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3184:-2519 deployed a smaller satellite, which Russian state media claimed: “conducted autonomous flight, a change in orbit, and a satellite inspection before returning to the base station”. Another incident back in 2019 involved two Russian satellites, Kosmos 2542 and 2543, one of which appeared to begin following a U.S. national security satellite. Such “inspector” satellites can be armed with lasers to provide non-destructive interference or deadly kinetic interceptors.
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friendly satellites against such attacks. To this end, the US (and presumably other countries) is researching groups of small, highly mobile satellites called "microsats" (about the size of a refrigerator) and "picosats" (approximately 1 cubic foot (≈27 litres) in volume) nimble enough to maneuver around and interact with other orbiting objects to repair, sabotage, hijack, or simply collide with them.
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blind satellites and are starting to be used in terrestrial warfare. That said, directed-energy weapons are more practical and more effective in a vacuum (i.e. space) than in the Earth's atmosphere, as in the atmosphere the particles of air interfere with and disperse the directed energy. Nazi
Germany had a project for such a weapon, considered a
3148:, which can indiscriminately affect other satellites in similar orbits. While this option comes with the benefit of leveraging existing technologies and a certain element of surprise, as an attack cannot be detected until a missile has exited its silo, there are significant downsides. Firstly, there is the cost disparity of using an
3137:, which ascend directly from Earth to intercept their target and have been adapted to the anti-satellite role. To date, four countries have demonstrated their ability to launch these weapons, the USA, the PRC, India, and Russia, but so far none have conducted such an attack on another country’s satellites.
2875:
to attribute to an actor. Though, it is difficult to confirm the success of an attack. Dazzlers are not intended to deal irreversible damage but rather disable a target satellite. It maintains the same advantages and disadvantages as the high-powered variant. Though such systems not yet functional, the US
3187:
While these co-orbital systems provide more utility when compared to more direct and destructive options, their advantages are contingent on being maneuverable and inconspicuous. Given the increasing paranoia surrounding co-orbital anti-satellite, it is hard to believe that the major players in space
2954:
from the Earth, one sees the position of the target slightly more than a second earlier. Thus even a laser would need ~1.28 seconds, meaning a laser-based weapon system would need to lead a target's apparent position by 1.28×2 = 2.56 seconds. A projectile from a railgun recently tested by the US Navy
2788:
Kinetic weapons have always been widespread in conventional warfare—bullets, arrows, swords, clubs, etc.—but the energy a projectile would gain while falling from orbit would make such a weapon rival all but the most powerful explosives. A direct hit would presumably destroy all but the most hardened
2949:
Space warfare is likely to be done at far larger distances and speeds than combat on Earth. The vast distances pose big challenges for targeting and tracking, as even light requires a few seconds to cover hundreds of thousands of kilometers. For example, if trying to fire on a target at the distance
2874:
In the context of space-based deployment, directed-energy weapons can be distinguished as either “high-powered” or “dazzler.” High-powered satellite-operated lasers are intended to deal irreversible damage to the sensitive parts, mainly optics, on satellites and have the advantage of being difficult
2747:
Accordingly, most space-borne proposals which would traditionally be considered "weapons" (a communications or reconnaissance satellite may be useful in warfare but isn't generally classified as a weapon) are designed to jam, sabotage, and outright destroy enemy satellites, and conversely to protect
2698:
outside the Earth's atmosphere. When the U.S. gained "interest in utilizing space-based lasers for ballistic missile defense", two facts emerged. One being that the ballistic missiles are fragile and two, chemical lasers project missile killing energy (3,000 kilometers). This meant that lasers could
3063:
Most of the world's communications systems rely heavily on the presence of satellites in orbit around Earth. Protecting these assets might seriously motivate nations dependent upon them to consider deploying more space-based weaponry, especially in conflicts involving advanced countries with access
2313:
During the early Cold War, a survivable reconnaissance asset was considered highly valuable. In a time before satellites, this meant building an aircraft that could fly higher or faster, or both, compared to any interceptor that would try to bring it down. Notably, the United States would introduce
2764:
Another theorized use involves the extension of conventional weaponry into orbit for deployment against ground targets. Though international treaties ban the deployment of nuclear missiles outside the atmosphere, other categories of weapons are largely unregulated. Traditional ground-based weapons
2858:
involve the acceleration of charged or neutral particles in a stream towards a target at extremely high velocities, the impact of which creates a reaction causing immense damage. Most of these weapons are theoretical or impractical to implement currently, aside from lasers which have been used to
2722:
had continued, many of these systems could potentially have seen deployment: the United States developed working railguns, and a laser that could destroy missiles at range, though the power requirements, range, and firing cycles of both were impractical. Weapons like the space-based laser was
3555:
as background or written about the growth and/or decline of such an empire. Said empire's capital is often a core world, such as a planet relatively close to a galaxy's supermassive black hole. Characterization can vary wildly from malevolent forces attacking sympathetic victims to apathetic
2986:
were used to calculate firing solutions for naval artillery, as the problems were already beyond manual solutions in any reasonable time—and targeting objects in space is far harder. And, though not a problem for orbital kinetic weapons, any directed energy weapon would need huge amounts of
2731:
With the end of the Cold War and continued development of satellite and electronics technology, attention was focused on space as a supporting theatre for conventional warfare. Currently, military operations in space primarily concern either the vast tactical advantages of satellite-based
3046:
whose detonation alone caused more than 40,000 new chunks of debris with a diameter > 1 cm and a sudden increase in the total amount of debris in orbit. The PRC is reported to be developing "soft-kill" techniques such as jamming and vision kills that do not generate much debris.
2462:
had been guided by a requirement to deliver a payload- such as a bomb- over Russia and return to land after a single orbit. This may have been a confusion based on requirements 3A and 3B for the shuttle's design, which required the craft to be able to deploy or retrieve an object from a
3156:
to kill a small and inexpensive satellite. Additionally, these missiles are not designed to send payloads out to geocentric orbit, as such they can only affect targets in low earth orbit and only in a target area centered around the static location of the missile itself.
2357:, into an orbit hundreds of kilometers above sea level, notably beyond the reach of any existing weapons system. While Sputnik 1 held no military value, only transmitting radio signals back to Earth for three weeks, its launch sparked the beginning of the
2454:
Through the 1970s, the Soviet Union continued their project and test-fired a cannon to test space station defense. This was considered too dangerous to do with a crew on board, however, so the test was conducted after the crew had returned to Earth.
3234:, where it is shown with a wide range of realism and plausibility. Fictional space warfare includes anticipated future technology and tactics, and fantasy- or history-based scenarios in a scifi setting. Some portray a space military as like an
7759:
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might be considered, they rarely feature such technologies. These three genres often intertwine and have themes that are common to all. Written Space
Westerns are often based directly on existing established scifi space opera franchises with
7765:
2800:). This would be more useful against a larger but less hardened target (such as a city). Though a common device in science fiction, there is no publicly available evidence that any such systems have actually been deployed by any nation.
2681:
In the late 1970s and through the 1980s, the Soviet Union and the United States theorized, designed and in some cases tested a variety of weaponry designed for warfare in outer space. Space warfare was seen primarily as an extension of
3450:
series have interesting concepts for space warfare, such as 3D battle formations, plasma-based projectors that get their energy from a ship's propulsion system, and automated uncrewed space combat vehicles. Other series, such as
2995:, which are currently only up to 30% efficient, and fuel cells, which have limited fuel. Current technology might not be practical for powering effective lasers, particle beams, and railguns in space. In the context of the
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10431:
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series is a notable example in that it makes a conjecture as to what sort of tactics and training would be needed for war in outer space. Other scifi authors have also delved into the tactics of space combat, such as
2318:
in 1956. It was thought, at the time of its introduction, that the plane’s service ceiling of 24,000 metres (80,000 ft) would render it immune to Soviet aircraft, missiles, and radar. That was the case until the
2723:
rejected, not just by the government, but by universities, moral thinkers, and religious people because it would have increased the waging of the arms race and questioned the United States' role in the Cold War.
2615:. SpaceX vowed and acted against the use of their Starlink service for active warfare, while Russia launched cyberattacks against Starlink and threatened of striking Starlink satellites directly in retaliation.
