Soviet Union - Knowledge

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statistical artefact not of index number relativity (the Gerschenkron effect) but of misapplying to the calculation of growth cost prices that do not accurately measure competitive value. The standard of living declined during the 1930s in response to Stalin's despotism, and after a brief improvement following his death, lapsed into stagnation. Glasnost and post-communist revelations interpreted as a whole thus provide no basis for Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov's relatively favorable characterization of the methods, economic achievements and human costs of Stalinism. The evidence demonstrates that the suppression of markets and the oppression of vast segments of the population were economically counterproductive and humanly calamitous, just as anyone conversant with classical economic theory should have expected.

6051: 1308: 5418: 6141: 6123: 237: 6159: 6033: 6267: 6231: 6105: 6177: 6069: 9680: 1294: 104: 1656: 8866: 8454:(teachers, state bureaucrats, soldiers) to be openly religious. While persecution accelerated following Stalin's rise to power, a revival of Orthodoxy was fostered by the government during World War II and the Soviet authorities sought to control the Russian Orthodox Church rather than liquidate it. During the first five years of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests. Many others were imprisoned or exiled. Believers were harassed and persecuted. Most seminaries were closed, and the publication of most religious material was prohibited. By 1941, only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence before World War I. 5403: 4417: 8997:. A further 62% of people polled preferred the Soviet system of central planning, while 24% prefer a market-based system. According to the Levada Center's polls, the primary reasons cited for Soviet nostalgia are the advantages of the shared economic union between the Soviet republics, including perceived financial stability. This was referenced by up to 53% of respondents in 2016. At least 43% also lamented the loss of the Soviet Union's global political superpower status. About 31% cited the loss of social trust and capital. The remainder of the respondents cited a mix of reasons ranging from practical travel difficulties to a sense of national displacement. 6890:, typically were the responsibility of the military. Lenin believed that the USSR would never overtake the developed world if it remained as technologically backward as it was upon its founding. Soviet authorities proved their commitment to Lenin's belief by developing massive networks, research and development organizations. In the early 1960s, the Soviets awarded 40% of chemistry PhDs to women, compared to only 5% in the United States. By 1989, Soviet scientists were among the world's best-trained specialists in several areas, such as Energy physics, selected areas of medicine, mathematics, welding and military technologies. Due to rigid state planning and 8094: 5988:. The domination was so absolute that for most of its existence, the country was commonly (but incorrectly) referred to as 'Russia'. While the Russian SFSR was technically only one republic within the larger union, it was by far the largest (both in terms of population and area), most powerful, and most highly developed. The Russian SFSR was also the industrial center of the Soviet Union. Historian Matthew White wrote that it was an open secret that the country's federal structure was 'window dressing' for Russian dominance. For that reason, the people of the USSR were usually called 'Russians', not 'Soviets', since 'everyone knew who really ran the show'. 6681: 8082: 9610: 8338: 5123: 1471: 7773: 1322: 7322: 1555: 1397: 1368: 1443: 1583: 3240: 1611: 1457: 7104: 7920: 7312: 6673:. Consumer goods, particularly outside large cities, were often scarce, of poor quality and limited variety. Under the command economy, consumers had almost no influence on production, and the changing demands of a population with growing incomes could not be satisfied by supplies at rigidly fixed prices. A massive unplanned second economy grew up at low levels alongside the planned one, providing some of the goods and services that the planners could not. The legalization of some elements of the decentralized economy was attempted with the 7365: 4927: 5570:(1947–1956), informally the Communist Information Bureau and officially the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, was the first official agency of the international Marxist-Leninist movement since the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943. Its role was to coordinate actions between Marxist-Leninist parties under Soviet direction. Stalin used it to order Western European communist parties to abandon their exclusively parliamentarian line and instead concentrate on politically impeding the operations of the 88: 7792:, the new system produced many broken marriages, as well as countless out-of-wedlock children. The epidemic of divorces and extramarital affairs created social hardships when Soviet leaders wanted people to concentrate their efforts on growing the economy. Giving women control over their fertility also led to a precipitous decline in the birth rate, perceived as a threat to their country's military power. By 1936, Stalin reversed most of the liberal laws, ushering in a pronatalist era that lasted for decades. 8058: 4399: 7815: 8275: 20440: 8034: 2532: 7700: 7175: 8291: 6020: 5388: 7093: 6827:

David Wilson, a historian, believed that the gas industry would account for 40% of Soviet fuel production by the end of the century. His theory did not come to fruition because of the USSR's collapse. The USSR, in theory, would have continued to have an economic growth rate of 2–2.5% during the 1990s because of Soviet energy fields. However, the energy sector faced many difficulties, among them the country's high military expenditure and hostile relations with the

