009:
8580:
8283:
7902:
7825:
7231:
7207:
6994:
6953:
6662:
6547:
6346:
6286:
5840:
5640:
came to power in 1924. All the other countries followed suit in opening trade relations.
5292:
5127:
5082:
4808:
4575:
4456:
3811:
3756:
3624:
3409:
3239:
3147:
3022:
3014:
2839:
2536:
2333:
2286:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2073:
1912:
1758:
1712:
758:
738:
342:
317:
18141:
Making Sense of Suffering : Holocaust and Holodomor in Ukrainian Historical Culture
17640:
15123:
The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930
15039:
10457:
8774:
colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the
7103:
5310:, "it is the government who is the beneficiary of human rights which are to be asserted
25308:
25283:
25273:
25263:
25248:
25233:
25191:
25121:
25106:
25045:
25025:
25015:
24985:
24960:
24945:
24889:
24829:
24819:
24678:
24501:
24487:
24482:
24428:
24364:
24174:
23424:
23414:
23228:
23082:
22955:
22930:
22769:
22649:
22532:
21996:
21575:
21565:
20311:
20222:
19539:
19452:
19342:
19332:
19235:
19114:
19038:
18783:
18596:
18544:
18225:
17662:
17643:(2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism".
17594:
17357:
17332:
16875:
16867:
16089:
15598:
15297:
15051:
14966:
14958:
14875:
14848:
13977:
13941:
13810:
13774:
13743:
13691:
13666:
13562:
12846:
12806:
12471:
11885:
11518:
10850:
10842:
10755:
10666:
10637:
10329:
9764:
9511:
As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSR.
9148:
9144:
8897:
8680:
7861:
7179:
7048:
6835:
6820:
6746:
5836:
5832:
5752:
5536:
5477:
5395:
5264:
4843:
4804:
4769:
4660:, and over 7,200 kilometres (4,500 mi) north to south. It had five climate zones:
4430:
4125:
4089:
4028:
4016:
3924:
3877:
3617:
3515:
3503:
3417:
3405:
3325:
3090:
in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian
3034:
2883:
2653:
2518:
2222:
2212:
2132:
1733:
799:
312:
153:
18945:
Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him
14613:, translated by Roads and transportation in the USSR and Tsarist Russia, 1 August 2016
14208:
Deckert, R. A. (10 October 1990). "The science of uncovering industrial information".
10439:
10063:
25426:
25178:
25146:
25141:
25126:
25101:
24950:
24899:
24849:
24779:
24757:
24602:
24386:
24322:
24312:
24276:
24179:
24145:
24123:
24068:
23861:
23543:
23024:
23004:
22972:
22853:
22831:
22786:
22754:
22634:
21903:
21669:
21570:
20419:
20359:
20138:
19924:
19620:
19422:
19407:
19349:
19210:
19192:
19167:
19148:
19132:
19118:
19095:
19070:
19044:
19020:
18979:
18953:
18925:
18886:
18867:
18794:
18767:
18744:
18719:
18700:
18673:
18600:
18555:
18525:
18336:
18306:
18265:
18052:
17828:
17681:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on"
17666:
17608:
17538:
17392:
17362:
17286:
17213:
17022:
16977:
16962:
16894:
16879:
16822:
16773:
16739:
16684:
16634:
16489:
16434:
16395:
16349:
16261:
16104:
16024:
15990:
15975:
15846:
15784:
15557:
15514:
15383:
15341:
15318:
15004:
14970:
14880:
14757:
14730:
14719:
14697:
14686:
14652:
14590:
14453:
14015:
13696:
13621:
13566:
13459:
13345:
13295:
13252:
13139:
13096:
13053:
12951:
12924:
12874:
12718:
12644:
12629:
12595:
12392:
12347:
12302:
12218:
12176:
12078:
12043:
12007:
12003:
11964:
11896:
11863:
11851:
11816:
11812:
11749:
11673:
11610:
11567:
11529:
11484:
11441:
11403:
11357:
11323:
11274:
11232:
11193:
11155:
11151:
11109:
11070:
11036:
11025:
10991:
10946:
10854:
10796:
10760:
10718:"How Norilsk, in the Russian Arctic, became one of the most polluted places on Earth"
10671:
10581:
10469:
10465:
10375:
10334:
9920:
9898:
9850:
9818:
9743:
9539:
9322:
9244:
9234:
9209:
9025:
8994:
8990:
8969:, 12% of respondents said the USSR collapse did good, while 66% said it did harm. In
8925:
8591:
8584:
8556:
8475:
8169:
7947:(5.84%). Overall, in 1989 the ethnic demography of the country showed that 69.8% was
7842:
7191:
7133:
6975:
6753:
6698:
6645:. However, in practice, the plans were highly aggregated and provisional, subject to
6634:
6354:
6304:
5824:
5637:
5629:
5449:
5276:
5171:
5037:
4835:
4537:
4526:
4510:
4444:
4388:
4012:
3976:
3972:
3865:
3692:
3674:
3662:
3537:
3523:
3507:
3474:
3427:
3280:
3228:
2882:
the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent
2820:
2792:
2788:
2771:, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought
2669:
2508:
2440:
2420:
2385:
2380:
2276:
2112:
2063:
2038:
2033:
2002:
1738:
1432:
952:
587:
539:
387:
377:
355:
348:
332:
22692:
22149:
18229:
18073:"Russia's Victory Day celebrations take on new importance for the Kremlin this year"
18007:
17305:
16244:
Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.
15941:[Law of the USSR from 24 April 1990 on languages of the USSR] (in Russian).
15625:
14648:
Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945
12475:
9359:. No lyrics were used from 1956 to 1977. Revised lyrics were used from 1977 to 1991.
7919:
5937:
were split off from the Russian SFSR, resulting in the same status. In August 1940,
4926:
3146:) is also commonly used, but only in its unabbreviated form. Since the start of the
25375:
25313:
25268:
25211:
25116:
25035:
25000:
24809:
24460:
24359:
24167:
23143:
23118:
22967:
22935:
22860:
22312:
21694:
21420:
19227:
18967:
18841:
18833:
18696:
18630:
18221:
18217:
18092:
17654:
17530:
17352:
17344:
17276:
16908:
16857:
16814:
15776:
15043:
14950:
14870:
14862:
14445:
14111:
Soviet Russia Had a Better Record of Training Women in STEM Than America Does Today
13735:
13686:
13678:
13667:"Economic Development, Political-Economic System, and the Physical Quality of Life"
13589:
13554:
12947:
12837:
Wilson, J. H. (1971). "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union".
12798:
12463:
12143:
11712:
10834:
10661:
10651:
10461:
9912:
9868:
9674:
9603:
8889:
8880:
The legacy of the USSR remains a controversial topic. The socio-economic nature of
8711:
8668:
8595:
8569:
8565:
8020:
8016:
7564:
7389:
7326:
7071:
7058:
6931:
6742:
6654:
6578:
6406:
6402:
6398:
5694:
5655:
5511:
5481:
5469:
5351:
5339:
5296:
5078:
4812:
4514:
3968:
3827:
3745:
3702:
3495:
3485:
3111:
2956:
2951:
2855:
2784:
2665:
2353:
2323:
1972:
1958:
1875:
1680:
1143:
898:
382:
362:
297:
18837:
18571:
The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969
18327:
17658:
14077:
13533:
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR from 1945
11308:
5500:, was an international communist organization based in the Kremlin that advocated
4517:
process, leading to a period of liberalization and relative openness known as the
25435:
25395:
25298:
25238:
25228:
25216:
25161:
24980:
24374:
24349:
24128:
23751:
23538:
23302:
23138:
22950:
22527:
22488:
22349:
21736:
20331:
19544:
19496:
19402:
19211:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45"
19182:
19085:
19010:
18939:
18734:
18709:
18626:
18515:
18296:
17577:
17518:
17380:
17205:
The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism
17002:
16957:
16944:
16937:
16678:
16551:"Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance | Britannica"
16479:
16428:
16391:
16385:
16339:
16255:
16018:
15946:
15807:
15719:
15708:
15547:
15504:
15446:
15377:
15373:
15335:
15309:
14899:
14625:
14576:
14447:
14117:
14005:
13611:
13607:
13485:[Defense spending and size of the Armed Forces of the USSR] (in Russian).
13445:
13335:
13285:
13242:
13206:. Translated by A law on the mandatory military draft. prlib.ru. 12 October 1967.
13158:
Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, Westview Press, 1979, p.13
13086:
13047:
12548:
12068:
11997:
11954:
11806:
11739:
11706:
11667:
11600:
11557:
11474:
11435:
11393:
11351:
11268:
11226:
11187:
11145:
11103:
11064:
10985:
10518:"Chernobyl | Chernobyl Accident | Chernobyl Disaster - World Nuclear Association"
10278:
9876:
9804:
9780:
9520:
As Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.
9312:
8982:
8958:
average of 32% of NRB respondents supported the restoration of the Soviet Union.
8893:
8881:
8767:
8602:
8380:
8311:
8240:
8231:
8176:
8165:
8161:
7837:
7593:
6738:
6730:
6615:
6526:
6390:
6366:
5984:
While nominally a union of equals, in practice the Soviet Union was dominated by
5732:
5575:
5544:
5540:
5501:
5433:
5429:
5347:
5335:
5288:
5272:
5198:, and communist hardliners. On 19–21 August 1991, a group of hardliners staged a
5164:
4522:
4518:
4108:
3642:
3580:
3558:
3437:
3330:
3049:
3010:, which functioned from 1810 to 1917, was referred to as a Council of Ministers.
2944:
2791:, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused
2673:
2661:
2642:
2634:
2425:
2415:
2313:
1953:
1902:
773:
634:
599:
551:
527:
367:
327:
18590:
18372:"A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement"
17789:"75% of Russians Say Soviet Era Was 'Greatest Time' in Country's History – Poll"
17570:
16912:
15780:
15269:
Wrong Hand/Wrong Children: Education of Left Handed Children in the Soviet Union
15106:
Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936
14329:
13837:
12867:
Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart
12215:
von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics
10838:
10235:
10140:
10115:
8594:, with all other trends being severely repressed, with rare exceptions, such as
5663:
or anti-Stalinist activity or opinion. Stalin reversed himself in 1934 with the
25333:
25206:
24467:
24433:
24157:
24110:
23831:
23713:
23341:
22994:
22774:
22764:
22727:
22723:
22669:
22664:
22109:
21674:
21377:
20351:
20279:
19559:
19549:
19140:
18539:
16704:
Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).
16140:
16016:
15437:
15403:
15226:А. П. Чуприков, Е. А. Волков. // Мир леворуких. Киев. 2008.
15136:
14424:
12187:
after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."
9884:
9796:
9226:
9140:
9053:
8986:
8513:
8458:
8426:
prohibitions on a range of church activities, including meetings for organized
8153:
8051:
European Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ethnic Groups (Before 1939)
8024:
7964:
7952:
7846:
7814:
7496:
7234:
continued to exhibit population growth well above replacement-level fertility.
7222:
7137:
6967:
6763:
6538:
5748:
5687:
5660:
5650:
5485:
5473:
5425:
5355:
4819:
4624:. Covering a sixth of Earth's land surface, its size was comparable to that of
4452:
4404:
3666:
3658:
3602:
3547:
3314:
3300:
3269:
3030:
3003:
2910:
2657:
2598:
2405:
2343:
2085:
2078:
2068:
1702:
884:
503:
415:
372:
322:
19231:
18259:
18168:
17157:
14866:
13739:
13593:
12921:
The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939
12587:
Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day
10543:"Unsealed Soviet archives reveal cover-ups at Chernobyl plant before disaster"
9746:
with Japan (which was bordered to the south until 1945) and the United States.
8274:
7182:(blue) from 1961 to 2009 as well as projection (dotted blue) from 2010 to 2100
25461:
25440:
25345:
24854:
24593:
24184:
23973:
23931:
23321:
22925:
22865:
22679:
22513:
22189:
21943:
21699:
21610:
21489:
20743:
20212:
19144:
19111:
Presidents, Oligarchs and Bureaucrats: Forms of Rule in the Post-Soviet Space
18816:
18614:
18302:
18120:
17130:
16848:
16743:
15673:
14143:
12467:
12384:
12339:
12331:
11663:
11264:
10928:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/russia111698.htm
10764:
10585:
10473:
10379:
10338:
9317:
9307:
9297:
8962:
8945:
8933:
8795:
8747:
8606:
8478:, the state leadership clashed with the churches in 1958–1964, a period when
8446:
8438:
8012:
7898:
7789:
7661:
7614:
7580:
7530:
7478:
7428:
7199:
7157:
6907:
6844:
6594:
6530:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6394:
5782:
5728:
5664:
5571:
5556:
5525:
5221:
5191:
5105:
4839:
4762:
4758:
4645:
4625:
4463:
4350:
4046:
3734:
3684:
3371:
3341:
3165:
3110:) is the abbreviation of the Russian-language cognate of USSR, as written in
3071:
2871:
2685:
2503:
2430:
2410:
2318:
2090:
1838:
1753:
1235:
563:
515:
464:
444:
434:
277:
264:
17906:"Survey shows Ukrainians most negatively regard Stalin, Lenin and Gorbachev"
16133:"Johnson's Russia List #5141 - Why father of glasnost is despised in Russia"
14223:"U.S. Firms Must Trade Short-Term Gains for Long-Term Technology Planning".
13244:
The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives
12755:
Timmermann, Heinz (1985). "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy".
11515:
11189:Конститутион оф тхе Руссиян Федератион: витх комментариес анд интерпретатион
8403:
Orthodox Church, which the revolutionaries considered an ally of the former
7174:
5747:, the Soviet Union's priorities changed. Despite previous conflict with the
5697:, the USSR attempted to form an anti-Nazi alliance with France and Britain.
5369:
The Soviet Union signed legally-binding human rights documents, such as the
4982:. The institutions at lower levels were overseen and at times supplanted by
4489:
The Soviet Union emerged as one of the world's two superpowers, leading the
25221:
24206:
23573:
23467:
23359:
23019:
22393:
22278:
22194:
22063:
21605:
21359:
21242:
20095:
19916:
18949:
18255:
17749:[Nostalgia for the USSR] (in Russian). levada.ru. 19 December 2018.
17685:
17453:
17421:
17348:
17290:
17188:
17043:
16732:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics"
15788:
14106:
13331:
13135:
12343:
11708:
The Organs of Soviet Administration of Justice: Their History and Operation
10675:
10576:
9268:
9219:
Anarchists are also critical of the country, labeling the Soviet system as
9174:
9122:
9082:
9000:
The 1941–1945 period of World War II is still known in Russia as the '
8916:
8756:
8463:
8404:
8348:
8310:
in Leningrad was one of many notable church buildings destroyed during the
8290:
8184:
7873:
7699:
7666:
7648:
7632:
7598:
7546:
7512:
7444:
7410:
7394:
7355:
7339:
7032:
7021:
6963:
6891:
6848:
6794:
6650:
6563:
6436:
6338:
5820:
5803:
is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two
5794:
5790:
5786:
5778:
5736:
5706:
5698:
5668:
5548:
5315:
5280:
5260:
5226:
The judiciary was not independent of the other branches of government. The
4971:
4822:
was one of the places with major problems. Around the industrial cities of
4730:
4653:
4530:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4422:
3913:
3819:
3491:
3186:
3171:
2836:
2767:
in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the
2760:
1562:
1186:
778:
684:
397:
17821:
Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians
17618:
17366:
17333:"Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease"
16818:
16680:
Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping
14884:
13700:
13682:
12450:"Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War"
12038:
8164:
protection and free access to any health institutions in the USSR. Before
7016:, where test dogs were sent to space. On 12 April 1961, the USSR launched
5387:
5322:
as an arm of politics and courts as agencies of the government. Extensive
5096:) played an important role in Soviet politics. It was instrumental in the
4398:
2748:, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a
24416:
24223:
24100:
23866:
23346:
23331:
23175:
22890:
22841:
22811:
22442:
21923:
21908:
21555:
19958:
19920:
19912:
19534:
19518:
19432:
19374:
18808:
17125:
16481:
Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe
15850:
15549:
The Economics of Property Rights: Towards a Theory of Comparative Systems
15510:
14193:
MacFarland, Margo (3 May 1990). "Global Tech Strategies Brought to U.S".
14011:
13377:
12201:
or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."
11923:
11027:
Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika
10114:
Dewdney, John C.; Conquest, Robert; Pipes, Richard E.; McCauley, Martin.
9739:
9255:
9221:
9192:
such as anarchists are extremely critical of Soviet authoritarianism and
9158:
9024:(just as during the Soviet times). Additionally, the recently introduced
8907:
8779:
8651:
8624:
8576:
8396:
7996:
7984:
7796:
7627:
7541:
7187:
6899:
6895:
6828:
6779:
6758:
6607:
6597:
on the USSR was limited by fixed domestic prices and a state monopoly on
6358:
6350:
6334:
6300:
6296:
5804:
5560:
5532:
5421:
5331:
5284:
5159:
5117:
5104:, but was brought under strict party control after Stalin's death. Under
5101:
4855:
4847:
4823:
4785:
4777:
4738:
4585:
4545:
4475:
3990:
3891:
3873:
3851:
3839:
3261:
2969:), meaning 'council', 'assembly', 'advice', ultimately deriving from the
2843:
2831:
2768:
2725:
2709:
2328:
2207:
2058:
2048:
1833:
1707:
752:
722:
18846:
17045:
Russia and the Baltics: Poverty and Poverty Research in a Changing World
12850:
12494:
Expansion and coexistence: the history of Soviet foreign policy, 1917–73
9243:
also have a mixed opinion on the USSR, viewing it negatively during the
8246:
As the most widely spoken of the Soviet Union's many languages, Russian
8139:
7860:
was highly centralized and universally accessible to all citizens, with
6019:
5690:
worked very hard to form a closer relationship with France and Britain.
4854:, which was later confirmed by the Russian parliament. The crash of the
3082:. In addition, in the regional languages of several republics, the word
3021:. Although they were quickly suppressed by the Imperial army, after the
24445:
24105:
24095:
23993:
23443:
23419:
23150:
23009:
22999:
22962:
22895:
22870:
21433:
19948:
19268:
18641:
17103:
Challenging Late Capitalism, Neoliberal Globalization, & Militarism
16871:
16345:
15473:
14962:
14623:
14432:
13558:
12825:
British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918–1924
12810:
11598:
11555:
9258:
9106:
8978:
8970:
8929:
8388:
8372:
8195:
7948:
7940:
7682:
7218:
7092:
7036:
7025:
7009:
6916:
6903:
6726:
6558:
and enacting draconian labor legislation. Resources were mobilized for
6534:
5970:
5844:
5641:
5363:
5097:
5085:. While the state system was nominally federal, the party was unitary.
4931:
4912:(CPSU), the only legal party and the final policymaker in the country.
4629:
4502:
4408:
3632:
3038:
2847:
2800:
2749:
2610:
2232:
1907:
1748:
1675:
1590:
1548:
1520:
1506:
1492:
409:
23479:
19279:
19239:
19012:
Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence
18258:(October 1995). "Preface, and Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism".
17489:"Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union"
17185:
Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index
15055:
14934:
14007:
Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index
13747:
13203:
12908:
St.Petersburg and Moscow: Czarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974
12368:"Regional Perspectives on Human Rights: The USSR and Russia, Part One"
10846:
9155:, turning into a corrupt state in which the elite controlled society.
7907:
6453:
5008:
2994:
means 'councillor'. Some organizations in Russian history were called
2891:
many significant social and technological achievements and innovations
2053:
24090:
23988:
23978:
23697:
23388:
22910:
22826:
22801:
22796:
22432:
22295:
21464:
21395:
20168:
20163:
19985:
19878:
19708:
19369:
19273:
19016:
18763:
18740:
18669:
18574:
17385:
Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
16964:
Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
16810:
16172:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
15626:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
12984:
How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938–1939
12591:
12489:
12070:
A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev
10656:
10572:"Radiation high over Europe after Chernobyl disaster – archive, 1986"
9287:
9201:
9193:
9102:
8901:
7992:
7976:
7972:
7956:
7912:
7715:
7462:
7145:
7040:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6920:
6887:
6876:
6871:
6839:
6685:
6602:
6543:
6330:
5808:
5659:
was used to describe capitalist society in general and virtually any
5567:
5239:
4657:
4589:
4556:
in August 1991 against Gorbachev by hardline communists hastened the
4506:
4103:
3823:
3638:
2804:
2776:
2303:
1809:
1670:
1386:
1373:
18139:
17454:"Russian Demographics: The Role of the Collapse of the Soviet Union"
16862:
16843:
15701:
14505:
12802:
8551:
4596:
4529:, was marked by economic decline, political corruption, and a rigid
3150:
at the latest, abbreviating the Russian name of the Soviet Union as
2850:
movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to
24013:
24003:
23899:
23728:
21625:
20158:
19703:
19437:
19397:
19166:. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave.
18469:
17766:
17281:
17264:
16387:
Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR
16379:
16377:
15047:
14954:
14546:
14544:
14176:
Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society
10722:
10411:
10240:
9542:
was signed by the remaining 11 of 12 republics on 21 December 1991.
9262:
9161:
believe that the ascendancy of the Stalinist bureaucracy ensured a
8950:
8630:
8611:
8533:
8462:
religious faith after the German invasion, churches were reopened.
8392:
8384:
7936:
7878:
7743:
7457:
7379:
7121:
7096:
7017:
6986:
6756:
attempted to reform and revitalize the economy with his program of
6292:
5985:
5774:
5768:
4851:
4677:
4613:
4608:
4541:
4498:
4426:
4120:
4024:
3847:
3670:
3290:
3190:
3162:
as a Russian Cyrillic abbreviation is associated with the infamous
2825:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2756:
2741:
2202:
1897:
1230:
1190:
783:
242:
24028:
17523:
Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions
16477:
12871:
Burdens of a dictatorial past – challenges of a democratic present
11808:
History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
11472:
11147:
History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
10062:
8830:
8355:
had the highest number of adherents among the religious citizens.
6621:
5263:
in the Soviet Union were severely limited. The Soviet Union was a
24568:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
24450:
23693:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
23558:
23429:
22848:
22821:
22759:
22478:
22437:
21938:
20050:
19554:
17233:
Alexander, Catharine; Buchil, Victor; Humphrey, Caroline (2007).
16426:
15408:"The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union"
13178:"October 30, 1961 – The Tsar Bomba: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"
10547:
9699:
9556:
Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
9114:
9074:
8966:
8912:
8547:
The 'Enthusiast's March', a 1930s song famous in the Soviet Union
8479:
8411:
8322:
8256:
8235:
8143:
An early Soviet-era poster discouraging unsafe abortion practices
7923:
7731:
7710:
For the entirety of its existence, the most populous cities were
7609:
7525:
7439:
7350:
7053:
6712:
6638:
6590:
6586:
6569:
6317:
5672:
5671:
political, labor, and organizational forces that were opposed to
5507:
5391:
4983:
4827:
4722:
4633:
4509:
around the globe. The post-Stalin leadership, particularly under
3855:
2590:
1534:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1418:
459:
16374:
14556:
14541:
14529:
14517:
14446:
Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998).
12115:"Inquisitorial procedure (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
11305:
10942:"The Terrifying History of Russia's Nuclear Submarine Graveyard"
10930:|access-date=19 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post}}
8568:
who was shot for alleged conspiracy against the Bolsheviks, and
6811:
5731:
controlled all foreign relations of the Soviet Union during the
5597:
4455:
were marked by the implementation of socialist policies and the
25528:
Countries and territories where Russian is an official language
24059:
23998:
22247:
21714:
21506:
20471:
15702:
Chapter 2, par. "Nations and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe"
13479:
13017:"The Evolution of Stalin's Foreign Policy during World War Two"
12047:
9719:
9695:
9694:
As of 1989, the countries that bordered the Soviet Union were:
9604:[sɐˈjussɐˈvʲetskʲɪxsətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskʲɪxrʲɪˈspublʲɪk]
9342:
For names of the Soviet Union in other official languages, see
9240:
9021:
8664:
8341:
Major religious groups in the Soviet Union as published by the
8302:
7983:
ethnic groups were considered part of larger ones, such as the
7968:
7944:
7927:
7833:
7711:
7677:
7473:
7405:
7334:
7316:
6774:, and third during the second half of the 1980s, although on a
6322:
5676:
5074:
4831:
4754:
4742:
4688:
4684:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4637:
4621:
2875:
2874:, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the
2646:
1576:
1404:
1359:
256:
16581:"The Role of Sports in the Soviet Union | Guided History"
14897:
14269:"Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space"
8985:, who ruled the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, while viewing
8441:, but a 'government-sponsored program of forced conversion to
7116:
Transport was a vital component of the country's economy. The
5885:(SFSRs), all four being the founding republics who signed the
5302:
The Soviet conception of human rights was very different from
4552:, and the control of the Communist Party weakened. The failed
4447:, the Soviet Union quickly became a one-party state under the
2740:, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the
2696:
that led to significant economic growth, but contributed to a
23792:
21928:
21898:
20509:
19973:
19851:
19063:
A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin
18635:"The Soviet Economic Decline, Historical and Republican Data"
18049:
Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine
17850:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says"
17306:"Non-communicable Diseases and Former Soviet Union countries"
16420:
16383:
15804:"Dentistry in Russia is finally leaving the Dark Ages behind"
15506:
Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era
15267:
Daniela, Linda; Rubene, Zanda; Medne, Dace (23 August 2016).
15024:
Harris, Chauncy D. (1945). "The Cities of the Soviet Union".
14710:
13707:
13646:
13088:
Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law
11476:
Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law
11101:
10082:
10080:
9735:
9401:
and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (then the
9177:
that rose to power under Stalin's tutelage presided over the
8692:
Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
8684:
8368:
8352:
8330:
7960:
7751:
7643:
7575:
7559:
6702:
6585:
By the early 1940s, the Soviet economy had become relatively
5411:
5330:. The Soviet government in practice significantly curbed the
5246:, and defence attorney collaborate to "establish the truth".
4706:
4665:
4439:
The history of the Soviet Union began with the ideals of the
3835:
3321:
2705:
16703:
16017:
Silvio Ferrari; W. Cole Durham; Elizabeth A. Sewell (2003).
15152:"From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution"
14906:. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. p. 95.
13480:"Raskhody na oboronu i chislennost' vooruzhennykh sil SSSR"
12510:
The Communist Revolution: An Outline of Strategy and Tactics
10325:"Study Says Pollution in Arctic Could Originate From Soviet"
9399:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
9229:
after an initial alliance, the suppression of the anarchist
9135:
Criticism of communist party rule § Left-wing criticism
9097:
in Donetsk, 2014. The red banner reads, "Our homeland USSR".
9017:, and of a sense of self as citizen of a superpower state".
9008:
suffered by the military and civilians during the conflict,
6705:(the rate of capital increase was only surpassed by Japan).
6413:(ICBMs), deployed between 28 bases and 300 command centers.
5807:, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as
5667:
program that called on all Marxist parties to join with all
5366:... but to substantiate it and legitimize it in principle".
4946:
and Conferences. In turn, the Central Committee voted for a
22905:
21913:
21837:
21779:
20085:
19861:
19108:
17731:
15588:
15303:
Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934
14611:ДОРОГИ И ДВИЖЕНИЕ В СССР И ЦАРСКОЙ РОССИИ: ЧТО БЫ ПЕРЕНЯТЬ?
14423:
13967:
13931:
13838:"Human Development Report 1990 | Human Development Reports"
13800:
13764:
12998:
The Foreign Policy Of Soviet Russia (1929–1941), Volume Two
12943:
The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939
11353:
Soviet Union to Commonwealth: Transformation and Challenges
9774:
9723:
8616:
7780:
7735:
7723:
7507:
7491:
7423:
7369:
6370:
6369:. The OGPU later became independent and in 1934 joined the
5552:
4781:
4641:
2764:
21233:
18107:"The Immortal Regiment: the pride and prejudice of Russia"
17417:"Latvia provides no magic solution for indebted economies"
16430:
Religion, morality, and community in post-Soviet societies
14849:"Life Expectancy and Mortality Data from the Soviet Union"
14819:
Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union
13896:
13860:
10438:
Shahgedanova, Maria; Burt, Timothy P. (1 September 1994).
10077:
2708:
was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the
20745:
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
20070:
19890:
18077:
14483:
14481:
11516:
White, Stephen; J. Gill, Graeme; Slider, Darrell (1993).
10874:
9976:, Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 (
8771:
8622:
In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of
8359:
predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional
8342:
7066:
6610:. A portion of Soviet resources during the Cold War were
5319:
5089:
4797:
1247:
14831:
11520:
The Politics of Transition: Shaping a post-Soviet Future
10113:
8675:, winning eight gold medals, two silvers and one bronze.
8317:
8181:
19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
7000:
At the end of the 1950s, the USSR constructed the first
4691:, measuring over 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), or
2981:
18514:
Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985).
18019:
The Geopolitics of History in Latvian-Russian Relations
17232:
14624:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (8 June 2023).
14449:
Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century
14172:"Fallen Behind: Science, Technology and Soviet Statism"
14040:
12694:
12294:
Economic and Social Justice: A Human Rights Perspective
12066:
10407:"The Grim Pollution Picture in the Former Soviet Union"
10092:
9196:. Much of the criticism it receives is centered around
8738:
between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any
6397:
and submarines. In 1989, there served 500 000 men. The
5593:
International relations (1919–1939) § Soviet Union
5170:
Between 1988 and 1990, facing considerable opposition,
4768:
The country's highest mountain was Communism Peak (now
4501:. This period saw the USSR engage in an arms race, the
2835:. In late 1980s and early 1990s, most countries in the
2823:, sought to reform the country through his policies of
18465:"Noam Chomsky on Anarchism, Communism and Revolutions"
17072:"An epidemic of street kids overwhelms Russian cities"
16257:
Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West
16091:
Always Reforming: A History of Christianity Since 1300
15972:
15869:
15669:"Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union"
14788:
14587:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
14493:
14478:
13908:
13884:
13872:
13545:
Bergson, Abram (1997). "How Big was the Soviet GDP?".
13456:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
13326:
12631:
Communism in Transition: The End of the Soviet Empires
12562:
Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies
12542:
Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
10751:"Russians describe extensive dumping of nuclear waste"
10440:"New data on air pollution in the former Soviet Union"
9375:
had the right to declare their own regional languages.
7991:, who were classified with the linguistically related
5785:
and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the
5723:
Diplomatic history of World War II § Soviet Union
2724:. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the
23090:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
22722:
18005:
17819:
Rose, Richard; Mishler, William; Munro, Neil (2011).
17600:
Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism
17458:
Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences
16058:
16056:
16054:
16052:
15917:
15905:
15893:
14836:. Vol. 29. Population Studies. pp. 861–898.
13482:Расходы на оборону и численность вооруженных сил СССР
12540:"Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study,
12529:
The Comintern: The History of the Third International
12144:"totalitarianism | Definition, Examples, & Facts"
10184:
9664:
9637:
9593:
7070:
orbital station. It was built on the construction of
5963:
not recognized by most of the international community
3130:
in English. In addition, the Russian short form name
3065:
2720:
in the largest land invasion in history, opening the
1871:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
66:
23959:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
23287:
21425:
18495:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
18021:. Riga: Academic Press of the University of Latvia.
17880:"Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup"
16321:
16319:
16317:
15881:
15636:
14816:
14721:
Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union
14431:. NASA. January 1997. IS-1997-06-004JSC – via
8981:
respondents had a positive opinion of Soviet leader
5371:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
4407:, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the
2664:. The revolution was not accepted by all within the
2593:
from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the
992:
22,402,200 km (8,649,500 sq mi) (
16341:
Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union
16331:
16159:
The Russian Orthodox Church under the Soviet Regime
14716:
13613:
The Strange Death of Soviet communism: A Postscript
12109:
9208:as well as violence towards government critics and
8638:throughout the country in the media and the press.
8598:'s works. Many writers were imprisoned and killed.
7703:
Largest cities of the USSR close to its dissolution
7051:, flew in 1988, but without a human crew. Another,
6815:Soviet stamp depicting the 30th anniversary of the
5578:insisted on an independent program. Its newspaper,
4896:
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4807:in 1986 was the first major accident at a civilian
23062:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
18899:
18782:
18543:
17719:
16766:"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II"
16088:
16049:
15974:
15442:"More migrants please, especially the clever ones"
15266:
15187:"Why the Former USSR Has Far Fewer Men than Women"
14718:
14685:
12664:
12628:
11884:
11850:
11846:
11844:
11599:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984).
11556:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984).
11517:
11395:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower
11307:
11024:
10822:
10635:
8260:status as the official national language in 1990.
8123:Comparative Soviet Nationalities by Republic, 1989
7884:
6838:network of 82,000 kilometres (51,000 mi) for
6428:(1968). The Soviet Union also participated in the
4459:(NEP), which allowed for market-oriented reforms.
2974:
2044:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
23614:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
23166:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
18880:
17723:
16574:
16572:
16314:
16080:
15938:ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24 April 1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР
15666:
14932:
13409:
13407:
13405:
13403:
12873:] (in German). LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208.
11856:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3: Statesman
9047:
8683:as a sports organization of Soviet secret police
6614:to the Soviet-aligned states. The Soviet Union's
6393:, it expanded significantly. It became known for
5997:Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991
5490:Moscow State Institute of International Relations
5111:
2617:, the largest and most populous of which was the
25459:
23509:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
20159:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
18904:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 157–183.
18823:
18666:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925
18581:
18513:
18121:"U.S. & Russian Holidays in 2022 & 2023"
17936:"What Should Russia be in the View of Russians?"
17818:
17715:
17517:
16337:
16086:
16068:
14904:Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s
14562:
14550:
14535:
14523:
14511:
13606:
13204:"Принят закон "О всеобщей воинской обязанности""
12579:
12577:
12575:
11995:
11704:
10437:
9571:Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards.
9450:As General Secretary of the Communist Party and
9125:have in a general a positive remembrance of it.
8679:In summer of 1923 in Moscow was established the
7730:). At its inception, the Top 5 was completed by
4705:circumferences of Earth. Two-thirds of it was a
4241:
3934:
2889:During its existence, the Soviet Union produced
18625:
18503:Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union
17160:. Transparency International. 3 December 2014.
16772:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 138.
15760:
15372:
15220:
14933:Clayton, Elizabeth; Richardson, Thomas (1989).
14387:
14385:
13713:
13652:
13236:
13234:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13226:
13220:, University of California Press (1990), p. 131
13121:
12441:
11841:
11801:
11737:
11391:
11224:
11192:. Brunswick Publishing Corp. 1994. p. 82.
11140:
9988:
9986:
9772:
9742:to the southeast. The Soviet Union also shared
9487:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
9250:After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the
8367:. About 90% of the Soviet Union's Muslims were
6898:. The Soviet government opposed and persecuted
6589:; for most of the period until the creation of
5539:alliance formed in 1955 among the USSR and its
4976:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
2903:largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world
68:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
18885:. Wydawnictwo "Bernardinum. pp. 134–143.