9146:
2585:, announced a space weapons program that would move the country's space surveillance strategy towards active protection of its assets in space, e.g., satellites. The projects outlined include: patrolling
2478:
anti-satellite weapons. None of these systems are known to be active today; however, a less powerful civilian version of the ground-to-space laser system is commonly used in the astronomical technique of
2199:, where it is portrayed with a range of realism and plausibility. In the real world, international treaties are in place that attempt to regulate conflicts in space and limit the installation of space
2408:. The result was a deactivation of many then-orbiting satellites, both American and Soviet. The deleterious and unfocused effects of the EMP test led to the banning of nuclear weapons in space in the
3144:
leverage existing technologies and launch platforms to neutralize both space-based and ground-based targets. This option tends to be highly destructive and indiscriminate as any attack will produce
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Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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Such a system would involve a 'spotter' satellite, which would identify targets from orbit with high-power sensors, and a nearby 'magazine' satellite to de-orbit a long, needle-like
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project, a project designed to give them the ability to do on-orbit inspections of satellites and destroy them if needed. Similar planning in the United States took the form of the
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designed to shoot down satellites. While early efforts paralleled other space-to-space warfare concepts, the United States was able in the 1980s to develop ground-to-space
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Early efforts to conduct space warfare were directed at space-to-space warfare, as ground-to-space systems were considered to be too slow and too isolated by Earth's
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2537:) a ballistic missile-launched anti-satellite weapon on January 11, 2007. This resulted in harsh criticism from the United States of America, Britain, and Japan.
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has said that in order to protect against attacks, Space
Situational Awareness is much more important than additional hardening or armoring of satellites. The
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4248:"SpaceX president was reportedly upset that Elon Musk kept financing Starlink in Ukraine before Pentagon deal: 'Elon succumbed to the bullshit on Twitter'"
3658:
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8104:
7059:
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3934:
2974:, currently the largest artificial object in Earth orbit, measures slightly over 100m at its largest span. Other satellites can be vastly smaller, e.g.,
2544:, testing it by hitting ballistic test targets while they were in space. On February 21, 2008, the U.S. used an SM-3 missile to destroy a spy satellite,
2710:, space based lasers, orbital mines and similar weaponry. Deployment of these systems was seriously considered in the mid-1980s under the banner of the
2607:
in the first few days of the invasion. Starlink was used for defense and attacks on
Russian positions, with Starlink terminals being namely strapped on
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would take over 18 hours to cross that distance, if it travels in a straight line at a constant velocity of 5.8 km/s along its entire trajectory.
2581:"called for a space high command to protect" France's satellites. This was followed by a plan released by military officials. French Defense Minister,
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Three factors make engaging targets in space very difficult. First, the vast distances mean that an error of even a fraction of a degree in the
2574:
the following month, followed by its first-ever simulated space warfare exercise on July 25 which would inform a joint military space doctrine.
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bureaucracies to more reasonable entities focused on social progress, and anywhere in between. Scifi writers generally posit some form of
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test, took place in 1962 when the United States exploded a ground-launched nuclear weapon in space to test the effects of an
3180:
claimed that a
Russian satellite, Cosmos-2519, exhibited behavior “inconsistent” with its intended mission. While in orbit,
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notes that several actors, including the United States, PRC, Russia, and France, are actively pursuing these capabilities.
3169:, or in the form of a satellite that can release a kinetic interceptor or a cloud of debris. The first co-orbital system,
2555:
Japan fields the U.S.-made SM-3 missile, and there have been plans to base the land-based version in
Romania and Vietnam.
82:
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A vision for the future of the US Space
Command for 2020: a space-based high-energy laser destroys a terrestrial target
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can mean a miss by thousands of kilometers. Second, spaceflight involves tremendous speeds by terrestrial standards—a
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missile defense system. According to
Israeli officials, the interception occurred above Earth's atmosphere above the
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129:
89:
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project, which consisted of modified Gemini capsules that would be able to deploy weapons and perform surveillance.
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thus making it the first recorded practical instance of space warfare during an active conflict. On April 14, 2024,
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which can stay in orbit for many years and could interfere with future space activity or in a worst case trigger
3003:
in the United States worked on a project for expandable space-based x-ray lasers powered by a nuclear explosion,
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1970:
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in 1983, using the term "evil empire" to describe the
Soviets (hence the popular nickname "Star Wars"). If the
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capability over the other, the United States and the Soviet Union began to develop space warfare capabilities.
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http://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/230414_Bingen_SpaceThreatAssessment_2023_UPDATED-min.pdf
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4457:
https://www.dia.mil/Portals/110/Documents/News/Military_Power_Publications/Challenges_Security_Space_2022.pdf
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There are allegations that Russia continues to test co-orbital ASAT weapons as recently as 2020. In 2020 the
2796:
dart onto it with a small rocket motor or just dropping a very big rock from orbit (such as an asteroid, cf.
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to be effective at the time. The history of active space warfare development goes back to the 1960s when the
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must be able to defend itself using other satellites that can destroy such weapons. Or else, he states,
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swarms, ground-based laser systems to blind spying satellites, and machine guns mounted on satellites.
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franchise is a prototypical example. Few games try to simulate realistic distance and speed, though
2751:
2686:, and many theoretical systems were based around the destruction or defense of ground and sea-based
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Co-orbital systems come with a few potential kill mechanisms: in guided kinetic vehicles, like the
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In 1985, the United States demonstrated its conventional ASAT capabilities by launching an ASM-135
2361:. This spurred the United States to hasten and re-emphasize its space programs, culminating in the
2285:
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1990:
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program are the so-called direct-ascent anti-satellite weapons. These weapons are usually either
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The Case for Space: How the
Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility
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Fictional galaxies with space warfare are far too many to list, but popular examples include
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move at ~8 km/s. Third, though distances are huge, targets remain relatively small. The
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Systems proposed ranged from measures as simple as ground and space-based anti-missiles to
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but most of the conflict happens in terrestrial environments. The main sub-genres of the
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has indicated that their defensive focus will be on "Disaggregated Space Architectures".
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4061:"Viasat believes 'cyber event' is disrupting its satellite-internet service in Ukraine"
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Space-based vehicular combat is portrayed in many movies and video games, most notably
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Ronald Reagan revealing the idea for the Strategic Defense Initiative on March 23, 1983
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have developed plausible interplanetary conflict based on human colonization of the
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4808:"Exclusive: Russian Craft Shadowing U.S. Spy Satellite, Space Force Commander Says"
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2015:
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for stationary terrestrial targets is enormously complicated—some of the earliest
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A SM-3 missile is launched from a U.S. ship to intercept a failing spy satellite.
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4432:. New York, New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, LLC. pp. 37–38.
3904:"Navy Succeeds In Intercepting Non-Functioning Satellite (Release NNS080220-19)"
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4654:"U.S. Dependence on Space Assets Could be a Liability in a Conflict with China"
4625:
3740:"How Israel foiled Iran's ballistic missiles as they headed to an F-35 airbase"
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even if they were, but as early as the 1950s, the United States has toyed with
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are generally not useful in orbital environments, and few if any would survive
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4092:"Pentagon awards SpaceX with Ukraine contract for Starlink satellite internet"
3874:"DoD Succeeds In Intercepting Non-Functioning Satellite (Release No. 0139-08)"
2513:, an American research satellite, from its 555-kilometre (345 mi) orbit.
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capabilities would be severely limited and easily influenced by adversaries.
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2570:, thus making its way to the list of space warfare nations, establishing the
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2420:
2276:, established on August 10, 1992, which became an independent section of the
2249:, making it the first large-scale incident in which a space weapon was used.
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4030:"To protect its satellites, France outlines ambitious space-weapons program"
145:
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4178:"Soldiers in Ukraine Say Some Drones Affected After SpaceX Limits Starlink"
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33:
This article is about the real-life topic. For portrayal in fiction, see
3973:"India tests anti-satellite missile by destroying one of its satellites"
3007:, a project canceled in 1992 for lack of results. SDI projects included
8507:
6335:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
6018:
5637:
5610:
5392:
5298:
4918:
3612:
3521:
3351:
3310:
2744:
or mechanisms used to deprive an opponent of said tactical advantages.