8140: 1037: 20452: 4811:. Unparalleled in the world, it resulted in a large number of radioactive isotopes being released into the atmosphere. Radioactive doses were scattered relatively far. Although long-term effects of the accident were unknown, 4,000 new cases of thyroid cancer which resulted from the accident's contamination were reported at the time of the accident, but this led to a relatively low number of deaths (WHO data, 2005). Another major radioactive accident was the 1513: 7908: 6454: 5009: 6872: 8810: 1541: 1485: 4597: 1425: 1336: 8552: 1411: 1354: 6987: 4609: 8605:, censorship was diminished. During this time, a distinctive period of Soviet culture developed, characterized by conformist public life and an intense focus on personal life. Greater experimentation in art forms was again permissible, resulting in the production of more sophisticated and subtly critical work. The government loosened its emphasis on socialist realism; thus, for instance, many protagonists of the novels of author 8937:

wealthy capitalist West while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take over fifty years to catch up to where they were before the fall of the Soviet Bloc. However, virtually all the former Soviet republics were able to turn their economies around and increase GDP to multiple times what it was under the USSR, though with large wealth disparities, and many post-soviet economies described as oligarchic.

6622: 4346: 6318: 6570: 4974:. All senior government officials and most deputies of the Supreme Soviet were members of the CPSU. Of the party heads themselves, Stalin (1941–1953) and Khrushchev (1958–1964) were Premiers. Upon the forced retirement of Khrushchev, the party leader was prohibited from this kind of double membership, but the later General Secretaries for at least some part of their tenure occupied the mostly ceremonial position of 19256: 6812: 5598: 8303: 7238:

1980s showed that after worsening in the late-1970s and the early 1980s, adult mortality began to improve again. The infant mortality rate increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in 1974. Some researchers regarded the rise as mostly real, a consequence of worsening health conditions and services. The rises in both adult and infant mortality were not explained or defended by Soviet officials, and the

5032:) was nominally the highest state body for most of the Soviet history, at first acting as a rubber stamp institution, approving and implementing all decisions made by the party. However, its powers and functions were extended in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including the creation of new state commissions and committees. It gained additional powers relating to the approval of the 6562:, which significantly expanded Soviet capacity in heavy industry and capital goods during the 1930s. The primary motivation for industrialization was preparation for war, mostly due to distrust of the outside capitalist world. As a result, the USSR was transformed from a largely agrarian economy into a great industrial power, leading the way for its emergence as a superpower after 8665: 8318: 8243:. There are examples where the government retreated from this policy, most notably under Stalin where education was discontinued in languages that were not widespread. These languages were then assimilated into another language, mostly Russian. During World War II, some minority languages were banned, and their speakers accused of collaborating with the enemy. 8202:. At the same time, infant mortality began to rise. After 1974, the government stopped publishing statistics on the matter. This trend can be partly explained by the number of pregnancies rising drastically in the Asian part of the country where infant mortality was the highest while declining markedly in the more developed European part of the Soviet Union. 9551: 8541: 8430:. Both Christian and non-Christian establishments were shut down by the thousands in the 1920s and 1930s. By 1940, as many as 90% of the churches, synagogues, and mosques that had been operating in 1917 were closed; the majority of them were demolished or re-purposed for state needs with little concern for their historic and cultural value. 9681: 5504:. The Comintern intended to 'struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state'. It was abolished as a conciliatory measure toward Britain and the United States. 8543: 200: 8542: 5108:, the KGB engaged in the suppression of political dissent and maintained an extensive network of informers, reasserting itself as a political actor to some extent independent of the party-state structure, culminating in the anti-corruption campaign targeting high-ranking party officials in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 8908: 208: 207: 202: 203: 221: 218: 212: 222: 220: 219: 12864:

Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute" [The double dictatorship: Experiences with dictatorship in the GDR and effects on the relationship to dictatorship today]. In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa,

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called the collapse of the Soviet Union "a small victory for socialism, not only because of the fall of one of the most anti-socialist states in the world, where working people had fewer rights than in the West, but also because it freed the term 'socialism' from the burden of being associated in the

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Religious influence had been strong in the Russian Empire. The Russian Orthodox Church enjoyed a privileged status as the church of the monarchy and took part in carrying out official state functions. The immediate period following the establishment of the Soviet state included a struggle against the

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Under Lenin, the state made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Many early Russian feminists and ordinary Russian working women actively participated in the Revolution, and many more were affected by the events of that period and the new policies. Beginning in October 1918,

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The late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a reversal of the declining trajectory of the rate of mortality in the USSR, and was especially notable among men of working age, but was also prevalent in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country. An analysis of the official data from the late