18499:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
18006:Ločmele, K.; Procevska, O.; Zelče, V. (2011).
17973:"Why do so many people miss the Soviet Union?"
17584:, 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
16569:
16459:
16023:. Peeters Pub & Booksellers. p. 261.
15436:
15402:
14916:
13579:
13544:
13400:
11952:
11916:
11882:
11662:
11310:The Theory, Law, and Policy of Soviet Treaties
9906:
9862:
9828:
9822:
9595:Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
8648:Voluntary Sports Societies of the Soviet Union
8075:Ethnic composition of the Soviet Union in 1949
7979:and 4.1% were of other various ethnic groups.
7064:In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union built the
6797:, and the 25th in the world of 130 countries.
6697:after 1970, the growth, while still positive,
6345:Under the Military Law of September 1925, the
5580:For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy!
5510:, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (
4950:(called the Presidium between 1952 and 1966),
2795:. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded
25478:States and territories disestablished in 1991
24044:
23822:Election denial movement in the United States
22708:
22263:
21449:
21219:
20729:
20495:
19295:
18902:Poverty, Politics and the Poverty of Politics
17411:
16478:McKay, George; Williams, Christopher (2009).
16384:Nahaylo, Bohdan & Victor Swoboda (1990).
15968:
15966:
15964:
15832:
14644:
13287:The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953
12572:
11349:
11022:
10983:
10636:Baverstock, Keith; Williams, Dillwyn (2006).
10293:"The Former Soviet Union: Physical Geography"
10236:"How Soviet pollution destroyed the Aral Sea"
9652:
9625:
9581:
9151:generally view the USSR as failing to create
8099:Map of the ethnic groups living in USSR, 1970
7178:Population of the Soviet Union (red) and the
5586:
5519:
5488:(1909–1989). Intellectuals were based in the
4368:
3157:
3151:
3137:
3131:
3121:
3115:
3101:
3053:
2960:
2755:Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the
2554:
1006:2,767,198 km (1,068,421 sq mi)
183:
146:
124:
60:
19164:Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution
19087:Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R
18462:
17967:
17965:
17963:
17961:
17330:
16997:
16995:
16993:
16900:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
16427:Mark D. Steinberg; Catherine Wanner (2008).
16247:
16010:
15766:
15017:
14753:War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century
14382:
13223:
12676:
10056:
10054:
9983:
9949:"Language Policy in the former Soviet Union"
9812:
9441:As General Secretary of the Communist Party.
7864:for applicants from nations associated with
3163:
3078:and did not change to the other order until
23042:
20472:Administrative division of the Soviet Union
18908:
18517:Soviet and East European Transport Problems
16471:
15833:Ferber, Irwin; Bedrick, Anthony E. (1979).
15502:
14749:
14651:. Cambridge University Press. p. 167.
13494:
13492:
13085:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993).
12923:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 52–53.
12733:
12411:Teoria dowodów sądowych w prawie radzieckim
12273:Boston University International Law Journal
12049:УКАЗ: ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ О МИНИСТЕРСТВЕ ЮСТИЦИИ СССР
11473:Joseph Marie Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1993).
11306:F. Triska, Jan; Slusser, Robert M. (1962).
11062:
10607:"Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident"
10086:
9892:
9467:and de facto President of the Soviet Union.
9355:The original lyrics used from 1944 to 1956
9283:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)
8660:Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team
7258:Largest cities or towns in the Soviet Union
7061:, which is the most powerful in the world.
6333:in Europe when NATO responded by deploying
5850:
5843:and technological competitions such as the
5712:
2783:, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of
25473:States and territories established in 1922
24051:
24037:
23494:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
22715:
22701:
22270:
22256:
21456:
21442:
21226:
21212:
20736:
20722:
20502:
20488:
19302:
19288:
19205:
19131:
18191:
16723:
15961:
15539:
15472:
14997:Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966
14802:] (in Russian). Vol. 24. Moscow:
14756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
14192:
13927:
13925:
13923:
13725:
13527:
13525:
13084:
12754:
12620:
12217:. Springer. 19 November 2013. p. 65.
11356:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 81.
11263:
10488:"Chernobyl disaster facts and information"
10214:
9432:As First Secretary of the Communist Party.
9109:have a negative view of the Soviet Union.
8833:. Please do not remove this message until
8742:(IIHF) tournament in which they competed.
8087:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970
8063:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1941
6882:The Soviet Union placed great emphasis on
6861:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
6819:, published in 1987, a year following the
5464:. Operations were handled by the separate
4938:At the top of the Communist Party was the
4885:
4375:
4361:
3200:. This name is still commonly used today.
2633:with overwhelming Russian influence. As a
2561:
2547:
19184:The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union
18845:
18663:
18211:
18166:
17958:
17639:
17356:
17331:Wharton, Melinda; Vitek, Charles (1998).
17280:
17247:
16990:
16861:
16683:. University of Texas Press. p. 66.
16020:Law and religion in post-communist Europe
15801:
15273:European Educational Research Association
14874:
13690:
12407:
12326:
12324:
12322:
11387:
11385:
11108:. Harvard University Press. p. 486.
11069:. Princeton University Press. p. 5.
10974:. 2nd ed. London – N.Y.: Routledge, 1998.
10870:"Russia's 'slow-motion Chernobyl' at sea"
10665:
10655:
10366:"The Union of Soviet Socialist Pollution"
10051:
9583:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
9465:State Committee on the State of Emergency
8853:Learn how and when to remove this message
8755:, after another Eastern bloc nation, the
8555:Soviet singer-songwriter, poet and actor
7895:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
7779:, the first woman in space, visiting the
6854:
6729:data, the Soviet model provided a better
5929:being elevated to Union Republics, while
5684:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
5410:1974 for friendship between the USSR and
4958:(First Secretary from 1953 to 1966), the
3067:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Respublik Evropy i Azii
3043:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic
62:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
23847:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
22414:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
21463:
18938:
18854:
18194:"'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union"
17847:
17741:
17739:
17451:
17262:
17150:
17001:
16642:
16609:
16537:
15835:"Dental survey of 620 Soviet immigrants"
15545:
14993:
14989:
14987:
14939:Economic Development and Cultural Change
13664:
13489:
13283:
13218:Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921
13015:Strachan, Frederick (23 November 2011).
13014:
12857:
12583:
12269:
11228:The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party
11102:Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979).
10966:
10964:
10404:
10098:
9414:As chairman of the Council of Ministers.
9128:
9088:
9065:
8906:
8864:
8829:Relevant discussion may be found on the
8720:six of its nine appearances at the games
8663:
8550:
8537:
8336:
8316:
8301:
8289:
8273:
8138:
7918:
7906:
7813:
7771:
7698:
7173:
7102:
7091:
6985:
6957:
6870:
6810:
6707:
6679:
6620:
6568:
6452:
6430:war in Afghanistan between 1979 and 1989
6316:
5596:
5443:
5416:
5401:
5386:
5121:
5007:
4925:
4652:to the south, and, except some areas in
4607:
4595:
4579:
2925:), military and economic strengths, and
1036:
24704:Collective Security Treaty Organization
23646:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
19309:
19057:
19033:
18992:
18780:
18686:
18613:
18325:
18278:from the original on 17 December 2002.
18137:
18125:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia
18040:
17814:
17812:
17810:
17791:. Moscow. 20 March 2020. Archived from
17727:
17711:
17593:
17415:; Sommers, Jeffrey (20 December 2010).
17379:
16956:
16938:"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe"
16892:
16670:
16433:. Indiana University Press. p. 6.
16305:
16253:
15062:
14683:
14574:
14391:
14207:
13920:
13522:
13443:
13240:
12863:
12788:
12534:
11956:The Naval Institute Guide to the Soviet
11781:"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics".
11642:"The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era".
10715:
10688:
10569:
10363:
10218:
10210:
10202:
10190:
8298:in Moscow during its demolition in 1931
8111:Ethnic Groups in the Soviet Union, 1979
5758:
5739:'s war machine and the outbreak of the
5154:, did not limit state power. No formal
3185:a multinational federal state, but the
14:
25460:
23773:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
23564:Soviet influence on the peace movement
23161:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
22518:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
21235:Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
19328:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
19180:
18918:A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism
18538:
18254:
18046:
17201:
16844:"The USSR: Oligarchy or Dictatorship?"
16841:
16804:
16763:
16528:by Donald Rayfield, 2004, Random House
15923:
15911:
15899:
15887:
15875:
15654:
15642:
15023:
14677:
14499:
14487:
14210:Business Journal of the Treasure Coast
14088:from the original on 15 September 2017
13914:
13902:
13890:
13878:
13866:
13388:from the original on 27 September 2006
13320:
12995:
12836:
12506:
12447:
12416:Theory of Court Evidence in Soviet Law
12319:
12290:
12284:
11524:. Cambridge University Press. p.
11416:from the original on 10 September 2015
11382:
10895:
10789:
10716:Lavelle, Marianne (10 December 2021).
10166:"The causes of the October Revolution"
10109:
10107:
10027:HDRO (Human Development Report Office)
9293:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
8445:' was conducted under the doctrine of
7761:
6843:relied on fossil fuel exports to earn
6556:forced collectivization of agriculture
5889:in December 1922. In 1924, during the
5861:Soviet republic (system of government)
3156:has been taboo, the reason being that
3055:Союз Советских Республик Европы и Азии
2895:had the world's second-largest economy
2096:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1686:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
24262:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
24032:
23920:
23498:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
23286:
23199:
23107:
23041:
22738:
22696:
22484:1949 East German State Railway strike
22456:World Federation of Democratic Youth
22251:
21437:
21424:
21207:
20717:
20483:
20470:
19283:
19161:
19083:
18860:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
18807:
18568:
18291:
17886:from the original on 11 November 2020
17736:
17303:
17250:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian
17182:
16217:from the original on 16 February 2019
16074:
16062:
15724:
15149:
14984:
14926:
14770:from the original on 4 September 2015
14750:Winter, Jay; Sivan, Emmanuel (2000).
14466:from the original on 16 November 2020
14392:Harland, David M. (28 January 2020).
14370:from the original on 27 November 2021
14340:from the original on 23 December 2021
14310:from the original on 25 February 2021
14279:from the original on 23 November 2021
14249:from the original on 27 November 2021
14070:
14003:
13131:The Great Big Book of Horrible Things
13127:
13045:
13027:from the original on 13 February 2022
12700:
12670:
12626:
12559:
12330:
12124:from the original on 22 December 2010
12020:from the original on 4 September 2015
11999:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
11977:from the original on 4 September 2015
11270:Leadership change in Communist states
10961:
10939:
10908:from the original on 19 November 2023
10771:from the original on 19 November 2023
10748:
10617:from the original on 25 February 2018
10405:Sahakyan, Armine (19 February 2016).
10345:from the original on 19 November 2023
10222:
10206:
10060:
9673:
9602:
8728:Soviet Union national ice hockey team
8587:'s best work dates from this period.
7821:at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR
7722:), with the third far place taken by
7160:was one of the largest in the world.
5941:was formed from parts of Ukraine and
5755:dropped his post war border demands.
5735:. Despite the increasing build-up of
5460:, or by the party's highest body the
5383:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
5287:, independent churches or opposition
2840:overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes
2817:first probe to land on another planet
1998:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
25401:Unified Sports Classification System
22355:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan
19008:
18966:
18732:
18707:
18463:Polychroniou, C. J. (17 July 2016).
18384:from the original on 31 January 2016
18352:from the original on 5 November 2020
18167:Zinchenko, A. V. (26 October 2003).
17916:from the original on 8 November 2020
17807:
17781:
17760:Maza, Christina (19 December 2018).
17759:
17693:from the original on 28 January 2021
17429:from the original on 25 October 2017
17312:from the original on 11 October 2016
17164:from the original on 2 December 2015
17138:from the original on 8 December 2015
17100:
17052:from the original on 23 January 2017
16893:Tetlock, Philip E. (December 1985).
16786:from the original on 2 February 2021
16729:
16676:
16612:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro"
16591:from the original on 22 October 2014
16465:
16325:
16143:on 20 January 2012 – via CDI.
16130:
15754:
15742:
15730:
15582:
15454:from the original on 4 February 2012
15418:from the original on 7 December 2015
15279:from the original on 13 October 2017
14917:Krimins, Juris (3–7 December 1990).
14846:
14782:
14725:. Harvard University Press. p.
14692:. Harvard University Press. p.
14404:from the original on 1 February 2021
14169:
13961:
13848:from the original on 19 October 2016
13782:from the original on 9 November 2015
12939:
12488:
10867:
10386:from the original on 15 January 2024
10290:
10158:
10039:from the original on 7 February 2019
10030:United Nations Development Programme
8803:
7008:, which marked the beginning of the
6313:Military history of the Soviet Union
5521:Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi
5376:
4904:, the government represented by the
4521:. However, the subsequent era under
2656:of 1917. The new government, led by
2652:The Soviet Union's roots lay in the
126:Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!
27:Country spanning Eurasia (1922–1991)
25523:Historical transcontinental empires
24058:
23768:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
22978:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
19260:Wikimedia Atlas of the Soviet Union
18785:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police
18757:
18434:"JCP struggling to become relevant"
18236:from the original on 18 August 2021
18144:(thesis/docmono). Lund University.
17860:from the original on 3 October 2020
17158:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014"
17082:from the original on 28 August 2016
17041:
16807:A Short History Of Soviet Socialism
16730:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016).
16191:from the original on 2 January 2019
15667:Hosking, Geoffrey (13 March 2006).
15606:from the original on 4 October 2010
15333:
15235:
15184:
14832:Vallin, J.; Chesnais, J.C. (1970).
14297:
14052:Library of Congress Country Studies
13818:from the original on 19 August 2010
13634:from the original on 19 August 2020
13504:Library of Congress Country Studies
13419:Library of Congress Country Studies
12608:from the original on 1 January 2016
12056:from the original on 25 April 2013.
11928:Library of Congress Country Studies
11860:Pennsylvania State University Press
11602:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era
11559:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era
11440:. Ardent Media. 2001. p. 441.
10749:Broad, William J. (27 April 1993).
10104:
10012:
8740:International Ice Hockey Federation
8681:Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"
8671:represented the Soviet Union at 11
8483:from 1,500 to 500 within a decade.
7742:), but, by the end of the century,
6411:intercontinental ballistic missiles
6309:Lists of Heroes of the Soviet Union
5901:were formed from parts of Russia's
5458:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4922:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4910:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2819:. In 1985, the last Soviet leader,
2645:. Its capital and largest city was
2639:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2575:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
55:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
24:
24699:Commonwealth of Independent States
23239:Misinformation related to abortion
22577:Sovietization of the Baltic states
18995:Socioeconomic inequality in Russia
18689:Social Policy & Administration
18621:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
18192:Howard, M. C.; King, J.E. (2001).
18148:from the original on 24 April 2022
18138:Dietsch, Johan (26 October 2006).
17535:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001
17486:
17468:from the original on 6 August 2016
16919:from the original on 24 April 2022
16842:Wesson, Robert G. (26 June 1972).
16835:
16805:Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003).
16578:
16274:from the original on 14 March 2017
15857:from the original on 24 April 2022
15340:. Ardent Media. pp. 300–301.
15199:from the original on 28 March 2019
15150:Figes, Orlando (25 October 2017).
15079:. 19 February 2018. Archived from
15003:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
14688:Russia and the Russians: a history
14136:
13358:from the original on 21 March 2021
13308:from the original on 21 March 2021
13184:from the original on 19 March 2016
13052:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 21.
10990:. Ardent Media. pp. 193–194.
10896:Tiwari, Sakshi (10 October 2023).
10364:Mathews, Jessica (22 March 1991).
10271:"Russia" – Encyclopædia Britannica
10255:
9959:. 19 November 2002. Archived from
9344:Official names of the Soviet Union
9095:Ukrainian decommunization policies
8437:The Soviet Union was officially a
8039:Ethnographic map of the USSR, 1930
7783:confectionery, Ukrainian SSR, 1967
6875:Soviet stamp showing the orbit of
6817:International Atomic Energy Agency
6581:power stations in the Soviet Union
5887:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
5209:
5196:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
5194:and controlling the newly elected
5018:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
4915:
4902:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
4248:
3126:) which essentially translates to
2939:Official names of the Soviet Union
2897:and largest standing military. An
2609:. It was nominally organized as a
2218:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
1764:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
305:Recognised regional languages
25:
25539:
23456:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
23069:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
22448:World Federation of Trade Unions
19248:
18651:from the original on 1 March 2011
18546:The Languages of the Soviet Union
17946:from the original on 5 March 2022
17571:Privatisation 'raised death rate'
17521:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021).
16447:from the original on 17 June 2020
16037:from the original on 22 June 2020
15814:from the original on 5 April 2021
15570:from the original on 17 June 2020
15484:from the original on 16 June 2017
14665:from the original on 17 June 2020
14426:NASA FACTS/Russian Space Stations
14330:"The Soviet Manned Lunar Program"
13671:American Journal of Public Health
13425:from the original on 9 March 2017
12964:from the original on 17 June 2020
12336:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime
11934:from the original on 23 June 2011
10643:Environmental Health Perspectives
10000:from the original on 12 June 2018
8702:formed on 21 April 1951, and the
8530:Printed media in the Soviet Union
8496:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
7795:By 1917, Russia became the first
7078:atmosphere where it burned down.
6915:. The Soviet Union also had more
6807:Energy policy of the Soviet Union
6764:reduced petroleum export revenues
6722:American Journal of Public Health
6363:Joint State Political Directorate
5905:and two Soviet dependencies, the
5204:State Council of the Soviet Union
4262:
2980:('to inform'), related to Slavic
25508:Former countries in Central Asia
24009:United States Information Agency
23288:Operations and events by country
22665:January 1991 events in Lithuania
22323:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
22277:
21426:Articles related to Soviet Union
20451:
20450:
20438:
19254:
18736:Soviet Society under Perestroika
18701:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00834.x
18456:
18426:
18396:
18364:
18319:
18285:
18248:
18185:
18160:
18131:
18113:
18099:
18085:
18065:
18028:from the original on 2 July 2021
17999:
17985:
17928:
17898:
17872:
17848:Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019).
17841:
17753:
17705:
17673:
17633:
17587:
17564:
17551:
17511:
17480:
17445:
17405:
17373:
17324:
17297:
17256:
17241:
17226:
17195:
17176:
17118:
17109:
17094:
17064:
17035:
16950:
16931:
16886:
16798:
16757:
16697:
16622:
16610:Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974).
16603:
16543:
16531:
16514:
16502:from the original on 12 May 2015
16408:from the original on 12 May 2015
16362:from the original on 12 May 2015
16299:
16290:
16238:
16229:
16203:
16177:
16164:
16151:
16124:
15929:
15826:
15795:
15748:
15736:
15694:
15660:
15648:
15618:
15527:from the original on 12 May 2015
15496:
15466:
15430:
15396:
15366:
15354:from the original on 12 May 2015
15327:
15291:
15260:
15229:
15211:
15178:
15143:
15128:
15115:
15098:
14910:
14891:
14840:
14825:
14810:
14743:
14638:
14617:
14603:
14568:
14439:
14416:
14360:"Energia, Soviet Launch Vehicle"
14352:
14322:
14298:Das, Saswato R. (16 July 2009).
14291:
14261:
14231:
14216:
14201:
14186:
14163:
14151:from the original on 28 May 2021
14130:
14100:
14028:from the original on 12 May 2015
13997:
13830:
13794:
13758:
13719:
13658:
13600:
13573:
13538:
13472:
13437:
13370:
13277:
13265:from the original on 12 May 2015
13210:
13196:
13170:
13161:
13152:
13109:from the original on 12 May 2015
13078:
13066:from the original on 12 May 2015
13039:
13008:
12989:
12976:
12933:
12913:
12900:
12887:
12830:
12817:
12782:
12769:
12758:Studies in Comparative Communism
12748:
12727:
12706:
12553:
12521:
12500:
12482:
12401:
12378:
12360:
12091:from the original on 12 May 2015
12067:Vincent Daniels, Robert (1993).
11829:from the original on 11 May 2011
11762:from the original on 12 May 2015
11741:Lenin and the Russian Revolution
11719:from the original on 12 May 2015
11686:from the original on 12 May 2015
11623:from the original on 12 May 2015
11580:from the original on 12 May 2015
11497:from the original on 12 May 2015
11454:from the original on 12 May 2015
11370:from the original on 12 May 2015
11287:from the original on 12 May 2015
11245:from the original on 12 May 2015
11206:from the original on 12 May 2015
11168:from the original on 11 May 2011
11122:from the original on 12 May 2015
11105:How the Soviet Union is Governed
11083:from the original on 12 May 2015
11066:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant
11004:from the original on 12 May 2015
10689:Kireeva, Anna (4 January 2021).
10067:. In Rines, George Edwin (ed.).
8808:
8766:According to British journalist
8526:Broadcasting in the Soviet Union
8308:Saviour Church on Sennaya Square
8150:People's Commissariat for Health
8116:
8104:
8092:
8080:
8068:
8056:
8044:
8032:
7868:. However, as part of a general
7373:
7363:
7320:
7310:
7170:Demographics of the Soviet Union
6943:
6834:In 1991, the Soviet Union had a
6265:
6247:
6229:
6211:
6193:
6175:
6157:
6139:
6121:
6103:
6085:
6067:
6049:
6031:
6018:
6006:
5961:and turned into SSRs, which was
5877:(SSRs), or federations, such as
5857:Subdivisions of the Soviet Union
5516:Совет Экономической Взаимопомощи
5256:Human rights in the Soviet Union
5185:Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
4616:. (See status in 1989 and 2014.)
4415:
4397:
4344:
3238:
2905:. As an Allied nation, it was a
2797:its efforts in space exploration
2530:
2282:End of communist rule in Hungary
2228:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
1654:
1609:
1595:
1581:
1567:
1553:
1539:
1525:
1511:
1497:
1483:
1469:
1455:
1441:
1423:
1409:
1395:
1366:
1352:
1334:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1274:
1035:
235:
195:
191:State Anthem of the Soviet Union
157:
102:
86:
23609:Information war against Ukraine
23156:International Jewish conspiracy
23124:Congo Free State propaganda war
22389:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
18488:
16710:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
16308:A Short History of Christianity
16131:York, Geoffrey (9 March 2001).
15973:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004).
15945:. 24 April 1990. Archived from
15681:from the original on 1 May 2011
15554:Springer Science+Business Media
14170:Chan, Chi Ling (11 June 2015).
13937:"Soviet Union – Communications"
13665:Cereseto, Shirley (June 1986).
12263:
12234:
12207:
12192:
12161:
12136:
12103:
12075:University Press of New England
12060:
12032:
11989:
11946:
11887:A–Z of modern Europe since 1789
11876:
11795:
11774:
11731:
11698:
11656:
11635:
11592:
11549:
11509:
11466:
11428:
11343:
11299:
11257:
11218:
11180:
11134:
11095:
11056:
11016:
10977:
10940:Graff, Cory (17 January 2021).
10933:
10920:
10889:
10868:Luhn, Alec (1 September 2020).
10861:
10816:
10790:Raymer, Steve (15 March 1992).
10783:
10742:
10709:
10697:. Translated by Digges, Charles
10682:
10629:
10599:
10570:Simmons, Michael (3 May 2021).
10563:
10535:
10510:
10480:
10431:
10398:
10357:
10317:
10284:
10264:
10228:
10133:
10020:"Human Development Report 1990"
9967:
9758:
9749:
9688:
9645:
9618:
9574:
9565:
9545:
9532:
9523:
9514:
9505:
9492:
9479:
9470:
9457:
9444:
9435:
8942:dissolution of the Soviet Union
8776:International Olympic Committee
8706:recognized the new body in its
8296:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
8135:Health care in the Soviet Union
7885:Nationalities and ethnic groups
7163:
6867:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
6772:the second-largest in the world
6653:rather than in physical goods.
5693:In 1939, half a year after the
5249:
5088:The state security police (the
5040:. The Supreme Soviet elected a
4992:factions were officially banned
4793:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4468:collectivization of agriculture
4256:Not internationally recognized.
2919:United Nations Security Council
2868:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2299:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1866:Occupation of the Baltic states
23921:
23837:Information Operations Roadmap
23747:Psychological Warfare Division
23317:Chinese information operations
23266:Water fluoridation controversy
21962:Azerbaijan People's Government
21192:Autonomous Republic since 1934
21187:Autonomous Republic since 1925
21182:Autonomous Republic since 1923
21177:Autonomous Republic since 1920
19092:University of California Press
18993:Russell, Martin (April 2018).
18760:Lenin and Revolutionary Russia
18711:World Christianity and Marxism
18440:. 16 July 2012. Archived from
18222:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360
18093:"Victory Parade on Red Square"
17993:"The Fall of the Soviet Union"
17720:Ovcharova & Biryukova 2018
17269:Journal of Infectious Diseases
17235:Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia
16260:. Intercultural Publications.
15977:Daily life in the Soviet Union
15943:Government of the Soviet Union
15503:Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990).
15185:Gao, George (14 August 2015).
14804:State Committee for Publishing
14794:Большая советская энциклопедия
14563:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985
14551:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985
14536:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985
14524:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985
14512:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985
11669:Soviet Politics in Perspective
10972:Soviet Politics in Perspective
9941:
9863:
9800:
9426:
9417:
9408:
9391:
9386:Council of People's Commissars
9378:
9362:
9349:
9336:
9048:In the former Soviet republics
9034:Defender of the Fatherland Day
8800:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union
8673:Ice Hockey World Championships
8423:Council of People's Commissars
8225:Reforms of Russian orthography
7198:that was triggered by Lenin's
5112:Separation of power and reform
5062:Council of People's Commissars
5004:Government of the Soviet Union
4628:. Two other successor states,
4250:
3714:General Secretariat of Ukraine
3027:Russian Provisional Government
2118:Mozambican War of Independence
1815:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933
477:Government of the Soviet Union
13:
1:
25503:Former countries in West Asia
24609:Political abuse of psychiatry
23944:Active Measures Working Group
23602:during the Russo-Georgian War
23569:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
22670:January 1991 events in Latvia
22660:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
22409:Socialist Republic of Romania
22384:People's Republic of Bulgaria
22376:People's Republic of Albania
22345:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
20511:Republics of the Soviet Union
19991:Political abuse of psychiatry
19783:Congress of People's Deputies
19274:A Country Study: Soviet Union
18838:10.1080/14631377.2019.1607440
17724:Michalski & Hlynskyy 2009
17659:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402
14935:"Soviet Control of City Size"
14847:Ryan, Michael (28 May 1988).
14817:Anderson, Barbara A. (1990).
14684:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2001).
14578:A Study of the Soviet Economy
13447:A Study of the Soviet Economy
13415:"Reconstruction and Cold War"
13378:"Reconstruction and Cold War"
13167:Scott and Scott (1979) p. 305
12507:Fisher, Harold Henry (1955).
12119:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
11961:United States Naval Institute
11789:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
11231:. Routledge. pp. 31–32.
10494:. 17 May 2019. Archived from
10032:. January 1990. p. 111.
9934:
9452:President of the Soviet Union
9204:present in the USSR and mass
9198:massacres in the Soviet Union
9173:noted that the generation of
9030:retains other Soviet holidays
8252:язык межнационального общения
8221:Languages of the Soviet Union
7810:Education in the Soviet Union
7144:remained underdeveloped, and
7099:'s flag during the Soviet era
7088:Transport in the Soviet Union
6888:world's first space satellite
6778:basis, it was behind that of
6458:
6435:In the Soviet Union, general
5865:Republics of the Soviet Union
5328:Soviet secret police agencies
5230:supervised the lower courts (
5181:President of the Soviet Union
5176:Congress of People's Deputies
4997:
4570:Geography of the Soviet Union
4264:
3482:Great Stand on the Ugra River
2793:tensions with Communist China
2722:Eastern Front of World War II
2603:borders with twelve countries
2177:Death and funeral of Brezhnev
44:Soviet Union (disambiguation)
25254:Traditions and superstitions
23827:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
23504:Fake news in the Philippines
23108:
22876:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
22655:Collapse of the Soviet Union
22645:Fall of communism in Albania
20702:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR
19265:Impressions of Soviet Russia
19090:. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
18507:Bibliography of the Cold War
18326:Berkman, Alexander (2006) .
17995:. Levada.ru. 9 January 2017.
17882:. Gallup. 19 December 2013.
17716:Libman & Obydenkova 2019
17337:Emerging Infectious Diseases
16947:, BBC News, 11 October 2000.
14717:Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006).
14139:"Stamping Out Science, 1948"
13547:Comparative Economic Studies
11924:"Gorbachev's Reform Dilemma"
10466:10.1016/0959-3780(94)90003-5
10281:. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.
9675:[sɐˈvʲetskʲɪjsɐˈjus]
8870:World War II military deaths
8656:Soviet Union at the Olympics
8270:Religion in the Soviet Union
8205:
7803:
7081:
5727:Up until his death in 1953,
5126:Nationalist anti-government
4892:Politics of the Soviet Union
4761:separated the USSR from the
4602:Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast
4563:
2932:
2698:famine between 1930 and 1933
2688:came to power, inaugurating
2678:merged into the Soviet Union
2672:. The RSFSR and subordinate
1983:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1978:1956 Georgian demonstrations
1939:East German uprising of 1953
1881:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
241:The Soviet Union during the
132:Workers of the world, unite!
7:
24920:Water supply and sanitation
23954:Counter Misinformation Team
23949:Counter disinformation unit
23399:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
22886:Forgery as covert operation
22630:End of communism in Hungary
22399:Hungarian People's Republic
22002:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
20154:Academy of Medical Sciences
18733:Lane, David Stuart (1992).
18199:History of Economics Review
17210:University of Chicago Press
16913:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1565
16764:Duiker, William J. (2015).
16137:The Globe and Mail (Canada)
15781:10.1080/0032472031000141296
15590:Central Intelligence Agency
15546:Pejovich, Svetozar (1990).
15160:National Geographic Society
14947:University of Chicago Press
14583:International Monetary Fund
14004:Hardt, John Pearce (2003).
13969:Central Intelligence Agency
13933:Central Intelligence Agency
13802:Central Intelligence Agency
13766:Central Intelligence Agency
13714:Fischer & Easterly 1994
13653:Fischer & Easterly 1994
13452:International Monetary Fund
13292:Manchester University Press
13093:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
12940:Shaw, Louise Grace (2003).
12897:(2nd ed. 1999) pp. 148–188.
12737:Journal of Cold War Studies
12455:Journal of Cold War Studies
12408:Wyszyński, Andrzej (1949).
12391:Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
11481:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
11400:Penn State University Press
10839:10.1080/0966813022000025862
10445:Global Environmental Change
9907:
9893:
9829:
9813:
9773:
9665:
9638:
9594:
9303:Orphans in the Soviet Union
9275:
8919:, the first human in space.
8835:conditions to do so are met
8522:Fashion in the Soviet Union
8508:Culture of the Soviet Union
8468:Patriarch Sergius of Moscow
8451:League of Militant Atheists
8263:
8214:
7694:
6785:In 1990, the country had a
6665:were state-funded, such as
6525:The Soviet Union adopted a
6449:Economy of the Soviet Union
6280:
5959:annexed by the Soviet Union
5825:nuclear arsenal development
5520:
5466:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5436:speaking informally at the
5202:. The coup failed, and the
5142:, which was promulgated in
5046:Central Executive Committee
4984:primary party organizations
3778:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
3210:History of the Soviet Union
3138:
3122:
3066:
3023:February Revolution of 1917
2961:
2732:, which accounted for most
2607:third-most populous country
2108:Angolan War of Independence
1965:"On the Cult of Personality
1918:Death and funeral of Stalin
1648:History of the Soviet Union
67:
10:
25544:
25518:Former socialist republics
25498:Former countries in Europe
23964:The Disinformation Project
23394:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
22750:Algorithmic radicalization
22394:German Democratic Republic
18922:Princeton University Press
18552:Cambridge University Press
18492:
18298:In Defense of Leon Trotsky
18156:– via lup.lub.lu.se.
18047:Wanner, Catherine (1998).
17825:Cambridge University Press
17011:Princeton University Press
16770:Contemporary World History
16306:Blainey, Geoffrey (2011).
15983:Greenwood Publishing Group
15315:Cambridge University Press
15140:(58) 3, July 1999: 396–412
15110:Cambridge University Press
14799:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia
14452:. Routledge. p. 134.
13249:Cambridge University Press
12839:Social Science Quarterly]]
12560:Kaser, Michael C. (1967).
12448:Thomas, Daniel C. (2005).
12173:Cambridge University Press
11672:. Routledge. p. 106.
11645:Great Russian Encyclopedia
11273:. Routledge. p. 132.
9957:University of Pennsylvania
9132:
9062:Decommunization in Ukraine
9051:
9042:International Workers' Day
8793:
8645:
8511:
8505:
8501:
8391:denominations (especially
8379:. Smaller groups included
8375:being concentrated in the
8267:
8218:
8132:
8003:developed over the years.
7888:
7807:
7765:
7362:
7309:
7249:
7167:
7085:
6947:
6864:
6858:
6821:Chernobyl nuclear disaster
6804:
6713:Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod
6490:
6461:
6446:
6442:
6426:invasion of Czechoslovakia
6389:, under the leadership of
6290:
6284:
6017:
5971:Soviet invasion of Finland
5943:Soviet-occupied Bessarabia
5854:
5762:
5716:
5590:
5587:Early policies (1919–1939)
5496:Comintern (1919–1943), or
5398:in a state meeting on 1958
5380:
5253:
5219:
5213:
5115:
5060:(known before 1946 as the
5001:
4934:in Moscow, 7 November 1964
4919:
4889:
4715:People's Republic of China
4687:, had the world's longest
4573:
4567:
4386:
3207:
3203:
3094:and never in others, e.g.
3017:first appeared during the
2942:
2936:
2866:officially recognized the
2805:first artificial satellite
2700:that killed millions. The
2309:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1893:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
1805:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
1774:Death and funeral of Lenin
29:
25420:
25177:
24941:
24932:
24765:
24756:
24509:
24500:
24308:
24299:
24234:
24076:
24067:
23927:
23916:
23887:
23881:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
23875:
23857:Tobacco industry playbook
23788:CIA Kennedy assassination
23760:
23706:
23680:
23668:
23582:
23529:
23517:
23486:
23474:
23462:
23450:
23438:
23407:
23381:
23369:
23309:
23297:
23293:
23282:
23114:
23103:
23048:
23037:
22921:Manipulation (psychology)
22745:
22739:
22734:
22605:
22582:Information dissemination
22559:
22509:1956 Hungarian Revolution
22499:1953 East German uprising
22467:
22425:
22368:
22305:
22285:
22236:
22097:
22029:
21954:
21861:
21830:
21744:
21733:
21662:
21641:
21472:
21431:
21394:
21376:
21358:
21241:
21147:
20928:
20919:
20751:
20670:
20647:
20609:
20568:
20525:
20518:
20477:
20432:
20376:
20350:
20270:
20193:
20184:
20129:
20036:
19999:
19939:
19842:
19804:
19724:
19586:
19577:
19527:
19475:
19466:
19318:
19232:10.1080/09668139608412415
18377:Marxists Internet Archive
17561:373.9661 (2009): 399–407.