2666:
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was extensively used for warfare following Russia's invasion of Ukraine
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2443:
2378:
2358:
2331:
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starting December 1, 2011, but was reestablished as a component of the
2238:
2005:
1975:
1697:
1066:
4838:"Tabletop RPGs With Space Western Settings & Themes | Screen Rant"
4483:
4339:"How Israel shot down a ballistic missile in space for the first time"
3710:"How Israel shot down a ballistic missile in space for the first time"
2435:
10250:
10238:
10202:
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3817:
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3446:
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3434:
3400:
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2991:, and the most practical means of generating electricity in space is
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2495:
2354:
2176:
1995:
1819:
1769:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1569:
1360:
1355:
1320:
762:
448:
415:
304:
6318:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
4757:
230414_Bingen_SpaceThreatAssessment_2023_UPDATED-min.pdf (csis.org)
2921:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
45:
8265:
8229:
8111:
7459:
6244:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
6033:
5957:
5769:
4507:"'Star Wars' X-Ray Laser Weapon Dies as Its Final Test Is Canceled"
4139:"How Elon Musk's satellites have saved Ukraine and changed warfare"
3647:
3476:
3405:
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is perhaps one of the best-known and earliest explorations of the "
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2766:
2719:
2592:
2010:
1985:
1618:
1250:
1225:
843:
398:
272:
3679:"Israel downing Houthi missile is first instance of space warfare"
3572:
and outer planets via technologies using currently known physics.
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6532:
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5886:
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3326:
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rebels; this successful interception occurred outside of Earth's
2219:
2020:
1980:
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921:
906:
782:
443:
438:
408:
347:
309:
4590:"China's Asat Test Will Intensify U.S.-Chinese Faceoff in Space"
8349:
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8169:
8123:
8087:
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5128:
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3935:"The Hindu Explains: What is significant about Mission Shakti?"
3422:
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2623:
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2234:
2215:
1527:
928:
745:
481:
3633:
Joint Functional Component Command for Space and Global Strike
3609:, instance of a satellite constellation being used for warfare
10463:
10349:
8373:
8361:
8253:
8181:
8099:
7925:
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7321:
6420:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
6118:
5855:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
4278:"Russia warns West: We can target your commercial satellites"
3188:
will fail to notice the deployment of “research” satellites.
2835:
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2475:
2390:
2230:
2180:
1003:
539:
534:
4003:"India to begin first-ever simulated space warfare exercise"
9927:
9669:
9195:
8832:
8385:
8147:
7688:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
6322:
3320:
are often seen, along with various military space vessels.
3239:
2951:
2821:
2644:, making it the first instance of space combat in history.
2440:
2242:
299:
294:
4870:"REVIEW: Alpharius: Head of the Hydra - Grimdark Magazine"
2400:
One early test of electronic space warfare, the so-called
2288:
on August 1, 2015. In 2019, India conducted a test of the
7350:
6234:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
2871:
able to concentrate the sun's energy on a ground target.
2558:
In March 2019, India shot down a satellite orbiting in a
172:
4917:
New York: 1979 Stein and Day (written by a professional
4689:"U.S. Air Force to expand Space Flag satellite war game"
3623:
Department of Defense Manned Space Flight Support Office
2533:
The People's Republic of China successfully tested (see
7802:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
7693:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
6313:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
4968:
Space Warfare in the 21st Century – Arming the Heavens.
4374:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 140–141.
2353:
rocket carried the world's first artificial satellite,
18:"Space combat" redirects here. For the video game, see
6272:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
4778:"Is Russia's Mysterious New Satellite a Space Weapon?"
3788:"The Space Review: Nuking Moscow with a Space Shuttle"
2458:
A 1976 Soviet report suggested that the design of the
8565:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
7708:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
3524:
franchises. Video games often touch the subject; the
3030:
Anti-satellite attacks, especially ones with kinetic
2987:
electricity. So far the most practical batteries are
2834:
Weapon systems that fall under this category include
2690:. Space-based missiles were not attempted due to the
2349:
Three years before the incident, in 1957, a modified
6362:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3659:
United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command
2603:
after the country's previous satcom provider Viasat
2191:, such as satellites attacking Earth-based targets.
3191:
2167:is combat in which one or more belligerents are in
70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8572:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
7683:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
6352:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
6330:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
4693:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
4621:"Problem Weltraumschrott: Die kosmische Müllkippe"
4396:
3330:is an early example, which also inspired the term
2599:'s large low Earth orbit satellite constellation,
7813:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
7673:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
3242:framework. Still others suggest forces more like
2470:Both the Soviets and the United States developed
10610:
8667:
7668:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
3866:
3246:: highly mobile forces doing interplanetary and
7796:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
6323:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
6197:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
4953:Space Warfare: Strategy, Principles and Policy.
3844:"Navy Hits Satellite With Heat-Seeking Missile"
2540:The U.S. developed an interceptor missile, the
2187:, such as satellites attacking satellites; and
7080:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
5865:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
5821:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
4090:Sheetz, Amanda Macias,Michael (June 1, 2023).
3618:Related to specific countries and facilities:
3050:
2789:targets without the need for nuclear weapons.
2694:, which banned the use, testing or storage of
10585:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
8653:
7631:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
7603:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
6438:Creation of the British National Space Centre
5826:European Space Research and Technology Centre
5736:
5726:
5529:
4997:
4581:
4455:Challenges_Security_Space_2022.pdf (dia.mil)
4372:The Militarization and Weaponization of Space
3628:European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company
3309:and on-going live adaption based on books by
2647:
2268:until 2019) as the primary American military
2145:
5877:European Space Security and Education Centre
4468:
4308:"The deadly missile race in the Middle East"
4120:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2494:after the popular science fiction franchise
7718:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
7678:International Mobile Satellite Organization
7558:Politics of the International Space Station
6193:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
5543:
3334:due to the grandiose scale of the stories.
2882:
8660:
8646:
7713:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
7703:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
7050:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
6467:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
5790:European Launcher Development Organisation
5536:
5522:
5004:
4990:
4403:. New York, New York: DoubleDay. pp.
2803:
2527:Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
2152:
2138:
7790:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
7636:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
7576:International Civil Aviation Organization
7118:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
7015:Launch of the Space Launch System program
7010:Cancellation of the Constellation program
4369:
4217:"Mysterious Sea Drone Surfaces in Crimea"
2966:moves at 3.07 km/s, and objects in
2937:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
7170:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
4175:
3814:"Satellite Shoot Down: How It Will Work"
3293:: the most popular space opera military
3054:
2815:
2807:
2779:
2750:
2656:
2535:2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test
2520:
2434:
1116:List of military strategies and concepts
144:
7819:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
6941:2002 National missile defense directive
6294:Council of European Aerospace Societies
6176:Western European Union Satellite Centre
4940:Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2008,
4618:
4587:
4482:. Spectrolab, Inc. 2009. Archived from
4427:
4394:
4258:from the original on September 18, 2023
4196:from the original on September 27, 2023
4176:Luxmoore, Matthew (February 10, 2023).
4157:from the original on September 23, 2023
4102:from the original on September 15, 2023
4071:from the original on September 18, 2023
3824:from the original on September 11, 2010
3083:simulating attacks on U.S. satellites.
10611:
8592:International Astronautical Federation
7373:
6901:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
6309:European Committee for Standardization
5921:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
5066:Psychological and sociological effects
4717:
4504:
4351:from the original on November 23, 2023
4336:
4227:from the original on February 24, 2024
4133:
4131:
4089:
4058:
4027:
3914:from the original on February 25, 2008
3884:from the original on February 26, 2008
3854:from the original on November 28, 2010
3720:from the original on November 23, 2023
3707:
3607:Starlink satellite services in Ukraine
3001:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
2759:
2525:Launch of an interceptor derived from
2171:. The scope of space warfare includes
142:Combat that takes place in outer space
8641:
8587:International Academy of Astronautics
7808:International Docking System Standard
7653:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
7646:International Planetary Data Alliance
7553:International Space Station programme
7275:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
7185:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
6477:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
6239:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
5916:Space Situational Awareness Programme
5517:
4985:
4900:An Illustrated Guide to Space Warfare
4876:from the original on January 18, 2024
4686:
4668:from the original on January 30, 2014
4651:
4619:Seidler, Christoph (April 22, 2017).
4600:from the original on January 27, 2007
4451:
4449:
4318:from the original on November 8, 2023
4288:from the original on October 27, 2022
4215:Gault, Matthew (September 26, 2022).
4214:
4059:Sheetz, Michael (February 28, 2022).
3953:from the original on January 29, 2020
3932:
3794:from the original on January 14, 2024
3768:from the original on January 12, 2024
3689:from the original on January 21, 2024
3654:United States Air Force Space Command
2726:
2490:(SDI) was proposed. It was nicknamed
2280:on June 1, 2001, was replaced by the
8582:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
6597:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
5804:European Space Research Organisation
4699:from the original on October 3, 2023
4498:
4337:Barber, Harriet (November 5, 2023).
4040:from the original on August 11, 2019
4009:from the original on October 3, 2023
3708:Barber, Harriet (November 4, 2023).