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were common outside major cities. Soviet maintenance projects proved unable to take care of even the few roads the country had. By the early-to-mid-1980s, the Soviet authorities tried to solve the road problem by ordering the construction of new ones. Meanwhile, the automobile industry was growing at

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Soviet rail transport was the largest and most intensively used in the world; it was also better developed than most of its Western counterparts. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, Soviet economists were calling for the construction of more roads to alleviate some of the burdens from the railways and

6745:, growth could have been faster. By their calculation, per capita income in 1989 should have been twice higher than it was, considering the amount of investment, education and population. The authors attribute this poor performance to the low productivity of capital. Steven Rosefielde states that the 5644:

opened large-scale business relations with the Soviets in the late 1920s, hoping that it would lead to long-term peace. Finally, in 1933, the United States officially recognized the USSR, a decision backed by the public opinion and especially by US business interests that expected an opening of a new

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Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64619-0. "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953

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to intensify the propaganda campaign. Accordingly, although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned, a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the formal structures and mass media, and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions

7836:. All left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand in the Soviet school system. Literate people were automatically hired as teachers. For a short period, quality was sacrificed for quantity. By 1940, Stalin could announce that illiteracy had been eliminated. Throughout the 1930s, 7077:

and its only role was civilian-grade research tasks. Mir was the only orbital station in operation from 1986 to 1998. Gradually, other modules were added to it, including American modules. However, the station deteriorated rapidly after a fire on board, so in 2001 it was decided to bring it into the

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highest office in the Soviet Union. Depending on the degree of power consolidation, it was either the Politburo as a collective body or the General Secretary, who always was one of the Politburo members, that effectively led the party and the country (except for the period of the highly personalized

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were associated with sharp increases in mortality, Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia saw a tripling of unemployment and a 42% increase in male death rates between 1991 and 1994, and in the following decades, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the

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The culture of the Soviet Union passed through several stages during the USSR's existence. During the first decade following the revolution, there was relative freedom and artists experimented with several different styles to find a distinctive Soviet style of art. Lenin wanted art to be accessible

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rose sharply, which has been attributed to reforms in education. In the aftermath of World War II, the country's educational system expanded dramatically, which had a tremendous effect. In the 1960s, nearly all children had access to education, the only exception being those living in remote areas.

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Although statistics of the Soviet economy are notoriously unreliable and its economic growth difficult to estimate precisely, by most accounts, the economy continued to expand until the mid-1980s. During the 1950s and 1960s, it had comparatively high growth and was catching up to the West. However,

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However, in practice the degree of control the party was able to exercise over the state bureaucracy, particularly after the death of Stalin, was far from total, with the bureaucracy pursuing different interests that were at times in conflict with the party, nor was the party itself monolithic from

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was emphasized in the educational curriculum, and numerous state publications promoted atheistic views. During this period, the number of churches fell from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1959 to 1965, and the number of synagogues dropped from 500 to 97. The number of working mosques also declined, falling

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and another 206,500 kilometres (128,300 mi) for natural gas. Petroleum and petroleum-based products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a variety of manufactured goods, primarily machinery, arms and military equipment, were exported. In the 1970s and 1980s, the USSR heavily

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According to the New Russia Barometer (NRB) polls by the Centre for the Study of Public Policy, 50% of Russian respondents reported a positive impression of the Soviet Union in 1991. This increased to about 75% of NRB respondents in 2000, dropping slightly to 71% in 2009. Throughout the 2000s, an

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All citizens of the USSR had their own ethnic affiliation. The ethnicity of a person was chosen at the age of sixteen by the child's parents. If the parents did not agree, the child was automatically assigned the ethnicity of the father. Partly due to Soviet policies, some of the smaller minority

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The need for fuel declined in the Soviet Union from the 1970s to the 1980s, both per ruble of gross social product and per ruble of industrial product. At the start, this decline grew very rapidly but gradually slowed down between 1970 and 1975. From 1975 and 1980, it grew even slower, only 2.6%.