17202:Mattei, Clara E. (2022).
16254:Adappur, Abraham (2000).
16170:Dimitry V. Pospielovsky.
16087:Atwood, Craig D. (2001).
15070:"Statistics For Everyone"
14867:10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1513
13740:10.1080/09668139608412393
13594:10.1080/09668139308412080
13241:Gregory, Paul R. (2004).
13021:E-International Relations
12919:Haslam, Jonathan (1984).
12777:Expansion and Coexistence
12515:Stanford University Press
11996:McCauley, Martin (2007).
11705:Kucherov, Samuel (1970).
11316:Stanford University Press
10611:World Health Organization
9916:
9902:
9888:
9880:
9838:
9823:
9808:
9792:
9768:
9653:
9626:
9582:
9038:International Women's Day
8975:Rating Sociological Group
8886:bureaucratic collectivism
8789:
8518:Music of the Soviet Union
8457:Convinced that religious
8251:
8128:
7891:Islam in the Soviet Union
7834:elimination of illiteracy
7228:sub-replacement fertility
7186:Excess deaths throughout
6800:
5993:
5615:Hungarian Soviet Republic
5515:
4220:
4199:
4181:Luhansk People's Republic
4178:
4160:Donetsk People's Republic
4157:
4136:
4119:
4102:
3923:
3912:
3776:
3755:
3744:
3733:
3712:
3601:
3590:
3579:
3568:
3557:
3362:Principality of Chernigov
3158:
3152:
3132:
3116:
3102:
3054:
3029:. The Bolsheviks, led by
2999:
2966:
2728:, suffering an estimated
2581:), commonly known as the
1625:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1197:
1182:
1162:
1142:
1128:
1120:$ 2.7 trillion (
1114:
1100:
1090:
1082:$ 2.7 trillion (
1076:
1058:
1054:12.7/km (32.9/sq mi)
1048:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1000:
986:
981:
977:
962:
949:
936:
921:
908:
895:
876:
861:
848:
835:
822:
809:
796:
792:
766:
749:
719:
694:
690:
678:
670:• 1922–1924 (first)
668:
664:
654:
650:
640:
630:• 1922–1946 (first)
628:
624:
614:
610:
593:
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
521:
509:
499:• 1922–1924 (first)
497:
493:
483:
470:
458:
427:
396:
303:
293:
249:
234:
185:Государственный гимн СССР
184:
147:
138:
125:
120:
82:
77:
61:
53:
18:Sport in the Soviet Union
24694:Prime Minister of Russia
23969:East StratCom Task Force
23783:9/11 conspiracy theories
22780:List of cognitive biases
22567:Emigration and defection
22404:Polish People's Republic
19162:White, James D. (2001).
19067:Harvard University Press
18826:Post-Communist Economies
18819:London: Faber and Faber.
18781:Leggett, George (1981).
18758:Lee, Stephen J. (2003).
18664:Goldstein, Erik (2013).
18360:– via Zine Distro.
18181:– via eLibrary.ru.
17263:Galazkaa, Artur (2000).
16677:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011).
15937:
15707:19 December 2017 at the
15308:18 November 2014 at the
14793:
14631:Encyclopaedia Britannica
14048:"Science and Technology"
13973:"Soviet Union – Economy"
13535:. London: Longman, 2003.
13481:
13334:; Cooper, J. M. (1986).
12827:(UNC Press Books, 2017).
12468:10.1162/1520397053630600
12243:
12048:
11738:Phillips, Steve (2000).
11713:Brill Archive Publishers
11392:Benson, Shirley (2001).
11225:Ōgushi, Atsushi (2008).
10061:Klein, Henri F. (1920).
9329:
9252:Japanese Communist Party
8944:, annual polling by the
8700:Soviet Olympic Committee
8641:
8325:burning ceremony in the
8254:), but only assumed the
8158:1977 Soviet Constitution
6937:research and development
6418:uprising in East Germany
6375:Strategic Missile Forces
5851:Administrative divisions
5831:, propaganda campaigns,
5823:in 1945. Aside from the
5793:, which began following
5741:Second Sino-Japanese War
5713:World War II (1939–1945)
5094:its predecessor agencies
4990:top to bottom, although
4838:, and the processing of
4451:. Its early years under
4429:and a key figure in the
3787:
3457:
3381:
3299:
3289:
3279:
3142:, which literally means
3106:(in the Latin alphabet:
2718:invaded the Soviet Union
2587:transcontinental country
2369:independence declaration
2140:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
2128:South African Border War
1795:Socialism in one country
642:• 1988–1991 (last)
583:• 1985–1991 (last)
25132:Social entrepreneurship
25021:Forced public apologies
24956:Anti-American sentiment
23895:Public opinion brigades
23852:Niger uranium forgeries
23842:Litter boxes in schools
23212:COVID-19 misinformation
23134:Free energy suppression
23043:Books and documentaries
22817:Euphemistic misspeaking
22625:Fall of the Berlin Wall
22551:1981 protests in Kosovo
22489:Rebellion of Cazin 1950
22012:North Korea (1947–1948)
22007:North Korea (1946–1947)
20445:Soviet Union portal
18791:Oxford University Press
18716:Oxford University Press
18569:Crump, Laurien (2015).
17527:Oxford University Press
16097:Mercer University Press
15594:"Soviet Union – People"
14994:Stronski, Paul (2010).
14854:British Medical Journal
14575:IMF & OECD (1991).
14398:Encyclopedia Britannica
14127:Retrieved 26 June 2014.
13806:"GDP Per Capita – 1991"
13444:IMF & OECD (1991).
13342:Economic History Review
13284:Mawdsley, Evan (1998).
13128:White, Matthew (2012).
13002:Oxford University Press
12715:Acta Poloniae Historica
12566:Oxford University Press
12148:Encyclopedia Britannica
12111:Encyclopædia Britannica
11953:Polmar, Norman (1991).
11883:Polley, Martin (2000).
11784:Encyclopædia Britannica
10145:Encyclopædia Britannica
10120:Encyclopædia Britannica
10087:Pons & Service 2010
9190:anti-Stalinist leftists
9167:deformed workers' state
8634:significantly expanded
8361:Russian Orthodox Church
7118:economic centralization
6787:Human Development Index
6560:rapid industrialization
5765:Origins of the Cold War
5703:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5557:Soviet Union's hegemony
5498:Communist International
5216:Law of the Soviet Union
4930:Military parade on the
4886:Government and politics
4757:from 1945 to 1991. The
4709:. The country bordered
4558:end of the Soviet Union
4039:Eurasian Economic Union
3888:Parade of sovereignties
3352:Principality of Polotsk
3019:1905 Russian Revolution
2982:
2976:
2809:first human spaceflight
2799:and took a lead in the
2773:on an ideological basis
2694:forced collectivization
2690:rapid industrialization
2595:largest country by area
2537:Soviet Union portal
2272:Fall of the Berlin Wall
2238:Lithuanian independence
1949:1954 transfer of Crimea
1851:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1744:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
926:Parade of sovereignties
732:Soviet of Nationalities
294:Official languages
40:Soviet (disambiguation)
25488:Early Soviet republics
25483:20th century in Russia
24880:Social security system
24863:Science and technology
24529:Classified information
24355:Central Russian Upland
23641:2016 Brexit referendum
22990:Scientific fabrication
22901:Historical negationism
21734:Current and historical
20337:Stalinist architecture
20091:Science and technology
20001:Ideological repression
19929:Soviet Airborne Forces
19867:Destruction battalions
19181:Wilson, David (1983).
19137:Lenin: Life and Legacy
19084:Simon, Gerard (1974).
17349:10.3201/eid0404.980404
16526:Stalin and His Hangmen
16524:...' See the index of
16310:. Viking. p. 494.
15718:2 January 2005 at the
15334:Law, David A. (1975).
14790:Government of the USSR
14645:Mark Harrison (1996).
14116:6 October 2014 at the
13618:Transaction Publishers
12584:Reinalda, Bob (2009).
12291:Shiman, David (1999).
12040:Government of the USSR
11607:Transaction Publishers
11564:Transaction Publishers
11350:Deb, Kalipada (1996).
11033:Transaction Publishers
11023:Zemtsov, Ilya (1989).
10984:Law, David A. (1975).
10070:Encyclopedia Americana
9974:Almanaque Mundial 1996
9924:
9872:
9854:
9846:
9784:
9371:, legally since 1990.
9098:
9086:
9058:Anti-Russian sentiment
8920:
8896:, or a totally unique
8877:
8676:
8560:
8548:
8416:scientific materialism
8365:Christian denomination
8345:
8334:
8314:
8299:
8287:
8160:gave all citizens the
8144:
7939:(50.78%), followed by
7931:
7916:
7822:
7784:
7768:LGBT history in Russia
7704:
7183:
7132:to improve the Soviet
7113:
7100:
6997:
6983:
6884:science and technology
6879:
6855:Science and technology
6823:
6716:
6693:
6630:
6582:
6522:
6401:focused on a fleet of
6342:
5965:and was considered an
5719:Causes of World War II
5602:
5453:
5448:Mikhail Gorbachev and
5441:
5414:
5399:
5362:was "not to eliminate
5348:guarantees of property
5135:
5021:
4972:system of appointments
4935:
4617:
4605:
4593:
3629:Provisional Government
3570:Grand Duchy of Finland
3448:Principality of Moscow
3164:
2915:five permanent members
2913:as well as one of the
2860:coup against Gorbachev
2192:: Decline and collapse
25341:Russian tsars regalia
24674:Intelligence agencies
24397:Great Russian Regions
24141:Expansion (1500-1800)
23937:Fact-checking website
23742:Operation Mass Appeal
23724:Clockwork Orange plot
23234:Mental illness denial
23129:Climate change denial
22946:Psychological warfare
22916:Internet manipulation
22881:Firehose of falsehood
22807:Disinformation attack
22675:Breakup of Yugoslavia
20119:List of metro systems
19672:Collective leadership
19043:. London: Macmillan.
18817:Sheridan Smith, A. M.
18813:Lenin's Last Struggle
18244:– via CiteSeer.
17605:Duke University Press
17391:. pp. 107, 115.
16819:10.4324/9780203500279
16338:Ro'i, Yaacov (1995).
14861:(6635): 1, 513–1515.
14195:Washington Technology
13683:10.2105/ajph.76.6.661
13046:Adams, Simon (2005).
12299:Amnesty International
12077:(UPNE). p. 388.
11891:. Routledge. p.
10277:26 April 2008 at the
10168:. BBC. Archived from
9552:Declaration No. 142-Н
9373:Constituent republics
9185:of the Soviet Union.
9129:By the political left
9119:post-Soviet conflicts
9092:
9077:celebrate the annual
9069:
8910:
8868:
8667:
8636:freedom of expression
8554:
8546:
8340:
8320:
8305:
8293:
8277:
8142:
7922:
7910:
7866:cultural backwardness
7817:
7775:
7702:
7177:
7106:
7095:
6989:
6961:
6928:Reagan administration
6874:
6814:
6725:claimed that, citing
6711:
6683:
6624:
6572:
6456:
6320:
5945:, and Ukrainian SSR.
5891:national delimitation
5829:psychological warfare
5600:
5591:Further information:
5447:
5420:
5405:
5390:
5314:the individual". The
5125:
5070:constituent republics
5011:
4965:democratic centralism
4929:
4611:
4599:
4583:
4525:, referred to as the
4493:in opposition to the
4270:Not fully controlled.
4104:Republic of Tatarstan
3997:Constitutional crisis
2779:. In 1953, following
2730:27 million casualties
2716:but in 1941, Germany
2589:that spanned much of
1944:Virgin Lands campaign
1769:National delimitation
1012:• Water (%)
36:CCCP (disambiguation)
32:USSR (disambiguation)
25408:World Heritage sites
24785:Droughts and famines
24338:Environmental issues
24086:Proto-Indo-Europeans
23076:Who's Who in the CIA
22523:1970 Polish protests
22504:1956 Poznań protests
22369:Soviet-allied states
22239:History of socialism
21129:1991–92
21124:1990–91
21119:1961–92
21114:1958–90
21109:1957–91
21104:1957–92
21099:1956–91
21094:1944–57
21089:1936–90
21079:1936–90
21074:1936–90
21069:1936–44
21064:1936–44
21059:1935–43
21054:1934–90
21049:1934–90
21044:1932–92
21039:1931–92
21029:1926–36
21024:1925–36
21019:1925–92
21014:1924–29
21009:1924–40
21004:1923–40
20999:1923–90
20994:1922–91
20989:1921–90
20979:1921–24
20974:1921–91
20969:1921–45
20964:1921–91
20959:1920–90
20954:1920–25
20949:1919–90
20944:1918–41
20939:1918–24
20081:Net material product
20024:Censorship of images
19941:Political repression
19901:Soviet Border Troops
19834:First Deputy Premier
19418:1965 economic reform
19413:Soviet space program
19189:Taylor & Francis
19009:Ryan, James (2012).
18976:Taylor & Francis
18972:From Tsar to Soviets
18864:Taylor & Francis
18708:Janz, Denis (1998).
18522:Taylor & Francis
18305:. pp. 172–173.
18261:The Rise of Militant
17912:. 20 November 2018.
17747:"Ностальгия по СССР"
17576:6 March 2016 at the
17452:Hoepller, C (2011).
17212:. pp. 301–302.
17183:Hardt, John (2003).
17101:Targ, Harry (2006).
16813:. pp. 265–266.
16488:. pp. 231–232.
15382:. World Scientific.
15337:Russian Civilization
14898:Davis, Christopher;
14366:. 27 November 2021.
14336:. 27 November 2021.
14275:. 27 November 2021.
14245:. 27 November 2021.
14109:(12 December 2013).
13770:"GDP – Million 1990"
13251:. pp. 218–220.
12996:Beloff, Max (1949).
12823:Christine A. White,
12717:78 (1998): 161–200.
12637:Taylor & Francis
12627:Yoder, Amos (1993).
12346:. pp. 401–403.
11609:. pp. 315–319.
11566:. pp. 313–315.
11063:Knight, Amy (1995).
10987:Russian Civilization
10613:. 5 September 2005.
10305:on 15 September 2012
10291:Thompson, Virginia.
10221:, pp. 452–455;
9978:Demografía/Biometría
9963:on 21 February 2024.
9476:August 19–August 22.
9403:Council of Ministers
9210:political dissidents
9206:political repression
8784:1984 Summer Olympics
8716:1952 Summer Olympics
8690:On 13 July 1925 the
8357:Eastern Christianity
8194:was superior to the
7930:, Georgian SSR, 1929
7777:Valentina Tereshkova
7734:(Ukrainian SSR) and
7041:won by the Americans
6972:Valentina Tereshkova
6962:From left to right:
6950:Soviet space program
6913:Great Chinese Famine
6422:Hungarian revolution
6341:, among other things
5781:tension between the
5759:Cold War (1945–1991)
5745:Operation Barbarossa
5675:, especially of the
5324:extrajudicial powers
5236:inquisitorial system
5156:separation of powers
5083:executive committees
5058:Council of Ministers
5014:Grand Kremlin Palace
4906:Council of Ministers
4441:Bolshevik Revolution
4043:Annexation of Crimea
3651:Constituent Assembly
3528:Second Patriotic War
2955:is derived from the
2899:NPT-designated state
2738:aftermath of the war
2714:a nonaggression pact
2641:, it was a flagship
2364:Ukrainian revolution
2292:German reunification
2250:Latvian independence
2165:1984 Olympic boycott
2160:1980 Olympic boycott
2150:1980 Summer Olympics
2123:Mozambican Civil War
2013:Cuban Missile Crisis
1993:Peaceful coexistence
1861:Operation Barbarossa
576:Konstantin Chernenko
25493:Communism in Russia
25259:Forms of addressing
24868:Academy of Sciences
24825:Financial districts
24689:President of Russia
24614:Political divisions
24574:Freedom of assembly
24456:West Siberian Plain
24202:Great Patriotic War
24163:February Revolution
23778:Conspiracy theories
23719:Double-Cross System
23688:Conspiracy theories
23549:Operation INFEKTION
23337:Internet Water Army
23191:Strategy of tension
23056:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
22941:Post-truth politics
22640:Romanian revolution
22613:Revolutions of 1989
22494:1953 Plzeň uprising
22175:Estonia (1918–1919)
22069:Hungary (1949–1989)
21288:Kabardino-Balkarian
21111:Kabardino-Balkarian
21071:Kabardino-Balkarian
20809:Kabardino-Balkarian
20671:Non-union republics
20661:Transcaucasian SFSR
20149:Academy of Sciences
19964:Population transfer
19908:Soviet Armed Forces
19771:Congress of Soviets
19752:Presidium/Politburo
19716:Soviet anti-Zionism
19565:West Siberian Plain
19443:Revolutions of 1989
19380:Great Patriotic War
19365:New Economic Policy
19219:Europe-Asia Studies
19207:Wheatcroft, Stephen
19002:European Parliament
18587:Wheatcroft, Stephen
18414:on 25 December 2007
17981:. 21 December 2016.
17978:The Washington Post
17732:Stewart et al. 2012
17304:Shubnikov, Eugene.
17042:McAaley, Alastair.
16943:12 May 2011 at the
16666:on 23 January 2017.
15440:(11 October 2011).
15192:Pew Research Center
15156:National Geographic
15040:1945GeoRv..35..107H
15027:Geographical Review
14514:, pp. 166–167.
14304:Scientific American
14225:Inside the Pentagon
14137:Offord, Catherine.
14058:on 4 September 2015
13905:, pp. 297–299.
13869:, pp. 105–108.
13728:Europe-Asia Studies
13582:Europe-Asia Studies
13510:on 4 September 2015
13382:Library of Congress
12910:(1974) pp. 342–346.
12779:(1974) pp. 111–179.
12315:on 30 January 2023.
12175:. 1993. p. 9.
11791:2005. p. 1014.
11437:The Communist World
10826:Europe-Asia Studies
10804:on 19 November 2023
10498:on 20 February 2021
10458:1994GEC.....4..201S
10371:The Washington Post
10333:. 6 December 1982.
9744:maritime boundaries
9384:As chairman of the
9231:Kronstadt rebellion
9227:Makhnovist movement
9214:worker cooperatives
9153:class consciousness
9002:Great Patriotic War
8822:of this section is
8778:(IOC) to undermine
8581:Vladimir Mayakovsky
8387:, and a variety of
8284:Abrahamic religions
8152:in 1918. Under the
7903:Soviet Central Asia
7851:vocational training
7826:Anatoly Lunacharsky
7762:Women and fertility
7232:Soviet Central Asia
7208:Catherine Merridale
7196:famine of 1921–1922
7142:automotive industry
7107:Nuclear Icebreaker
6995:Baikonur Cosmodrome
6954:Nedelin catastrophe
6548:New Economic Policy
6347:Soviet Armed Forces
6287:Soviet Armed Forces
5645:profitable market.
5344:freedom of movement
5308:Soviet legal theory
5293:freedom of movement
5242:, where the judge,
5030:Congress of Soviets
4809:nuclear power plant
4576:Geography of Russia
4457:New Economic Policy
4223:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
4055:Invasion of Ukraine
3844:Great Patriotic War
3816:Cultural revolution
3757:Transcaucasian SFSR
3625:February Revolution
3512:Emancipation reform
3410:Council of Uvetichi
3260: •
3256: •
3148:Great Patriotic War
2813:first space station
2759:. The American-led
2680:in 1922. Following
2668:, resulting in the
2597:, extending across
2287:Romanian Revolution
2267:Peaceful Revolution
2262:Pan-European Picnic
2257:Revolutions of 1989
2198:Invasion of Grenada
2074:Cambodian Civil War
2028:: Era of Stagnation
1913:First Indochina War
1888:Soviet deportations
1856:Great Patriotic War
1829:Cultural Revolution
1759:New Economic Policy
1713:February Revolution
1328:Transcaucasian SFSR
866:Great Patriotic War
839:Second constitution
759:Soviet of the Union
739:Soviet of Republics
702:Congress of Soviets
680:• 1991 (last)
274: /
25309:Russian given name
24895:Telecommunications
24845:Petroleum industry
24709:State of emergency
24554:Far-right politics
24519:Capital punishment
24365:Meshchera Lowlands
24219:Russian Federation
24175:October Revolution
23674:HIV/AIDS denialism
23651:Trolls from Olgino
23425:Paid news in India
23415:Fake news in India
23229:HIV/AIDS denialism
23083:Merchants of Doubt
22956:Military deception
22931:Media manipulation
22770:Circular reporting
22650:Singing Revolution
22533:June 1976 protests
22318:Soviet occupations
22140:Byelorussia (1919)
20934:
20655:Karelo-Finnish SSR
19794:Military Collegium
19662:Capital punishment
19540:Caucasus Mountains
19453:Post-Soviet states
19333:Russian Revolution
19133:Volkogonov, Dmitri
19115:Ashgate Publishing
19040:Lenin: A Biography
18597:Palgrave Macmillan
18444:on 17 October 2012
17827:. pp. 92–93.
17795:on 9 February 2023
17529:. pp. 83–85.
17487:Poland, Marshall.
17076:The Globe and Mail
16736:The New York Times
16616:The New York Times
16555:www.britannica.com
16540:, pp. 317–320
16520:'On the other hand
16095:. Macon, Georgia:
15802:Niedowski (2007).
15769:Population Studies
15757:, pp. 352–353
15599:The World Factbook
15480:. Nobelprize.org.
15298:Sheila Fitzpatrick
15104:Wendy Z. Goldman,
13978:The World Factbook
13942:The World Factbook
13811:The World Factbook
13775:The World Factbook
13559:10.1057/ces.1997.1
13344:. pp. 30–32.
12906:Barbara Jelavich,
12865:Katarzyna (eds.).
12684:"Warsaw Pact ends"
12547:1 May 2009 at the
12251:on 10 October 2017
12044:Gorbachev, Mikhail
11852:Khrushchev, Nikita
10756:The New York Times
10330:The New York Times
9726:to the southwest;
9702:to the northwest;
9200:, the centralized
9149:Council communists
9145:Russian Revolution
9099:
9087:
8926:oligarchical class
8921:
8898:mode of production
8878:
8736:Olympic tournament
8732:world championship
8677:
8561:
8549:
8363:being the largest
8346:
8335:
8329:as part of Soviet
8315:
8300:
8288:
8187:were squandered.
8174:Minister of Health
8145:
8001:ethnic antagonisms
7932:
7917:
7870:antisemitic policy
7862:affirmative action
7830:People's Commissar
7823:
7785:
7705:
7264:1989 Soviet census
7184:
7180:post-Soviet states
7114:
7101:
6998:
6984:
6880:
6824:
6747:standard of living
6717:
6694:
6661:A number of basic
6631:
6625:Picking cotton in
6583:
6523:
6484: 1,000–2,500
6475: 2,500–5,000
6379:Air Defense Forces
6343:
5975:Karelo-Finnish SSR
5967:illegal occupation
5797:in 1945. The term
5753:Vyacheslav Molotov
5603:
5537:collective defence
5478:Vyacheslav Molotov
5454:
5442:
5438:Vladivostok Summit
5415:
5400:
5326:were given to the
5275:state until 1990.
5265:totalitarian state
5136:
5054:Procurator General
5044:(successor of the
5028:(successor of the
5022:
5016:, the seat of the
4936:
4844:spent nuclear fuel
4836:nuclear submarines
4805:Chernobyl disaster
4770:Ismoil Somoni Peak
4622:Russian Federation
4618:
4606:
4594:
4431:October Revolution
4139:Republic of Crimea
4090:Russian Federation
4033:Presidential terms
3925:Karelo-Finnish SSR
3878:Chernobyl disaster
3618:Russian Revolution
3516:Russo-Japanese War
3504:1812 Patriotic War
3418:Battle of Kulikovo
3406:Council of Liubech
3136:(transliteration:
3120:(transliteration:
3035:October Revolution
2986:('news'), English
2884:post-Soviet states
2876:Russian Federation
2856:renewed federation
2702:forced labour camp
2654:October Revolution
2631:highly centralized
2615:national republics
2519:Post-Soviet states
2223:Singing Revolution
2213:Chernobyl disaster
2133:Rhodesian Bush War
1734:October Revolution
1577:Russian Federation
1110:1990 estimate
1072:1990 estimate
967:Formal dissolution
852:Westward expansion
826:First constitution
813:Treaty of Creation
800:October Revolution
398:Ethnic groups
154:The Internationale
42:, and
25455:
25454:
25449:
25448:
25416:
25415:
24996:Domestic violence
24928:
24927:
24850:Russian oligarchs
24775:Aircraft industry
24752:
24751:
24729:Mass surveillance
24719:Search and rescue
24684:Political parties
24564:Foreign relations
24496:
24495:
24295:
24294:
24287:Historical cities
24146:Tsardom of Russia
24026:
24025:
24022:
24021:
23912:
23911:
23908:
23907:
23862:Operation Shocker
23664:
23663:
23544:K-1000 battleship
23375:Operation Neptune
23278:
23277:
23274:
23273:
23099:
23098:
23033:
23032:
23025:Yellow journalism
22973:counterpropaganda
22854:List of fallacies
22787:Conspiracy theory
22755:Alternative facts
22690:
22689:
22635:Velvet Revolution
22597:Telephone tapping
22571:list of defectors
22360:Tito–Stalin split
22245:
22244:
22232:
22231:
22228:
22227:
22025:
22024:
21767:Congo-Brazzaville
21663:Regional variants
21418:
21417:
21412:
21411:
21303:Karachay-Cherkess
21201:
21200:
21143:
21142:
21138:
21137:
20711:
20710:
20643:
20642:
20464:
20463:
20428:
20427:
20420:Hammer and sickle
20362:and their groups
20360:Soviet dissidents
20139:Communist Academy
20056:Economic planning
20032:
20031:
19925:Soviet Air Forces
19844:Security services
19764:General Secretary
19747:Central Committee
19689:Political parties
19621:Brezhnev Doctrine
19616:Foreign relations
19573:
19572:
19514:Autonomous okrugs
19428:Soviet–Afghan War
19408:Sino-Soviet split
19350:Russian Civil War
19198:978-0-7099-2704-4
19173:978-0-333-72157-5
19154:978-0-00-255123-6
19117:. pp. 1–14.
19101:978-0-520-02612-4
19076:978-0-674-01801-3
19050:978-0-333-72625-9
18985:978-1-135-36625-4
18968:Read, Christopher
18959:978-0-375-75771-6
18931:978-1-4008-3452-5
18892:978-83-7380-819-5
18873:978-1-317-86783-8
18800:978-0-19-822552-2
18773:978-0-415-28718-0
18750:978-0-415-07600-5
18725:978-0-19-511944-2
18679:978-1-31-7883-678
18631:Easterly, William
18619:The Life of Lenin
18606:978-0-230-23855-8
18561:978-0-521-29877-3
18531:978-0-7099-0557-8
18438:The Daily Yomiuri
18342:978-0-900384-03-5
18335:. Freedom Press.
18312:978-1-893638-05-1
18058:978-0-271-01793-8
17942:. November 2021.
17834:978-0-521-22418-5
17641:Milanović, Branko
17614:978-0-8223-6949-3
17544:978-0-19-754924-7
17398:978-0-87286-329-3
17389:City Lights Books
17387:. San Francisco:
17219:978-0-226-81839-9
17028:978-0-691-16502-8
16983:978-0-87286-329-3
16970:City Lights Books
16828:978-1-135-36640-7
16779:978-1-285-44790-2
16690:978-0-292-73957-4
16635:Los Angeles Times
16495:978-3-03911-921-9
16440:978-0-253-22038-7
16401:978-0-02-922401-4
16355:978-0-7146-4619-0
16267:978-81-85574-47-9
16161:, vol. 1, p. 175.
16157:D. Pospielovsky,
16110:978-0-86554-679-0
16030:978-90-429-1262-5
15996:978-0-313-31628-9
15563:978-0-7923-0878-2
15520:978-1-85043-284-5
15412:The New Criterion
15389:978-981-270-116-9
15347:978-0-8422-0529-0
15323:978-0-521-89423-4
15010:978-0-8229-4394-5
14763:978-0-521-79436-7
14736:978-0-674-02178-5
14703:978-0-674-00473-3
14658:978-0-521-89424-1
14596:978-92-64-13468-3
14459:978-0-7146-4784-5
14021:978-0-7656-1208-3
13985:on 5 October 2010
13949:on 5 October 2010
13627:978-1-4128-0698-5
13465:978-0-14-103797-4
13351:978-0-7190-4600-1
13328:Wheatcroft, S. G.
13301:978-0-7190-4600-1
13258:978-0-521-53367-6
13145:978-0-393-08192-3
13102:978-0-7923-2358-7
13059:978-1-58340-606-9
13049:Russian Republics
12957:978-0-7146-5398-3
12929:978-0-333-30050-3
12880:978-3-8258-8789-6
12703:, pp. 1, 17.
12650:978-0-8448-1738-5
12601:978-1-134-02405-6
12397:978-0-297-64688-4
12353:978-0-394-50242-7
12308:978-0-9675334-0-7
12224:978-3-319-01559-0
12182:978-0-521-39241-9
12084:978-0-87451-616-6
12046:(21 March 1972).
12013:978-0-582-78465-9
12004:Pearson Education
11970:978-0-87021-241-3
11902:978-0-415-18597-4
11869:978-0-271-02935-1
11822:978-0-14-103797-4
11813:Penguin Books Ltd
11755:978-0-435-32719-4
11679:978-0-415-07153-6
11616:978-0-202-24165-4
11573:978-0-202-24165-4
11535:978-0-521-44634-1
11490:978-0-7923-2358-7
11447:978-0-271-02170-6
11409:978-0-271-02170-6
11363:978-81-85880-95-2
11329:978-0-8047-0122-8
11280:978-0-04-445277-5
11238:978-0-415-43439-3
11199:978-1-55618-142-9
11161:978-0-14-103797-4
11152:Penguin Books Ltd
11115:978-0-674-41030-5
11076:978-0-691-01093-9
11042:978-0-88738-260-4
10997:978-0-8422-0529-0
10947:Popular Mechanics
10797:Los Angeles Times
10522:world-nuclear.org
10419:on 11 August 2024
9859:Moldovan Cyrillic
9663:
9636:
9592:
9540:Alma-Ata Protocol
9463:As leader of the
9323:Soviet patriotism
9245:Sino-Soviet Split
9235:Spanish Civil War
9026:Immortal Regiment
8995:Western democracy
8863:
8862:
8855:
8753:1984 Winter games
8730:won nearly every
8592:socialist realism
8585:Sergei Eisenstein
8557:Vladimir Vysotsky
8544:
8476:Nikita Khrushchev
8196:capitalist system
8170:Mikhail Gorbachev
8009:Soviet leadership
7915:, Uzbek SSR, 1981
7843:Nikita Khrushchev
7828:became the first
7691:
7690:
7240:Soviet government
7204:Soviet population
7192:Russian Civil War
7134:government budget
6980:Lenin's Mausoleum
6976:Nikita Khrushchev
6754:Mikhail Gorbachev
6735:human development
6699:steadily declined
6641:and organized in
6637:, carried out by
6521:
6520:
6466: > 5,000
6403:strategic bombers
6349:consisted of the
6305:Soviet Air Forces
6278:
6277:
5893:in Central Asia,
5630:Winston Churchill
5623:Treaty of Rapallo
5601:1987 Soviet stamp
5450:George H. W. Bush
5377:Foreign relations
5358:, the purpose of
5340:protection of law
5304:international law
5289:political parties
5277:Freedom of speech
5172:Mikhail Gorbachev
5128:riots in Dushanbe
5064:), headed by the
5038:government budget
4956:general secretary
4940:Central Committee
4880:K-278 Komsomolets
4588:(6,995 m) of the
4538:Mikhail Gorbachev
4527:Era of Stagnation
4511:Nikita Khrushchev
4472:industrialization
4445:Russian Civil War
4425:, founder of the
4389:History of Russia
4385:
4384:
4351:Russia portal
4279:
4278:
3973:Belavezha Accords
3955:
3954:
3866:Era of Stagnation
3832:Industrialization
3798:
3797:
3675:Soviet-Polish War
3611:
3610:
3592:Russian Manchuria
3538:Tsardom of Russia
3524:October Manifesto
3508:Decembrist Revolt
3500:Petrovian reforms
3468:
3467:
3428:Novgorod Republic
3392:
3391:
3308:
3307:
3064:
3015:workers' councils
2929:accomplishments.
2901:, it wielded the
2854:the country as a
2821:Mikhail Gorbachev
2789:Nikita Khrushchev
2670:Russian Civil War
2599:eleven time zones
2571:
2570:
2400:Soviet leadership
2386:Alma-Ata Protocol
2381:Belovezha Accords
2277:Velvet Revolution
2243:Economic blockade
2145:Soviet–Afghan War
2113:Angolan Civil War
2064:Laotian Civil War
2039:Era of Stagnation
2034:Brezhnev Doctrine
2003:Sino-Soviet split
1933:: Khrushchev Thaw
1824:Industrialization
1739:Russian Civil War
1633:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1379:
1378:
1130:• Per capita
1092:• Per capita
1040:286,730,819 (
953:Belovezha Accords
945:19–22 August 1991
912:Last constitution
646:Mikhail Gorbachev
588:Mikhail Gorbachev
571:• 1984–1985
559:• 1982–1984
547:• 1964–1982
540:Nikita Khrushchev
535:• 1953–1964
511:• 1924–1953
278:55.750°N 37.617°E
224:
178:
16:(Redirected from
25535:
25429:
25376:Russian language
25319:National symbols
24939:
24938:
24858:
24815:Fishing industry
24805:Economic regions
24800:Defence industry
24763:
24762:
24507:
24506:
24461:Russian Far East
24360:Northwest Russia
24318:Cities and towns
24306:
24305:
24168:Russian Republic
24074:
24073:
24053:
24046:
24039:
24030:
24029:
23918:
23917:
23737:MMR autism fraud
23620:On US elections
23554:Operation Toucan
23527:
23526:
23295:
23294:
23284:
23283:
23249:anti-vaccination
23197:
23196:
23144:Holocaust denial
23119:Bermuda Triangle
23105:
23104:
23039:
23038:
22968:black propaganda
22936:Potemkin village
22861:False accusation
22837:list of websites
22736:
22735:
22717:
22710:
22703:
22694:
22693:
22479:Goryani Movement
22459:
22451:
22417:
22379:
22313:Yalta Conference
22272:
22265:
22258:
22249:
22248:
22095:
22094:
21952:
21951:
21742:
21741:
21737:socialist states
21616:African-American
21458:
21451:
21444:
21435:
21434:
21422:
21421:
21404:Gorno-Badakhshan
21386:Nagorno-Karabakh
21228:
21221:
21214:
21205:
21204:
21193:
21188:
21183:
21178:
21173:
21157:
20931:
20930:
20926:
20925:
20738:
20731:
20724:
20715:
20714:
20569:Former parts of
20545:Byelorussian SSR
20523:
20522:
20504:
20497:
20490:
20481:
20480:
20468:
20467:
20454:
20453:
20443:
20442:
20441:
20191:
20190:
20099:
19954:Collectivization
19699:Marxism–Leninism
19584:
19583:
19473:
19472:
19304:
19297:
19290:
19281:
19280:
19258:
19257:
19243:
19226:(8): 1319–1353.