2886:
2652:
2618:On October 31, 2023, as part of the
68:adding citations to reliable sources
39:
7441:United Rocket and Space Corporation
7095:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
6975:Launch of the Constellation program
6699:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
4711:
4633:from the original on April 23, 2017
4588:Covault, Craig (January 21, 2007).
4239:
4208:
4169:
4128:
4052:
3983:from the original on March 27, 2019
3135:anti-ballistic interceptor missiles
3101:capabilities of nations increases,
2867:, which would have been an orbital
2548:, while it was 247 kilometers (133
13:
8535:Air & Space Forces Association
7175:Antennas & Propagation Society
6383:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
6304:European Civil Aviation Conference
4892:
4850:from the original on July 21, 2023
4818:from the original on June 28, 2023
4788:from the original on June 26, 2023
4446:
3011:, using the Alpha chemical laser.
14:
10635:
7608:General Assembly Fourth Committee
7596:Space Generation Advisory Council
7030:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
6204:EU Agency for the Space Programme
5953:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
5926:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
5753:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
5695:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
4569:from the original on May 24, 2019
4517:from the original on May 22, 2015
4505:Gordon, Michael (July 20, 1992).
3750:
3369:series. A more recent example is
2699:be put into space to intercept a
10564:
10552:
10540:
10528:
10516:
10504:
10481:
10469:
10457:
10357:
10338:
10311:
10299:
10280:
10268:
10244:
10232:
10220:
10208:
10196:
10173:
10161:
10149:
10135:
10123:
10111:
10099:
10060:
10048:
10036:
10024:
10012:
10000:
9988:
9976:
9964:
9952:
9933:
9921:
9909:
9897:
9885:
9873:
9854:
9842:
9830:
9818:
9806:
9792:
9780:
9687:
9617:
9598:
9579:
9560:
9541:
9522:
9510:
9498:
9486:
9474:
9462:
9439:
9427:
9415:
9403:
9391:
9379:
9356:
9344:
9315:
9303:
9280:
9268:
9244:
9232:
9220:
9208:
9189:
9135:
9112:
9088:
9076:
9019:
9007:
8978:
8966:
8954:
8942:
8930:
8905:
8893:
8881:
8869:
8857:
8838:
8826:
8814:
8780:
8768:
8756:
8744:
8725:
8713:
8597:International Astronomical Union
8419:
8407:
8395:
8384:
8372:
8360:
8348:
8324:
8300:
8288:
8276:
8264:
8252:
8240:
8228:
8216:
8204:
8192:
8180:
8168:
8146:
8134:
8122:
8110:
8098:
8086:
8074:
8062:
7960:
7948:
7936:
7924:
7420:Medvedev modernisation programme
7123:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
6791:1985 anti-satellite missile test
6455:Space Innovation and Growth Team
6200:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
5882:European Space Operations Centre
5843:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
5497:
5165:
5011:
4652:Grady, John (January 29, 2014).
3587:Beijing–Washington space hotline
3553:galaxy-spanning fictional empire
3551:Many authors have either used a
3542:both do, as does the board game
3252:Space warfare in science fiction
3198:Space warfare in science fiction
3192:Space warfare in science fiction
3120:
2891:
2450:(anti-satellite) missile in 1985
2282:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
2256:, which in 2002 merged with the
2247:120 ballistic missiles at Israel
190:
44:
35:Space warfare in science fiction
22:. For the video game genre, see
7846:Astronomical naming conventions
6771:Strategy of Technology doctrine
6543:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
6461:Creation of the UK Space Agency
5911:European Space Policy Institute
5871:European Space Astronomy Centre
4862:
4830:
4800:
4770:
4751:
4680:
4645:
4612:
4551:
4536:"Future of USAF Space Command."
4529:
4421:
4388:
4363:
4330:
4300:
4270:
4245:
4083:
4021:
3995:
3965:
3933:Koshy, Jacob (March 27, 2019).
3926:
3125:The modern incarnations of the
3044:China did a satellite knock out
3025:
2566:during an operation code named
2529:for ASAT test on March 27, 2019
2414:high-altitude nuclear explosion
2258:United States Strategic Command
2252:From 1985 to 2002, there was a
2212:Yemeni missile strike on Israel
2195:is thus sub-genre and theme of
153:illustration of a hypothetical
55:needs additional citations for
8577:British Interplanetary Society
8540:Alliance for Space Development
7663:Global Standards Collaboration
7586:Office for Outer Space Affairs
7113:China exclusion policy of NASA
6781:Space Station Freedom proposal
6694:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
5764:Planetary Exploration of China
5588:Planetary protection principle
4028:Berger, Eric (July 25, 2019).
3896:
3836:
3806:
3780:
3732:
3701:
3671:
2430:
2427:which depicted space warfare.
2338:while conducting photographic
2210:On October 31, 2023, during a
26:. For other related uses, see
1:
7760:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
7090:Launch of the Artemis program
7020:Redesign of the Orion program
6936:Aerospace Industry Commission
6632:Launch of the Mariner program
6357:European Southern Observatory
6057:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
4938:Understanding modern warfare.
4662:United States Naval Institute
3664:
3560:drive in order to facilitate
3230:Space warfare is a staple of
3160:
3059:Counterspace Threat Continuum
2516:
8669:Public-sector space agencies
7841:Extraterrestrial real estate
7381:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
7281:Soviet crewed lunar programs
7190:Vehicular Technology Society
7180:Broadcast Technology Society
6955:Vision for Space Exploration
6872:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
6830:Space Exploration Initiative
6776:Strategic Defense Initiative
6729:Launch of the Viking program
6642:Launch of the Apollo program
6637:Launch of the Gemini project
6489:Defence in a Competitive Age
6426:Start of the Ariel programme
6340:European Patent Organisation
4370:Mowthorpe, Matthews (2004).
2997:Strategic Defense Initiative
2844:particle-beam based weaponry
2840:linear particle accelerators
2712:Strategic Defense Initiative
2488:Strategic Defence Initiative
2323:, where a United States U-2
7:
7658:Group on Earth Observations
7641:Committee on Space Research
7085:Creation of the Space Force
7005:Kennedy Space Center speech
6648:We choose to go to the Moon
6579:Introduction to Outer Space
6299:European Broadcasting Union
4687:Risen, Tom (July 3, 2018).
3575:
3377:, which explores combat at
3051:Possible warfare over space
2972:International Space Station
2917:the claims made and adding
2877:Defense Intelligence Agency
2676:ballistic missile submarine
2552:) above the Pacific Ocean.
2425:Space and National Security
2254:United States Space Command
1609:Military–industrial complex
1088:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
10640:
8607:Space Exploration Alliance
7836:Common heritage of mankind
7754:Space Liability Convention
7526:North Korean space program
7452:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
6916:Launch of the X-37 program
6766:Citizens' Advisory Council
5860:European Data Relay System
5831:Concurrent Design Facility
5576:Space Debris Working Group
4764:February 22, 2024, at the
4563:U.S. Department of Defense
4462:February 20, 2024, at the
3878:U.S. Department of Defense
3215:
3201:
3195:
3107:satellite-based navigation
2648:Theoretical space weaponry
2329:Soviet Air Defense Forces’
2303:
32:
17:
10579:
10496:
10372:
10330:
10188:
9766:
9648:
9641:
9454:
9371:
9295:
9127:
9068:
9052:
9045:
8920:
8806:
8799:
8705:
8682:
8675:
8550:Space Frontier Foundation
8525:
8436:
8045:
8036:
7977:Launch market competition
7909:
7726:
7616:
7568:
7548:Ugandan space initiatives
7483:
7433:
7412:
7364:
7343:
7296:
7248:
7224:
7211:
7204:
7108:
7068:
6988:
6924:
6853:
6818:
6754:
6737:
6712:
6677:
6657:
6620:
6602:Launch of Project Mercury
6551:
6509:
6500:
6408:
6370:
6262:
6166:
6098:
6056:
5980:
5899:Ariane launcher programme
5838:European Astronaut Centre
5796:Europa launcher programme
5780:
5737:
5727:
5683:
5628:
5616:The Spaceguard Foundation
5551:
5493:
5418:
5368:
5359:
5224:
5174:
5163:
5086:
5026:
5019:
4970:Routledge, Oxford 2016,
4915:Space Weapons, Space War.