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was discouraged, but widespread. The final allocation of output was achieved through relatively decentralized, unplanned contracting. Although in theory prices were legally set from above, in practice they were often negotiated, and informal horizontal links (e.g. between producer factories) were

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Western academicians published various analyses of the post-Soviet states' development, claiming that the dissolution was followed by a severe drop in economic and social conditions in these countries, including a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of

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decree establishing the Russian SFSR as a secular state also decreed that 'the teaching of religion in all where subjects of general instruction are taught, is forbidden. Citizens may teach and may be taught religion privately.' Among further restrictions, those adopted in 1929 included express

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By 1921, Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin realized that capitalism had stabilized itself in Europe and there would not be any widespread revolutions anytime soon. It became the duty of the Russian Bolsheviks to protect what they had in Russia, and avoid military confrontations that might destroy their

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it was discovered that its environmental problems were greater than what the Soviet authorities admitted. The Soviet Union was the world's second largest producer of harmful emissions. In 1988, total emissions in the Soviet Union were about 79% of those in the United States. But since the Soviet

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branches of the government. The system was governed less by statute than by informal conventions, and no settled mechanism of leadership succession existed. Bitter and at times deadly power struggles took place in the Politburo after the deaths of Lenin and Stalin, as well as after Khrushchev's

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Neoliberal austerity has created demographic losses exceeding Stalin's deportations back in the 1940s (although without the latter's loss of life). As government cutbacks in education, healthcare and other basic social infrastructure threaten to undercut long-term development, young people are

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was established, the majority of whose members were directly elected in competitive elections held in March 1989, the first in Soviet history. The Congress now elected the Supreme Soviet, which became a full-time parliament, and much stronger than before. For the first time since the 1920s, it

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had become a thing of the past, and with the looming threat of war, the Stalin administration began shifting to a more moderate religion policy in the late 1930s. Soviet religious establishments overwhelmingly rallied to support the war effort during World War II. Amid other accommodations to

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demonstrated a gradual decrease as well—from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974. In general, the birth rates of the southern republics in Transcaucasia and Central Asia were considerably higher than those in the northern parts of the Soviet Union, and in some cases even increased in the

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regretted the fall of the Soviet Union, setting a 15-year record, and the majority of these regretting opinions came from people older than 55. In 2020, polls conducted by the Levada Center found that 75% of Russians agreed that the Soviet era was the greatest era in their country's history.

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largely emulated the structure of the central institutions, although the Russian SFSR, unlike the other constituent republics, for most of its history had no republican branch of the CPSU, being ruled directly by the union-wide party until 1990. Local authorities were organized likewise into

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The new evidence shows that administrative command planning and Stalin's forced industrialization strategies failed in the 1930s and beyond. The economic miracle chronicled in official hagiographies and until recently faithfully recounted in Western textbooks has no basis in fact. It is the

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preventing the US from acquiring a competitive advantage. However, technology-based planning was executed in a centralized, government-centric manner that greatly hindered its flexibility. This was exploited by the US to undermine the strength of the Soviet Union and thus foster its reform.

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as the means to acquire science and technology in both the private and public sectors. In contrast, the USSR was offensively and defensively maneuvering in the acquisition and use of the worldwide technology, to increase the competitive advantage that they acquired from the technology while

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Members of various ethnicities participated in legislative bodies. Organs of power like the Politburo, the Secretariat of the Central Committee etc., were formally ethnically neutral, but in reality, ethnic Russians were overrepresented, although there were also non-Russian leaders in the

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greatly from each other. When a language had been given a writing system and appeared in a notable publication, it would attain 'official language' status. There were many minority languages which never received their own writing system; therefore, their speakers were forced to have a

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More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937 alone. Only a twelfth of the Russian Orthodox Church's priests were left functioning in their parishes by 1941. In the period between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in Russia fell from 29,584 to less than 500 (1.7%).

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In his new book, Maelstrom of Memory, Mr. Yakovlev lists some of the nightmares uncovered by his commission. More than 41 million Soviets were imprisoned from 1923 to 1953. More than 884,000 children were in internal exile by 1954. More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937

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Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were still riddled with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and bad decision-making. Soviet authorities were unable to meet the growing demand for transport infrastructure and services.

223: 8449:. The government targeted religions based on state interests, and while most organized religions were never outlawed, religious property was confiscated, believers were harassed, and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools. In 1925, the government founded the 4533:. Despite efforts to maintain the Soviet Union's superpower status, the economy struggled due to its centralized nature, technological backwardness, and inefficiencies. The vast military expenditures and burdens of maintaining the Eastern Bloc, further strained the Soviet economy. 198: 5528:, and Comecon was meant to prevent countries in the Soviets' sphere of influence from moving towards that of the Americans and Southeast Asia. Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's reply to the formation in Western Europe of the Organization for European Economic Co-Operation (OEEC), 4834:, for example, is mined, all forests have been destroyed by contamination, while the northern and other parts of Russia have been affected by emissions. During the 1990s, people in the West were also interested in the radioactive hazards of nuclear facilities, decommissioned 171: 168: 7242:

stopped publishing all mortality statistics for ten years. Soviet demographers and health specialists remained silent about the mortality increases until the late-1980s, when the publication of mortality data resumed, and researchers could delve into the real causes.