19215:
19202:
19177:
19158:
19139:. Translated by
19128:
19105:
19080:
19054:
19030:
19005:
18999:
18989:
18963:
18940:Rayfield, Donald
18935:
18905:
18896:
18877:
18856:Mccauley, Martin
18851:
18849:
18820:
18815:. Translated by
18804:
18788:
18777:
18754:
18729:
18704:
18683:
18660:
18658:
18656:
18650:
18639:
18627:Fischer, Stanley
18622:
18610:
18578:
18565:
18549:
18535:
18482:
18481:
18479:
18477:
18460:
18454:
18453:
18451:
18449:
18430:
18424:
18423:
18421:
18419:
18410:. Archived from
18400:
18394:
18393:
18391:
18389:
18368:
18362:
18361:
18359:
18357:
18351:
18334:
18329:ABC of Anarchism
18323:
18317:
18316:
18289:
18283:
18282:
18252:
18246:
18245:
18243:
18241:
18215:
18189:
18183:
18182:
18180:
18178:
18173:(PhD). p. 1
18164:
18158:
18157:
18155:
18153:
18135:
18129:
18128:
18117:
18111:
18110:
18103:
18097:
18096:
18089:
18083:
18082:
18069:
18063:
18062:
18044:
18038:
18037:
18035:
18033:
18027:
18016:
18003:
17997:
17996:
17989:
17983:
17982:
17969:
17956:
17955:
17953:
17951:
17932:
17926:
17925:
17923:
17921:
17902:
17896:
17895:
17893:
17891:
17876:
17870:
17869:
17867:
17865:
17845:
17839:
17838:
17816:
17805:
17804:
17802:
17800:
17785:
17779:
17778:
17776:
17774:
17757:
17751:
17750:
17743:
17734:
17709:
17703:
17702:
17700:
17698:
17677:
17671:
17670:
17637:
17631:
17630:
17628:
17626:
17621:on 4 August 2018
17617:. Archived from
17595:Ghodsee, Kristen
17591:
17585:
17568:
17562:
17555:
17549:
17548:
17519:Ghodsee, Kristen
17515:
17509:
17508:
17506:
17504:
17495:. Archived from
17484:
17478:
17477:
17475:
17473:
17449:
17443:
17442:
17436:
17434:
17409:
17403:
17402:
17381:Parenti, Michael
17377:
17371:
17370:
17360:
17328:
17322:
17321:
17319:
17317:
17301:
17295:
17294:
17284:
17260:
17254:
17253:
17245:
17239:
17238:
17230:
17224:
17223:
17199:
17193:
17192:
17180:
17174:
17173:
17171:
17169:
17154:
17148:
17147:
17145:
17143:
17122:
17116:
17113:
17107:
17106:
17098:
17092:
17091:
17089:
17087:
17068:
17062:
17061:
17059:
17057:
17039:
17033:
17032:
17003:Scheidel, Walter
16999:
16988:
16987:
16967:
16958:Parenti, Michael
16954:
16948:
16935:
16929:
16928:
16926:
16924:
16907:(6): 1565–1585.
16890:
16884:
16883:
16865:
16839:
16833:
16832:
16802:
16796:
16795:
16793:
16791:
16761:
16755:
16754:
16752:
16750:
16727:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16716:
16701:
16695:
16694:
16674:
16668:
16667:
16665:
16659:. Archived from
16654:
16646:
16640:
16639:
16626:
16620:
16619:
16607:
16601:
16600:
16598:
16596:
16576:
16567:
16566:
16564:
16562:
16557:. 26 August 2023
16547:
16541:
16535:
16529:
16523:
16518:
16512:
16511:
16509:
16507:
16475:
16469:
16463:
16457:
16456:
16454:
16452:
16424:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16413:
16381:
16372:
16371:
16369:
16367:
16335:
16329:
16328:, pp. 38–39
16323:
16312:
16311:
16303:
16297:
16294:
16288:
16287:
16281:
16279:
16251:
16245:
16242:
16236:
16233:
16227:
16226:
16224:
16222:
16207:
16201:
16200:
16198:
16196:
16181:
16175:
16168:
16162:
16155:
16149:
16148:
16139:. Archived from
16128:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16117:
16094:
16084:
16078:
16072:
16066:
16065:, pp. 64–65
16060:
16047:
16046:
16044:
16042:
16014:
16008:
16007:
16005:
16003:
15980:
15970:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15954:
15933:
15927:
15921:
15915:
15909:
15903:
15897:
15891:
15885:
15879:
15873:
15867:
15866:
15864:
15862:
15830:
15824:
15823:
15821:
15819:
15799:
15793:
15792:
15764:
15758:
15752:
15746:
15740:
15734:
15728:
15722:
15698:
15692:
15690:
15688:
15686:
15664:
15658:
15652:
15646:
15640:
15634:
15633:
15630:www.demoscope.ru
15622:
15616:
15615:
15613:
15611:
15586:
15580:
15579:
15577:
15575:
15543:
15537:
15536:
15534:
15532:
15500:
15494:
15493:
15491:
15489:
15470:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15459:
15434:
15428:
15427:
15425:
15423:
15406:(October 2012).
15400:
15394:
15393:
15370:
15364:
15363:
15361:
15359:
15331:
15325:
15295:
15289:
15288:
15286:
15284:
15264:
15258:
15257:
15255:
15253:
15244:. Archived from
15242:baltimoresun.com
15233:
15227:
15224:
15218:
15215:
15209:
15208:
15206:
15204:
15182:
15176:
15175:
15173:
15171:
15166:on 22 March 2019
15162:. Archived from
15147:
15141:
15132:
15126:
15121:Richard Stites,
15119:
15113:
15102:
15096:
15095:
15093:
15091:
15085:
15074:
15066:
15060:
15059:
15021:
15015:
15014:
15002:
14991:
14982:
14981:
14979:
14977:
14930:
14924:
14922:
14914:
14908:
14907:
14900:Feshbach, Murray
14895:
14889:
14888:
14878:
14844:
14838:
14837:
14829:
14823:
14822:
14814:
14808:
14807:
14786:
14780:
14779:
14777:
14775:
14747:
14741:
14740:
14724:
14714:
14708:
14707:
14691:
14681:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14670:
14642:
14636:
14635:
14621:
14615:
14614:
14607:
14601:
14600:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14554:
14548:
14539:
14533:
14527:
14521:
14515:
14509:
14503:
14497:
14491:
14485:
14476:
14475:
14473:
14471:
14443:
14437:
14436:
14430:
14420:
14414:
14413:
14411:
14409:
14389:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14375:
14356:
14350:
14349:
14347:
14345:
14326:
14320:
14319:
14317:
14315:
14295:
14289:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14265:
14259:
14258:
14256:
14254:
14235:
14229:
14228:
14220:
14214:
14213:
14205:
14199:
14198:
14190:
14184:
14183:
14167:
14161:
14160:
14158:
14156:
14134:
14128:
14104:
14098:
14097:
14095:
14093:
14084:. 15 June 1992.
14074:
14068:
14067:
14065:
14063:
14054:. Archived from
14044:
14038:
14037:
14035:
14033:
14001:
13995:
13994:
13992:
13990:
13981:. Archived from
13965:
13959:
13958:
13956:
13954:
13945:. Archived from
13929:
13918:
13912:
13906:
13900:
13894:
13888:
13882:
13876:
13870:
13864:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13853:
13834:
13828:
13827:
13825:
13823:
13798:
13792:
13791:
13789:
13787:
13762:
13756:
13755:
13723:
13717:
13711:
13705:
13704:
13694:
13662:
13656:
13650:
13644:
13643:
13641:
13639:
13608:Gvosdev, Nikolas
13604:
13598:
13597:
13577:
13571:
13570:
13542:
13536:
13531:Hanson, Philip.
13529:
13520:
13519:
13517:
13515:
13506:. Archived from
13496:
13487:
13486:
13476:
13470:
13469:
13441:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13430:
13411:
13398:
13397:
13395:
13393:
13374:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13340:. Vol. 39.
13324:
13318:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13281:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13238:
13221:
13214:
13208:
13207:
13200:
13194:
13193:
13191:
13189:
13174:
13168:
13165:
13159:
13156:
13150:
13149:
13125:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13114:
13082:
13076:
13075:
13073:
13071:
13043:
13037:
13036:
13034:
13032:
13012:
13006:
13005:
12993:
12987:
12980:
12974:
12973:
12971:
12969:
12948:Psychology Press
12937:
12931:
12917:
12911:
12904:
12898:
12891:
12885:
12884:
12861:
12855:
12854:
12834:
12828:
12821:
12815:
12814:
12791:Military Affairs
12786:
12780:
12773:
12767:
12766:
12752:
12746:
12745:
12731:
12725:
12710:
12704:
12698:
12692:
12691:
12680:
12674:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12657:
12634:
12624:
12618:
12617:
12615:
12613:
12581:
12570:
12569:
12557:
12551:
12538:
12532:
12525:
12519:
12518:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12486:
12480:
12479:
12445:
12439:
12438:
12436:
12434:
12428:
12421:
12405:
12399:
12382:
12376:
12375:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12328:
12317:
12316:
12311:. Archived from
12288:
12282:
12281:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12196:
12190:
12189:
12165:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12140:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12107:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12096:
12064:
12058:
12057:
12036:
12030:
12029:
12027:
12025:
11993:
11987:
11986:
11984:
11982:
11950:
11944:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11920:
11914:
11913:
11911:
11909:
11890:
11880:
11874:
11873:
11848:
11839:
11838:
11836:
11834:
11799:
11793:
11792:
11778:
11772:
11771:
11769:
11767:
11735:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11702:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11691:
11660:
11654:
11653:
11639:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11596:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11553:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11523:
11513:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11432:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11402:. pp. XIV.
11389:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11375:
11347:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11313:
11303:
11297:
11296:
11294:
11292:
11261:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11184:
11178:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11138:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11099:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11088:
11060:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11030:
11020:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:
10981:
10975:
10970:Sakwa, Richard.
10968:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10937:
10931:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10893:
10887:
10886:
10884:
10882:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10833:(8): 1223–1240.
10820:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10800:. Archived from
10787:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10735:
10726:. Archived from
10713:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10702:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10669:
10659:
10657:10.1289/ehp.9113
10650:(9): 1312–1317.
10633:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10603:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10567:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10539:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10528:
10514:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10503:
10484:
10478:
10477:
10435:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10424:
10415:. Archived from
10402:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10391:
10361:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10310:
10304:
10297:
10288:
10282:
10268:
10262:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10232:
10226:
10200:
10194:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10172:on 5 August 2014
10162:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10111:
10102:
10096:
10090:
10084:
10075:
10074:
10066:
10058:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10038:
10024:
10016:
10010:
10009:
10007:
10005:
9990:
9981:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9945:
9928:
9918:
9910:
9904:
9903:խորհուրդ / սովետ
9896:
9890:
9882:
9866:
9865:
9840:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9816:
9810:
9802:
9794:
9778:
9770:
9762:
9756:
9753:
9747:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9677:
9672:
9668:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9649:
9643:
9641:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9622:
9616:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9606:
9601:
9597:
9587:
9585:
9584:
9578:
9572:
9569:
9563:
9561:
9549:
9543:
9536:
9530:
9527:
9521:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9503:
9496:
9490:
9483:
9477:
9474:
9468:
9461:
9455:
9448:
9442:
9439:
9433:
9430:
9424:
9423:March–September.
9421:
9415:
9412:
9406:
9395:
9389:
9382:
9376:
9366:
9360:
9353:
9347:
9340:
9093:Protest against
9072:Russian-occupied
9015:Sovietskii narod
8890:state capitalism
8882:communist states
8858:
8851:
8847:
8844:
8838:
8812:
8811:
8804:
8761:fall of the USSR
8712:Olympic Movement
8669:Valeri Kharlamov
8596:Mikhail Bulgakov
8570:Yevgeny Zamyatin
8566:Nikolay Gumilyov
8545:
8253:
8192:socialist system
8120:
8108:
8096:
8084:
8072:
8060:
8048:
8036:
8021:Nikolai Podgorny
8017:Grigory Zinoviev
7872:, an unofficial
7858:education system
7756:Byelorussian SSR
7565:Byelorussian SSR
7377:
7367:
7324:
7314:
7259:
7247:
7246:
7213:
7031:In terms of the
7020:, which carried
6932:Project Socrates
6743:William Easterly
6635:central planning
6612:allocated in aid
6512:
6503:
6495: 500–1,000
6494:
6483:
6474:
6465:
6459:
6399:Soviet Air Force
6387:Caribbean crisis
6271:
6269:
6268:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6057:Byelorussian SSR
6055:
6053:
6052:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6022:
6012:
6010:
6009:
5991:
5990:
5777:was a period of
5695:Munich Agreement
5561:Eastern European
5545:socialist states
5541:satellite states
5523:
5517:
5484:(1883–1954) and
5482:Andrey Vyshinsky
5470:Georgy Chicherin
5360:socialist courts
5352:Andrey Vyshinsky
5297:private property
5075:party committees
4944:Party Congresses
4813:Kyshtym disaster
4704:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4648:to the east and
4644:extended to the
4550:Soviet republics
4515:de-Stalinization
4419:
4401:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4335:
4273:
4272:
4259:
4258:
4235:
4214:
4193:
4172:
4151:
4131:
4121:Chechen Republic
4114:
4097:
4086:
4085:
3983:USSR dissolution
3899:
3898:
3828:Collectivization
3746:Byelorussian SSR
3703:Russian Republic
3699:
3698:
3534:
3533:
3496:Treaty of Nystad
3424:
3423:
3338:
3337:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3242:
3232:
3214:
3213:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3112:Cyrillic letters
3105:
3104:
3076:socialist soviet
3069:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3001:
2985:
2979:
2968:
2964:
2785:de-Stalinization
2746:satellite states
2674:Soviet republics
2666:Russian Republic
2637:governed by the
2563:
2556:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2514:Soviet republics
2354:New Union Treaty
2155:Olympic boycotts
1973:We will bury you
1959:De-Stalinization
1876:Battle of Berlin
1800:Collectivization
1681:World revolution
1658:
1635:
1634:
1613:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1314:Byelorussian SSR
1310:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1107:
1069:
1039:
1038:
973:26 December 1991
969:
928:
904:25 February 1956
899:De-Stalinization
887:
868:
818:30 December 1922
604:acting, disputed
359:
306:
289:
288:
286:
285:
284:
279:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
252:and largest city
239:
226:
225:
187:
186:
180:
179:
150:
149:
128:
127:
106:
90:
72:
71:
70:
64:
63:
51:
50:
21:
25543:
25542:
25538:
25537:
25536:
25534:
25533:
25532:
25458:
25457:
25456:
25451:
25450:
25445:
25432:
25425:
25412:
25371:Public holidays
25366:Political jokes
25351:Personification
25304:Names of Russia
25173:
25092:Life expectancy
24924:
24856:
24748:
24599:Law enforcement
24492:
24478:Protected areas
24375:Smolensk Upland
24370:Oka–Don Lowland
24350:European Russia
24291:
24230:
24116:Mongol invasion
24063:
24057:
24027:
24018:
23923:
23904:
23883:
23871:
23756:
23752:Zinoviev letter
23702:
23676:
23660:
23584:Post-Soviet era
23578:
23539:Active Measures
23522:
23513:
23482:
23470:
23458:
23446:
23434:
23403:
23377:
23365:
23305:
23303:Jihadunspun.com
23289:
23270:
23195:
23171:New World Order
23139:Genocide denial
23110:
23095:
23044:
23029:
22951:Memetic warfare
22741:
22730:
22721:
22691:
22686:
22601:
22555:
22542:Soviet reaction
22528:Croatian Spring
22472:
22470:
22463:
22457:
22449:
22421:
22415:
22377:
22364:
22350:Berlin Blockade
22301:
22300:
22281:
22276:
22246:
22241:
22224:
22205:Slovakia (1919)
22105:Alsace-Lorraine
22093:
22021:
21950:
21857:
21826:
21735:
21729:
21658:
21637:
21468:
21462:
21427:
21419:
21414:
21413:
21408:
21390:
21372:
21354:
21256:Checheno-Ingush
21237:
21232:
21202:
21197:
21196:
21191:
21186:
21181:
21176:
21160:
21152:
21139:
21134:
21128:
21123:
21118:
21113:
21108:
21106:Checheno-Ingush
21103:
21098:
21093:
21084:
21078:
21073:
21068:
21066:Checheno-Ingush
21063:
21058:
21053:
21048:
21043:
21034:
21028:
21023:
21018:
21013:
21008:
21003:
20998:
20993:
20984:
20978:
20973:
20968:
20963:
20958:
20953:
20948:
20943:
20921:
20915:
20779:Checheno-Ingush
20747:
20742:
20712:
20707:
20666:
20639:
20605:
20570:
20564:
20514:
20508:
20473:
20465:
20460:
20439:
20437:
20424:
20372:
20346:
20266:
20180:
20125:
20097:
20071:Internet domain
20066:Five-year plans
20028:
19995:
19935:
19838:
19800:
19732:Communist Party
19720:
19679:Passport system
19569:
19545:European Russia
19523:
19462:
19403:Khrushchev Thaw
19382:(World War II)
19360:Creation treaty
19314:
19308:
19255:
19251:
19246:
19213:
19199:
19174:
19155:
19141:Shukman, Harold
19125:
19102:
19077:
19059:Service, Robert
19051:
19035:Service, Robert
19027:
18997:
18986:
18960:
18932:
18914:Service, Robert
18893:
18874:
18801:
18774:
18751:
18726:
18680:
18654:
18652:
18648:
18637:
18607:
18562:
18554:(CUP) Archive.
18540:Comrie, Bernard
18532:
18509:
18491:
18486:
18485:
18475:
18473:
18461:
18457:
18447:
18445:
18432:
18431:
18427:
18417:
18415:
18402:
18401:
18397:
18387:
18385:
18370:
18369:
18365:
18355:
18353:
18349:
18343:
18332:
18324:
18320:
18313:
18290:
18286:
18272:
18253:
18249:
18239:
18237:
18213:10.1.1.691.8154
18190:
18186:
18176:
18174:
18165:
18161:
18151:
18149:
18136:
18132:
18119:
18118:
18114:
18105:
18104:
18100:
18091:
18090:
18086:
18071:
18070:
18066:
18059:
18045:
18041:
18031:
18029:
18025:
18014:
18008:Muižnieks, Nils
18004:
18000:
17991:
17990:
17986:
17971:
17970:
17959:
17949:
17947:
17934:
17933:
17929:
17919:
17917:
17904:
17903:
17899:
17889:
17887:
17878:
17877:
17873:
17863:
17861:
17846:
17842:
17835:
17817:
17808:
17798:
17796:
17787:
17786:
17782:
17772:
17770:
17758:
17754:
17745:
17744:
17737:
17710:
17706:
17696:
17694:
17679:
17678:
17674:
17638:
17634:
17624:
17622:
17615:
17592:
17588:
17578:Wayback Machine
17569:
17565:
17556:
17552:
17545:
17516:
17512:
17502:
17500:
17485:
17481:
17471:
17469:
17450:
17446:
17432:
17430:
17413:Hudson, Michael
17410:
17406:
17399:
17378:
17374:
17329:
17325:
17315:
17313:
17302:
17298:
17261:
17257:
17248:Smorodinskaya.
17246:
17242:
17231:
17227:
17220:
17200:
17196:
17181:
17177:
17167:
17165:
17156:
17155:
17151:
17141:
17139:
17126:"Cops for hire"
17124:
17123:
17119:
17114:
17110:
17099:
17095:
17085:
17083:
17070:
17069:
17065:
17055:
17053:
17040:
17036:
17029:
17000:
16991:
16984:
16955:
16951:
16945:Wayback Machine
16936:
16932:
16922:
16920:
16891:
16887:
16863:10.2307/2494336
16840:
16836:
16829:
16803:
16799:
16789:
16787:
16780:
16762:
16758:
16748:
16746:
16728:
16724:
16714:
16712:
16702:
16698:
16691:
16675:
16671:
16663:
16652:
16648:
16647:
16643:
16638:. 22 July 1986.
16628:
16627:
16623:
16608:
16604:
16594:
16592:
16579:Benson, Tyler.
16577:
16570:
16560:
16558:
16549:
16548:
16544:
16536:
16532:
16521:
16519:
16515:
16505:
16503:
16496:
16476:
16472:
16464:
16460:
16450:
16448:
16441:
16425:
16421:
16411:
16409:
16402:
16394:. p. 144.
16392:Hamish Hamilton
16382:
16375:
16365:
16363:
16356:
16348:. p. 263.
16336:
16332:
16324:
16315:
16304:
16300:
16295:
16291:
16277:
16275:
16268:
16252:
16248:
16243:
16239:
16234:
16230:
16220:
16218:
16209:
16208:
16204:
16194:
16192:
16183:
16182:
16178:
16169:
16165:
16156:
16152:
16129:
16125:
16115:
16113:
16111:
16085:
16081:
16073:
16069:
16061:
16050:
16040:
16038:
16031:
16015:
16011:
16001:
15999:
15997:
15971:
15962:
15952:
15950:
15939:
15935:
15934:
15930:
15922:
15918:
15910:
15906:
15898:
15894:
15886:
15882:
15878:, pp. 3–4.
15874:
15870:
15860:
15858:
15831:
15827:
15817:
15815:
15808:Chicago Tribune
15800:
15796:
15765:
15761:
15753:
15749:
15741:
15737:
15729:
15725:
15720:Wayback Machine
15709:Wayback Machine
15699:
15695:
15684:
15682:
15665:
15661:
15653:
15649:
15641:
15637:
15624:
15623:
15619:
15609:
15607:
15587:
15583:
15573:
15571:
15564:
15556:. p. 130.
15544:
15540:
15530:
15528:
15521:
15501:
15497:
15487:
15485:
15471:
15467:
15457:
15455:
15447:The Independent
15435:
15431:
15421:
15419:
15401:
15397:
15390:
15374:Mikhail Shifman
15371:
15367:
15357:
15355:
15348:
15332:
15328:
15310:Wayback Machine
15296:
15292:
15282:
15280:
15265:
15261:
15251:
15249:
15248:on 24 June 2019
15236:Englund, Will.
15234:
15230:
15225:
15221:
15216:
15212:
15202:
15200:
15183:
15179:
15169:
15167:
15148:
15144:
15133:
15129:
15120:
15116:
15103:
15099:
15089:
15087:
15086:on 20 June 2018
15083:
15072:
15068:
15067:
15063:
15022:
15018:
15011:
15000:
14992:
14985:
14975:
14973:
14931:
14927:
14915:
14911:
14896:
14892:
14845:
14841:
14830:
14826:
14815:
14811:
14795:
14787:
14783:
14773:
14771:
14764:
14748:
14744:
14737:
14715:
14711:
14704:
14682:
14678:
14668:
14666:
14659:
14643:
14639:
14626:"War Communism"
14622:
14618:
14609:
14608:
14604:
14597:
14581:. Vol. 3.
14573:
14569:
14561:
14557:
14549:
14542:
14534:
14530:
14522:
14518:
14510:
14506:
14498:
14494:
14486:
14479:
14469:
14467:
14460:
14444:
14440:
14422:
14421:
14417:
14407:
14405:
14390:
14383:
14373:
14371:
14358:
14357:
14353:
14343:
14341:
14328:
14327:
14323:
14313:
14311:
14296:
14292:
14282:
14280:
14267:
14266:
14262:
14252:
14250:
14237:
14236:
14232:
14227:. 7 March 1991.
14222:
14221:
14217:
14206:
14202:
14191:
14187:
14168:
14164:
14154:
14152:
14135:
14131:
14123:Smithsonian.com
14118:Wayback Machine
14105:
14101:
14091:
14089:
14076:
14075:
14071:
14061:
14059:
14046:
14045:
14041:
14031:
14029:
14022:
14014:. p. 233.
14002:
13998:
13988:
13986:
13966:
13962:
13952:
13950:
13930:
13921:
13913:
13909:
13901:
13897:
13889:
13885:
13877:
13873:
13865:
13861:
13851:
13849:
13836:
13835:
13831:
13821:
13819:
13799:
13795:
13785:
13783:
13763:
13759:
13724:
13720:
13712:
13708:
13663:
13659:
13651:
13647:
13637:
13635:
13628:
13605:
13601:
13578:
13574:
13543:
13539:
13530:
13523:
13513:
13511:
13498:
13497:
13490:
13483:
13478:
13477:
13473:
13466:
13450:. Vol. 1.
13442:
13438:
13428:
13426:
13413:
13412:
13401:
13391:
13389:
13376:
13375:
13371:
13361:
13359:
13352:
13325:
13321:
13311:
13309:
13302:
13282:
13278:
13268:
13266:
13259:
13239:
13224:
13215:
13211:
13202:
13201:
13197:
13187:
13185:
13176:
13175:
13171:
13166:
13162:
13157:
13153:
13146:
13138:. p. 368.
13126:
13122:
13112:
13110:
13103:
13083:
13079:
13069:
13067:
13060:
13044:
13040:
13030:
13028:
13013:
13009:
12994:
12990:
12981:
12977:
12967:
12965:
12958:
12950:. p. 103.
12938:
12934:
12918:
12914:
12905:
12901:
12895:Stalin's Russia
12892:
12888:
12881:
12862:
12858:
12835:
12831:
12822:
12818:
12803:10.2307/1986524
12787:
12783:
12774:
12770:
12753:
12749:
12732:
12728:
12711:
12707:
12699:
12695:
12682:
12681:
12677:
12669:
12665:
12655:
12653:
12651:
12625:
12621:
12611:
12609:
12602:
12594:. p. 369.
12582:
12573:
12558:
12554:
12549:Wayback Machine
12539:
12535:
12527:Duncan Hallas,
12526:
12522:
12505:
12501:
12487:
12483:
12446:
12442:
12432:
12430:
12429:on 29 July 2018
12426:
12419:
12406:
12402:
12383:
12379:
12366:
12365:
12361:
12354:
12329:
12320:
12309:
12289:
12285:
12268:
12264:
12254:
12252:
12245:
12240:
12239:
12235:
12225:
12213:
12212:
12208:
12198:
12197:
12193:
12183:
12167:
12166:
12162:
12152:
12150:
12142:
12141:
12137:
12127:
12125:
12108:
12104:
12094:
12092:
12085:
12065:
12061:
12050:
12037:
12033:
12023:
12021:
12014:
12006:. p. 490.
11994:
11990:
11980:
11978:
11971:
11951:
11947:
11937:
11935:
11922:
11921:
11917:
11907:
11905:
11903:
11881:
11877:
11870:
11862:. p. 674.
11849:
11842:
11832:
11830:
11823:
11815:. p. 379.
11803:Service, Robert
11800:
11796:
11780:
11779:
11775:
11765:
11763:
11756:
11736:
11732:
11722:
11720:
11703:
11699:
11689:
11687:
11680:
11661:
11657:
11641:
11640:
11636:
11626:
11624:
11617:
11597:
11593:
11583:
11581:
11574:
11554:
11550:
11540:
11538:
11536:
11514:
11510:
11500:
11498:
11491:
11483:. p. 205.
11471:
11467:
11457:
11455:
11448:
11434:
11433:
11429:
11419:
11417:
11410:
11390:
11383:
11373:
11371:
11364:
11348:
11344:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11304:
11300:
11290:
11288:
11281:
11262:
11258:
11248:
11246:
11239:
11223:
11219:
11209:
11207:
11200:
11186:
11185:
11181:
11171:
11169:
11162:
11154:. p. 378.
11142:Service, Robert
11139:
11135:
11125:
11123:
11116:
11100:
11096:
11086:
11084:
11077:
11061:
11057:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11035:. p. 325.
11021:
11017:
11007:
11005:
10998:
10982:
10978:
10969:
10962:
10952:
10950:
10938:
10934:
10925:
10921:
10911:
10909:
10894:
10890:
10880:
10878:
10866:
10862:
10821:
10817:
10807:
10805:
10788:
10784:
10774:
10772:
10747:
10743:
10733:
10731:
10730:on 12 June 2024
10714:
10710:
10700:
10698:
10687:
10683:
10634:
10630:
10620:
10618:
10605:
10604:
10600:
10590:
10588:
10568:
10564:
10554:
10552:
10551:. 26 April 2021
10541:
10540:
10536:
10526:
10524:
10516:
10515:
10511:
10501:
10499:
10486:
10485:
10481:
10436:
10432:
10422:
10420:
10403:
10399:
10389:
10387:
10362:
10358:
10348:
10346:
10323:
10322:
10318:
10308:
10306:
10302:
10295:
10289:
10285:
10279:Wayback Machine
10269:
10265:
10260:
10256:
10246:
10244:
10234:
10233:
10229:
10217:, p. 421;
10215:Volkogonov 1994
10213:, p. 354;
10205:, p. 608;
10201:
10197:
10189:
10185:
10175:
10173:
10164:
10163:
10159:
10149:
10147:
10139:
10138:
10134:
10124:
10122:
10112:
10105:
10097:
10093:
10085:
10078:
10059:
10052:
10042:
10040:
10036:
10022:
10018:
10017:
10013:
10003:
10001:
9992:
9991:
9984:
9972:
9968:
9947:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9931:
9908:xorhurd / sovet
9763:
9759:
9754:
9750:
9693:
9689:
9679:
9678:
9670:
9666:Sovetskiy Soyuz
9650:
9646:
9623:
9619:
9608:
9607:
9599:
9579:
9575:
9570:
9566:
9559:
9550:
9546:
9537:
9533:
9528:
9524:
9519:
9515:
9510:
9506:
9497:
9493:
9484:
9480:
9475:
9471:
9462:
9458:
9449:
9445:
9440:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9422:
9418:
9413:
9409:
9396:
9392:
9383:
9379:
9367:
9363:
9354:
9350:
9341:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9313:Second Cold War
9278:
9137:
9131:
9064:
9050:
9040:(March 8), and
9036:(February 23),
8983:Leonid Brezhnev
8894:state socialism
8859:
8848:
8842:
8839:
8828:
8813:
8809:
8802:
8792:
8768:Andrew Jennings
8662:
8644:
8603:Khrushchev Thaw
8538:
8536:
8510:
8504:
8381:Roman Catholics
8312:Khrushchev Thaw
8272:
8266:
8241:second language
8227:
8219:Main articles:
8217:
8208:
8177:Yevgeniy Chazov
8166:Leonid Brezhnev
8162:right to health
8137:
8131:
8124:
8121:
8112:
8109:
8100:
8097:
8088:
8085:
8076:
8073:
8064:
8061:
8052:
8049:
8040:
8037:
7905:
7889:Main articles:
7887:
7838:social mobility
7812:
7806:
7770:
7764:
7697:
7692:
7378:
7372:
7368:
7325:
7319:
7315:
7267:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7211:
7194:(including the
7172:
7166:
7090:
7084:
6956:
6948:Main articles:
6946:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6809:
6803:
6739:Stanley Fischer
6731:quality of life
6684:Workers of the
6643:five-year plans
6616:military budget
6587:self-sufficient
6527:command economy
6517:
6513: < 250
6510:
6508:
6501:
6499:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6479:
6472:
6470:
6463:
6451:
6445:
6424:(1956) and the
6391:Sergei Gorshkov
6367:Internal Troops
6365:(OGPU) and the
6321:A medium-range
6315:
6289:
6283:
6266:
6264:
6248:
6246:
6230:
6228:
6212:
6210:
6194:
6192:
6176:
6174:
6158:
6156:
6140:
6138:
6122:
6120:
6104:
6102:
6086:
6084:
6068:
6066:
6050:
6048:
6032:
6030:
6007:
6005:
5867:
5855:Main articles:
5853:
5835:, far-reaching
5771:
5763:Main articles:
5761:
5733:interwar period
5725:
5717:Main articles:
5715:
5651:social fascists
5595:
5589:
5576:Josip Broz Tito
5502:world communism
5434:Henry Kissinger
5430:Leonid Brezhnev
5385:
5379:
5354:. According to
5336:civil liberties
5306:. According to
5269:1927 until 1953
5258:
5252:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5210:Judicial system
5165:Georgy Malenkov
5120:
5114:
5034:Five-Year Plans
5006:
5000:
4924:
4918:
4916:Communist Party
4898:
4890:Main articles:
4888:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4683:The USSR, like
4600:Landscape near
4592:mountain range.
4578:
4572:
4566:
4544:(openness) and
4540:'s policies of
4523:Leonid Brezhnev
4519:Khrushchev Thaw
4449:Communist Party
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4402:
4391:
4381:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4261:
4260:
4247:
4233:
4212:
4191:
4170:
4149:
4129:
4112:
4095:
4084:
4079:2022 annexation
4063:Mass emigration
4051:2020 amendments
4034:
3992:
3978:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3897:
3883:
3861:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3697:
3680:
3643:Kornilov affair
3621:
3620:
3612:
3581:Congress Poland
3559:Russian America
3532:
3520:1905 Revolution
3487:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3438:Vladimir-Suzdal
3422:
3414:Mongol conquest
3402:
3401:
3393:
3336:
3331:Russkaya Pravda
3326:Baptism of Rus'
3318:
3317:
3309:
3274:pre-9th century
3252:
3250:
3230:
3223:
3212:
3206:
3178:is in English.