3582:Asteroid impact avoidance
3375:Revelation Space universe
3297:which spawned successful
3287:and Star Trek, including
3095:human exploration of Mars
3077:Peterson Space Force Base
2262:United States Space Force
1673:Loss-of-strength gradient
530:Combat information center
8503:Reconnaissance satellite
7876:International Designator
7543:Philippine space program
7491:Australian space program
7143:Office of Space Commerce
7133:House Committee on Space
7045:Space Shuttle retirement
7000:2009 Augustine Committee
6835:1990 Augustine Committee
5981:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
5566:Space traffic management
4955:Routledge, Oxford 2006,
4541:October 2, 2012, at the
3643:National Missile Defense
3208:Military science fiction
2883:Practical considerations
2419:In the early 1960s, the
2372:
2308:
2286:Russian Aerospace Forces
2193:Space warfare in fiction
1991:Military science fiction
1476:Technology and equipment
897:List of military tactics
8617:Space Force Association
8602:Lunar Explorers Society
7772:Registration Convention
7736:Partial Test Ban Treaty
7617:Other intergovernmental
7531:Pakistani space program
7496:Brazilian space program
6866:Faster, better, cheaper
6669:1967 Outer Space Treaty
6472:Space Industry Act 2018
6249:European Defence Agency
5905:Vega launcher programme
5848:Living Planet Programme
5571:Space debris management
5545:Politics of outer space
4936:, pp. 178–223, in:
4395:Hoffman, David (2009).
3592:Militarisation of space
3545:Attack Vector: Tactical
3466:(in all of its forms),
3318:directed energy weapons
3238:; others depict a more
3075:called "Space Flag" at
3069:United States Air Force
3020:Air Force Space Command
2964:geostationary satellite
2804:Directed-energy weapons
2472:anti-satellite weaponry
2423:produced a film called
2266:Air Force Space Command
2189:space-to-ground warfare
2173:ground-to-space warfare
2059:Wartime sexual violence
1815:Full-spectrum dominance
1626:Supply-chain management
151:United States Air Force
8545:National Space Society
8446:Space domain awareness
7619:or inter-agency bodies
7521:Lebanese space program
7506:Japanese space program
7447:2014 Military doctrine
7425:2010 Military doctrine
6845:National Space Council
6840:Hubble Space Telescope
6612:Launch of X-15 program
6533:Aerobee rocket program
6483:2021 Integrated Review
6345:European Patent Office
6265:initiatives and bodies
5655:Billionaire space race
5581:Space Debris Committee
5504:Outer space portal
4902:Salamander Books Ltd.
4430:The Second Nuclear Age
4428:Bracken, Paul (2012).
3099:anti-satellite weapons
3060:
2831:
2813:
2785:
2756:
2678:
2530:
2451:
2336:surface-to-air missile
2185:space-to-space warfare
1971:Awards and decorations
1944:Peace through strength
1919:Low-intensity conflict
1553:Conscientious objector
1426:Area of responsibility
160:
24:Space combat simulator
8627:The Planetary Society
8456:Anti-satellite weapon
7851:ITU Radio Regulations
7501:Emirati space program
7232:Operation Osoaviakhim
7100:Executive Order 13959
6980:Operation Burnt Frost
6911:Decadal Planning Team
6393:Indian ASAT programme
6388:Space Activities Bill
5810:European Space Agency
5782:ESA Science Programme
5593:Post-detection policy
5136:Extraterrestrial life
4966:Joan Johnson-Freese:
4934:Air and Space Warfare
4814:. February 10, 2020.
4725:. Amherst, New York:
4548:, September 30, 2012.
3910:. February 20, 2008.
3880:. February 20, 2008.
3850:. February 21, 2008.
3820:. February 19, 2008.
3202:Further information:
3178:U.S. State Department
3167:Multiple Kill Vehicle
3103:space infrastructures
3058:
2978:measures only 3.04m.
2852:plasma-based weaponry
2819:
2811:
2783:
2754:
2660:
2524:
2438:
2406:electromagnetic pulse
2340:aerial reconnaissance
2327:was shot down by the
2222:system intercepted a
563:Torpedo data computer
553:Ship gun fire-control
148:
10591:Soviet space program
8049:units and formations
8019:Project Harvest Moon
7766:Satellite Convention
7626:African Space Agency
7536:Space programme 2040
7516:Kenyan space program
7511:Kazakh space program
6444:Outer Space Act 1986
6432:Black Arrow launcher
6215:Copernicus programme
6188:EU/ESA Space Council
5816:EU/ESA Space Council
5707:Chinese ASAT program
4314:. November 7, 2023.
4284:. October 27, 2022.
3685:. November 6, 2023.
3637:US Strategic Command
3505:Battlestar Galactica
3444:. Games such as the
3171:Istrebitel Sputnikov
2993:photovoltaic modules
2572:Defense Space Agency
2298:Defence Space Agency
2278:Russian Armed Forces
2175:, such as attacking
2089:Military occupations
1924:Military engineering
1826:Unrestricted Warfare
1683:Force multiplication
581:Military manoeuvrers
64:improve this article
9741:Guiana Space Centre
8483:Kinetic bombardment
8009:Space manufacturing
7999:Space-based economy
7972:Private spaceflight
7392:Shuttle–Mir program
6960:Aldridge Commission
6882:Shuttle–Mir program
6590:Space Act Agreement
6521:Operation Paperclip
6378:Department of Space
6371:Indian space policy
6254:Europe by Satellite
6182:EU Satellite Centre
5894:Guiana Space Centre
5638:Cold War space race
5556:Spacefaring nations
4784:. August 15, 2018.
4182:Wall Street Journal
3744:The Times of Israel
3272:Finisterre universe
3254:thematic genre are
3079:, which involves a
2980:External ballistics
2771:kinetic bombardment
2760:Kinetic bombardment
2742:positioning systems
2294:Indian Armed Forces
2274:Russian Space Force
2245:launched more than
1775:Penal military unit
1760:Rules of engagement
1436:Command and control
1061:Operations research
525:Director (military)
515:Fire-control system
285:Command and control
166:Part of a series on
155:Soviet Armed Forces
10624:Space applications
8498:Military satellite
8336:Ranks and insignia
7831:Space jurisdiction
7778:Bogota Declaration
7742:Outer Space Treaty
7238:list of scientists
6526:list of scientists
6168:EU Space Programme
5419:Other technologies
4898:Hobbes, D (1986):
4846:. March 10, 2021.
4511:The New York Times
3979:. March 27, 2019.
3683:The Jerusalem Post
3564:. Writers such as
3539:Frontier: Elite II
3383:Robert A. Heinlein
3379:relativistic speed
3281:expanded universes
3091:aerospace engineer
3071:has run an annual
3061:
3042:. In January 2007
3016:William L. Shelton
2902:possibly contains
2832:
2814:
2786:
2757:
2727:Electronic warfare
2692:Outer Space Treaty
2679:
2605:were cyberattacked
2531:
2509:to shoot down the
2467:in a single pass.
2452:
2410:Outer Space Treaty
1884:Counter-insurgency
1805:Command of the sea
1750:Jewish laws on war
1725:Geneva Conventions
1261:Divide and conquer
1056:Military operation
1021:Tactical objective
520:Fire-control radar
497:Electronic-warfare
161:
10606:
10605:
10326:
10325:
9637:
9636:
9041:
9040:
8923:and the Caribbean
8795:
8794:
8635:
8634:
8521:
8520:
8513:Satellite jamming
7989:Space advertising
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7360:
7359:
7200:
7199:
6820:George H. W. Bush
6289:Council of Europe
6210:Galileo programme
6162:
6161:
6149:Comet Interceptor
5675:Space competition
5511:
5510:
5489:
5488:
5398:Carbonated drinks
5370:Human spaceflight
5250:of items in space
5161:
5160:
4976:978-1-138-69388-3
4961:978-0-415-40796-0
4946:978-0-521-87698-8
4913:Macvey, John W.:
4782:Popular Mechanics
4736:978-1-63388-534-9
4439:978-0-8050-9430-5
4414:978-0-385-52437-7
3906:(Press release).
3876:(Press release).
3746:. April 14, 2024.