175: 8900:. The USSR implemented a broad range of policies over a long period of time, with a large amount of conflicting policies being implemented by different leaders. Some have a positive view of it whilst others are critical towards the country, calling it a repressive 177: 176: 8210:

Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry.

8027:. During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the Soviet republics had reached 25 million. 8045: 9012:

celebrated on 9 May is still one of the most important and emotional dates in Russia. Catherine Wanner asserts that Victory Day commemorations are a vehicle for Soviet nostalgia, as they "kept alive a mythology of Soviet grandeur, of solidarity among the

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In 1917, before the revolution, health conditions were significantly behind those of developed countries. As Lenin later noted, "Either the lice will defeat socialism, or socialism will defeat the lice". The Soviet health care system was conceived by the

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Soviet Olympic team was notorious for skirting the edge of amateur rules. All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. According to many experts, that gave the Soviet Union a huge advantage over the

174: 173: 167: 7043:. The Soviet public's reaction to the American moon-landing was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about it, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it attention, and another portion was angered. 169: 5605:

The Marxist-Leninist leadership of the Soviet Union intensely debated foreign policy issues and changed directions several times. Even after Stalin assumed dictatorial control in the late 1920s, there were debates, and he frequently changed positions.

165: 8615:, developed during this late period. In architecture, the Khrushchev era mostly focused on functional design as opposed to the highly decorated style of Stalin's epoch. In music, in response to the increasing popularity of forms of popular music like 7128:. The country had a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. However, due to inadequate maintenance, much of the road, water and Soviet civil aviation transport were outdated and technologically backward compared to the First World. 5582:, promoted Stalin's positions. The Cominform's concentration on Europe meant a deemphasis on world revolution in Soviet foreign policy. By enunciating a uniform ideology, it allowed the constituent parties to focus on personalities rather than issues. 170: 164: 163: 162: 172: 166: 8694:

adopted a statement "About the party's tasks in sphere of physical culture". In the statement was determined the role of physical culture in Soviet society and the party's tasks in political leadership of physical culture movement in the country.

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was applied in the leading institutions of higher education by subjecting Jewish applicants to harsher entrance examinations. The Brezhnev era also introduced a rule that required all university applicants to present a reference from the local

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Under Lenin, the government gave small language groups their own writing systems. The development of these writing systems was highly successful, even though some flaws were detected. During the later days of the USSR, countries with the same

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The Soviet Union was an ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. The total population of the country was estimated at 293 million in 1991. According to a 1990 estimate, the majority of the population were

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to grant women the right to vote. After heavy casualties in World War I and II, women outnumbered men in Russia by a 4:3 ratio. This contributed to the larger role women played in Russian society compared to other great powers at the time.

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authority of Stalin, exercised directly through his position in the Council of Ministers rather than the Politburo after 1941). They were not controlled by the general party membership, as the key principle of the party organization was

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and also topping the medal tally at the Winter Olympics six times. The Soviet Union's Olympics success has been attributed to its large investment in sports to demonstrate its superpower image and political influence on a global stage.

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The army had the greatest political influence. In 1989, there served two million soldiers divided between 150 motorized and 52 armored divisions. Until the early 1960s, the Soviet navy was a rather small military branch, but after the

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In the 1970s, specific proposals for the design of a space shuttle emerged, but shortcomings, especially in the electronics industry (rapid overheating of electronics), postponed it till the end of the 1980s. The first shuttle, the

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were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army, a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population. After the severe economic collapse, Lenin replaced war

12247:[Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I "On the establishment of the post of President of the USSR and amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR"] (in Russian). 10 October 2017. Archived from 6934:

determined that the Soviet Union addressed the acquisition of science and technology in a manner that was radically different from what the US was using. In the case of the US, economic prioritization was being used for indigenous

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rejected by the scientific community in the Soviet Union and abroad but supported by Stalin's inner circles. Implemented in the USSR and China, it resulted in reduced crop yields and is widely believed to have contributed to the

5574:, the U.S. program of rebuilding Europe after the war and developing its economy. It also coordinated international aid to Marxist-Leninist insurgents during the Greek Civil War in 1947–1949. It expelled Yugoslavia in 1948 after 16284:

Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government—that of the Soviet Union under the

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was held in 1943. Stalin had the support of the majority of the religious people in the USSR even through the late 1980s. The general tendency of this period was an increase in religious activity among believers of all faiths.