3139:Sovyetsky Soyuz
3050:Georgian Affair
3037:, in which the
3013:The Soviets as
2973:verbal stem of
2947:
2945:Names of Russia
2941:
2935:
2907:founding member
2858:, an attempted
2763:coalesced into
2736:losses. In the
2662:socialist state
2643:communist state
2635:one-party state
2621:. In practice,
2567:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2314:April 9 tragedy
2193:
2182:
2181:
2029:
2018:
2017:
1954:Khrushchev Thaw
1934:
1923:
1922:
1903:Berlin Blockade
1790:
1779:
1778:
1729:
1728:: Establishment
1718:
1717:
1696:Bolshevik Party
1691:Bolshevik split
1666:
1629:
1610:
1596:
1582:
1568:
1554:
1540:
1526:
1512:
1498:
1484:
1470:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1424:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1367:
1353:
1345:
1335:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1285:
1275:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1131:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1079:
1063:
1051:
1032:
1013:
1003:
989:
970:
965:
958:8 December 1991
955:
942:
929:
924:
914:
901:
891:24 October 1945
888:
879:
869:
864:
854:
844:5 December 1936
841:
831:31 January 1924
828:
815:
805:7 November 1917
802:
788:
774:Interwar period
761:
755:
745:
741:
734:
725:
715:
711:
704:
681:
671:
643:
635:Mikhail Kalinin
631:
600:Gennady Yanayev
596:
584:
572:
560:
552:Leonid Brezhnev
548:
536:
528:Georgy Malenkov
524:
512:
500:
454:
423:
402:
392:
353:
304:
282:
280:
276:
273:
268:
265:
263:
261:
260:
259:
253:
245:
230:
227:
196:
188:
158:
151:
129:
116:
115:
114:
112:
107:
99:
98:
96:
91:
73:
65:
59:
58:
56:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
25541:
25531:
25530:
25525:
25520:
25515:
25513:Former empires
25510:
25505:
25500:
25495:
25490:
25485:
25480:
25475:
25470:
25453:
25452:
25447:
25446:
25444:
25443:
25438:
25431:
25430:
25422:
25421:
25418:
25417:
25414:
25413:
25411:
25410:
25405:
25404:
25403:
25393:
25388:
25383:
25378:
25373:
25368:
25363:
25358:
25353:
25348:
25343:
25338:
25337:
25336:
25331:
25326:
25316:
25311:
25306:
25301:
25296:
25291:
25286:
25281:
25276:
25271:
25266:
25261:
25256:
25251:
25246:
25241:
25236:
25231:
25226:
25225:
25224:
25214:
25209:
25204:
25199:
25194:
25189:
25183:
25181:
25175:
25174:
25172:
25171:
25170:
25169:
25159:
25154:
25149:
25144:
25139:
25134:
25129:
25124:
25119:
25114:
25109:
25104:
25099:
25094:
25089:
25084:
25083:
25082:
25077:
25067:
25066:
25065:
25055:
25054:
25053:
25048:
25043:
25033:
25028:
25023:
25018:
25013:
25008:
25003:
24998:
24993:
24988:
24983:
24978:
24973:
24968:
24963:
24958:
24953:
24948:
24942:
24936:
24930:
24929:
24926:
24925:
24923:
24922:
24917:
24912:
24907:
24902:
24897:
24892:
24887:
24885:Space industry
24882:
24877:
24872:
24871:
24870:
24860:
24852:
24847:
24842:
24837:
24832:
24827:
24822:
24817:
24812:
24807:
24802:
24797:
24792:
24787:
24782:
24777:
24772:
24766:
24760:
24754:
24753:
24750:
24749:
24747:
24746:
24741:
24736:
24731:
24726:
24724:Urban planning
24721:
24716:
24711:
24706:
24701:
24696:
24691:
24686:
24681:
24676:
24671:
24666:
24661:
24656:
24651:
24646:
24641:
24636:
24631:
24626:
24621:
24616:
24611:
24606:
24596:
24591:
24586:
24576:
24571:
24561:
24559:Federal budget
24556:
24551:
24546:
24541:
24536:
24531:
24526:
24521:
24516:
24510:
24504:
24498:
24497:
24494:
24493:
24491:
24490:
24485:
24480:
24475:
24470:
24468:North Caucasus
24465:
24464:
24463:
24458:
24453:
24443:
24442:
24441:
24436:
24431:
24421:
24420:
24419:
24409:
24404:
24402:Highest points
24399:
24394:
24389:
24384:
24379:
24378:
24377:
24372:
24367:
24362:
24357:
24347:
24345:Extreme points
24342:
24341:
24340:
24330:
24325:
24320:
24315:
24309:
24303:
24297:
24296:
24293:
24292:
24290:
24289:
24284:
24279:
24274:
24269:
24264:
24259:
24254:
24249:
24244:
24238:
24236:
24232:
24231:
24229:
24228:
24227:
24226:
24216:
24215:
24214:
24209:
24204:
24194:
24193:
24192:
24187:
24177:
24172:
24171:
24170:
24160:
24158:Russian Empire
24155:
24154:
24153:
24143:
24138:
24137:
24136:
24131:
24126:
24118:
24113:
24108:
24103:
24098:
24093:
24088:
24082:
24080:
24071:
24065:
24064:
24062: articles
24056:
24055:
24048:
24041:
24033:
24024:
24023:
24020:
24019:
24017:
24016:
24011:
24006:
24001:
23996:
23991:
23986:
23981:
23976:
23971:
23966:
23961:
23956:
23951:
23946:
23941:
23940:
23939:
23928:
23925:
23924:
23914:
23913:
23910:
23909:
23906:
23905:
23903:
23902:
23897:
23891:
23889:
23885:
23884:
23879:
23877:
23873:
23872:
23870:
23869:
23864:
23859:
23854:
23849:
23844:
23839:
23834:
23832:Habbush letter
23829:
23824:
23819:
23818:
23817:
23807:
23802:
23801:
23800:
23795:
23790:
23785:
23775:
23770:
23764:
23762:
23758:
23757:
23755:
23754:
23749:
23744:
23739:
23731:
23726:
23721:
23716:
23714:Bell Pottinger
23710:
23708:
23707:United Kingdom
23704:
23703:
23701:
23700:
23695:
23690:
23684:
23682:
23678:
23677:
23672:
23670:
23666:
23665:
23662:
23661:
23659:
23658:
23653:
23648:
23643:
23638:
23637:
23636:
23631:
23626:
23618:
23617:
23616:
23606:
23605:
23604:
23599:
23588:
23586:
23580:
23579:
23577:
23576:
23571:
23566:
23561:
23556:
23551:
23546:
23541:
23535:
23533:
23524:
23515:
23514:
23512:
23511:
23506:
23501:
23490:
23488:
23484:
23483:
23478:
23476:
23472:
23471:
23466:
23464:
23460:
23459:
23454:
23452:
23448:
23447:
23442:
23440:
23436:
23435:
23433:
23432:
23427:
23422:
23417:
23411:
23409:
23405:
23404:
23402:
23401:
23396:
23391:
23385:
23383:
23379:
23378:
23373:
23371:
23370:Czechoslovakia
23367:
23366:
23364:
23363:
23356:
23351:
23350:
23349:
23344:
23342:PLA Unit 61398
23339:
23334:
23329:
23324:
23313:
23311:
23307:
23306:
23301:
23299:
23291:
23290:
23280:
23279:
23276:
23275:
23272:
23271:
23269:
23268:
23263:
23262:
23261:
23256:
23251:
23241:
23236:
23231:
23226:
23221:
23220:
23219:
23217:by governments
23209:
23203:
23201:
23194:
23193:
23188:
23183:
23178:
23173:
23168:
23163:
23158:
23153:
23148:
23147:
23146:
23136:
23131:
23126:
23121:
23115:
23112:
23111:
23101:
23100:
23097:
23096:
23094:
23093:
23086:
23079:
23072:
23065:
23058:
23054:Disinformation
23049:
23046:
23045:
23035:
23034:
23031:
23030:
23028:
23027:
23022:
23017:
23012:
23007:
23002:
22997:
22992:
22987:
22982:
22981:
22980:
22975:
22970:
22960:
22959:
22958:
22953:
22943:
22938:
22933:
22928:
22923:
22918:
22913:
22908:
22903:
22898:
22893:
22888:
22883:
22878:
22873:
22868:
22863:
22858:
22857:
22856:
22846:
22845:
22844:
22839:
22834:
22824:
22819:
22814:
22809:
22804:
22799:
22794:
22784:
22783:
22782:
22775:Cognitive bias
22772:
22767:
22765:Cherry picking
22762:
22757:
22752:
22746:
22743:
22742:
22732:
22731:
22728:misinformation
22724:Disinformation
22720:
22719:
22712:
22705:
22697:
22688:
22687:
22685:
22684:
22683:
22682:
22672:
22667:
22662:
22657:
22652:
22647:
22642:
22637:
22632:
22627:
22622:
22615:
22609:
22607:
22603:
22602:
22600:
22599:
22594:
22589:
22584:
22579:
22574:
22563:
22561:
22557:
22556:
22554:
22553:
22548:
22535:
22530:
22525:
22520:
22511:
22506:
22501:
22496:
22491:
22486:
22481:
22475:
22473:
22468:
22465:
22464:
22462:
22461:
22453:
22445:
22440:
22435:
22429:
22427:
22423:
22422:
22420:
22419:
22411:
22406:
22401:
22396:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22372:
22370:
22366:
22365:
22363:
22362:
22357:
22352:
22347:
22342:
22341:
22340:
22335:
22330:
22325:
22315:
22309:
22307:
22303:
22302:
22299:
22298:
22293:
22287:
22286:
22283:
22282:
22275:
22274:
22267:
22260:
22252:
22243:
22242:
22237:
22234:
22233:
22230:
22229:
22226:
22225:
22223:
22222:
22217:
22212:
22207:
22202:
22197:
22192:
22187:
22185:Hungary (1919)
22182:
22177:
22172:
22171:
22170:
22165:
22157:
22152:
22147:
22142:
22137:
22132:
22131:
22130:
22125:
22117:
22112:
22107:
22101:
22099:
22092:
22091:
22086:
22081:
22076:
22071:
22066:
22061:
22060:
22059:
22054:
22052:Czech Republic
22047:Czechoslovakia
22044:
22039:
22033:
22031:
22027:
22026:
22023:
22022:
22020:
22019:
22014:
22009:
22004:
21999:
21994:
21989:
21987:Inner Mongolia
21984:
21979:
21974:
21969:
21967:East Turkestan
21964:
21958:
21956:
21949:
21948:
21947:
21946:
21936:
21931:
21926:
21921:
21916:
21911:
21906:
21901:
21896:
21895:
21894:
21889:
21884:
21876:
21871:
21865:
21863:
21859:
21858:
21856:
21855:
21850:
21845:
21840:
21834:
21832:
21828:
21827:
21825:
21824:
21819:
21814:
21809:
21804:
21799:
21794:
21789:
21788:
21787:
21782:
21774:
21769:
21764:
21759:
21754:
21748:
21746:
21739:
21731:
21730:
21728:
21727:
21722:
21717:
21712:
21707:
21702:
21697:
21692:
21687:
21682:
21677:
21672:
21666:
21664:
21660:
21659:
21657:
21656:
21651:
21649:United Kingdom
21645:
21643:
21639:
21638:
21636:
21635:
21630:
21629:
21628:
21620:
21619:
21618:
21608:
21606:United Kingdom
21603:
21598:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21563:
21558:
21553:
21548:
21543:
21542:
21541:
21536:
21531:
21530:
21529:
21516:
21511:
21510:
21509:
21499:
21494:
21493:
21492:
21482:
21476:
21474:
21470:
21469:
21461:
21460:
21453:
21446:
21438:
21432:
21429:
21428:
21416:
21415:
21410:
21409:
21407:
21406:
21400:
21398:
21392:
21391:
21389:
21388:
21382:
21380:
21378:Azerbaijan SSR
21374:
21373:
21371:
21370:
21368:South Ossetian
21364:
21362:
21356:
21355:
21353:
21352:
21347:
21342:
21340:North Ossetian
21337:
21332:
21327:
21322:
21317:
21316:
21315:
21310:
21300:
21295:
21290:
21285:
21280:
21275:
21270:
21269:
21268:
21263:
21253:
21247:
21245:
21239:
21238:
21231:
21230:
21223:
21216:
21208:
21199:
21198:
21195:
21194:
21189:
21184:
21179:
21174:
21158:
21149:
21148:
21145:
21144:
21141:
21140:
21136:
21135:
21091:North Ossetian
21087:
21085:
21037:
21035:
20987:
20985:
20937:
20935:
20929:
20923:
20917:
20916:
20914:
20913:
20908:
20903:
20898:
20893:
20888:
20883:
20878:
20876:North Ossetian
20873:
20868:
20863:
20858:
20853:
20848:
20843:
20838:
20837:
20836:
20826:
20821:
20816:
20811:
20806:
20801:
20796:
20791:
20786:
20781:
20776:
20771:
20766:
20761:
20755:
20753:
20749:
20748:
20741:
20740:
20733:
20726:
20718:
20709:
20708:
20706:
20705:
20699:
20693:
20687:
20681:
20674:
20672:
20668:
20667:
20665:
20664:
20658:
20651:
20649:
20645:
20644:
20641:
20640:
20638:
20637:
20632:
20630:Lithuanian SSR
20627:
20622:
20616:
20614:
20607:
20606:
20604:
20603:
20598:
20593:
20588:
20583:
20577:
20575:
20566:
20565:
20563:
20562:
20557:
20552:
20547:
20542:
20540:Azerbaijan SSR
20537:
20531:
20529:
20520:
20516:
20515:
20507:
20506:
20499:
20492:
20484:
20478:
20475:
20474:
20462:
20461:
20459:
20458:
20448:
20433:
20430:
20429:
20426:
20425:
20423:
20422:
20417:
20416:
20415:
20405:
20404:
20403:
20393:
20392:
20391:
20380:
20378:
20374:
20373:
20371:
20370:
20369:
20368:
20356:
20354:
20348:
20347:
20345:
20344:
20339:
20334:
20329:
20324:
20319:
20314:
20309:
20308:
20307:
20297:
20292:
20287:
20282:
20276:
20274:
20268:
20267:
20265:
20264:
20259:
20254:
20253:
20252:
20247:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20226:
20225:
20220:
20215:
20205:
20200:
20194:
20188:
20182:
20181:
20179:
20178:
20177:
20176:
20166:
20161:
20156:
20151:
20146:
20141:
20135:
20133:
20127:
20126:
20124:
20123:
20122:
20121:
20116:
20114:Rail transport
20111:
20109:Railway system
20101:
20093:
20088:
20083:
20078:
20073:
20068:
20063:
20058:
20053:
20048:
20042:
20040:
20034:
20033:
20030:
20029:
20027:
20026:
20021:
20016:
20011:
20005:
20003:
19997:
19996:
19994:
19993:
19988:
19983:
19982:
19981:
19971:
19966:
19961:
19956:
19951:
19945:
19943:
19937:
19936:
19934:
19933:
19932:
19931:
19905:
19904:
19903:
19898:
19888:
19883:
19882:
19881:
19871:
19870:
19869:
19859:
19854:
19848:
19846:
19840:
19839:
19837:
19836:
19831:
19829:Deputy Premier
19826:
19821:
19820:
19819:
19812:Heads of state
19808:
19806:
19802:
19801:
19799:
19798:
19797:
19796:
19786:
19780:
19777:Supreme Soviet
19774:
19768:
19767:
19766:
19761:
19760:
19759:
19754:
19744:
19739:
19728:
19726:
19722:
19721:
19719:
19718:
19713:
19712:
19711:
19706:
19701:
19694:State ideology
19691:
19686:
19681:
19676:
19675:
19674:
19664:
19659:
19654:
19653:
19652:
19642:
19641:
19640:
19630:
19625:
19624:
19623:
19613:
19608:
19607:
19606:
19601:
19590:
19588:
19581:
19575:
19574:
19571:
19570:
19568:
19567:
19562:
19560:Ural Mountains
19557:
19552:
19550:North Caucasus
19547:
19542:
19537:
19531:
19529:
19525:
19524:
19522:
19521:
19516:
19511:
19510:
19509:
19499:
19494:
19493:
19492:
19481:
19479:
19470:
19464:
19463:
19461:
19460:
19455:
19450:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19410:
19405:
19400:
19395:
19394:
19393:
19388:
19377:
19372:
19367:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19346:
19345:
19340:
19330:
19324:
19322:
19316:
19315:
19307:
19306:
19299:
19292:
19284:
19278:
19277:
19271:
19262:
19250:
19249:External links
19247:
19245:
19244:
19203:
19197:
19178:
19172:
19159:
19153:
19129:
19123:
19106:
19100:
19081:
19075:
19055:
19049:
19031:
19026:978-1138815681
19025:
19006:
18990:
18984:
18964:
18958:
18936:
18930:
18906:
18897:
18891:
18878:
18872:
18852:
18832:(6): 699–724.
18821:
18805:
18799:
18778:
18772:
18755:
18749:
18730:
18724:
18705:
18695:(3): 262–286.
18684:
18678:
18661:
18623:
18615:Fischer, Louis
18611:
18605:
18583:Davies, Robert
18579:
18566:
18560:
18536:
18530:
18510:
18490:
18487:
18484:
18483:
18455:
18425:
18408:Etext Archives
18395:
18363:
18341:
18318:
18311:
18284:
18271:978-0906582473
18270:
18247:
18206:(1): 110–126.
18184:
18159:
18130:
18112:
18098:
18084:
18064:
18057:
18039:
17998:
17984:
17957:
17927:
17897:
17871:
17840:
17833:
17806:
17780:
17752:
17735:
17704:
17672:
17653:(2): 135–138.
17632:
17613:
17607:. p. 63.
17586:
17563:
17550:
17543:
17510:
17499:on 8 July 2016
17479:
17444:
17404:
17397:
17372:
17343:(4): 539–550.
17323:
17296:
17282:10.1086/315570
17255:
17240:
17225:
17218:
17194:
17191:. p. 481.
17175:
17149:
17117:
17108:
17093:
17063:
17034:
17027:
16989:
16982:
16949:
16930:
16885:
16856:(2): 314–322.
16834:
16827:
16797:
16778:
16756:
16722:
16696:
16689:
16669:
16641:
16621:
16602:
16568:
16542:
16530:
16513:
16494:
16470:
16458:
16439:
16419:
16400:
16373:
16354:
16330:
16313:
16298:
16289:
16266:
16246:
16237:
16228:
16202:
16176:
16163:
16150:
16123:
16109:
16079:
16067:
16048:
16029:
16009:
15995:
15960:
15928:
15916:
15904:
15892:
15880:
15868:
15845:(3): 379–383.
15825:
15794:
15775:(1): 155–177.
15759:
15747:
15735:
15723:
15693:
15659:
15647:
15635:
15617:
15581:
15562:
15538:
15519:
15513:. p. 26.
15495:
15478:"Biographical"
15465:
15438:Dominic Lawson
15429:
15404:Edward Frenkel
15395:
15388:
15376:, ed. (2005).
15365:
15346:
15326:
15290:
15259:
15228:
15219:
15210:
15177:
15142:
15137:Russian Review
15127:
15114:
15097:
15061:
15048:10.2307/210935
15016:
15009:
14983:
14955:10.1086/451781
14925:
14909:
14890:
14839:
14824:
14809:
14781:
14762:
14742:
14735:
14709:
14702:
14676:
14657:
14637:
14616:
14602:
14595:
14589:. p. 56.
14567:
14565:, p. 169.
14555:
14553:, p. 167.
14540:
14538:, p. 165.
14528:
14526:, p. 168.
14516:
14504:
14502:, p. 201.
14492:
14490:, p. 205.
14477:
14458:
14438:
14415:
14381:
14351:
14321:
14290:
14260:
14230:
14215:
14200:
14185:
14162:
14129:
14099:
14069:
14039:
14020:
13996:
13960:
13919:
13917:, p. 299.
13907:
13895:
13893:, p. 297.
13883:
13881:, p. 295.
13871:
13859:
13829:
13793:
13757:
13734:(6): 956–987.
13718:
13706:
13677:(6): 661–666.
13657:
13645:
13626:
13599:
13588:(1): 141–167.
13572:
13537:
13521:
13488:
13471:
13464:
13436:
13399:
13369:
13350:
13319:
13300:
13294:. p. 30.
13276:
13257:
13222:
13216:Lih, Lars T.,
13209:
13195:
13169:
13160:
13151:
13144:
13120:
13101:
13095:. p. 94.
13077:
13058:
13038:
13007:
12988:
12975:
12956:
12932:
12912:
12899:
12886:
12879:
12856:
12845:(2): 349–368.
12829:
12816:
12797:(3): 109–117.
12781:
12768:
12747:
12726:
12705:
12693:
12675:
12663:
12649:
12619:
12600:
12571:
12552:
12533:
12520:
12499:
12481:
12462:(2): 110–141.
12440:
12400:
12377:
12359:
12352:
12332:Pipes, Richard
12318:
12307:
12283:
12262:
12233:
12223:
12206:
12191:
12181:
12160:
12135:
12102:
12083:
12059:
12031:
12012:
11988:
11969:
11945:
11915:
11901:
11875:
11868:
11840:
11821:
11794:
11773:
11754:
11748:. p. 71.
11730:
11715:. p. 31.
11697:
11678:
11664:Sakwa, Richard
11655:
11634:
11615:
11591:
11572:
11548:
11534:
11508:
11489:
11465:
11446:
11427:
11408:
11381:
11362:
11342:
11328:
11298:
11279:
11256:
11237:
11217:
11198:
11179:
11160:
11133:
11114:
11094:
11075:
11055:
11041:
11015:
10996:
10976:
10960:
10932:
10919:
10902:EurAsian Times
10888:
10860:
10815:
10782:
10741:
10708:
10681:
10628:
10598:
10562:
10534:
10509:
10479:
10452:(3): 201–227.
10430:
10397:
10356:
10316:
10283:
10263:
10254:
10227:
10225:, p. 175.
10209:, p. 50;
10195:
10183:
10157:
10141:"April Thesis"
10132:
10116:"Soviet Union"
10103:
10101:, p. 487.
10091:
10089:, p. 763.
10076:
10064:"Soviet"
10050:
10011:
9982:
9966:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9894:šūravī / sovet
9889:шӯравӣ / совет
9814:sovet / kenges
9757:
9748:
9734:to the south;
9708:Czechoslovakia
9687:
9654:Советский Союз
9644:
9617:
9573:
9564:
9544:
9531:
9522:
9513:
9504:
9491:
9478:
9469:
9456:
9443:
9434:
9425:
9416:
9407:
9390:
9377:
9361:
9357:praised Stalin
9348:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9141:Vladimir Lenin
9130:
9127:
9054:Anti-Sovietism
9049:
9046:
9032:, such as the
9006:massive losses
8989:, Stalin, and
8911:2001 stamp of
8861:
8860:
8816:
8814:
8807:
8791:
8788:
8643:
8640:
8601:Following the
8514:Soviet cuisine
8506:Main article:
8503:
8500:
8459:anti-Sovietism
8405:ruling classes
8377:Azerbaijan SSR
8268:Main article:
8265:
8262:
8216:
8213:
8207:
8204:
8154:Semashko model
8133:Main article:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8122:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8031:
8025:Andrei Gromyko
7886:
7883:
7819:Young Pioneers
7808:Main article:
7805:
7802:
7763:
7760:
7740:Azerbaijan SSR
7696:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7497:Azerbaijan SSR
7494:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7476:
7474:Dnepropetrovsk
7471:
7468:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7361:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7329:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7261:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7245:
7223:mortality rate
7168:Main article:
7165:
7162:
7138:street network
7124:, an aviation
7086:Main article:
7083:
7080:
7026:space shuttles
6993:rocket at the
6968:Pavel Popovich
6945:
6942:
6859:Main article:
6856:
6853:
6805:Main article:
6802:
6799:
6791:Czechoslovakia
6688:potash plant,
6675:reform of 1965
6671:consumer goods
6577:, one of many
6539:barrier troops
6519:
6518:
6509:
6504: 250–500
6500:
6491:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6462:
6447:Main article:
6444:
6441:
6395:battlecruisers
6285:Main article:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6147:Lithuanian SSR
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:Azerbaijan SSR
6118:
6114:
6113:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5903:Turkestan ASSR
5852:
5849:
5760:
5757:
5749:United Kingdom
5714:
5711:
5688:Maxim Litvinov
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5564:
5529:
5505:
5486:Andrei Gromyko
5474:Maxim Litvinov
5426:Andrei Gromyko
5381:Main article:
5378:
5375:
5356:Vladimir Lenin
5254:Main article:
5251:
5248:
5232:People's Court
5214:Main article:
5211:
5208:
5187:, to himself.
5116:Main article:
5113:
5110:
5026:Supreme Soviet
5002:Main article:
4999:
4996:
4978:, the nominal
4920:Main article:
4917:
4914:
4887:
4884:
4820:Kola Peninsula
4719:Czechoslovakia
4568:Main article:
4565:
4562:
4536:In the 1980s,
4513:, initiated a
4480:Allied victory
4421:
4414:
4413:
4405:Vladimir Lenin
4403:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4205:
4202:Kherson Oblast
4196:
4195:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4083:
4082:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3659:Bolshevik Coup
3615:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:Uryankhay Krai
3598:
3597:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:Russian Empire
3544:
3543:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3475:Tsarist Russia
3472:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:Rus' Khaganate
3276:
3275:
3272:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3208:Main article:
3205:
3202:
3133:Советский Союз
3031:Vladimir Lenin
3004:Russian Empire
2937:Main article:
2934:
2931:
2911:United Nations
2864:Supreme Soviet
2781:Stalin's death
2704:system of the
2658:Vladimir Lenin
2623:its government
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:Related topics
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:The Barricades
2341:
2339:January Events
2336:
2334:Dushanbe riots
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2103:Wars in Africa
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2086:Yom Kippur War
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:Fall of Saigon
2076:
2071:
2069:Operation Menu
2066:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:Russian Empire
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1168:(1990 formula)
1160:
1159:
1156:low inequality
1150:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:• Density
1049:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
963:
960:
959:
956:
950:
947:
946:
943:
937:
934:
933:
930:
922:
919:
918:
917:9 October 1977
915:
909:
906:
905:
902:
896:
893:
892:
889:
885:United Nations
877:
874:
873:
870:
862:
859:
858:
855:
849:
846:
845:
842:
836:
833:
832:
829:
823:
820:
819:
816:
810:
807:
806:
803:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
770:
768:
767:Historical era
764:
763:
756:
750:
747:
746:
744:
743:
736:
728:
726:
720:
717:
716:
714:
713:
709:Supreme Soviet
706:
698:
696:
692:
691:
688:
687:
682:
679:
676:
675:
674:Vladimir Lenin
672:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
637:
632:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
612:
611:
608:
607:
597:
594:
591:
590:
585:
582:
579:
578:
573:
570:
567:
566:
561:
558:
555:
554:
549:
546:
543:
542:
537:
534:
531:
530:
525:
522:
519:
518:
513:
510:
507:
506:
504:Vladimir Lenin
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
472:
468:
467:
462:
456:
455:
453:
452:
442:
431:
429:
425:
424:
422:
421:
418:
412:
405:
403:
400:
394:
393:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
307:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
283:55.750; 37.617
254:
251:
247:
246:
240:
232:
231:
229:
228:
194:
181:
143:
136:
135:
118:
117:
108:
101:
100:
92:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
57:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
25540:
25529:
25526:
25524:
25521:
25519:
25516:
25514:
25511:
25509:
25506:
25504:
25501:
25499:
25496:
25494:
25491:
25489:
25486:
25484:
25481:
25479:
25476:
25474:
25471:
25469:
25466:
25465:
25463:
25442:
25439:
25437:
25434:
25433:
25428:
25424:
25423:
25419:
25409:
25406:
25402:
25399:
25398:
25397:
25394:
25392:
25391:Seven Wonders
25389:
25387:
25384:
25382:
25379:
25377:
25374:
25372:
25369:
25367:
25364:
25362:
25359:
25357:
25356:Playing cards
25354:
25352:
25349:
25347:
25344:
25342:
25339:
25335:
25332:
25330:
25327:
25325:
25322:
25321:
25320:
25317:
25315:
25312:
25310:
25307:
25305:
25302:
25300:
25297:
25295:
25292:
25290:
25287:
25285:
25282:
25280:
25277:
25275:
25272:
25270:
25267:
25265:
25262:
25260:
25257:
25255:
25252:
25250:
25247:
25245:
25242:
25240:
25237:
25235:
25232:
25230:
25227:
25223:
25220:
25219:
25218:
25215:
25213:
25210:
25208:
25205:
25203:
25200:
25198:
25195:
25193:
25190:
25188:
25185:
25184:
25182:
25180:
25176:
25168:
25165:
25164:
25163:
25160:
25158:
25155:
25153:
25150:
25148:
25145:
25143:
25140:
25138:
25135:
25133:
25130:
25128:
25125:
25123:
25120:
25118:
25115:
25113:
25110:
25108:
25105:
25103:
25100:
25098:
25095:
25093:
25090:
25088:
25085:
25081:
25078:
25076:
25073:
25072:
25071:
25068:
25064:
25061:
25060:
25059:
25056:
25052:
25051:Mental health
25049:
25047:
25044:
25042:
25039:
25038:
25037:
25034:
25032:
25029:
25027:
25024:
25022:
25019:
25017:
25014:
25012:
25011:Ethnic groups
25009:
25007:
25004:
25002:
24999:
24997:
24994:
24992:
24989:
24987:
24984:
24982:
24979:
24977:
24974:
24972:
24969:
24967:
24964:
24962:
24959:
24957:
24954:
24952:
24949:
24947:
24944:
24943:
24940:
24937:
24935:
24931:
24921:
24918:
24916:
24913:
24911:
24908:
24906:
24903:
24901:
24898:
24896:
24893:
24891:
24888:
24886:
24883:
24881:
24878:
24876:
24873:
24869:
24866:
24865:
24864:
24861:
24859:
24853:
24851:
24848:
24846:
24843:
24841:
24838:
24836:
24833:
24831:
24828:
24826:
24823:
24821:
24818:
24816:
24813:
24811:
24808:
24806:
24803:
24801:
24798:
24796:
24793:
24791:
24788:
24786:
24783:
24781:
24778:
24776:
24773:
24771:
24768:
24767:
24764:
24761:
24759:
24755:
24745:
24742:
24740:
24737:
24735:
24732:
24730:
24727:
24725:
24722:
24720:
24717:
24715:
24714:Civil defense
24712:
24710:
24707:
24705:
24702:
24700:
24697:
24695:
24692:
24690:
24687:
24685:
24682:
24680:
24677:
24675:
24672:
24670:
24667:
24665:
24662:
24660:
24659:Media freedom
24657:
24655:
24652:
24650:
24647:
24645:
24642:
24640:
24637:
24635:
24632:
24630:
24627:
24625:
24622:
24620:
24617:
24615:
24612:
24610:
24607:
24604:
24600:
24597:
24595:
24592:
24590:
24587:
24584:
24580:
24577:
24575:
24572:
24569:
24565:
24562:
24560:
24557:
24555:
24552:
24550:
24547:
24545:
24544:Criminal code
24542:
24540:
24537:
24535:
24532:
24530:
24527:
24525:
24524:Civil Service
24522:
24520:
24517:
24515:
24512:
24511:
24508:
24505:
24503:
24499:
24489:
24486:
24484:
24481:
24479:
24476:
24474:
24471:
24469:
24466:
24462:
24459:
24457:
24454:
24452:
24449:
24448:
24447:
24444:
24440:
24437:
24435:
24432:
24430:
24427:
24426:
24425:
24422:
24418:
24415:
24414:
24413:
24410:
24408:
24405:
24403:
24400:
24398:
24395:
24393:
24390:
24388:
24385:
24383:
24380:
24376:
24373:
24371:
24368:
24366:
24363:
24361:
24358:
24356:
24353:
24352:
24351:
24348:
24346:
24343:
24339:
24336:
24335:
24334:
24331:
24329:
24326:
24324:
24321:
24319:
24316:
24314:
24311:
24310:
24307:
24304:
24302:
24298:
24288:
24285:
24283:
24280:
24278:
24275:
24273:
24270:
24268:
24265:
24263:
24260:
24258:
24255:
24253:
24250:
24248:
24245:
24243:
24240:
24239:
24237:
24233:
24225:
24222:
24221:
24220:
24217:
24213:
24210:
24208:
24205:
24203:
24200:
24199:
24198:
24195:
24191:
24188:
24186:
24185:Russian state
24183:
24182:
24181:
24178:
24176:
24173:
24169:
24166:
24165:
24164:
24161:
24159:
24156:
24152:
24149:
24148:
24147:
24144:
24142:
24139:
24135:
24132:
24130:
24127:
24125:
24122:
24121:
24119:
24117:
24114:
24112:
24109:
24107:
24104:
24102:
24099:
24097:
24094:
24092:
24089:
24087:
24084:
24083:
24081:
24079:
24075:
24072:
24070:
24066:
24061:
24054:
24049:
24047:
24042:
24040:
24035:
24034:
24031:
24015:
24012:
24010:
24007:
24005:
24002:
24000:
23997:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23985:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23974:FactCheck.org
23972:
23970:
23967:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23955:
23952:
23950:
23947:
23945:
23942:
23938:
23935:
23934:
23933:
23932:Fact-checking
23930:
23929:
23926:
23919:
23915:
23901:
23898:
23896:
23893:
23892:
23890:
23886:
23882:
23878:
23874:
23868:
23865:
23863:
23860:
23858:
23855:
23853:
23850:
23848:
23845:
23843:
23840:
23838:
23835:
23833:
23830:
23828:
23825:
23823:
23820:
23816:
23813:
23812:
23811:
23808:
23806:
23803:
23799:
23796:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23780:
23779:
23776:
23774:
23771:
23769:
23766:
23765:
23763:
23761:United States
23759:
23753:
23750:
23748:
23745:
23743:
23740:
23738:
23736:
23732:
23730:
23727:
23725:
23722:
23720:
23717:
23715:
23712:
23711:
23709:
23705:
23699:
23696:
23694:
23691:
23689:
23686:
23685:
23683:
23679:
23675:
23671:
23667:
23657:
23654:
23652:
23649:
23647:
23644:
23642:
23639:
23635:
23632:
23630:
23627:
23625:
23622:
23621:
23619:
23615:
23612:
23611:
23610:
23607:
23603:
23600:
23598:
23595:
23594:
23593:
23590:
23589:
23587:
23585:
23581:
23575:
23572:
23570:
23567:
23565:
23562:
23560:
23557:
23555:
23552:
23550:
23547:
23545:
23542:
23540:
23537:
23536:
23534:
23532:
23528:
23525:
23520:
23516:
23510:
23507:
23505:
23502:
23499:
23495:
23492:
23491:
23489:
23485:
23481:
23477:
23473:
23469:
23465:
23461:
23457:
23453:
23449:
23445:
23441:
23437:
23431:
23428:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23412:
23410:
23406:
23400:
23397:
23395:
23392:
23390:
23387:
23386:
23384:
23380:
23376:
23372:
23368:
23362:
23361:
23357:
23355:
23352:
23348:
23345:
23343:
23340:
23338:
23335:
23333:
23330:
23328:
23325:
23323:
23322:50 Cent Party
23320:
23319:
23318:
23315:
23314:
23312:
23308:
23304:
23300:
23296:
23292:
23285:
23281:
23267:
23264:
23260:
23257:
23255:
23252:
23250:
23247:
23246:
23245:
23242:
23240:
23237:
23235:
23232:
23230:
23227:
23225:
23222:
23218:
23215:
23214:
23213:
23210:
23208:
23205:
23204:
23202:
23198:
23192:
23189:
23187:
23184:
23182:
23179:
23177:
23174:
23172:
23169:
23167:
23164:
23162:
23159:
23157:
23154:
23152:
23149:
23145:
23142:
23141:
23140:
23137:
23135:
23132:
23130:
23127:
23125:
23122:
23120:
23117:
23116:
23113:
23106:
23102:
23092:
23091:
23087:
23085:
23084:
23080:
23078:
23077:
23073:
23071:
23070:
23066:
23064:
23063:
23059:
23057:
23055:
23051:
23050:
23047:
23040:
23036:
23026:
23023:
23021:
23018:
23016:
23013:
23011:
23008:
23006:
23003:
23001:
22998:
22996:
22993:
22991:
22988:
22986:
22983:
22979:
22976:
22974:
22971:
22969:
22966:
22965:
22964:
22961:
22957:
22954:
22952:
22949:
22948:
22947:
22944:
22942:
22939:
22937:
22934:
22932:
22929:
22927:
22926:Media culture
22924:
22922:
22919:
22917:
22914:
22912:
22909:
22907:
22904:
22902:
22899:
22897:
22894:
22892:
22889:
22887:
22884:
22882:
22879:
22877:
22874:
22872:
22869:
22867:
22866:False dilemma
22864:
22862:
22859:
22855:
22852:
22851:
22850:
22847:
22843:
22840:
22838:
22835:
22833:
22830:
22829:
22828:
22825:
22823:
22820:
22818:
22815:
22813:
22810:
22808:
22805:
22803:
22800:
22798:
22795:
22792:
22788:
22785:
22781:
22778:
22777:
22776:
22773:
22771:
22768:
22766:
22763:
22761:
22758:
22756:
22753:
22751:
22748:
22747:
22744:
22737:
22733:
22729:
22725:
22718:
22713:
22711:
22706:
22704:
22699:
22698:
22695:
22681:
22680:Yugoslav Wars
22678:
22677:
22676:
22673:
22671:
22668:
22666:
22663:
22661:
22658:
22656:
22653:
22651:
22648:
22646:
22643:
22641:
22638:
22636:
22633:
22631:
22628:
22626:
22623:
22621:
22620:
22616:
22614:
22611:
22610:
22608:
22604:
22598:
22595:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22585:
22583:
22580:
22578:
22575:
22572:
22568:
22565:
22564:
22562:
22558:
22552:
22549:
22547:
22543:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22524:
22521:
22519:
22515:
22514:Prague Spring
22512:
22510:
22507:
22505:
22502:
22500:
22497:
22495:
22492:
22490:
22487:
22485:
22482:
22480:
22477:
22476:
22474:
22466:
22460:
22454:
22452:
22446:
22444:
22441:
22439:
22436:
22434:
22431:
22430:
22428:
22426:Organizations
22424:
22418:
22412:
22410:
22407:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22395:
22392:
22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22374:
22373:
22371:
22367:
22361:
22358:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22343:
22339:
22336:
22334:
22331:
22329:
22328:Baltic states
22326:
22324:
22321:
22320:
22319:
22316:
22314:
22311:
22310:
22308:
22304:
22297:
22294:
22292:
22289:
22288:
22284:
22280:
22273:
22268:
22266:
22261:
22259:
22254:
22253:
22250:
22240:
22235:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22211:
22208:
22206:
22203:
22201:
22198:
22196:
22193:
22191:
22188:
22186:
22183:
22181:
22178:
22176:
22173:
22169:
22166:
22164:
22161:
22160:
22158:
22156:
22155:Crimea (1919)
22153:
22151:
22148:
22146:
22143:
22141:
22138:
22136:
22133:
22129:
22126:
22124:
22121:
22120:
22118:
22116:
22113:
22111:
22108:
22106:
22103:
22102:
22100:
22096:
22090:
22087:
22085:
22082:
22080:
22077:
22075:
22072:
22070:
22067:
22065:
22062:
22058:
22055:
22053:
22050:
22049:
22048:
22045:
22043:
22040:
22038:
22035:
22034:
22032:
22028:
22018:
22017:South Vietnam
22015:
22013:
22010:
22008:
22005:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21978:
21975:
21973:
21970:
21968:
21965:
21963:
21960:
21959:
21957:
21953:
21945:
21944:North Vietnam
21942:
21941:
21940:
21937:
21935:
21932:
21930:
21927:
21925:
21922:
21920:
21917:
21915:
21912:
21910:
21907:
21905:
21902:
21900:
21897:
21893:
21890:
21888:
21885:
21883:
21880:
21879:
21877:
21875:
21872:
21870:
21867:
21866:
21864:
21860:
21854:
21851:
21849:
21846:
21844:
21841:
21839:
21836:
21835:
21833:
21829:
21823:
21820:
21818:
21815:
21813:
21810:
21808:
21805:
21803:
21800:
21798:
21795:
21793:
21790:
21786:
21783:
21781:
21778:
21777:
21775:
21773:
21770:
21768:
21765:
21763:
21760:
21758:
21755:
21753:
21750:
21749:
21747:
21743:
21740:
21738:
21732:
21726:
21723:
21721:
21718:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21667:
21665:
21661:
21655:
21654:United States
21652:
21650:
21647:
21646:
21644:
21640:
21634:
21631:
21627:
21624:
21623:
21621:
21617:
21614:
21613:
21612:
21611:United States
21609:
21607:
21604:
21602:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21547:
21544:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21528:
21525:
21524:
21523:
21520:
21519:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21508:
21505:
21504:
21503:
21500:
21498:
21495:
21491:
21490:New Australia
21488:
21487:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21477:
21475:
21471:
21466:
21459:
21454:
21452:
21447:
21445:
21440:
21439:
21436:
21430:
21423:
21405:
21402:
21401:
21399:
21397:
21393:
21387:
21384:
21383:
21381:
21379:
21375:
21369:
21366:
21365:
21363:
21361:
21357:
21351:
21348:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21321:
21318:
21314:
21311:
21309:
21306:
21305:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21289:
21286:
21284:
21281:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21258:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21248:
21246:
21244:
21240:
21236:
21229:
21224:
21222:
21217:
21215:
21210:
21209:
21206:
21190:
21185:
21180:
21175:
21171:
21170:
21165:
21164:
21159:
21155:
21154:Buryat–Mongol
21151:
21150:
21146:
21133:
21132:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21107:
21102:
21097:
21092:
21086:
21083:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21047:
21042:
21036:
21033:
21032:
21027:
21022:
21017:
21012:
21007:
21002:
20997:
20992:
20986:
20983:
20982:
20977:
20972:
20967:
20962:
20957:
20952:
20947:
20942:
20936:
20933:
20932:
20927:
20924:
20918:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20902:
20899:
20897:
20894:
20892:
20889:
20887:
20884:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20872:
20869:
20867:
20864:
20862:
20859:
20857:
20854:
20852:
20849:
20847:
20844:
20842:
20839:
20835:
20832:
20831:
20830:
20827:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20795:
20792:
20790:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20762:
20760:
20757:
20756:
20754:
20750:
20746:
20739:
20734:
20732:
20727:
20725:
20720:
20719:
20716:
20703:
20700:
20697:
20694:
20691:
20688:
20685:
20682:
20679:
20676:
20675:
20673:
20669:
20662:
20659:
20656:
20653:
20652:
20650:
20646:
20636:
20635:Moldavian SSR
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20617:
20615:
20613:
20608:
20602:
20599:
20597:
20594:
20592:
20589:
20587:
20584:
20582:
20579:
20578:
20576:
20574:
20567:
20561:
20560:Ukrainian SSR
20558:
20556:
20553:
20551:
20548:
20546:
20543:
20541:
20538:
20536:
20533:
20532:
20530:
20528:
20524:
20521:
20517:
20512:
20505:
20500:
20498:
20493:
20491:
20486:
20485:
20482:
20476:
20469:
20457:
20449:
20447:
20446:
20435:
20434:
20431:
20421:
20418:
20414:
20411:
20410:
20409:
20406:
20402:
20399:
20398:
20397:
20394:
20390:
20387:
20386:
20385:
20382:
20381:
20379:
20375:
20367:
20364:
20363:
20361:
20358:
20357:
20355:
20353:
20349:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20317:Printed media
20315:
20313:
20310:
20306:
20303:
20302:
20301:
20298:
20296:
20293:
20291:
20288:
20286:
20283:
20281:
20278:
20277:
20275:
20273:
20269:
20263:
20260:
20258:
20255:
20251:
20250:Cyrillisation
20248:
20246:
20243:
20242:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20224:
20221:
20219:
20218:Working class
20216:
20214:
20213:Soviet people
20211:
20210:
20209:
20206:
20204:
20201:
20199:
20196:
20195:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20183:
20175:
20172:
20171:
20170:
20167:
20165:
20162:
20160:
20157:
20155:
20152:
20150:
20147:
20145:
20142:
20140:
20137:
20136:
20134:
20132:
20128:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20106:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20094:
20092:
20089:
20087:
20084:
20082:
20079:
20077:
20074:
20072:
20069:
20067:
20064:
20062:
20061:Energy policy
20059:
20057:
20054:
20052:
20049:
20047:
20044:
20043:
20041:
20039:
20035:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20006:
20004:
20002:
19998:
19992:
19989:
19987:
19984:
19980:
19977:
19976:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19946:
19944:
19942:
19938:
19930:
19926:
19922:
19918:
19914:
19911:
19910:
19909:
19906:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19893:
19892:
19889:
19887:
19884:
19880:
19877:
19876:
19875:
19872:
19868:
19865:
19864:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19849:
19847:
19845:
19841:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19818:
19815:
19814:
19813:
19810:
19809:
19807:
19803:
19795:
19792:
19791:
19790:
19789:Supreme Court
19787:
19784:
19781:
19778:
19775:
19772:
19769:
19765:
19762:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19749:
19748:
19745:
19743:
19740:
19738:
19735:
19734:
19733:
19730:
19729:
19727:
19723:
19717:
19714:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19700:
19697:
19696:
19695:
19692:
19690:
19687:
19685:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19673:
19670:
19669:
19668:
19665:
19663:
19660:
19658:
19655:
19651:
19648:
19647:
19646:
19643:
19639:
19636:
19635:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19622:
19619:
19618:
19617:
19614:
19612:
19609:
19605:
19602:
19600:
19597:
19596:
19595:
19592:
19591:
19589:
19585:
19582:
19580:
19576:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19533:
19532:
19530:
19526:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19508:
19505:
19504:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19491:
19488:
19487:
19486:
19483:
19482:
19480:
19478:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19465:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19396:
19392:
19391:The Holocaust
19389:
19387:
19384:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19348:
19344:
19341:
19339:
19336:
19335:
19334:
19331:
19329:
19326:
19325:
19323:
19321:
19317:
19312:
19305:
19300:
19298:
19293:
19291:
19286:
19285:
19282:
19275:
19272:
19270:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19253:
19252:
19241:
19237:
19233:
19229:
19225:
19221:
19220:
19212:
19208:
19204:
19200:
19194:
19190:
19186:
19185:
19179:
19175:
19169:
19165:
19160:
19156:
19150:
19146:
19145:HarperCollins
19142:
19138:
19134:
19130:
19126:
19124:9781138278790
19120:
19116:
19112:
19107:
19103:
19097:
19093:
19089:
19088:
19082:
19078:
19072:
19068:
19064:
19060:
19056:
19052:
19046:
19042:
19041:
19036:
19032:
19028:
19022:
19018:
19014:
19013:
19007:
19003:
18996:
18991:
18987:
18981:
18977:
18973:
18969:
18965:
18961:
18955:
18951:
18947:
18946:
18941:
18937:
18933:
18927:
18923:
18919:
18915:
18911:
18907:
18903:
18898:
18894:
18888:
18884:
18879:
18875:
18869:
18865:
18861:
18857:
18853:
18848:
18843:
18839:
18835:
18831:
18827:
18822:
18818:
18814:
18810:
18806:
18802:
18796:
18792:
18787:
18786:
18779:
18775:
18769:
18765:
18761:
18756:
18752:
18746:
18742:
18738:
18737:
18731:
18727:
18721:
18717:
18713:
18712:
18706:
18702:
18698:
18694:
18690:
18685:
18681:
18675:
18671:
18667:
18662:
18647:
18643:
18636:
18632:
18628:
18624:
18620:
18616:
18612:
18608:
18602:
18598:
18594:
18593:
18588:
18584:
18580:
18576:
18572:
18567:
18563:
18557:
18553:
18548:
18547:
18541:
18537:
18533:
18527:
18523:
18519:
18518:
18512:
18511:
18508:
18504:
18500:
18496:
18472:
18471:
18466:
18459:
18443:
18439:
18435:
18429:
18413:
18409:
18405:
18399:
18383:
18379:
18378:
18373:
18367:
18348:
18344:
18338:
18331:
18330:
18322:
18314:
18308:
18304:
18303:Mehring Books
18300:
18299:
18294:
18288:
18281:
18277:
18273:
18267:
18263:
18262:
18257:
18256:Taaffe, Peter
18251:
18235:
18231:
18227:
18223:
18219:
18214:
18209:
18205:
18201:
18200:
18195:
18188:
18172:
18171:
18163:
18147:
18143:
18142:
18134:
18126:
18122:
18116:
18108:
18102:
18095:. 9 May 2022.
18094:
18088:
18080:
18079:
18074:
18068:
18060:
18054:
18050:
18043:
18024:
18020:
18013:
18009:
18002:
17994:
17988:
17980:
17979:
17974:
17968:
17966:
17964:
17962:
17945:
17941:
17940:Levada Center
17937:
17931:
17915:
17911:
17907:
17901:
17885:
17881:
17875:
17859:
17855:
17851:
17844:
17836:
17830:
17826:
17823:. Cambridge:
17822:
17815:
17813:
17811:
17794:
17790:
17784:
17769:
17768:
17763:
17756:
17748:
17742:
17740:
17733:
17729:
17725:
17721:
17717:
17713:
17708:
17692:
17688:
17687:
17682:
17676:
17668:
17664:
17660:
17656:
17652:
17648:
17647:
17642:
17636:
17620:
17616:
17610:
17606:
17602:
17601:
17596:
17590:
17583:
17579:
17575:
17572:
17567:
17560:
17554:
17546:
17540:
17536:
17532:
17528:
17524:
17520:
17514:
17498:
17494:
17490:
17483:
17467:
17463:
17459:
17455:
17448:
17441:
17428:
17424:
17423:
17418:
17414:
17408:
17400:
17394:
17390:
17386:
17382:
17376:
17368:
17364:
17359:
17354:
17350:
17346:
17342:
17338:
17334:
17327:
17311:
17307:
17300:
17292:
17288:
17283:
17278:
17274:
17270:
17266:
17259:
17251:
17244:
17236:
17229:
17221:
17215:
17211:
17207:
17206:
17198:
17190:
17186:
17179:
17163:
17159:
17153:
17137:
17133:
17132:
17131:The Economist
17127:
17121:
17112:
17104:
17097:
17081:
17077:
17073:
17067:
17051:
17047:
17046:
17038:
17030:
17024:
17020:
17016:
17012:
17009:. Princeton:
17008:
17004:
16998:
16996:
16994:
16985:
16979:
16975:
16971:
16966:
16965:
16959:
16953:
16946:
16942:
16939:
16934:
16918:
16914:
16910:
16906:
16902:
16901:
16896:
16889:
16881:
16877:
16873:
16869:
16864:
16859:
16855:
16851:
16850:
16849:Slavic Review
16845:
16838:
16830:
16824:
16820:
16816:
16812:
16808:
16801:
16785:
16781:
16775:
16771:
16767:
16760:
16745:
16741:
16737:
16733:
16726:
16711:
16707:
16700:
16692:
16686:
16682:
16681:
16673:
16662:
16658:
16651:
16645:
16637:
16636:
16631:
16625:
16617:
16613:
16606:
16590:
16586:
16582:
16575:
16573:
16556:
16552:
16546:
16539:
16538:Rayfield 2004
16534:
16527:
16517:
16501:
16497:
16491:
16487:
16483:
16482:
16474:
16467:
16462:
16446:
16442:
16436:
16432:
16431:
16423:
16407:
16403:
16397:
16393:
16389:
16388:
16380:
16378:
16361:
16357:
16351:
16347:
16343:
16342:
16334:
16327:
16322:
16320:
16318:
16309:
16302:
16293:
16286:
16273:
16269:
16263:
16259:
16258:
16250:
16241:
16232:
16216:
16212:
16206:
16190:
16186:
16185:"ARTICLE 124"
16180:
16173:
16167:
16160:
16154:
16147:
16142:
16138:
16134:
16127:
16112:
16106:
16102:
16098:
16093:
16092:
16083:
16077:, p. 209
16076:
16071:
16064:
16059:
16057:
16055:
16053:
16036:
16032:
16026:
16022:
16021:
16013:
15998:
15992:
15988:
15984:
15979:
15978:
15969:
15967:
15965:
15949:on 8 May 2016
15948:
15944:
15940:
15932:
15926:, p. 27.
15925:
15920:
15914:, p. 26.
15913:
15908:
15902:, p. 25.
15901:
15896:
15889:
15884:
15877:
15872:
15856:
15852:
15848:
15844:
15840:
15836:
15829:
15813:
15809:
15805:
15798:
15790:
15786:
15782:
15778:
15774:
15770:
15763:
15756:
15751:
15745:, p. 352
15744:
15739:
15733:, p. 353
15732:
15727:
15721:
15717:
15714:
15710:
15706:
15703:
15697:
15680:
15676:
15675:
15674:History Today
15670:
15663:
15656:
15651:
15644:
15639:
15631:
15627:
15621:
15605:
15601:
15600:
15595:
15591:
15585:
15569:
15565:
15559:
15555:
15551:
15550:
15542:
15526:
15522:
15516:
15512:
15508:
15507:
15499:
15483:
15479:
15475:
15469:
15453:
15449:
15448:
15443:
15439:
15433:
15417:
15413:
15409:
15405:
15399:
15391:
15385:
15381:
15380:
15375:
15369:
15353:
15349:
15343:
15339:
15338:
15330:
15324:
15320:
15316:
15312:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15278:
15274:
15270:
15263:
15247:
15243:
15239:
15232:
15223:
15214:
15198:
15194:
15193:
15188:
15181:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15146:
15139:
15138:
15131:
15124:
15118:
15111:
15108:. Cambridge:
15107:
15101:
15082:
15078:
15071:
15065:
15057:
15053:
15049:
15045:
15041:
15037:
15033:
15029:
15028:
15020:
15012:
15006:
14999:
14998:
14990:
14988:
14972:
14968:
14964:
14960:
14956:
14952:
14948:
14944:
14940:
14936:
14929:
14920:
14913:
14905:
14901:
14894:
14886:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14868:
14864:
14860:
14856:
14855:
14850:
14843:
14835:
14828:
14820:
14813:
14806:. p. 15.
14805:
14801:
14800:
14791:
14785:
14769:
14765:
14759:
14755:
14754:
14746:
14738:
14732:
14728:
14723:
14722:
14713:
14705:
14699:
14695:
14690:
14689:
14680:
14664:
14660:
14654:
14650:
14649:
14641:
14633:
14632:
14627:
14620:
14612:
14606:
14598:
14592:
14588:
14584:
14580:
14579:
14571:
14564:
14559:
14552:
14547:
14545:
14537:
14532:
14525:
14520:
14513:
14508:
14501:
14496:
14489:
14484:
14482:
14465:
14461:
14455:
14451:
14450:
14442:
14434:
14429:
14427:
14419:
14403:
14399:
14395:
14388:
14386:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14355:
14339:
14335:
14331:
14325:
14309:
14305:
14301:
14294:
14278:
14274:
14270:
14264:
14248:
14244:
14240:
14234:
14226:
14219:
14211:
14204:
14196:
14189:
14181:
14177:
14173:
14166:
14150:
14146:
14145:
14144:The Scientist
14140:
14133:
14126:
14124:
14119:
14115:
14112:
14108:
14103:
14087:
14083:
14079:
14073:
14057:
14053:
14049:
14043:
14027:
14023:
14017:
14013:
14009:
14008:
14000:
13984:
13980:
13979:
13974:
13970:
13964:
13948:
13944:
13943:
13938:
13934:
13928:
13926:
13924:
13916:
13911:
13904:
13899:
13892:
13887:
13880:
13875:
13868:
13863:
13847:
13843:
13839:
13833:
13817:
13813:
13812:
13807:
13803:
13797:
13781:
13777:
13776:
13771:
13767:
13761:
13754:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13722:
13715:
13710:
13702:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13684:
13680:
13676:
13672:
13668:
13661:
13654:
13649:
13633:
13629:
13623:
13619:
13615:
13614:
13609:
13603:
13595:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13576:
13568:
13564:
13560:
13556:
13552:
13548:
13541:
13534:
13528:
13526:
13509:
13505:
13501:
13495:
13493:
13484:
13475:
13467:
13461:
13458:. p. 9.
13457:
13453:
13449:
13448:
13440:
13424:
13420:
13416:
13410:
13408:
13406:
13404:
13387:
13383:
13379:
13373:
13357:
13353:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13338:
13333:
13332:Davies, R. W.
13329:
13323:
13307:
13303:
13297:
13293:
13289:
13288:
13280:
13264:
13260:
13254:
13250:
13246:
13245:
13237:
13235:
13233:
13231:
13229:
13227:
13219:
13213:
13205:
13199:
13183:
13179:
13173:
13164:
13155:
13147:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13132:
13124:
13108:
13104:
13098:
13094:
13090:
13089:
13081:
13065:
13061:
13055:
13051:
13050:
13042:
13026:
13022:
13018:
13011:
13003:
12999:
12992:
12985:
12979:
12963:
12959:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12944:
12936:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12916:
12909:
12903:
12896:
12890:
12882:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12860:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12833:
12826:
12820:
12812:
12808:
12804:
12800:
12796:
12792:
12785:
12778:
12772:
12764:
12760:
12759:
12751:
12743:
12739:
12738:
12730:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12709:
12702:
12697:
12689:
12685:
12679:
12672:
12667:
12652:
12646:
12642:
12638:
12633:
12632:
12623:
12607:
12603:
12597:
12593:
12589:
12588:
12580:
12578:
12576:
12567:
12563:
12556:
12550:
12546:
12543:
12537:
12530:
12524:
12517:. p. 13.
12516:
12512:
12511:
12503:
12495:
12491:
12490:Ulam, Adam B.
12485:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12456:
12451:
12444:
12425:
12417:
12413:
12412:
12404:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12385:Richard Pipes
12381:
12373:
12369:
12363:
12355:
12349:
12345:
12341:
12340:Vintage Books
12337:
12333:
12327:
12325:
12323:
12314:
12310:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12295:
12287:
12279:
12275:
12274:
12266:
12250:
12246:
12237:
12230:
12226:
12220:
12216:
12210:
12202:
12195:
12188:
12184:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12164:
12149:
12145:
12139:
12123:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12106:
12090:
12086:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12071:
12063:
12055:
12051:
12045:
12041:
12035:
12019:
12015:
12009:
12005:
12001:
12000:
11992:
11976:
11972:
11966:
11963:. p. 1.
11962:
11958:
11957:
11949:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11919:
11904:
11898:
11894:
11889:
11888:
11879:
11871:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11847:
11845:
11828:
11824:
11818:
11814:
11810:
11809:
11804:
11798:
11790:
11786:
11785:
11777:
11761:
11757:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11742:
11734:
11718:
11714:
11710:
11709:
11701:
11685:
11681:
11675:
11671:
11670:
11665:
11659:
11651:
11647:
11646:
11638:
11622:
11618:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11603:
11595:
11579:
11575:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11560:
11552:
11537:
11531:
11527:
11522:
11521:
11512:
11496:
11492:
11486:
11482:
11478:
11477:
11469:
11453:
11449:
11443:
11439:
11438:
11431:
11415:
11411:
11405:
11401:
11397:
11396:
11388:
11386:
11369:
11365:
11359:
11355:
11354:
11346:
11331:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11312:
11311:
11302:
11286:
11282:
11276:
11272:
11271:
11266:
11260:
11244:
11240:
11234:
11230:
11229:
11221:
11205:
11201:
11195:
11191:
11190:
11183:
11167:
11163:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11148:
11143:
11137:
11121:
11117:
11111:
11107:
11106:
11098:
11082:
11078:
11072:
11068:
11067:
11059:
11044:
11038:
11034:
11029:
11028:
11019:
11003:
10999:
10993:
10989:
10988:
10980:
10973:
10967:
10965:
10949:
10948:
10943:
10936:
10929:
10923:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10892:
10877:
10876:
10871:
10864:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10827:
10819:
10803:
10799:
10798:
10793:
10786:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10757:
10752:
10745:
10729:
10725:
10724:
10719:
10712:
10696:
10692:
10685:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10632:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10602:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10566:
10550:
10549:
10544:
10538:
10523:
10519:
10513:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10483:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10446:
10441:
10434:
10418:
10414:
10413:
10408:
10401:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10360:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10320:
10301:
10294:
10287:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10267:
10258:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10231:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10199:
10193:, p. 84.
10192:
10187:
10171:
10167:
10161:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10121:
10117:
10110:
10108:
10100:
10099:Mccauley 2014
10095:
10088:
10083:
10081:
10072:
10071:
10065:
10057:
10055:
10035:
10031:
10028:
10021:
10015:
9999:
9995:
9989:
9987:
9979:
9975:
9970:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9944:
9940:
9926:
9922:
9914:
9909:
9900:
9895:
9886:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9836:
9831:
9820:
9815:
9809:совет / кеңес
9806:
9798:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9777:
9776:
9766:
9761:
9752:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9718:to the west;
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9691:
9682:
9676:
9667:
9661:
9651:Russian:
9648:
9640:
9634:
9624:Russian:
9621:
9611:
9605:
9596:
9590:
9580:Russian:
9577:
9568:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9541:
9535:
9526:
9517:
9508:
9501:
9495:
9488:
9482:
9473:
9466:
9460:
9453:
9447:
9438:
9429:
9420:
9411:
9404:
9400:
9394:
9387:
9381:
9374:
9370:
9365:
9358:
9352:
9345:
9339:
9335:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9318:Sovietization
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9308:Russification
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9298:Neo-Stalinism
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9253:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9186:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9126:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9096:
9091:
9085:, 9 May 2018.
9084:
9080:
9076:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9018:
9016:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8977:poll, 47% of
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8963:Joseph Stalin
8959:
8955:
8952:
8947:
8946:Levada Center
8943:
8938:
8935:
8934:privatization
8931:
8927:
8918:
8914:
8909:
8905:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8875:
8874:Eastern Front
8871:
8867:
8857:
8854:
8846:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8821:
8815:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8796:Neo-Sovietism
8787:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8749:
8748:United States
8743:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8724:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8696:
8693:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8626:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8607:Yury Trifonov
8604:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8558:
8553:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8509:
8499:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8484:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8469:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8447:state atheism
8444:
8440:
8439:secular state
8435:
8431:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8406:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8339:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8313:
8309:
8304:
8297:
8292:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8249:
8244:
8242:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8203:
8201:
8200:alcohol abuse
8197:
8193:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8179:, during the
8178:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8141:
8136:
8119:
8114:
8107:
8102:
8095:
8090:
8083:
8078:
8071:
8066:
8059:
8054:
8047:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8013:Joseph Stalin
8010:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7943:(15.45%) and
7942:
7938:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7899:Korenizatsiia
7896:
7892:
7882:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7801:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7790:birth control
7782:
7778:
7774:
7769:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7728:Ukrainian SSR
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7701:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7616:
7615:Ukrainian SSR
7613:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7582:
7581:Ukrainian SSR
7579:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7531:Ukrainian SSR
7529:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:Ukrainian SSR
7477:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7429:Ukrainian SSR
7427:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7220:
7215:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7200:war communism
7197:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7161:
7159:
7158:merchant navy
7154:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7111:
7105:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6944:Space program
6941:
6938:
6933:
6929:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6909:
6908:pseudoscience
6905:
6902:in favour of
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6862:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6845:hard currency
6841:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6715:(VAZ) in 1969
6714:
6710:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6599:foreign trade
6596:
6595:world economy
6592:
6588:
6580:
6579:hydroelectric
6576:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6531:war communism
6528:
6516:
6507:
6498:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6440:
6438:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6274:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:Moldavian SSR
6155:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:Ukrainian SSR
6029:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5979:Karelian ASSR
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5911:Bukharan PSPs
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5883:Transcaucasia
5880:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:sports events
5839:, rivalry at
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5783:United States
5780:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5729:Joseph Stalin
5724:
5720:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5665:Popular Front
5662:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5599:
5594:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5572:Marshall Plan
5569:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:Marshall Plan
5522:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5480:(1890–1986),
5479:
5476:(1876–1951),
5475:
5472:(1872–1936),
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5228:Supreme Court
5223:
5222:Socialist law
5217:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5192:Boris Yeltsin
5188:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5106:Yuri Andropov
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:local Soviets
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5050:Supreme Court
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:head of state
4977:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4942:, elected at
4941:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:nuclear waste
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4780:(shared with
4779:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4763:United States
4760:
4759:Bering Strait
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:Pacific Ocean
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4626:North America
4623:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4464:Joseph Stalin
4460:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4390:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4047:War in Donbas
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4029:Five-Days War
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:Privatization
3998:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:Modern Russia
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:Russian State
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:Ukrainian SSR
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:War Communism
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3634:Dvoyevlastiye
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:Rostov-Suzdal
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:Novgorod Land
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:Schutzstaffel
3149:
3145:
3140:
3129:
3128:Union of SSRs
3124:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3096:Ukrainian SSR
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:Joseph Stalin
3068:
3062:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3008:State Council
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:Boris Yeltsin
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:Joseph Stalin
2683:
2682:Lenin's death
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:federal union
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Soviet Empire
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Black January
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Polish strike
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:Prague Spring
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Space program
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:Moscow trials
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:War communism
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:Ukrainian SSR
1298:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:ISO 3166 code
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:$ 9,000 (
1133:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
991:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
957:
954:
948:
944:
941:
935:
931:
927:
920:
916:
913:
907:
903:
900:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Foundation of
875:
871:
867:
860:
856:
853:
847:
843:
840:
834:
830:
827:
821:
817:
814:
808:
804:
801:
795:
791:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
769:
765:
760:
757:
754:
748:
740:
737:
733:
730:
729:
727:
724:
718:
710:
707:
703:
700:
699:
697:
693:
689:
686:
683:
677:
673:
667:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
636:
633:
627:
623:
619:
617:
616:Head of State
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
592:
589:
586:
580:
577:
574:
568:
565:
564:Yuri Andropov
562:
556:
553:
550:
544:
541:
538:
532:
529:
526:
520:
517:
516:Joseph Stalin
514:
508:
505:
502:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
479:
478:
473:
469:
466:
463:
461:
457:
450:
446:
445:State atheism
443:
440:
436:
435:Secular state
433:
432:
430:
426:
419:
417:
413:
411:
407:
406:
404:
399:
395:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
357:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
308:
302:
299:
296:
292:
287:
258:
255:
248:
244:
238:
233:
193:" (1944–1991)
192:
182:
156:" (1922–1944)
155:
148:Интернационал
145:
144:
141:
137:
133:
123:
119:
111:
105:
95:
89:
81:
76:
69:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
25468:Soviet Union
25329:Coat of arms
25289:Martial arts
25197:Army culture
25187:Architecture
25157:Witch trials
25112:Prostitution
25058:Human rights
24991:Demographics
24905:Trade unions
24875:Shipbuilding
24835:Homelessness
24795:Central Bank
24790:Car industry
24629:Conservatism
24539:Constitution
24534:Conscription
24207:Eastern Bloc
24197:Soviet Union
24196:
24190:Russian SFSR
24120:Feudal Rus'
23734:
23669:South Africa
23656:Web brigades
23592:Cyberwarfare
23574:Useful idiot
23523:Soviet Union
23468:Fintas Group
23360:Global Times
23358:
23327:cyberwarfare
23088:
23081:
23074:
23067:
23061:
23053:
23020:Whataboutism
23015:Urban legend
22985:Quote mining
22617:
22291:Soviet Union
22290:
22279:Eastern Bloc
22115:Baranya–Baja
22084:Soviet Union
22083:
22064:East Germany
21762:Burkina Faso
21360:Georgian SSR
21298:Kara-Kirghiz
21243:Russian SFSR
21169:Kirghiz ASSR
21167:
21161:
21153:
21088:
21038:
20988:
20946:Volga German
20938:
20922:of existence
20906:Volga German
20684:Bukharan SSR
20678:SSR Abkhazia
20620:Estonian SSR
20573:Russian SFSR
20555:Russian SFSR
20550:Georgian SSR
20535:Armenian SSR
20436:
20208:Demographics
20198:Antisemitism
20051:Central Bank
19969:Forced labor
19917:Spetsnaz GRU
19737:organisation
19645:Human rights
19594:Constitution
19477:Subdivisions
19355:Russian SFSR
19311:Soviet Union
19310:
19223:
19217:
19183:
19163:
19136:
19110:
19086:
19062:
19039:
19011:
18971:
18950:Viking Press
18944:
18917:
18910:Pons, Silvio
18901:
18882:
18859:
18847:10261/201912
18829:
18825:
18812:
18809:Lewin, Moshe
18784:
18759:
18735:
18714:. New York:
18710:
18692:
18688:
18665:
18653:. Retrieved
18618:
18591:
18570:
18545:
18516:
18489:Bibliography
18474:. Retrieved
18468:
18458:
18446:. Retrieved
18442:the original
18437:
18428:
18416:. Retrieved
18412:the original
18407:
18398:
18386:. Retrieved
18375:
18366:
18354:. Retrieved
18328:
18321:
18297:
18293:North, David
18287:
18279:
18264:. Bertrams.
18260:
18250:
18238:. Retrieved
18203:
18197:
18187:
18175:. Retrieved
18169:
18162:
18150:. Retrieved
18140:
18133:
18124:
18115:
18101:
18087:
18076:
18067:
18048:
18042:
18030:. Retrieved
18018:
18001:
17987:
17976:
17948:. Retrieved
17939:
17930:
17918:. Retrieved
17909:
17900:
17888:. Retrieved
17874:
17862:. Retrieved
17853:
17843:
17820:
17797:. Retrieved
17793:the original
17783:
17771:. Retrieved
17765:
17755:
17728:Habibov 2013
17712:Russell 2018
17707:
17695:. Retrieved
17686:The Guardian
17684:
17675:
17650:
17644:
17635:
17623:. Retrieved
17619:the original
17599:
17589:
17581:
17566:
17558:
17553:
17522:
17513:
17501:. Retrieved
17497:the original
17492:
17482:
17470:. Retrieved
17461:
17457:
17447:
17438:
17431:. Retrieved
17422:The Guardian
17420:
17407:
17384:
17375:
17340:
17336:
17326:
17314:. Retrieved
17299:
17272:
17268:
17258:
17252:. Routledge.