3558:faster-than-light
3457:O'Neill cylinders
3388:Starship Troopers
3371:Alastair Reynolds
3366:Mote in God's Eye
3316:Both kinetic and
3295:miniature wargame
3093:and advocate for
3073:military exercise
3005:Project Excalibur
2947:
2946:
2939:
2904:original research
2701:ballistic missile
2653:Ballistic warfare
2634:ballistic missile
2334:(SA-2 Guideline)
2321:1960 U-2 incident
2224:ballistic missile
2162:
2161:
2054:Horses in warfare
2001:Anti-war movement
1904:Gunboat diplomacy
1894:Disaster response
1842:Philosophy of war
1837:Principles of war
1810:Deterrence theory
1755:Right of conquest
1678:Lanchester's laws
1446:Principles of war
1136:Counter-offensive
1121:Military campaign
1026:Target saturation
949:Counterinsurgency
558:Gun data computer
492:Close air support
454:Aircraft carriers
140:
139:
132:
114:
10631:
10589:Preceded by the
10569:
10568:
10567:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10533:
10532:
10531:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10474:
10473:
10472:
10462:
10461:
10460:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10343:
10342:
10341:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10304:
10303:
10302:
10285:
10284:
10283:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10249:
10248:
10247:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10201:
10200:
10199:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10128:
10127:
10126:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10053:
10052:
10051:
10041:
10040:
10039:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10005:
10004:
10003:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9981:
9980:
9979:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9823:
9822:
9821:
9811:
9810:
9809:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9646:
9645:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9584:
9583:
9582:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9546:
9545:
9544:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9515:
9514:
9513:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9479:
9478:
9477:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9420:
9419:
9418:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9396:
9395:
9394:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9361:
9360:
9359:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9320:
9319:
9318:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9050:
9049:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9012:
9011:
9010:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8959:
8958:
8957:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8935:
8934:
8933:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8804:
8803:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8680:
8679:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8639:
8638:
8622:Space Foundation
8612:Space Fellowship
8424:
8423:
8412:
8411:
8399:
8389:
8388:
8377:
8376:
8365:
8364:
8353:
8352:
8329:
8328:
8305:
8304:
8293:
8292:
8281:
8280:
8269:
8268:
8257:
8256:
8245:
8244:
8233:
8232:
8221:
8220:
8209:
8208:
8197:
8196:
8185:
8184:
8173:
8172:
8151:
8150:
8139:
8138:
8127:
8126:
8115:
8114:
8103:
8102:
8091:
8090:
8079:
8078:
8067:
8066:
8043:
8042:
7994:Space technology
7965:
7964:
7953:
7952:
7941:
7940:
7929:
7928:
7871:COSPAR standards
7748:Rescue Agreement
7371:
7370:
7222:
7221:
7209:
7208:
6568:Project Vanguard
6507:
6506:
5978:
5977:
5963:Aurora programme
5949:Mars and beyond
5740:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5701:Shuguang program
5670:Space propaganda
5597:Asteroid impact
5538:
5531:
5524:
5515:
5514:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5366:
5365:
5169:
5024:
5023:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4872:. May 11, 2021.
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4834:
4828:
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4825:
4823:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4774:
4768:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4727:Prometheus Books
4721:(May 14, 2019).
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4684:
4678:
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4673:
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4265:
4263:
4252:Business Insider
4243:
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3730:
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3727:
3725:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3675:
3562:interstellar war
3533:Independence War
3482:Warhammer 40,000
3336:Orson Scott Card
3290:Warhammer 40,000
3268:sword and planet
3248:interstellar war
3222:Interstellar war
3067:Since 2017, the
3040:Kessler syndrome
2984:analog computers
2942:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:inline citations
2895:
2894:
2887:
2665:launched from a
2620:Israel–Hamas War
2363:Explorer program
2296:established the
2154:
2147:
2140:
1909:Humanitarian aid
1847:Security dilemma
1668:Power projection
1451:Economy of force
1431:Chain of command
1146:Defence in depth
1131:Commerce raiding
954:Defeat in detail
290:Defense ministry
194:
185:
184:
175:
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135:
128:
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113:
72:
48:
40:
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8839:
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8827:
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8813:
8791:
8781:
8779:
8769:
8767:
8757:
8755:
8745:
8743:
8726:
8724:
8714:
8712:
8701:
8684:
8671:
8666:
8636:
8631:
8517:
8493:Missile defense
8432:
8418:
8406:
8383:
8371:
8359:
8347:
8323:
8299:
8287:
8275:
8263:
8251:
8239:
8227:
8215:
8203:
8191:
8179:
8167:
8145:
8133:
8121:
8109:
8097:
8085:
8073:
8061:
8048:
8032:
8026:Asteroid mining
8014:Lunar resources
7959:
7947:
7935:
7923:
7905:
7898:ISECG standards
7861:ODCWG standards
7856:CCSDS standards
7825:Artemis Accords
7722:
7618:
7612:
7564:
7471:
7429:
7408:
7356:
7339:
7292:
7287:Voskhod program
7256:Sputnik program
7244:
7216:
7214:
7205:USSR and Russia
7196:
7104:
7071:
7064:
6991:
6984:
6927:
6920:
6856:
6849:
6821:
6814:
6757:
6750:
6740:
6733:
6715:
6708:
6680:
6673:
6660:
6653:
6623:
6616:
6554:
6547:
6512:
6502:US space policy
6496:
6412:space programme
6411:
6404:
6366:
6264:
6258:
6225:EUSST programme
6220:EGNOS programme
6158:
6094:
6083:LISA Pathfinder
6052:
5994:Cassini–Huygens
5976:
5887:ESTRACK network
5776:
5759:Mars and beyond
5686:
5679:
5624:
5547:
5542:
5512:
5507:
5498:
5496:
5485:
5414:
5355:
5220:
5170:
5157:
5082:
5015:
5010:
4951:John J. Klein:
4895:
4893:Further reading
4890:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4766:Wayback Machine
4756:
4752:
4737:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4543:Wayback Machine
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4486:on May 27, 2014
4476:"photovoltaics"
4474:
4473:
4469:
4464:Wayback Machine
4454:
4447:
4440:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4393:
4389:
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4240:
4230:
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4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4174:
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4137:
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4129:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3842:
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3837:
3827:
3825:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3578:
3361:Jerry Pournelle
3232:science fiction
3228:
3226:Galactic empire
3214:
3200:
3194:
3163:
3123:
3053:
3028:
2968:low Earth orbit
2960:firing solution
2943:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2908:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2806:
2775:low Earth orbit
2762:
2729:
2696:nuclear weapons
2684:nuclear warfare
2663:Trident missile
2655:
2650:
2587:nano-satellites
2579:Emmanuel Macron
2560:low Earth orbit
2519:
2481:adaptive optics
2433:
2375:
2311:
2306:
2205:nuclear weapons
2197:science fiction
2158:
2129:
2128:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2034:
2026:
2025:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1929:Multilateralism
1914:Law enforcement
1874:
1864:
1863:
1832:Just war theory
1790:
1780:
1779:
1730:Geneva Protocol
1700:
1690:
1689:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1296:Network-centric
1216:
1206:
1205:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1051:
1041:
1040:
989:Rapid dominance
894:
884:
883:
839:Electromagnetic
748:
738:
737:
724:
677:
625:
601:
591:
590:
586:Combat training
567:
544:
510:Combat systems:
506:
468:
464:Auxiliary ships
430:
390:
386:Military police
352:
275:
265:
264:
204:
178:
177:
176:
171:
143:
136:
125:
119:
116:
79:"Space warfare"
73:
71:
61:
49:
38:
31:
12:
11:
5:
10637:
10627:
10626:
10621:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10600:
10593:
10587:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10573:
10561:
10549:
10537:
10525:
10513:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10493:
10491:
10490:
10478:
10466:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10387:
10382:
10376:
10374:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10366:
10354:
10353:
10352:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10327:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10308:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10277:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10241:
10229:
10217:
10205:
10192:
10190:
10186:
10185:
10183:
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10170:
10158:
10146:
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10144:
10120:
10108:
10096:
10095:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
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10033:
10021:
10009:
9997:
9985:
9973:
9961:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9930:
9918:
9906:
9894:
9882:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9851:
9839:
9827:
9815:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9776:
9774:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9673:
9672:
9662:
9652:
9650:
9643:
9639:
9638:
9635:
9634:
9632:
9631:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9519:
9507:
9495:
9483:
9471:
9458:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9448:
9436:
9424:
9412:
9400:
9388:
9375:
9373:
9372:Southeast Asia
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9353:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9312:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9289:
9277:
9265:
9264:
9263:
9258:
9241:
9229:
9217:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9149:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9085:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9056:
9054:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9016:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8975:
8963:
8951:
8939:
8926:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8902:
8890:
8878:
8866:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8835:
8823:
8810:
8808:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8777:
8765:
8753:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8722:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8665:
8664:
8657:
8650:
8642:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8537:
8531:
8529:
8527:Space advocacy
8523:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8416:
8414:United Kingdom
8404:
8393:
8381:
8369:
8357:
8343:Space commands
8340:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8314:
8297:
8295:United Kingdom
8285:
8273:
8261:
8249:
8237:
8225:
8213:
8201:
8189:
8177:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8143:
8131:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8053:
8051:
8040:
8038:Militarisation
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8011:
8006:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7957:
7955:United Kingdom
7945:
7933:
7919:Space industry
7915:
7913:
7911:Commercial use
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7881:IPDA standards
7878:
7868:
7866:CEOS standards
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7793:
7787:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7732:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7649:
7648:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7622:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7583:
7578:
7572:
7570:
7569:United Nations
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7484:Other policies
7481:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7460:MARS-500 study
7454:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7316:Salyut program
7313:
7307:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7269:Vostok program
7266:
7265:
7264:
7261:Sputnik crisis
7252:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7228:
7226:
7219:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7130:
7128:Budget of NASA
7125:
7120:
7115:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7076:
7074:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7060:2015 Space Act