16916: 14113: 8904:. The opinions on the USSR are complex and have changed over time, with different generations having different views on the matter as well as on Soviet policies corresponding to separate time periods during its history. 6605:

of the Cold War, the Soviet economy was burdened by military expenditures, heavily lobbied for by a powerful bureaucracy dependent on the arms industry. At the same time, the USSR became the largest arms exporter to the

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After a long debate among the members of the Politburo about the course of economic development, by 1928–1929, upon gaining control of the country, Stalin abandoned the NEP and pushed for full central planning, starting

5524:, СЭВ, SEV) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under Soviet control that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with several communist states elsewhere in the world. Moscow was concerned about the 8750:

and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or real amateurs. Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second only once, in the

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has shown that over 50% of Russia's population regretted this event, with the only exception to this being in the year 2012 when support for the Soviet Union dipped below 50 percent. A 2018 poll showed that 66% of

6533:, which involved the nationalization of industry, centralized distribution of output, coercive or forced requisition of agricultural production, and attempts to eliminate money circulation, private enterprises and 5234:) and applied the law as established by the constitution or as interpreted by the Supreme Soviet. The Constitutional Oversight Committee reviewed the constitutionality of laws and acts. The Soviet Union used the 18645: 12712:

Michał Jerzy Zacharias, "The Beginnings of the Cominform: The Policy of the Soviet Union towards European Communist Parties in Connection with the Political Initiatives of the United States of America in 1947."

8198:. These improvements continued into the 1960s when statistics indicated that the life expectancy briefly surpassed that of the United States. Life expectancy started to decline in the 1970s, possibly because of 5648:

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin ordered Marxist-Leninist parties across the world to strongly oppose non-Marxist political parties, labor unions or other organizations on the left, which they labelled

6766:, started to collapse. Prices were still fixed, and the property was still largely state-owned until after the country's dissolution. For most of the period after World War II until its collapse, Soviet GDP ( 15217:А. П. Чуприков, В. Д. Мишиев. // Латеральность населения СССР в конце 70-х и начале 80-х годов. К истории латеральной нейропсихологии и нейропсихиатрии. Хрестоматия. Донецк, 2010, 192 с. 199: 6381:(1948) and National Civil Defense Forces (1970) were formed, which ranked first, third, and sixth in the official Soviet system of importance (ground forces were second, Air Force fourth, and Navy fifth). 5705:. In September, Germany invaded Poland, and the USSR also invaded later that month, resulting in the partition of Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of 3459: 3398: 1627:

With the exception of the CIS – an intergovernmental organization and legal successor to the Soviet Union – only states that are former Soviet republics, now members of the United Nations, are listed as

161: 8117: 8418:. In practice, the Soviet system subscribed to a narrow interpretation of this right, and in fact used a range of official measures to discourage religion and curb the activities of religious groups. 17788: 8782:

and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with tremendous efforts". Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the

17913: 14171: 9113:-speaking Ukrainians of Ukraine's southern and eastern regions have a more positive view of the USSR. In some countries with internal conflict, there is also nostalgia for the USSR, especially for 3383: 18881:

Michalski, Tomasz; Hlynskyy, Nazar (2009). "Economic transformation disparity in European post-Soviet countries in the period of transformation". In Palmowski, Tadeusz; Vaitekūnas, Stasys (eds.).

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and denouncing it as revisionist and reverted to capitalism. The Chinese government in 1963 articulated its criticism of the USSR's system and promoted China's ideological line as an alternative.

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in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.

25527: 4229: 4208: 4187: 4166: 4078: 7999:, and Ukrainians, who were all East Slavic and Orthodox, shared close cultural, ethnic, and religious ties, while other groups did not. With multiple nationalities living in the same territory, 5628:

Moscow eventually stopped threatening other states, and instead worked to open peaceful relationships in terms of trade, and diplomatic recognition. The United Kingdom dismissed the warnings of

3074:

initially resisted Lenin's proposal but ultimately accepted it, and with Lenin's agreement he changed the name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), although all republics began as

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of 1922, Lenin called for the Russian SFSR and other national Soviet republics to form a greater union which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (Russian:

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very negatively. A 2021 poll conducted by the Levada Center found that 49% of Russians prefer the USSR's political system, while 18% prefer the current political system and 16% would prefer a

5625:

that settled long-standing grievances. At the same time, the two countries secretly set up training programs for the illegal German army and air force operations at hidden camps in the USSR.

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During the country's early period, it was assumed that Communist revolutions would break out soon in every major industrial country, and it was the Russian responsibility to assist them. The

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Lenin's government liberalized divorce and abortion laws, decriminalized homosexuality (re-criminalized in 1932), permitted cohabitation, and ushered in a host of reforms. However, without

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became the highest organ of state power 'in the period of transition'. Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary, only remaining President for the final months of the existence of the USSR.

17440:

emigrating to better their lives rather than suffer in an economy without jobs. More than 12% of the overall population (and a much larger percentage of its labor force) now works abroad.