17249:
17243:
17237:. CRC Press.
17234:
17228:
17204:
17197:
17189:M. E. Sharpe
17184:
17178:
17166:. Retrieved
17152:
17140:. Retrieved
17129:
17120:
17111:
17102:
17096:
17084:. Retrieved
17075:
17066:
17054:. Retrieved
17044:
17037:
17006:
16963:
16952:
16933:
16921:. Retrieved
16904:
16898:
16888:
16853:
16847:
16837:
16806:
16800:
16788:. Retrieved
16769:
16759:
16747:. Retrieved
16735:
16725:
16713:. Retrieved
16709:
16699:
16679:
16672:
16661:the original
16656:
16644:
16633:
16624:
16615:
16605:
16593:. Retrieved
16584:
16559:. Retrieved
16554:
16545:
16533:
16525:
16516:
16504:. Retrieved
16480:
16473:
16468:, p. 42
16461:
16449:. Retrieved
16429:
16422:
16410:. Retrieved
16386:
16364:. Retrieved
16340:
16333:
16307:
16301:
16292:
16283:
16276:. Retrieved
16256:
16249:
16240:
16231:
16219:. Retrieved
16211:"Article 52"
16205:
16193:. Retrieved
16179:
16171:
16166:
16158:
16153:
16144:
16141:the original
16136:
16126:
16114:. Retrieved
16090:
16082:
16070:
16039:. Retrieved
16019:
16012:
16000:. Retrieved
15976:
15951:. Retrieved
15947:the original
15931:
15919:
15907:
15895:
15890:, p. 4.
15883:
15871:
15859:. Retrieved
15842:
15838:
15828:
15816:. Retrieved
15797:
15772:
15768:
15762:
15750:
15738:
15726:
15696:
15683:. Retrieved
15672:
15662:
15650:
15645:, p. 2.
15638:
15629:
15620:
15608:. Retrieved
15597:
15584:
15572:. Retrieved
15548:
15541:
15529:. Retrieved
15505:
15498:
15486:. Retrieved
15468:
15458:14 September
15456:. Retrieved
15445:
15432:
15420:. Retrieved
15411:
15398:
15378:
15368:
15356:. Retrieved
15336:
15329:
15301:
15293:
15281:. Retrieved
15272:
15262:
15250:. Retrieved
15246:the original
15241:
15231:
15222:
15213:
15201:. Retrieved
15190:
15180:
15168:. Retrieved
15164:the original
15155:
15145:
15135:
15130:
15122:
15117:
15105:
15100:
15088:. Retrieved
15081:the original
15076:
15064:
15031:
15025:
15019:
14996:
14974:. Retrieved
14942:
14938:
14928:
14918:
14912:
14903:
14893:
14858:
14852:
14842:
14833:
14827:
14818:
14812:
14797:
14784:
14772:. Retrieved
14752:
14745:
14720:
14712:
14687:
14679:
14667:. Retrieved
14647:
14640:
14629:
14619:
14610:
14605:
14577:
14570:
14558:
14531:
14519:
14507:
14495:
14470:14 September
14468:. Retrieved
14448:
14441:
14425:
14418:
14406:. Retrieved
14397:
14372:. Retrieved
14363:
14354:
14342:. Retrieved
14333:
14324:
14312:. Retrieved
14303:
14293:
14281:. Retrieved
14272:
14263:
14251:. Retrieved
14243:Encyclopedia
14242:
14233:
14224:
14218:
14209:
14203:
14194:
14188:
14179:
14175:
14165:
14155:20 September
14153:. Retrieved
14142:
14132:
14121:
14107:Rose Eveleth
14102:
14090:. Retrieved
14081:
14072:
14060:. Retrieved
14056:the original
14042:
14030:. Retrieved
14006:
13999:
13987:. Retrieved
13983:the original
13976:
13963:
13951:. Retrieved
13947:the original
13940:
13910:
13898:
13886:
13874:
13862:
13850:. Retrieved
13842:hdr.undp.org
13841:
13832:
13820:. Retrieved
13809:
13796:
13784:. Retrieved
13773:
13760:
13751:
13731:
13727:
13721:
13716:, p. 5.
13709:
13674:
13670:
13660:
13655:, p. 4.
13648:
13636:. Retrieved
13612:
13602:
13585:
13581:
13575:
13550:
13546:
13540:
13532:
13512:. Retrieved
13508:the original
13474:
13446:
13439:
13427:. Retrieved
13390:. Retrieved
13372:
13360:. Retrieved
13336:
13322:
13310:. Retrieved
13286:
13279:
13267:. Retrieved
13243:
13217:
13212:
13198:
13186:. Retrieved
13172:
13163:
13154:
13136:W. W. Norton
13130:
13123:
13111:. Retrieved
13087:
13080:
13068:. Retrieved
13048:
13041:
13029:. Retrieved
13020:
13010:
13004:. p. 2.
12997:
12991:
12983:
12978:
12968:17 September
12966:. Retrieved
12942:
12935:
12920:
12915:
12907:
12902:
12894:
12893:Chris Ward,
12889:
12870:
12866:
12859:
12842:
12838:
12832:
12824:
12819:
12794:
12790:
12784:
12776:
12771:
12762:
12756:
12750:
12741:
12735:
12729:
12714:
12708:
12696:
12687:
12678:
12666:
12654:. Retrieved
12630:
12622:
12610:. Retrieved
12586:
12561:
12555:
12536:
12528:
12523:
12509:
12502:
12493:
12484:
12459:
12453:
12443:
12431:. Retrieved
12424:the original
12415:
12410:
12403:
12388:
12380:
12371:
12362:
12344:Random House
12338:. New York:
12335:
12313:the original
12293:
12286:
12277:
12271:
12265:
12253:. Retrieved
12249:the original
12236:
12228:
12214:
12209:
12199:
12194:
12186:
12168:
12163:
12151:. Retrieved
12147:
12138:
12126:. Retrieved
12105:
12093:. Retrieved
12069:
12062:
12034:
12022:. Retrieved
11998:
11991:
11979:. Retrieved
11955:
11948:
11936:. Retrieved
11918:
11906:. Retrieved
11886:
11878:
11855:
11831:. Retrieved
11807:
11797:
11782:
11776:
11764:. Retrieved
11740:
11733:
11721:. Retrieved
11707:
11700:
11688:. Retrieved
11668:
11658:
11652:: 742. 2005.
11649:
11643:
11637:
11625:. Retrieved
11601:
11594:
11582:. Retrieved
11558:
11551:
11539:. Retrieved
11519:
11511:
11499:. Retrieved
11475:
11468:
11456:. Retrieved
11436:
11430:
11418:. Retrieved
11394:
11372:. Retrieved
11352:
11345:
11333:. Retrieved
11309:
11301:
11289:. Retrieved
11269:
11259:
11247:. Retrieved
11227:
11220:
11208:. Retrieved
11188:
11182:
11170:. Retrieved
11146:
11136:
11124:. Retrieved
11104:
11097:
11085:. Retrieved
11065:
11058:
11046:. Retrieved
11026:
11018:
11006:. Retrieved
10986:
10979:
10971:
10951:. Retrieved
10945:
10935:
10922:
10910:. Retrieved
10901:
10891:
10879:. Retrieved
10873:
10863:
10830:
10824:
10818:
10806:. Retrieved
10802:the original
10795:
10785:
10773:. Retrieved
10754:
10744:
10732:. Retrieved
10728:the original
10721:
10711:
10699:. Retrieved
10694:
10684:
10647:
10641:
10631:
10619:. Retrieved
10610:
10601:
10589:. Retrieved
10577:The Guardian
10575:
10565:
10553:. Retrieved
10546:
10537:
10525:. Retrieved
10521:
10512:
10500:. Retrieved
10496:the original
10491:
10482:
10449:
10443:
10433:
10421:. Retrieved
10417:the original
10410:
10400:
10388:. Retrieved
10369:
10359:
10347:. Retrieved
10328:
10319:
10307:. Retrieved
10300:the original
10286:
10266:
10257:
10245:. Retrieved
10239:
10230:
10219:Service 2000
10211:Leggett 1981
10203:Fischer 1964
10198:
10191:Service 2005
10186:
10174:. Retrieved
10170:the original
10160:
10148:. Retrieved
10144:
10135:
10123:. Retrieved
10119:
10094:
10068:
10041:. Retrieved
10014:
10002:. Retrieved
9977:
9973:
9969:
9961:the original
9953:H. Schiffman
9952:
9943:
9760:
9751:
9690:
9647:
9620:
9576:
9567:
9560:(in Russian)
9547:
9534:
9525:
9516:
9507:
9494:
9481:
9472:
9459:
9446:
9437:
9428:
9419:
9410:
9393:
9380:
9368:
9364:
9351:
9338:
9269:Noam Chomsky
9267:
9249:
9239:
9220:
9218:
9187:
9157:
9138:
9123:Transnistria
9100:
9083:Nazi Germany
9019:
9014:
8999:
8960:
8956:
8939:
8922:
8917:Yuri Gagarin
8879:
8849:
8840:
8818:
8780:doping tests
8765:
8744:
8725:
8708:45th session
8697:
8689:
8678:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8610:
8600:
8589:
8574:
8562:
8488:Brezhnev era
8485:
8473:
8464:Radio Moscow
8456:
8436:
8432:
8420:
8409:
8401:
8349:Christianity
8347:
8255:
8247:
8245:
8232:multilingual
8228:
8209:
8189:
8146:
8005:
7981:
7975:, 1.2% were
7971:, 1.4% were
7967:, 1.5% were
7963:, 1.5% were
7959:, 1.6% were
7955:, 1.6% were
7951:, 17.5% was
7933:
7874:Jewish quota
7855:
7824:
7794:
7786:
7720:Russian SFSR
7709:
7706:
7667:Russian SFSR
7649:Russian SFSR
7633:Russian SFSR
7599:Russian SFSR
7547:Russian SFSR
7513:Russian SFSR
7445:Armenian SSR
7411:Russian SFSR
7395:Russian SFSR
7356:Georgian SSR
7340:Russian SFSR
7236:
7216:
7185:
7164:Demographics
7155:
7151:
7130:
7115:
7108:
7072:
7065:
7063:
7052:
7045:
7039:, which was
7033:Luna program
7030:
7022:Yuri Gagarin
6999:
6964:Yuri Gagarin
6925:
6881:
6849:Saudi Arabia
6833:
6825:
6795:East Germany
6784:
6757:
6751:
6720:
6718:
6695:
6660:
6658:widespread.
6646:
6632:
6629:in the 1930s
6584:
6564:World War II
6552:
6524:
6437:conscription
6434:
6415:
6383:
6344:
6339:West Germany
6337:missiles in
6273:Estonian SSR
6237:Armenian SSR
6111:Georgian SSR
6014:Russian SFSR
5983:
5969:. After the
5899:Turkmenistan
5868:
5821:Nazi Germany
5798:
5795:World War II
5791:Eastern Bloc
5787:Western Bloc
5779:geopolitical
5772:
5726:
5707:World War II
5699:Adolf Hitler
5692:
5681:
5669:anti-Fascist
5654:
5647:
5638:Labour Party
5633:
5627:
5619:
5608:
5604:
5579:
5549:West Germany
5455:
5368:
5316:Soviet state
5311:
5301:
5285:corporations
5281:labor unions
5261:Human rights
5259:
5250:Human rights
5225:
5200:coup attempt
5189:
5169:
5140:constitution
5137:
5087:
5023:
4988:
4969:
4959:
4937:
4899:
4817:
4802:
4790:
4767:
4682:
4654:Central Asia
4619:
4554:coup attempt
4535:
4531:gerontocracy
4495:Western Bloc
4491:Eastern Bloc
4488:
4484:World War II
4462:The rise of
4461:
4438:
4423:Leon Trotsky
4269:
4263:
4255:
4249:
4244:full list...
4242:
4228:
4221:
4207:
4200:
4186:
4179:
4165:
4158:
4144:
4137:
4075:Mobilization
4067:Debt default
4009:Chechen wars
3960:since 1991:
3937:full list...
3935:
3914:Russian SFSR
3903:Soviet Union
3902:
3820:Korenization
3790:full list...
3788:
3724:Russian SFSR
3633:
3492:Zemsky Sobor
3460:full list...
3458:
3384:full list...
3382:
3329:
3315:Ancient Rus'
3197:
3193:
3187:Russian SFSR
3182:
3180:
3175:
3172:Nazi Germany
3144:Soviet Union
3143:
3127:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3047:
3012:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2971:proto-Slavic
2950:
2948:
2923:Global South
2888:
2837:Eastern Bloc
2830:
2824:
2775:and through
2761:Western Bloc
2754:
2651:
2619:Russian SFSR
2601:and sharing
2583:Soviet Union
2582:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2447:
1988:Wage reforms
1846:World War II
1563:Turkmenistan
1433:
1387:
1342:
1286:Russian SFSR
1282:
1264:Succeeded by
1263:
1258:
1243:Internet TLD
1221:Calling code
1187:Soviet ruble
1116:• Total
1078:• Total
1031: census
1002:• Water
988:• Total
779:World War II
685:Ivan Silayev
595:• 1991
523:• 1953
475:
448:
438:
347:
139:
122:Motto:
121:
110:State Emblem
48:
25381:tea culture
25234:Fairy tales
25097:Open access
25070:Immigration
25031:Gun control
24770:Agriculture
24739:Term limits
24649:Martial law
24644:Nationalism
24639:Irredentism
24634:Imperialism
24417:Caspian Sea
24333:Environment
24328:Earthquakes
24224:Union State
24212:Dissolution
24111:Kievan Rus'
24101:Early Slavs
23867:Yellow rain
23487:Philippines
23347:Spamouflage
23332:Little Pink
23186:Rothschilds
23176:Red mercury
22891:Gaslighting
22842:Lying press
22812:Doublespeak
22606:Dissolution
22546:Martial law
22469:Revolts and
22443:Warsaw Pact
22098:Short-lived
21955:Short-lived
21924:South Yemen
21909:North Korea
21869:Afghanistan
21586:New Zealand
21581:Netherlands
21325:Komi-Zyryan
21320:Kara-Kalpak
21278:Gorno-Altai
21166:was called
21163:Kazakh ASSR
21156:until 1958.
21126:Gorno-Altai
20991:Nakhichevan
20871:Nakhichevan
20799:Gorno-Altai
20704:(1990–1991)
20698:(1990–1991)
20696:Abkhaz ASSR
20692:(1920–1924)
20690:Khorezm SSR
20686:(1920–1924)
20680:(1921–1931)
20663:(1922–1936)
20657:(1940–1956)
20648:Short-lived
20625:Latvian SSR
20610:Annexed in
20596:Kirghiz SSR
20586:Turkmen SSR
20513:(1922–1991)
20312:Phraseology
20257:Prohibition
20245:Linguistics
20230:Drug policy
20223:1989 census
20144:Cybernetics
20046:Agriculture
19959:Great Purge
19921:Soviet Navy
19913:Soviet Army
19785:(1989–1991)
19779:(1938–1991)
19773:(1922–1936)
19757:Secretariat
19628:Gun control
19535:Caspian Sea
19519:Closed city
19448:Dissolution
19433:Perestroika
19375:Great Purge
18388:24 February
17890:19 December
17773:20 December
17493:Needham K12
17275:: 244–248.
17013:. pp.
16790:16 December
16749:3 September
16715:26 December
16657:www.cia.gov
16285:Communists.
15985:. pp.
15924:Comrie 1981
15912:Comrie 1981
15900:Comrie 1981
15888:Comrie 1981
15876:Comrie 1981
15657:, p. 3
15655:Comrie 1981
15643:Comrie 1981
15511:I.B. Tauris
15422:12 December
15090:23 February
15077:istmat.info
14976:23 February
14949:: 155–165.
14500:Wilson 1983
14488:Wilson 1983
14374:27 November
14344:27 November
14283:27 November
14273:History.com
14253:27 November
14092:12 November
14082:www.loc.gov
14012:M.E. Sharpe
13915:Wilson 1983
13903:Wilson 1983
13891:Wilson 1983
13879:Wilson 1983
13867:Wilson 1983
13553:(1): 1–14.
13031:12 February
12982:D.C. Watt,
12744:(4): 25–54.
12433:29 December
11318:. pp.
10953:19 November
10912:19 November
10881:19 November
10808:19 November
10775:19 November
10734:19 November
10701:19 November
10695:Bellona.org
10591:19 November
10555:19 November
10527:19 November
10502:19 November
10423:19 November
10390:19 November
10349:19 November
10247:19 November
10176:31 December
10150:27 December
10125:27 December
10043:1 September
9835:Azerbaijani
9740:North Korea
9728:Afghanistan
9529:Unicameral.
9256:great power
9222:red fascism
9175:bureaucrats
9171:David North
9163:degenerated
9159:Trotskyists
9079:Victory Day
9010:Victory Day
8652:CSKA Moscow
8625:perestroika
8577:Maxim Gorky
8428:Bible study
8236:dialectally
7997:Belarusians
7985:Mingrelians
7949:East Slavic
7797:great power
7628:Novosibirsk
7542:Chelyabinsk
7188:World War I
7156:The Soviet
6900:geneticists
6896:First World
6892:bureaucracy
6829:First World
6780:First World
6759:perestroika
6608:Third World
6351:Land Forces
6335:Pershing II
6301:Soviet Navy
6297:Soviet Army
6255:Turkmen SSR
6201:Kirghiz SSR
6183:Latvian SSR
5913:. In 1929,
5875:Byelorussia
5805:superpowers
5661:anti-Soviet
5533:Warsaw Pact
5422:Gerald Ford
5332:rule of law
5160:legislative
5118:Perestroika
5102:Great Purge
4952:Secretariat
4856:K-141 Kursk
4848:Barents Sea
4824:Monchegorsk
4803:The Soviet
4786:Lake Baikal
4778:Caspian Sea
4739:North Korea
4711:Afghanistan
4650:Afghanistan
4586:Khan Tengri
4546:Perestroika
4497:during the
4476:Great Purge
3969:August Coup
3892:War of Laws
3874:Perestroika
3852:Warsaw Pact
3840:Great Purge
3803:1923–1991:
3667:White Guard
3647:Directorate
3616:1917–1923:
3473:1480–1917:
3399:Feudal Rus'
3397:1240–1480:
3270:Rus' people
3262:Early Slavs
3229:History of
3189:and ethnic
3048:During the
2990:. The word
2844:nationalist
2832:perestroika
2769:Warsaw Pact
2726:Axis powers
2710:Great Purge
2359:August Coup
2329:War of Laws
2208:Perestroika
2059:Vietnam War
2049:Six-Day War
1834:Great Purge
1789:: Stalinism
1708:World War I
1628:successors.
1259:Preceded by
940:August Coup
762:(1936–1991)
753:Lower house
735:(1936–1991)
723:Upper house
712:(1936–1991)
705:(1922–1936)
695:Legislature
338:Azerbaijani
281: /
113:(1956–1991)
97:(1955–1991)
25462:Categories
25386:Television
25361:Philosophy
25294:Mass media
25284:Literature
25279:Inventions
25041:Healthcare
24976:Corruption
24966:Censorship
24857:(currency)
24734:Separatism
24679:Opposition
24664:Neo-Nazism
24654:Monarchism
24624:Liberalism
24619:Propaganda
24579:Government
24446:North Asia
24247:Journalism
24106:East Slavs
24096:Sarmatians
23994:PolitiFact
23922:Opposition
23798:Sandy Hook
23597:on Estonia
23531:Soviet era
23444:Team Jorge
23420:Godi-media
23181:Reptilians
23151:Illuminati
23010:Truthiness
23000:Social bot
22963:Propaganda
22896:Half-truth
22871:False flag
22560:Conditions
22538:Solidarity
22471:opposition
22210:Tarnobrzeg
22135:Bessarabia
22089:Yugoslavia
21812:Seychelles
21807:Mozambique
21802:Madagascar
21725:Vietnamese
21720:Venezuelan
21710:Nicaraguan
21705:Melanesian
21622:Venezuela
21534:Kuomintang
21527:since 1978
21497:Bangladesh
21473:By country
21467:by country
21172:until 1925
21046:Karakalpak
20819:Karakalpak
20591:Kazakh SSR
20352:Opposition
20342:Television
20322:Propaganda
20295:Literature
20169:Naukograds
20164:Sharashkas
20098:(currency)
20076:Inventions
20019:Censorship
19949:Red Terror
19633:Government
19507:Autonomous
19490:Autonomous
19423:Stagnation
19386:Evacuation
19269:John Dewey
19143:. London:
19015:. London:
19000:(Report).
18789:. Oxford:
18762:. London:
18668:. London:
18655:23 October
18642:World Bank
18493:See also:
18418:21 October
18177:26 October
18152:26 October
18032:9 December
17920:9 December
17697:21 January
17559:The Lancet
17433:24 October
17142:4 December
16972:. p.
16923:4 December
16486:Peter Lang
16390:. London:
16346:Frank Cass
16344:. London:
16221:4 February
16195:4 February
16099:. p.
16075:Simon 1974
16063:Simon 1974
15953:24 October
15685:25 October
15610:25 October
15474:Andre Geim
15450:. London.
15275:(Report).
15034:(1): 119.
14433:Wikisource
14408:22 January
14364:Britannica
14062:23 October
13989:23 October
13953:20 October
13852:18 October
13514:23 October
13429:23 October
13392:23 October
12765:(1): 3–23.
12701:Crump 2015
12671:Crump 2015
12639:. p.
12128:30 October
11938:16 October
11265:Taras, Ray
10223:White 2001
10207:Lewin 1969
9935:References
9843:Lithuanian
9793:савет/рада
9789:Belarusian
9263:hegemonism
9259:chauvinism
9194:repression
9179:stagnation
9133:See also:
9107:Ukrainians
9070:People in
9052:See also:
8971:Kyrgyzstan
8940:Since the
8930:Gini ratio
8820:neutrality
8794:See also:
8646:See also:
8512:See also:
8414:spirit of
8389:Protestant
8280:Bezbozhnik
8011:, such as
7941:Ukrainians
7911:People in
7766:See also:
7687:1,071,900
7683:Kazakh SSR
7662:Sverdlovsk
7653:1,094,378
7619:1,109,900
7585:1,115,371
7551:1,141,777
7517:1,148,418
7483:1,178,000
7449:1,201,539
7415:1,254,460
7360:1,246,936
7219:birth rate
7146:dirt roads
7126:enterprise
7037:Space Race
7010:Space Race
6926:Under the
6917:scientists
6904:Lysenkoism
6865:See also:
6776:per-capita
6727:World Bank
6535:free trade
6291:See also:
6093:Kazakh SSR
5957:were also
5931:Kazakhstan
5927:Azerbaijan
5915:Tajikistan
5895:Uzbekistan
5845:Space Race
5809:proxy wars
5642:Henry Ford
5396:Voroshilov
5283:, private
5244:procurator
5220:See also:
5132:Tajikistan
5098:Red Terror
4998:Government
4932:Red Square
4908:, and the
4774:Tajikistan
4658:time zones
4630:Kazakhstan
4574:See also:
4507:proxy wars
4503:Space Race
4474:, and the
4409:Bolsheviks
4387:See also:
4035:amendments
3947:Tannu Tuva
3870:Afghan War
3805:Soviet Era
3313:879–1240:
3254:Prehistory
3039:Bolsheviks
3002:). In the
2998:(Russian:
2965:(Russian:
2943:See also:
2927:scientific
2848:separatist
2815:, and the
2801:Space Race
2777:proxy wars
2750:superpower
2744:, forming
2605:, and the
2494:Leadership
2421:Khrushchev
2374:referendum
2349:Referendum
2233:Baltic Way
1908:Korean War
1749:Red Terror
1676:Bolshevism
1665:Background
1591:Kazakhstan
1549:Azerbaijan
1521:Tajikistan
1507:Uzbekistan
1493:Kyrgyzstan
1205:+2 to +12)
1021:Population
471:Government
460:Demonym(s)
410:East Slavs
343:Lithuanian
318:Belarusian
25244:Festivals
25137:Sociology
25087:Languages
25006:Education
24910:Transport
24744:Terrorism
24589:Judiciary
24583:Apparatus
24549:Elections
24514:Anarchism
24488:Far North
24439:Volcanoes
24424:Mountains
24301:Geography
24180:Civil war
24091:Scythians
23989:NewsGuard
23984:Logically
23979:Full Fact
23876:Venezuela
23810:Fake news
23698:AK Trolls
23389:Funkspiel
22911:Infodemic
22827:Fake news
22802:Denialism
22797:Deception
22619:Die Wende
22592:Economies
22433:Cominform
22416:(to 1948)
22378:(to 1961)
22306:Formation
22296:Communism
22168:1939–1940
22123:1918–1919
21892:1982–1992
21887:1979–1992
21882:1975–1979
21878:Cambodia
21853:Nicaragua
21785:1987–1991
21780:1974–1987
21776:Ethiopia
21715:Tanzanian
21596:Sri Lanka
21539:Hong Kong
21522:Communist
21485:Australia
21480:Argentina
21465:Socialism
21396:Tajik SSR
21051:Mordovian
21011:Moldavian
20941:Turkestan
20891:Turkestan
20861:Mordovian
20856:Moldavian
20601:Uzbek SSR
20581:Tajik SSR
20519:Principal
20413:Republics
20401:Republics
20389:Republics
20240:Languages
20104:Transport
19986:Holodomor
19879:Militsiya
19817:President
19709:Stalinism
19611:Elections
19485:Republics
19468:Geography
19458:Nostalgia
19370:Stalinism
19017:Routledge
18764:Routledge
18741:Routledge
18670:Routledge
18575:Routledge
18356:8 October
18240:8 October
18208:CiteSeerX
17910:Kyiv Post
17864:8 October
17854:Bloomberg
17667:153398717
17646:Challenge
16880:159910749
16811:Routledge
16744:0362-4331
16561:4 October
16466:Janz 1998
16326:Janz 1998
15989:and 286.
15755:Lane 1992
15743:Lane 1992
15731:Lane 1992
15713:Chapter 5
15691:(pay-fee)
14971:154477882
14792:(1977).
14314:7 January
14239:"Sputnik"
13567:155781882
13500:"Economy"
13188:29 August
12723:0001-6829
12656:1 January
12612:1 January
12592:Routledge
12389:Communism
12255:4 January
12153:3 January
11746:Heinemann
10855:156340249
10765:0362-4331
10621:7 October
10586:0261-3077
10474:0959-3780
10380:0190-8286
10339:0362-4331
10004:29 August
9830:sabch′ota
9765:Ukrainian
9660:romanized
9633:romanized
9589:romanized
9500:President
9288:Ideocracy
9202:hierarchy
9183:breakdown
9105:, ethnic
9103:Holodomor
8991:Gorbachev
8979:Ukrainian
8902:oligarchy
8843:June 2023
8831:talk page
8494:with the
8421:The 1918
8397:Lutherans
8385:Buddhists
8327:Uzbek SSR
8278:Cover of
8206:Dentistry
7993:Georgians
7957:Armenians
7913:Samarkand
7804:Education
7748:Uzbek SSR
7718:(both in
7716:Leningrad
7671:1,364,621
7637:1,436,516
7603:1,438,133
7569:1,607,077
7535:1,593,970
7501:1,727,000
7467:2,072,459
7463:Uzbek SSR
7433:2,571,000
7406:Kuybyshev
7399:4,990,749
7390:Leningrad
7344:8,967,332
7327:Leningrad
7262:Sources:
7082:Transport
7014:Sputnik 5
7006:Sputnik 1
7002:satellite
6921:engineers
6877:Sputnik 1
6840:crude oil
6752:In 1987,
6686:Salihorsk
6667:education
6603:arms race
6575:DneproGES
6544:communism
6355:Air Force
6331:arms race
6219:Tajik SSR
6075:Uzbek SSR
5994:Republic
5955:Lithuania
5935:Kirghizia
5837:embargoes
5833:espionage
5679:variety.
5611:Comintern
5568:Cominform
5559:over its
5462:Politburo
5273:one-party
5240:Roman law
5042:Presidium
4948:Politburo
4707:coastline
4678:mountains
4590:Tian Shan
4584:Mountain
4564:Geography
4328:1982–1991
4324:1964–1982
4320:1953–1964
4316:1927–1953
4312:1917–1927
4308:1894–1917
4304:1855–1894
4300:1796–1855
4296:1721–1796
4071:Sanctions
4021:Oligarchy
3951:1921–1944
3929:1940–1956
3918:1922–1991
3907:1922–1991
3824:Stalinism
3782:1921–1923
3771:1918–1920
3761:1922–1922
3750:1920–1922
3739:1919–1922
3728:1917–1922
3718:1917–1918
3707:1917–1918
3693:Emigrants
3679:Priamurye
3663:Civil War
3639:July Days
3607:1914–1921
3596:1900–1905
3585:1867–1915
3574:1809–1917
3563:1799–1867
3552:1721–1917
3542:1547–1721
3452:1263–1547
3442:1157–1331
3432:1136–1478
3376:1093–1157
3301:Garðaríki
3258:Antiquity
3123:Soyuz SSR
3088:conciliar
3061:romanized
3045:(RSFSR).
2992:sovietnik
2949:The word
2933:Etymology
2803:with the
2684:in 1924,
2484:Geography
2479:Education
2441:Gorbachev
2436:Chernenko
2324:Osh riots
2304:Jeltoqsan
2190:1982–1991
2026:1964–1982
1931:1953–1964
1810:Holodomor
1787:1927–1953
1726:1917–1927
1671:Communism
1391:Lithuania
1374:Lithuania
1211:Drives on
1198:Time zone
1176:very high
1106:(nominal)
932:1988–1991
872:1941–1945
857:1939–1940
428:Religion
420:13% other
349:Moldavian
313:Ukrainian
78:1922–1991
25436:Category
25314:Nobility
25274:Internet
25269:Heraldry
25264:Graffiti
25249:Folklore
25192:Armorial
25122:Religion
25107:Polygamy
25046:HIV/AIDS
25026:Funerals
25016:Feminism
24986:Deafness
24971:Citizens
24961:Cannabis
24946:Abortion
24890:Taxation
24830:Gambling
24820:Forestry
24669:Military
24502:Politics
24483:Wildlife
24429:Caucasus
24392:Glaciers
24272:Military
24257:Internet
24235:By topic
24129:Vladimir
24124:Novgorod
24078:Timeline
24014:USAFacts
24004:StopFake
23900:Force 47
23805:COVID-19
23729:Euromyth
23480:Peñabots
23354:COVID-19
23259:COVID-19
23244:Vaccines
23109:Examples
22995:Smearing
22587:Politics
22220:Würzburg
22195:Naissaar
22159:Finland
22119:Bavaria
22057:Slovakia
22042:Bulgaria
21972:Far East
21919:Mongolia
21831:Americas
21695:European
21626:Chavismo
21591:Pakistan
21313:Karachay
21308:Cherkess
21101:Karelian
21096:Kabardin
21006:Karelian
20981:Mountain
20976:Dagestan
20966:Adjarian
20920:By years
20866:Mountain
20824:Karelian
20804:Kabardin
20794:Dagestan
20764:Adjarian
20527:Founders
20456:Category
20009:Religion
19896:Chairmen
19742:Congress
19704:Leninism
19684:Propiska
19579:Politics
19438:Glasnost
19398:Cold War
19338:February
19209:(1996).
19135:(1994).
19061:(2005).
19037:(2000).
18970:(2005).
18942:(2004).
18916:(2010).
18858:(2014).
18811:(1969).
18646:Archived
18633:(1994).
18617:(1964).
18589:(2004).
18542:(1981).
18470:Truthout
18382:Archived
18347:Archived
18295:(2010).
18276:Archived
18234:Archived
18230:42809979
18146:Archived
18023:Archived
17944:Archived
17914:Archived
17884:Archived
17858:Archived
17767:Newsweek
17691:Archived
17625:6 August
17597:(2017).
17574:Archived
17466:Archived
17427:Archived
17383:(1997).
17310:Archived
17291:10657222
17162:Archived
17136:Archived
17134:. 2010.
17080:Archived
17050:Archived
17005:(2017).
16960:(1997).
16941:Archived
16917:Archived
16784:Archived
16589:Archived
16585:BU Blogs
16500:Archived
16445:Archived
16406:Archived
16360:Archived
16272:Archived
16215:Archived
16189:Archived
16035:Archived
15855:Archived
15818:30 April
15812:Archived
15789:11611752
15716:Archived
15705:Archived
15679:Archived
15604:Archived
15592:(1991).
15568:Archived
15525:Archived
15482:Archived
15476:(2010).
15452:Archived
15416:Archived
15352:Archived
15317:(2002),
15306:Archived
15277:Archived
15203:28 March
15197:Archived
15170:28 March
14768:Archived
14663:Archived
14464:Archived
14402:Archived
14368:Archived
14338:Archived
14334:e-Prints
14308:Archived
14277:Archived
14247:Archived
14149:Archived
14114:Archived
14086:Archived
14026:Archived
13971:(1992).
13935:(1991).
13846:Archived
13844:. 1990.
13816:Archived
13804:(1992).
13780:Archived
13768:(1991).
13632:Archived
13610:(2008).
13423:Archived
13386:Archived
13356:Archived
13306:Archived
13263:Archived
13182:Archived
13107:Archived
13064:Archived
13025:Archived
12962:Archived
12851:42860014
12606:Archived
12545:Archived
12492:(1974).
12476:57570614
12334:(1995).
12280:: 61–62.
12122:Archived
12089:Archived
12054:Archived
12018:Archived
11975:Archived
11932:Archived
11854:(2007).
11827:Archived
11805:(2009).
11760:Archived
11717:Archived
11684:Archived
11666:(1998).
11621:Archived
11578:Archived
11495:Archived
11452:Archived
11414:Archived
11368:Archived
11285:Archived
11267:(1989).
11243:Archived
11204:Archived
11166:Archived
11144:(2009).