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6946:Space Shuttle
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6926:George W. Bush
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6906:1998 Space Act
6903:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6874:
6869:
6861:
6859:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:Space Shuttle
6793:
6788:
6786:1984 Space Act
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6720:
6718:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6582:
6575:
6573:Sputnik crisis
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6517:
6515:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6480:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6398:Mission Shakti
6390:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6315:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6268:
6266:
6263:Other European
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6201:
6198:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6172:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6085:
6080:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5958:MARS-500 study
5955:
5947:
5945:ESA Television
5942:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5823:
5818:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5786:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5770:MARS-500 study
5767:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5733:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5704:
5698:
5691:
5689:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5643:Sputnik crisis
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5603:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5462:for spacecraft
5459:
5451:
5446:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5141:Microorganisms
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5036:The human body
5032:
5030:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4964:
4949:
4932:David Jordan:
4930:
4927:978-0812861112
4911:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4861:
4829:
4799:
4769:
4750:
4735:
4719:Zubrin, Robert
4710:
4679:
4644:
4626:Spiegel Online
4611:
4580:
4550:
4528:
4497:
4467:
4445:
4438:
4420:
4413:
4387:
4380:
4362:
4329:
4299:
4269:
4238:
4207:
4168:
4127:
4082:
4051:
4020:
3994:
3964:
3925:
3895:
3865:
3835:
3805:
3779:
3749:
3731:
3700:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3527:Wing Commander
3299:spin-off media
3218:Alien invasion
3196:Main article:
3193:
3190:
3162:
3159:
3140:Direct-ascent
3122:
3119:
3115:reconnaissance
3111:communications
3097:, stated that
3052:
3049:
3027:
3024:
2945:
2944:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2869:concave mirror
2856:Particle beams
2830:airborne laser
2805:
2802:
2761:
2758:
2738:communications
2728:
2725:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2583:Florence Parly
2577:In July 2019,
2568:Mission Shakti
2550:nautical miles
2518:
2515:
2432:
2429:
2412:of 1967. (See
2402:Starfish Prime
2374:
2371:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2260:, leaving the
2201:weapon systems
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:Military terms
2091:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:Tripwire force
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1374:Administrative
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:New generation
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Fleet in being
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1214:Grand strategy
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:Scorched earth
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:Deep operation
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
904:
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
879:Unconventional
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
827:
825:Disinformation
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
795:
790:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
730:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:
718:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
624:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
602:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
583:
578:
576:Basic training
573:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
505:
504:
502:Reconnaissance
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
429:
428:
423:
421:Special forces
418:
413:
412:
411:
401:
396:
389:
388:
383:
378:
376:Reconnaissance
373:
368:
363:
358:
351:
350:
341:
336:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
245:
244:
243:
238:
228:
227:
226:
219:Post-classical
216:
211:
205:
200:
199:
196:
195:
187:
186:
168:
167:
141:
138:
137:
52:
50:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10636:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10619:Space warfare
10617:
10616:
10614:
10599:participation
10598:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10581:
10578:
10572:
10562:
10560:
10550:
10548:
10538:
10536:
10526:
10524:
10514:
10512:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10495:
10489:
10479:
10477:
10467:
10465:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10402:Cospas-Sarsat
10400:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10365:
10355:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10346:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10329:
10319:
10309:
10307:
10297:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10288:
10278:
10276:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10242:
10240:
10230:
10228:
10218:
10216:
10206:
10204:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10171:
10169:
10159:
10157:
10147:
10143:
10133:
10132:
10131:
10121:
10119:
10109:
10107:
10097:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10058:
10056:
10046:
10044:
10034:
10032:
10022:
10020:
10010:
10008:
9998:
9996:
9986:
9984:
9974:
9972:
9962:
9960:
9950:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9931:
9929:
9919:
9917:
9907:
9905:
9895:
9893:
9883:
9881:
9871:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9852:
9850:
9840:
9838:
9828:
9826:
9816:
9814:
9804:
9800:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9671:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9644:
9640:
9629:
9625:
9615:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9577:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9520:
9518:
9508:
9506:
9496:
9494:
9484:
9482:
9472:
9470:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9453:
9447:
9437:
9435:
9425:
9423:
9413:
9411:
9401:
9399:
9389:
9387:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9364:
9354:
9352:
9342:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9313:
9311:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9288:
9278:
9276:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9242:
9240:
9230:
9228:
9218:
9216:
9206:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9197:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9110:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9086:
9084:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9017:
9015:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8976:
8974:
8964:
8962:
8952:
8950:
8940:
8938:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8921:Latin America
8919:
8913:
8903:
8901:
8891:
8889:
8879:
8877:
8867:
8865:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8836:
8834:
8824:
8822:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:North America
8805:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8778:
8776:
8766:
8764:
8754:
8752:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8723:
8721:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8663:
8658:
8656:
8651:
8649:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
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8499:
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8477:
8476:United States
8474:
8472:
8469:
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8462:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8438:Space warfare
8435:
8427:
8426:United States
8422:
8417:
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8410:
8405:
8403:
8398:
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8392:
8387:
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8307:United States
8303:
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8279:
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8260:
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8065:
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8047:Space forces,
8044:
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8017:
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8010:
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7997:
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7987:
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7984:Space tourism
7982:
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7973:
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7967:United States
7963:
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7921:
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7908:
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7899:
7896:
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7893:GEO standards
7891:
7889:
7888:GSC standards
7886:
7882:
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7877:
7874:
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7869:
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7397:ISS programme
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7328:Buran program
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7320:
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7308:
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7304:Soyuz program
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7058:
7056:
7055:2014 NASA Act
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7035:2010 NASA Act
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:Flexible path
7023:
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7018:
7016:
7013:
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7008:
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7001:
6998:
6997:
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6987:
6981:
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6970:2005 NASA Act
6968:
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6899:
6893:
6890:
6889:
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6887:ISS programme
6885:
6883:
6880:
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6875:
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6808:
6806:
6805:Rogers Report
6803:
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6585:1958 NASA Act
6583:
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6120:
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6109:Solar Orbiter
6107:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:Cosmic Vision
6097:
6091:
6090:
6086:
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6064:ISS programme
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5783:
5779:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5746:Space station
5744:
5742:
5734:
5732:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5687:space program
5682:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
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5627:
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5609:
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5454:
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5447:
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5442:
5441:
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5434:
5432:
5431:Manufacturing
5429:
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5424:
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5408:
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5233:
5230:
5229:
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5215:
5212:
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5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:Magnetosphere
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
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5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5173:
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5018:
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4947:
4943:
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4928:
4924:
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4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:0-86101-204-6
4905:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4849:
4845:
4844:
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4773:
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4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4599:
4595:
4594:Aviation Week
4591:
4584:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4516:
4512:
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4452:
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4441:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:The Dead Hand
4391:
4383:
4381:0-7391-0713-5
4377:
4373:
4366:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:The Telegraph
4340:
4333:
4317:
4313:
4312:The Economist
4309:
4303:
4292:September 27,
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4262:September 10,
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4231:September 10,
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4200:September 27,
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4143:The Economist
4140:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4117:
4106:September 16,
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3982:
3978:
3977:New Scientist
3974:
3968:
3952:
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3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3883:
3879:
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3869:
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3849:
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3823:
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3815:
3809:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3714:The Telegraph
3711:
3704:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3657:
3655:
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3649:
3646:
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3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3570:asteroid belt
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3528:
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3513:
3512:
3507:
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3501:
3500:
3495:
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3479:
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3437:
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3407:
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3396:
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3368:
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3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3276:C. J. Cherryh
3273:
3270:stories like
3269:
3265:
3264:Space Western
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3212:Space Western
3209:
3205:
3199:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3155:
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3147:
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3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:Direct Ascent
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:Robert Zubrin
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:kill vehicles
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
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2965:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2941:
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2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2900:This section
2898:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2870:
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2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
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2837:
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2826:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2798:Ivan's hammer
2795:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2716:Ronald Reagan
2714:announced by
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:strike drones
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2511:Solwind P78-1
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:In 1984, the
2484:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2460:Space Shuttle
2456:
2449:
2446:launching an
2445:
2442:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:U.S. military
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2316:U-2 spy plane
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2203:, especially
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:Space warfare
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Warrior caste
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:Show of force
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Peacebuilding
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1868:
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1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
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1830:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Air supremacy
1793:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Islamic rules
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Court-martial
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
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1639:
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1634:
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1629:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Arms industry
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
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1587:
1580:
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1407:
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1314:
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1309:
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1304:
1302:
1299:
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1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
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1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Broken-backed
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
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1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
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1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Expeditionary
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:Counterattack
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
893:
888:
887:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Psychological
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Combined arms
803:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
742:
741:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
678:
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Fortification
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
603:
600:
595:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
460:
459:Landing craft
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
345:
344:Standing army
342:
340:
337:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:
269:
268:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
242:
239:
237:
236:pike and shot
234:
233:
232:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
203:
198:
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193:
189:
188:
182:
174:
170:
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165:
164:
159:
156:
152:
147:
134:
131:
123:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81: –
80:
76:
75:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
53:This article
51:
47:
42:
41:
36:
29:
25:
21:
16:
10595:Preceded by
10447:Intersputnik
10292:TÜBİTAK UZAY
9753:EUTELSAT IGO
9649:Pan-European
9610:TÜBİTAK UZAY
9069:Central Asia
8685:and pan-Arab
8560:Moon Society
8555:Mars Society
8488:Kill vehicle
8451:Space weapon
8437:
8057:Space forces
7698:Intersputnik
7334:Apollo–Soyuz
7072:space policy
6992:space policy
6947:
6928:space policy
6864:
6857:space policy
6822:space policy
6797:
6758:space policy
6741:space policy
6724:Apollo–Soyuz
6716:space policy
6689:Moon landing
6681:space policy
6661:space policy
6624:space policy
6577:
6555:space policy
6513:space policy
6487:
6449:Project Juno
6087:
6075:
6045:
6038:
6026:
6020:
5999:
5992:
5792:(1960–1975)
5561:Space policy
5495:
5383:Architecture
5345:
5267:Colonization
5241:Archaeology
5056:Neuroscience
5013:... in space
4967:
4952:
4937:
4933:
4914:
4899:
4880:February 24,
4878:. Retrieved
4864:
4854:February 24,
4852:. Retrieved
4841:
4832:
4820:. Retrieved
4811:
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4781:
4772:
4753:
4722:
4713:
4703:February 24,
4701:. Retrieved
4682:
4670:. Retrieved
4657:
4647:
4635:. Retrieved
4624:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4583:
4573:February 24,
4571:. Retrieved
4562:
4559:"Inside DOD"
4553:
4546:Defense News
4545:
4531:
4521:February 24,
4519:. Retrieved
4510:
4500:
4488:. Retrieved
4484:the original
4479:
4470:
4429:
4423:
4398:
4390:
4371:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4342:
4332:
4320:. Retrieved
4311:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4281:
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4251:
4246:Kay, Grace.
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4220:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4181:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4142:
4104:. Retrieved
4095:
4085:
4075:September 9,
4073:. Retrieved
4064:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4034:ars Technica
4033:
4023:
4013:February 24,
4011:. Retrieved
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3967:
3955:. Retrieved
3938:
3928:
3918:February 20,
3916:. Retrieved
3898:
3888:February 20,
3886:. Retrieved
3868:
3858:February 21,
3856:. Retrieved
3838:
3828:February 21,
3826:. Retrieved
3808:
3798:February 24,
3796:. Retrieved
3782:
3772:February 24,
3770:. Retrieved
3761:
3758:"Astrospies"
3752:
3743:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3713:
3703:
3693:February 24,
3691:. Retrieved
3682:
3673:
3617:
3602:Space weapon
3550:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3499:Flash Gordon
3497:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3393:space marine
3386:
3364:
3355:series, and
3350:
3341:Ender's Game
3339:
3325:
3315:
3288:
3244:space marine
3229:
3186:
3175:
3164:
3146:space debris
3139:
3127:ASM-135 ASAT
3124:
3085:
3066:
3062:
3036:space debris
3029:
3026:Space debris
3013:
2957:
2948:
2933:
2924:
2901:
2873:
2833:
2791:
2787:
2763:
2746:
2734:surveillance
2730:
2705:
2680:
2670:
2642:Negev Desert
2617:
2591:
2576:
2564:ASAT missile
2557:
2554:
2539:
2532:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2469:
2457:
2453:
2448:ASM-135 ASAT
2424:
2418:
2399:
2387:Soviet Union
2376:
2348:
2342:deep inside
2312:
2290:ASAT missile
2251:
2209:
2188:
2184:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2064:Fifth column
2044:War resister
2039:Women in war
1934:Peacekeeping
1879:Arms control
1824:
1513:Mobilization
1508:Conscription
1466:Intelligence
1419:Organization
1065:
994:Encirclement
874:Radiological
810:Conventional
664:Subterranean
618:
571:Development:
570:
547:
509:
471:
434:Naval units:
433:
426:Signal corps
393:
371:Intelligence
356:Specialties:
355:
280:Organization
231:Early modern
158:space weapon
126:
120:October 2011
117:
107:
100:
93:
86:
74:
62:Please help
57:verification
54:
20:Space Combat
15:
10597:Interkosmos
10571:Interkosmos
9677:Eurocontrol
9327:Antrix Corp
8683:Pan-African
8223:North Korea
8211:New Zealand
8199:Netherlands
8004:Space trade
7784:Moon Treaty
7443:(2013–2015)
7353:(1986–2001)
7330:(1974–1993)
7324:(1973–1977)
7318:(1971–1986)
7312:(1967–1991)
7310:Interkosmos
7289:(1964–1966)
7283:(1961–1976)
7277:(1960–1982)
7271:(1960–1963)
6810:Ride Report
6607:Missile gap
6479:(2018–2020)
6457:(2009–2010)
6434:(1964–1971)
6284:Eurocontrol
6178:(1992–2002)
6102:(2015–2025)
6089:BepiColombo
5936:Space Rider
5867:(1983–2010)
5806:(1964–1975)
5798:(1962–1973)
5720:Project 921
5703:(1966–1972)
5697:(1966–1976)
5630:Space races
5294:Exploration
5232:Advertising
5176:Environment
5151:Astrobotany
5114:Fruit flies
4843:Screen Rant
4672:January 29,
4604:January 21,
4355:November 8,
4322:November 8,
3957:December 5,
3762:www.pbs.org
3724:November 6,
3650:(Australia)
3597:Space force
3566:Larry Niven
3511:Mass Effect
3493:Buck Rogers
3357:Larry Niven
3347:David Weber
3332:space opera
3322:E. E. Smith
3307:video-games
3256:space opera
3204:Space opera
3034:, can form
3009:Zenith Star
2861:wunderwaffe
2627:intercepted
2465:polar orbit
2431:1970s–1990s
2395:Blue Gemini
2367:spaceflight
2346:territory.
2270:space force
2169:outer space
2049:War studies
1872:Non-warfare
1800:Appeasement
1765:Martial law
1604:War economy
1543:Transgender
1496:Recruitment
1256:Containment
1141:Culminating
1049:Operational
969:Envelopment
912:Air assault
793:Air cavalry
753:Air defence
733:Information
634:Cold-region
599:Battlespace
548:Historical:
394:Land units:
320:Space force
315:Coast guard
248:Late modern
209:Prehistoric
10613:Categories
10583:See also:
9296:South Asia
8900:USSPACECOM
8508:Spaceplane
7249:Khrushchev
6798:Challenger
6553:Eisenhower
6014:Cluster II
5611:Spaceguard
5601:Prediction
5476:Telescopes
5361:Technology
5214:Weathering
5061:Psychology
5046:Locomotion
4919:astronomer
4745:1053572666
4480:Spectrolab
4044:August 11,
3665:References
3613:Sun outage
3522:comic book
3352:Honorverse
3311:Dan Abnett
3216:See also:
3161:Co-Orbital
3064:to space.
2927:April 2014
2911:improve it
2848:microwaves
2667:Royal Navy
2613:sea drones
2517:Since 2000
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