14246: 9169:, where the capitalist elite have been replaced by an unaccountable bureaucratic elite and there is no true democracy or workers' control of industry. In particular, American Trotskyist 12409: 4070: 15069: 159: 20735: 15415: 12757: 10690: 10342: 7845:

tried to make education more accessible, making it clear to children that education was closely linked to the needs of society. Education also became important in giving rise to the

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Overall, the growth rate of per capita income in the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1989 was slightly above the world average (based on 102 countries). A 1986 study published in the

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post–World War II period, a phenomenon partly attributed to slower rates of urbanization and traditionally earlier marriages in the southern republics. Soviet Europe moved towards

21225: 9272:

propaganda systems of East and West with Soviet tyranny — for the East, in order to benefit from the aura of authentic socialism, for the West, in order to demonize the concept."

9066: 8069: 2921:. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the 10768: 14110: 10717: 5456:

During his rule, Stalin always made the final policy decisions. Otherwise, Soviet foreign policy was set by the commission on the Foreign Policy of the Central Committee of the

15441: 15196: 12052:[Law: About state governing bodies of USSR in a transition period on the bodies of state authority and administration of the USSR in Transition] (in Russian). sssr.su. 15302: 6762:. His policies relaxed state control over enterprises but did not replace it by market incentives, resulting in a sharp decline in output. The economy, already suffering from 8105: 18198: 10905: 8691: 4311: 1725: 17115:

Theodore P. Gerber & Michael Hout, "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991–1995", AJS Volume 104 Number 1 (July 1998): 1–50.

8575:

The government encouraged a variety of trends. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writers

7374: 21168: 21130: 21030: 20955: 20840: 20833: 19763: 19746: 15238:"In Russia, left isn't quite right Handedness: The official Moscow line is that lefties are OK, but suspicion of those who are different persists from the old Soviet days" 13024: 10365: 9398: 8172:'s tenure as leader, during which the health care system was heavily criticized for many basic faults, such as the quality of service and the unevenness in its provision. 7881:

party secretary. According to statistics from 1986, the number of higher education students per the population of 10,000 was 181 for the USSR, compared to 517 for the US.

6642: 5033: 4955: 4939: 4714: 2249: 18824:

Libman, Alexander; Obydenkova, Anastassia V. (2019). "Historical Legacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Inequality: Evidence from Post-Communist Regions".

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Pål Kolstø, "Political construction sites: Nation-building in Russia and the post-Soviet States". Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. 81–104 uncorrected version,

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The left's view of the USSR is complex. While some leftists regard the USSR as an example of state capitalism or that it was an oligarchical state, other leftists admire

19793: 18381: 18634: 17426: 9994:"GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" 8410:

In Soviet law, the 'freedom to hold religious services' was constitutionally guaranteed, although the ruling Communist Party regarded religion as incompatible with the

6593:, only a tiny share of domestic products was traded internationally. After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, external trade rose rapidly. However, the influence of the 6529:, whereby production and distribution of goods were centralized and directed by the government. The first Bolshevik experience with a command economy was the policy of 160: 4991: 1690: 19109:

Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schmitz, Andrea; Schröder, Hans-Henning (2012). "Introduction". In Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schröder, Hans-Henning (eds.).

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Hønneland, Geir; Jørgensen, Anne-Kristin (December 2002). "Implementing Russia's International Environmental Commitments: Federal Prerogative or Regional Concern?".

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intervention by superiors. All critical economic decisions were taken by the political leadership. Allocated resources and plan targets were usually denominated in

5636:

diplomatic recognition in 1922. There was hope for a settlement of the pre-war Tsarist debts, but it was repeatedly postponed. Formal recognition came when the new

3114:. The Soviets used this abbreviation so frequently that audiences worldwide became familiar with its meaning. After this, the most common Russian initialization is 23633: 23628: 23623: 21110: 21070: 20808: 15678: 8183:, while highlighting such successes as having the most doctors and hospitals in the world, recognized the system's areas for improvement and felt that billions of 8180: 6559: 2914: 17943: 10033: 6958: 21648: 20501: 19736: 8168:

became general secretary, the Soviet healthcare system was held in high esteem by many foreign specialists. This changed, however, from Brezhnev's accession and

5163:

dismissal, itself due to a decision by both the Politburo and the Central Committee. All leaders of the Communist Party before Gorbachev died in office, except

25477: 23316: 21653: 20728: 20256: 19756: 17488: 14586: 13455: 4951: 17690: 16235:

Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.