11120:Archived
11081:Archived
11002:Archived
10906:Archived
10769:Archived
10723:NBC News
10676:16966081
10615:Archived
10412:HuffPost
10384:Archived
10343:Archived
10309:24 March
10275:Archived
10241:BBC News
10034:Archived
9998:Archived
9921:Estonian
9899:Armenian
9851:Romanian
9819:Georgian
9732:Mongolia
9369:De facto
9276:See also
9143:and the
9115:refugees
8951:Russians
8824:disputed
8631:glasnost
8612:samizdat
8534:Samizdat
8393:Baptists
8383:, Jews,
8333:policies
8264:Religion
8248:de facto
8215:Language
7977:Moldovan
7973:Georgian
7937:Russians
7879:Komsomol
7744:Tashkent
7695:Urbanism
7678:Alma-Ata
7458:Tashkent
7380:Tashkent
7299:Republic
7283:Republic
7230:, while
7190:and the
7122:Aeroflot
7097:Aeroflot
7075:stations
7018:Vostok 1
6836:pipeline
6663:services
6420:(1953),
6407:fighters
6377:(1959),
6293:Red Army
6281:Military
5986:Russians
5939:Moldavia
5819:against
5813:alliance
5800:cold war
5789:and the
5775:Cold War
5769:Cold War
5634:de facto
5066:Chairman
5056:and the
5036:and the
4960:de facto
4954:and the
4852:Kara Sea
4830:, where
4735:Mongolia
4638:European
4614:Aral Sea
4542:Glasnost
4499:Cold War
4470:, rapid
4427:Red Army
4292:860–1721
4288:Timeline
4025:Putinism
3979:Protocol
3977:Alma-Ata
3882:Karabakh
3862:transfer
3848:Cold War
3671:Red Army
3655:election
3488:Troubles
3366:988–1402
3356:987–1397
3346:882–1136
3291:Arthania
3220:a series
3218:Part of
3194:de facto
3191:Russians
3117:Союз ССР
2878:, which
2852:preserve
2826:glasnost
2757:Cold War
2742:Red Army
2585:, was a
2499:Politics
2446:List of
2431:Andropov
2426:Brezhnev
2416:Malenkov
2203:Glasnost
1898:Cold War
1640:a series
1638:Part of
1183:Currency
784:Cold War
449:de facto
388:Estonian
378:Armenian
356:Romanian
333:Georgian
243:Cold War
25427:Outline
25239:Fashion
25229:Fashion
25217:Cuisine
25179:Culture
25167:in army
25152:Wedding
25147:Suicide
25142:Smoking
25127:Slavery
25102:Orphans
25075:Illegal
24951:Alcohol
24934:Society
24900:Tourism
24780:Banking
24758:Economy
24603:Prisons
24451:Siberia
24407:Islands
24387:Geology
24323:Climate
24313:Borders
24277:Outline
24252:Judaism
24242:Economy
24069:History
23888:Vietnam
23559:Seat 12
23430:OpIndia
23382:Germany
22849:Fallacy
22822:Factoid
22760:Big lie
22438:COMECON
22338:Romania
22333:Hungary
22190:Ireland
22180:Galicia
22079:Romania
22037:Albania
21992:Jiangxi
21939:Vietnam
21843:Grenada
21817:Somalia
21700:Israeli
21690:Chinese
21685:Burmese
21680:British
21670:African
21642:History
21633:Vietnam
21601:Tunisia
21551:Finland
21546:Estonia
21273:Chuvash
21261:Chechen
21131:Crimean
21031:Kirghiz
21021:Chuvash
20971:Crimean
20956:Kirghiz
20951:Bashkir
20841:Kirghiz
20834:Kirghiz
20789:Crimean
20784:Chuvash
20769:Bashkir
20752:By name
20377:Symbols
20290:Fashion
20272:Culture
20186:Society
20131:Science
20096:Rouble
20038:Economy
20014:Science
19824:Premier
19805:Offices
19667:Leaders
19587:General
19555:Siberia
19528:Regions
19502:Oblasts
19343:October
19320:History
18476:21 June
18448:12 July
18010:(ed.).
17950:4 March
17799:4 March
17503:18 July
17472:18 July
17367:9866730
17358:2640235
17316:18 July
17168:18 July
17086:17 July
17056:18 July
17019:222–223
16872:2494336
16595:8 March
16506:20 June
16412:20 June
16366:20 June
16296:USGOV1.
16278:14 July
16116:20 June
16002:20 June
15861:14 July
15531:20 June
15488:14 June
15358:20 June
15283:24 June
15252:24 June
15036:Bibcode
14963:1154166
14885:3134093
14876:2546027
14774:20 June
14032:20 June
13822:12 June
13786:12 June
13701:3706593
13692:1646771
13269:20 June
13113:20 June
13070:20 June
12986:(1989).
12811:1986524
12688:HISTORY
12531:(1985).
12387:(2001)
12095:20 June
12024:20 June
11981:20 June
11908:20 June
11833:20 June
11766:20 June
11723:20 June
11690:20 June
11627:20 June
11584:20 June
11541:20 June
11501:20 June
11458:20 June
11420:20 June
11374:20 June
11335:20 June
11291:20 June
11249:20 June
11210:20 June
11172:20 June
11126:20 June
11087:20 June
11048:20 June
11008:20 June
10667:1570049
10548:Reuters
10492:Culture
10454:Bibcode
9980:table).
9925:nõukogu
9913:Turkmen
9869:Latvian
9824:საბჭოთა
9716:Romania
9712:Hungary
9700:Finland
9554:of the
9241:Maoists
9117:of the
9111:Russian
9075:Donetsk
8967:Armenia
8913:Moldova
8559:in 1979
8502:Culture
8492:Alexy I
8480:atheism
8443:atheism
8412:Marxist
8371:, with
8323:paranja
8257:de jure
7989:Georgia
7926:man in
7924:Svaneti
7847:New Man
7732:Kharkov
7610:Donetsk
7526:Kharkov
7440:Yerevan
7351:Tbilisi
7059:Energia
7054:Ptichka
6982:in 1963
6978:at the
6690:Belarus
6639:Gosplan
6627:Armenia
6591:Comecon
6546:by the
6443:Economy
5947:Estonia
5923:Georgia
5919:Armenia
5907:Khorezm
5871:Ukraine
5817:victory
5737:Germany
5673:fascism
5656:fascist
5512:Russian
5508:Comecon
5440:in 1974
5406:Soviet
5392:Sukarno
5312:against
4828:Norilsk
4784:), and
4751:Romania
4727:Hungary
4723:Finland
4700:⁄
4670:steppes
4634:Ukraine
4334:present
4234:present
4213:present
4192:present
4171:present
4150:present
4130:present
4113:present
4096:present
4059:Prelude
3856:Comecon
3486:Time of
3249:Periods
3204:History
3183:de jure
3084:council
2996:council
2977:vět-iti
2957:Russian
2917:of the
2909:of the
2627:economy
2591:Eurasia
2489:History
2474:Economy
2469:Culture
2448:troikas
2054:Détente
1535:Armenia
1479:Moldova
1465:Belarus
1451:Ukraine
1437:Georgia
1419:Estonia
1346:Estonia
1189:(Rbl) (
1096:$ 9,000
1027:•
964:•
951:•
938:•
923:•
910:•
897:•
878:•
863:•
850:•
837:•
824:•
811:•
798:•
751:•
721:•
656:Premier
439:de jure
383:Turkmen
363:Latvian
298:Russian
269:37°37′E
266:55°45′N
250:Capital
140:Anthem:
25441:Portal
25396:Sports
25324:Anthem
25212:Cinema
25207:Ballet
25117:Racism
25080:Labour
25036:Health
25001:Doping
24855:Ruble
24840:Mining
24810:Energy
24473:Rivers
24382:Fjords
24282:Postal
24134:Moscow
24060:Russia
23999:Snopes
23815:online
23735:Lancet
23681:Turkey
23519:Russia
23475:Mexico
23463:Kuwait
23439:Israel
23298:Canada
23254:autism
23200:Health
22832:online
22458:(WFDY)
22450:(WFTU)
22200:Saxony
22145:Bremen
22074:Poland
22030:Europe
21997:Kuwait
21977:Fujian
21792:Guinea
21752:Angola
21745:Africa
21561:Greece
21556:France
21518:China
21514:Canada
21507:Lulism
21502:Brazil
21350:Udmurt
21330:Khakas
21293:Kalmyk
21283:Jewish
21266:Ingush
21251:Adyghe
21116:Kalmyk
21061:Kalmyk
21056:Udmurt
21041:Abkhaz
21026:Kazakh
21001:Buryat
20901:Udmurt
20829:Kazakh
20814:Kalmyk
20774:Buryat
20759:Abkhaz
20396:Emblem
20384:Anthem
20332:Sports
20285:Cinema
20280:Ballet
20262:Racism
20235:Family
19725:Bodies
19313:topics
19240:152781
19238:
19195:
19170:
19151:
19121:
19098:
19073:
19047:
19023:
18982:
18956:
18928:
18889:
18870:
18797:
18770:
18747:
18722:
18676:
18603:
18558:
18528:
18505:, and
18339:
18309:
18268:
18228:
18210:
18055:
17831:
17665:
17611:
17541:
17395:
17365:
17355:
17289:
17216:
17025:
17017:&
16980:
16878:
16870:
16825:
16776:
16742:
16687:
16650:"Info"
16522:
16492:
16451:25 May
16437:
16398:
16352:
16264:
16146:alone.
16107:
16041:25 May
16027:
15993:
15851:283158
15849:
15787:
15574:25 May
15560:
15517:
15386:
15344:
15321:
15125:(1978)
15112:, 1993
15056:210935
15054:
15007:
14969:
14961:
14883:
14873:
14760:
14733:
14700:
14669:25 May
14655:
14593:
14456:
14428:
14018:
13748:152635
13746:
13699:
13689:
13638:25 May
13624:
13565:
13462:
13362:25 May
13348:
13312:25 May
13298:
13255:
13142:
13099:
13056:
12954:
12927:
12877:
12849:
12809:
12775:Ulam,
12721:
12647:
12598:
12474:
12418:]
12395:
12350:
12305:
12221:
12179:
12081:
12010:
11967:
11899:
11866:
11819:
11752:
11676:
11613:
11570:
11532:
11487:
11444:
11406:
11360:
11326:
11277:
11235:
11196:
11158:
11112:
11073:
11039:
10994:
10853:
10847:826384
10845:
10763:
10674:
10664:
10584:
10472:
10378:
10337:
9877:Kyrgyz
9873:padome
9864:совиет
9855:soviet
9847:taryba
9821::
9805:Kazakh
9781:Polish
9720:Turkey
9704:Poland
9696:Norway
9060:, and
9022:Moscow
8915:shows
8790:Legacy
8714:. The
8658:, and
8532:, and
8474:Under
8369:Sunnis
8185:rubles
8129:Health
7965:Finnic
7953:Turkic
7945:Uzbeks
7928:Mestia
7901:, and
7712:Moscow
7576:Odessa
7335:Moscow
7317:Moscow
7254:
7251:
7212:
7210:, '...
7136:. The
7073:Salyut
6801:Energy
6770:) was
6692:, 1968
6655:Credit
6651:rubles
6647:ad hoc
6537:. The
6511:
6502:
6493:
6482:
6473:
6464:
6357:, the
6353:, the
6311:, and
6270:
6252:
6234:
6216:
6198:
6180:
6162:
6144:
6126:
6108:
6090:
6072:
6054:
6036:
6011:
5973:, the
5951:Latvia
5879:Russia
5863:, and
5535:was a
5408:stamps
5364:terror
5291:. The
5271:and a
5134:, 1990
5052:, the
5020:, 1982
4832:nickel
4755:Turkey
4753:, and
4747:Poland
4743:Norway
4713:, the
4689:border
4685:Russia
4674:desert
4662:tundra
4505:, and
3993:abroad
3860:Crimea
3231:Russia
3222:on the
3198:Russia
3092:soviet
3006:, the
2952:soviet
2880:became
2842:, and
2811:, the
2807:, the
2787:under
2734:Allied
2647:Moscow
2509:Russia
2411:Stalin
1642:on the
1405:Latvia
1360:Latvia
1166:
1148:(1989)
1146:
1104:
1062:
742:(1991)
660:
620:
489:
485:Leader
465:Soviet
416:Turkic
401:(1989)
368:Kyrgyz
352:
328:Kazakh
257:Moscow
142:
38:,
34:,
25346:Opera
25299:Music
25162:Women
25063:LGBTQ
24981:Crime
24915:Waste
24434:Urals
24412:Lakes
23793:QAnon
23451:Korea
23408:India
23310:China
23224:Ebola
22740:Types
22215:Užice
22150:Bihać
22110:Banat
21982:Gilan
21929:Syria
21899:China
21874:Burma
21848:Chile
21822:Sudan
21797:Libya
21772:Egypt
21757:Benin
21576:Italy
21566:India
21345:Tuvan
21121:Tuvan
21016:Tajik
20996:Yakut
20961:Tatar
20911:Yakut
20896:Tuvan
20886:Tatar
20881:Tajik
20327:Radio
20305:Opera
20300:Music
20203:Crime
19974:Gulag
19852:Cheka
19497:Krais
19276:(PDF)
19236:JSTOR
19214:(PDF)
18998:(PDF)
18649:(PDF)
18638:(PDF)
18350:(PDF)
18333:(PDF)
18226:S2CID
18026:(PDF)
18015:(PDF)
17663:S2CID
17464:(1).
16876:S2CID
16868:JSTOR
16664:(PDF)
16653:(PDF)
15084:(PDF)
15073:(PDF)
15052:JSTOR
15001:(PDF)
14967:S2CID
14959:JSTOR
14945:(1).
14796:[
14394:"Mir"
13744:JSTOR
13563:S2CID
12869:[
12847:JSTOR
12807:JSTOR
12472:S2CID
12427:(PDF)
12420:(PDF)
12414:[
11322:–64.
10851:S2CID
10843:JSTOR
10303:(PDF)
10296:(PDF)
10037:(PDF)
10023:(PDF)
9917:совет
9885:Tajik
9881:совет
9839:совет
9801:совет
9797:Uzbek
9736:China
9330:Notes
9188:Many
9081:over
8987:Lenin
8965:. In
8685:Cheka
8642:Sport
8373:Shias
8353:Islam
8331:Hujum
7969:Tajik
7961:Balts
7752:Minsk
7644:Kazan
7594:Gorki
7560:Minsk
7290:Rank
7287:Pop.
7274:Rank
7110:Lenin
7049:Buran
6991:Soyuz
6703:stock
6323:SS-20
5551:into
5412:India
5267:from
4876:K-219
4868:K-129
4772:) in
4666:taiga
4453:Lenin
4332:1991–
4268:
4254:
4094:1991–
3836:GULAG
3681:Govt.
3322:Rurik
3174:, as
3000:совет
2975:*
2967:совет
2962:sovet
2959:word
2893:. It
2706:Gulag
2676:were
2629:were
2406:Lenin
1434:1991:
1388:1990:
1343:1940:
1283:1922:
1215:right
1172:0.920
1152:0.275
373:Tajik
323:Uzbek
25334:Flag
25222:Wine
25202:Arts
24267:LGBT
24151:Army
23634:2020
23629:2018
23624:2016
23005:Spin
22906:Hoax
22791:list
22726:and
22163:1918
22128:1919
21934:Tuva
21914:Laos
21904:Iraq
21862:Asia
21838:Cuba
21675:Arab
21571:Iran
21335:Mari
21081:Mari
21076:Komi
20851:Mari
20846:Komi
20612:1940
20571:the
20408:Flag
20366:List
20174:List
20086:OGAS
19979:List
19862:NKVD
19650:LGBT
19638:List
19604:1977
19599:1936
19193:ISBN
19168:ISBN
19149:ISBN
19119:ISBN
19096:ISBN
19071:ISBN
19045:ISBN
19021:ISBN
18980:ISBN
18954:ISBN
18926:ISBN
18887:ISBN
18868:ISBN
18795:ISBN
18768:ISBN
18745:ISBN
18720:ISBN
18674:ISBN
18657:2010
18601:ISBN
18556:ISBN
18526:ISBN
18478:2023
18450:2012
18420:2007
18390:2016
18358:2020
18337:ISBN
18307:ISBN
18266:ISBN
18242:2020
18179:2020
18154:2020
18053:ISBN
18034:2020
17952:2022
17922:2020
17892:2013
17866:2020
17829:ISBN
17801:2023
17775:2018
17699:2021
17627:2018
17609:ISBN
17539:ISBN
17505:2016
17474:2016
17435:2017
17393:ISBN
17363:PMID
17318:2016
17287:PMID
17214:ISBN
17170:2016
17144:2015
17088:2016
17058:2016
17023:ISBN
16978:ISBN
16925:2020
16823:ISBN
16792:2020
16774:ISBN
16751:2016
16740:ISSN
16717:2021
16685:ISBN
16597:2021
16563:2023
16508:2015
16490:ISBN
16453:2020
16435:ISBN
16414:2015
16396:ISBN
16368:2015
16350:ISBN
16280:2016
16262:ISBN
16223:2019
16197:2019
16118:2015
16105:ISBN
16043:2020
16025:ISBN
16004:2015
15991:ISBN
15955:2010
15863:2021
15847:PMID
15839:JADA
15820:2021
15785:PMID
15711:and
15687:2010
15612:2010
15576:2020
15558:ISBN
15533:2015
15515:ISBN
15490:2017
15460:2017
15424:2015
15384:ISBN
15360:2015
15342:ISBN
15319:ISBN
15285:2019
15254:2019
15205:2019
15172:2019
15092:2024
15005:ISBN
14978:2024
14881:PMID
14776:2015
14758:ISBN
14731:ISBN
14698:ISBN
14671:2020
14653:ISBN
14591:ISBN
14585:and
14472:2017
14454:ISBN
14410:2021
14376:2021
14346:2021
14316:2019
14285:2021
14255:2021
14182:(3).
14157:2021
14094:2017
14064:2010
14034:2015
14016:ISBN
13991:2010
13955:2010
13854:2016
13824:2010
13788:2010
13697:PMID
13640:2020
13622:ISBN
13516:2010
13460:ISBN
13454:and
13431:2010
13394:2010
13364:2020
13346:ISBN
13314:2020
13296:ISBN
13271:2015
13253:ISBN
13190:2018
13140:ISBN
13115:2015
13097:ISBN
13072:2015
13054:ISBN
13033:2022
12970:2019
12952:ISBN
12925:ISBN
12875:ISBN
12719:ISSN
12658:2016
12645:ISBN
12614:2016
12596:ISBN
12435:2022
12393:ISBN
12348:ISBN
12303:ISBN
12257:2021
12219:ISBN
12177:ISBN
12155:2021
12130:2010
12097:2015
12079:ISBN
12026:2015
12008:ISBN
11983:2015
11965:ISBN
11940:2010
11910:2015
11897:ISBN
11864:ISBN
11835:2015
11817:ISBN
11768:2015
11750:ISBN
11725:2015
11692:2015
11674:ISBN
11629:2015
11611:ISBN
11586:2015
11568:ISBN
11543:2015
11530:ISBN
11503:2015
11485:ISBN
11460:2015
11442:ISBN
11422:2015
11404:ISBN
11376:2015
11358:ISBN
11337:2015
11324:ISBN
11293:2015
11275:ISBN
11251:2015
11233:ISBN
11212:2015
11194:ISBN
11174:2015
11156:ISBN
11128:2015
11110:ISBN
11089:2015
11071:ISBN
11050:2015
11037:ISBN
11010:2015
10992:ISBN
10955:2023
10914:2023
10883:2023
10810:2023
10777:2023
10761:ISSN
10736:2023
10703:2023
10672:PMID
10623:2021
10593:2023
10582:ISSN
10557:2023
10529:2023
10504:2023
10470:ISSN
10425:2023
10392:2023
10376:ISSN
10351:2023
10335:ISSN
10311:2016
10249:2023
10178:2022
10152:2022
10127:2022
10045:2020
10006:2018
9785:rada
9775:rada
9769:рада
9738:and
9730:and
9724:Iran
9722:and
9714:and
9698:and
9671:IPA:
9639:SSSR
9627:СССР
9600:IPA:
9538:The
9261:and
9181:and
8817:The
8798:and
8770:, a
8734:and
8726:The
8698:The
8628:and
8617:jazz
8579:and
8395:and
8351:and
8306:The
8294:The
8223:and
7856:The
7781:Lvov
7736:Baku
7724:Kiev
7714:and
7508:Omsk
7492:Baku
7424:Kiev
7370:Kiev
7303:Pop.
7294:Name
7278:Name
7217:The
7140:and
6974:and
6952:and
6919:and
6906:, a
6793:and
6741:and
6733:and
6573:The
6371:NKVD
6359:Navy
6327:ICBM
6325:non-
5953:and
5933:and
5925:and
5909:and
5897:and
5815:and
5773:The
5767:and
5721:and
5677:Nazi
5566:The
5553:NATO
5531:The
5432:and
5394:and
5346:and
5152:1977
5150:and
5148:1936
5144:1924
5138:The
5100:and
5092:and
5081:and
5024:The
5012:The
4894:and
4878:and
4872:K-27
4866:, a
4860:K-19
4850:and
4826:and
4818:The
4782:Iran
4731:Iran
4676:and
4642:Asia
4632:and
4230:2022
4209:2022
4188:2022
4167:2022
4146:2014
4126:2000
4109:1994
4019:) •
4005:CSTO
3995:" •
3991:Near
3689:USSR
3657:) •
3108:SSSR
3103:СССР
3080:1936
2988:wise
2983:věst
2846:and
2829:and
2765:NATO
2692:and
2625:and
2579:USSR
2573:The
1144:Gini
1136:28th
1029:1989
1016:12.3
982:Area
883:the
474:See
414:17%
408:70%
94:Flag
24594:Law
19891:KGB
19886:MGB
19874:MVD
19857:GPU
19657:Law
19267:by
19228:doi
18842:hdl
18834:doi
18697:doi
18218:doi
18078:NPR
17655:doi
17582:BBC
17531:doi
17353:PMC
17345:doi
17277:doi
17273:181
16974:118
16909:doi
16858:doi
16815:doi
16101:311
15987:285
15777:doi
15044:doi
14951:doi
14871:PMC
14863:doi
14859:296
14727:242
14694:469
13736:doi
13687:PMC
13679:doi
13590:doi
13555:doi
12799:doi
12464:doi
11526:108
10875:BBC
10835:doi
10662:PMC
10652:doi
10648:114
10462:doi
9911:);
9897:);
9867:);
9833:);
9817:);
9779:);
9498:As
9485:As
9397:As
9265:".
9165:or
8772:KGB
8757:GDR
8704:IOC
8399:).
8343:CIA
8023:or
7987:of
7067:Mir
6768:PPP
6261:15
6243:14
6225:13
6207:12
6189:11
6171:10
5881:or
5873:or
5320:law
5238:of
5090:KGB
4864:K-8
4842:or
4798:GNP
4482:in
4017:2nd
4013:1st
3989:• "
3987:CIS
3884:War
3812:NEP
3170:of
3086:or
3070:).
2613:of
1605:CIS
1248:.su
1203:UTC
1191:SUR
1164:HDI
1122:2nd
1102:GDP
1084:2nd
1066:PPP
1060:GDP
1042:3rd
994:1st
25464::
23207:5G
22544:/
22540:/
22516:/
19923:•
19919:•
19234:.
19224:48
19222:.
19216:.
19191:.
19187:.
19147:.
19113:.
19094:.
19069:.
19065:.
19019:.
18978:.
18974:.
18952:.
18948:.
18924:.
18920:.
18912:;
18866:.
18862:.
18840:.
18830:31
18828:.
18793:.
18766:.
18743:.
18739:.
18718:.
18693:47
18691:.
18672:.
18644:.
18640:.
18629:;
18599:.
18595:.
18585:;
18573:.
18550:.
18524:.
18520:.
18501:,
18497:,
18467:.
18436:.
18406:.
18380:.
18374:.
18345:.
18301:.
18274:.
18232:.
18224:.
18216:.
18204:34
18202:.
18196:.
18123:.
18075:.
18017:.
17975:.
17960:^
17938:.
17908:.
17856:.
17852:.
17809:^
17764:.
17738:^
17730:;
17726:;
17722:;
17718:;
17714:;
17689:.
17683:.
17661:.
17651:58
17649:.
17603:.
17580:.
17537:.
17525:.
17491:.
17462:10
17460:.
17456:.
17437:.
17425:.
17419:.
17361:.
17351:.
17339:.
17335:.
17308:.
17285:.
17271:.
17267:.
17208:.
17187:.
17128:.
17078:.
17074:.
17048:.
17021:.
17015:51
16992:^
16976:.
16968:.
16915:.
16905:49
16903:.
16897:.
16874:.
16866:.
16854:31
16852:.
16846:.
16821:.
16809:.
16782:.
16768:.
16738:.
16734:.
16708:.
16655:.
16632:.
16614:.
16587:.
16583:.
16571:^
16553:.
16498:.
16484:.
16443:.
16404:.
16376:^
16358:.
16316:^
16282:.
16270:.
16213:.
16187:.
16135:.
16103:.
16051:^
16033:.
15981:.
15963:^
15853:.
15843:98
15841:.
15837:.
15810:.
15806:.
15783:.
15773:39
15771:.
15677:.
15671:.
15628:.
15602:.
15596:.
15566:.
15552:.
15523:.
15509:.
15444:.
15414:.
15410:.
15350:.
15313:,
15300:,
15271:.
15240:.
15195:.
15189:.
15158:.
15154:.
15075:.
15050:.
15042:.
15032:35
15030:.
14986:^
14965:.
14957:.
14943:38
14941:.
14937:.
14902:.
14879:.
14869:.
14857:.
14851:.
14766:.
14729:.
14696:.
14661:.
14628:.
14543:^
14480:^
14462:.
14400:.
14396:.
14384:^
14362:.
14332:.
14306:.
14302:.
14271:.
14241:.
14178:.
14174:.
14147:.
14141:.
14120:.
14080:.
14050:.
14024:.
14010:.
13975:.
13939:.
13922:^
13840:.
13814:.
13808:.
13778:.
13772:.
13750:.
13742:.
13732:48
13730:.
13695:.
13685:.
13675:76
13673:.
13669:.
13630:.
13620:.
13616:.
13586:45
13584:.
13561:.
13551:39
13549:.
13524:^
13502:.
13491:^
13421:.
13417:.
13402:^
13384:.
13380:.
13354:.
13330:;
13304:.
13290:.
13261:.
13247:.
13225:^
13180:.
13134:.
13105:.
13091:.
13062:.
13023:.
13019:.
13000:.
12960:.
12946:.
12843:52
12841:.
12805:.
12795:40
12793:.
12763:18
12761:.
12742:15
12740:.
12686:.
12643:.
12641:58
12635:.
12604:.
12590:.
12574:^
12564:.
12513:.
12470:.
12458:.
12452:.
12370:.
12342:,
12321:^
12301:.
12297:.
12276:.
12227:.
12185:.
12171:.
12146:.
12117:.
12113:.
12087:.
12073:.
12042::
12016:.
12002:.
11973:.
11959:.
11930:.
11926:.
11895:.
11893:88
11858:.
11843:^
11825:.
11811:.
11787:.
11758:.
11744:.
11711:.
11682:.
11648:.
11619:.
11605:.
11576:.
11562:.
11528:.
11493:.
11479:.
11450:.
11412:.
11398:.
11384:^
11366:.
11320:63
11314:.
11283:.
11241:.
11202:.
11164:.
11150:.
11118:.
11079:.
11031:.
11000:.
10963:^
10944:.
10904:.
10900:.
10872:.
10849:.
10841:.
10831:54
10829:.
10794:.
10767:.
10759:.
10753:.
10720:.
10693:.
10670:.
10660:.
10646:.
10640:.
10609:.
10580:.
10574:.
10545:.
10520:.
10490:.
10468:.
10460:.
10448:.
10442:.
10409:.
10382:.
10374:.
10368:.
10341:.
10327:.
10273:.
10238:.
10143:.
10118:.
10106:^
10079:^
10053:^
10025:.
9996:.
9985:^
9955:.
9951:.
9923::
9919:;
9915::
9901::
9887::
9883:;
9879::
9875:;
9871::
9861::
9853::
9849:;
9845::
9841:;
9837::
9807::
9803:;
9799::
9795:;
9791::
9787:;
9783::
9767::
9710:,
9706:,
9669:,
9657:,
9630:,
9598:,
9586:,
9405:).
9237:.
9147:.
9056:,
9044:.
8892:,
8888:,
8763:.
8687:.
8654:,
8650:,
8572:.
8528:,
8524:,
8520:,
8516:,
8407:.
8321:A
8019:,
8015:,
7897:,
7893:,
7853:.
7674:20
7658:10
7640:19
7606:18
7572:17
7538:16
7504:15
7470:14
7436:13
7402:12
7347:11
6970:,
6966:,
6930:,
6851:.
6831:.
6677:.
6515:DM
6506:DM
6497:DM
6486:DM
6477:DM
6468:DM
6432:.
6361:,
6307:,
6303:,
6299:,
6295:,
6153:9
6135:8
6117:7
6099:6
6081:5
6063:4
6045:3
6027:2
6002:1
5949:,
5921:,
5859:,
5847:.
5751:,
5709:.
5518:,
5514::
5492:.
5428:,
5424:,
5342:,
5338:,
5334:,
5299:.
5146:,
5130:,
5077:,
4994:.
4986:.
4882:.
4874:,
4870:,
4862:,
4815:.
4765:.
4749:,
4745:,
4741:,
4737:,
4733:,
4729:,
4725:,
4721:,
4717:,
4680:.
4672:,
4668:,
4664:,
4330:•
4322:•
4318:•
4310:•
4306:•
4298:•
4294:•
4265:^B
4251:^A
4077:•
4073:•
4069:•
4065:•
4061:•
4053:•
4049:•
4045:•
4041:•
4037:•
4031:•
4027:•
4023:•
4015:•
4007:•
4003:•
3999:•
3985:•
3981:•
3975:•
3971:•
3886:•
3880:•
3876:•
3872:•
3868:•
3864:•
3858:•
3854:•
3850:•
3846:•
3842:•
3838:•
3834:•
3830:•
3826:•
3822:•
3818:•
3814:•
3691:•
3687:•
3683:•
3677:•
3673:•
3669:•
3665:•
3661:•
3649:•
3645:•
3641:•
3637:•
3631:•
3627:•
3526:•
3522:•
3518:•
3514:•
3510:•
3506:•
3502:•
3498:•
3494:•
3490:•
3484:•
3416:•
3412:•
3408:•
3328:•
3324:•
3176:SS
3159:СС
3153:СС
3098:.
3058:,
2886:.
2870:.
2752:.
2649:.
1236:SU
1225:+7
24605:)
24601:(
24585:)
24581:(
24570:)
24566:(
24052:e
24045:t
24038:v
23521:/
23500:)
23496:(
22793:)
22789:(
22716:e
22709:t
22702:v
22573:)
22569:(
22271:e
22264:t
22257:v
21457:e
21450:t
21443:v
21227:e
21220:t
21213:v
20737:e
20730:t
20723:v
20503:e
20496:t
20489:v
19927:/
19915:/
19303:e
19296:t
19289:v
19242:.
19230::
19201:.
19176:.
19157:.
19127:.
19104:.
19079:.
19053:.
19029:.
19004:.
18988:.
18962:.
18934:.
18895:.
18876:.
18850:.
18844::
18836::
18803:.
18776:.
18753:.
18728:.
18703:.
18699::
18682:.
18659:.
18609:.
18577:.
18564:.
18534:.
18480:.
18452:.
18422:.
18392:.
18315:.
18220::
18127:.
18109:.
18081:.
18061:.
18036:.
17954:.
17924:.
17894:.
17868:.
17837:.
17803:.
17777:.
17701:.
17669:.
17657::
17629:.
17547:.
17533::
17507:.
17476:.
17401:.
17369:.
17347::
17341:4
17320:.
17293:.
17279::
17222:.
17172:.
17146:.
17105:.
17090:.
17060:.
17031:.
16986:.
16927:.
16911::
16882:.
16860::
16831:.
16817::
16794:.
16753:.
16719:.
16693:.
16618:.
16599:.
16565:.
16510:.
16455:.
16416:.
16370:.
16225:.
16199:.
16120:.
16045:.
16006:.
15957:.
15865:.
15822:.
15791:.
15779::
15689:.
15632:.
15614:.
15578:.
15535:.
15492:.
15462:.
15426:.
15392:.
15362:.
15287:.
15256:.
15207:.
15174:.
15094:.
15058:.
15046::
15038::
15013:.
14980:.
14953::
14921:.
14887:.
14865::
14778:.
14739:.
14706:.
14673:.
14634:.
14599:.
14474:.
14435:.
14412:.
14378:.
14348:.
14318:.
14287:.
14257:.
14212:.
14197:.
14180:8
14159:.
14125:.
14096:.
14066:.
14036:.
13993:.
13957:.
13856:.
13826:.
13790:.
13738::
13703:.
13681::
13642:.
13596:.
13592::
13569:.
13557::
13518:.
13468:.
13433:.
13396:.
13366:.
13316:.
13273:.
13192:.
13148:.
13117:.
13074:.
13035:.
12972:.
12883:.
12853:.
12813:.
12801::
12690:.
12673:.
12660:.
12616:.
12568:.
12496:.
12478:.
12466::
12460:7
12437:.
12374:.
12356:.
12278:7
12259:.
12203:.
12157:.
12132:.
12099:.
12028:.
11985:.
11942:.
11912:.
11872:.
11837:.
11770:.
11727:.
11694:.
11650:1
11631:.
11588:.
11545:.
11505:.
11462:.
11424:.
11378:.
11339:.
11295:.
11253:.
11214:.
11176:.
11130:.
11091:.
11052:.
11012:.
10957:.
10916:.
10885:.
10857:.
10837::
10812:.
10779:.
10738:.
10705:.
10678:.
10654::
10625:.
10595:.
10559:.
10531:.
10506:.
10476:.
10464::
10456::
10450:4
10427:.
10394:.
10353:.
10313:.
10251:.
10180:.
10154:.
10129:.
10073:.
10047:.
10008:.
9927:.
9905:(
9891:(
9857:(
9827:(
9811:(
9771:(
9662::
9642:.
9635::
9615:.
9591::
9562:.
9502:.
9489:.
9454:.
9388:.
9346:.
8876:.
8856:)
8850:(
8845:)
8841:(
8837:.
8827:.
8286:.
7754:(
7746:(
7738:(
7726:(
7624:9
7590:8
7556:7
7522:6
7488:5
7454:4
7420:3
7386:2
7331:1
7004:—
4702:2
4698:1
4695:+
4693:1
4376:e
4369:t
4362:v
4232:–
4211:–
4190:–
4169:–
4148:–
4128:–
4111:–
4081:)
4057:(
4011:(
3894:)
3890:(
3653:(
3063::
2577:(
2562:e
2555:t
2548:v
1967:"
1963:"
1201:(
1193:)
1138:)
1124:)
1086:)
1068:)
1064:(
1044:)
996:)
606:)
602:(
451:)
447:(
441:)
437:(
358:)
354:(
189:"
152:"
134:"
130:"
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.