25091: 23089: 22541: 22322: 18012:"Celebrations, Commemorative Dates and Related Rituals: Soviet Experience, its Transformation and Contemporary Victory Day Celebrations in Russia and Latvia" 16649: 8718:

in Helsinki thus became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. The Soviet Union was the biggest rival to the United States at the Summer Olympics, winning

8156:, health care was to be controlled by the state and would be provided to its citizens free of charge, a revolutionary concept at the time. Article 42 of the 5942: 5373:

in 1973, but they were neither widely known or accessible to people living under Communist rule, nor were they taken seriously by the Communist authorities.

5061: 4620:

With an area of 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi), the Soviet Union was the world's largest country, a status that is retained by the

2894: 2560: 2237: 2171: 1870: 236: 17792: 10292: 8490:. Official relations between the Orthodox Church and the government again warmed to the point that the Brezhnev government twice honored Orthodox Patriarch 6633:

From the 1930s until its dissolution in late 1991, the way the Soviet economy operated remained essentially unchanged. The economy was formally directed by

23958: 21218: 21105: 21065: 20778: 19782: 19751: 18494: 17905: 17883: 13936: 5461: 5370: 5175: 5093: 4947: 12242:"Zakon SSSR ot 14 marta 1990 g. N 1360-I "Ob uchrezhdenii posta Prezidenta SSSR i vnesenii izmeneniy i dopolneniy v Konstitutsiyu (Osnovnoy Zakon) SSSR"" 25472: 24784: 21090: 20875: 20660: 19741: 19693: 15811: 15481: 14047: 13499: 13422: 9089: 8619:

in the West, many jazz orchestras were permitted throughout the USSR, notably the Melodiya Ensemble, named after the principle record label in the USSR.

7221:

of the USSR decreased from 44.0 per thousand in 1926 to 18.0 in 1974, mainly due to increasing urbanization and the rising average age of marriages. The

5882: 4943: 4895: 1327: 15379:

You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics

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were active during this time. As a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, films received encouragement from the state, and much of director

103: 24401: 23640: 20701: 15237: 14148: 12121: 8093: 5917:

was split off from the Uzbekistan SSR. With the constitution of 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved, resulting in its constituent republics of

4800:

was only 54% of that of the United States, this means that the Soviet Union generated 1.5 times more pollution than the United States per unit of GNP.

2898: 18170:

Nostalgia and discontinuity of life: A multiple case study of older ex-Soviet refugees seeking psychotherapeutic help for immigration-related problems

10542: 7202:

policies) amounted to a combined total of 18 million, some 10 million in the 1930s, and more than 20 million in 1941–1945. The postwar

5407: 23613: 23165: 20945: 20905: 20721: 19990: 17849: 13181: 8486:

Religious institutions remained monitored by the Soviet government, but churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques were all given more leeway in the

6923:, relative to the world population, than any other major country due to the strong levels of state support for scientific developments by the 1980s. 5489: 16588: 15276: 13972: 12270:

Lambelet, Doriane (1989). "The Contradiction Between Soviet and American Human Rights Doctrine: Reconciliation Through Perestroika and Pragmatism".

10165: 23508: 22006: 21125: 20990: 20870: 20798: 18403: 16611: 15603: 15163: 12244:Закон СССР от 14 марта 1990 г. N 1360-I "Об учреждении поста Президента СССР и внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) СССР" 10791: 10487: 8932:

increased by an average of 9 points for all former Soviet republics. According to Western analysis, the economic shocks that accompanied wholesale

5811:. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary 2606: 1041: 17071: 12241: 10261:

Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, "Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired at Danish DR K on 22 October 2018.

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to the Russian people. On the other hand, hundreds of intellectuals, writers, and artists were exiled or executed, and their work banned, such as

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In some post-Soviet republics, there is a more negative view of the USSR, although there is no unanimity on the matter. In large part due to the

9004:'. The war became a topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts. As a result of the 7028:

and orbital stations were drawn up in Soviet design offices, but personal disputes between designers and management prevented their development.

7012:—a competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability with the United States. This was followed by other successful satellites, most notably 5045: 4058: 1964: 14238: 10406: 5068:(Premier) and managing an enormous bureaucracy responsible for the administration of the economy and society. State and party structures of the 2586: 1655: 25400: 21842: 21050: 21010: 20940: 20890: 20860: 20855: 18498: 14401: 14307: 13726:

Rosefielde, Steven (1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labor and Economic Growth in the 1930s".

10571: 8659: 8647: 7818: 5902: 4548:(restructuring) aimed to revitalize the Soviet system but instead accelerated its unraveling. Nationalist movements gained momentum across the 4145: 4042: 1987: 5592: 5543:

in Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Comecon, the regional economic organization for the

23821: 23777: 23583: 23258: 21100: 21095: 21005: 20980: 20975: 20965: 20865: 20823: 20803: 20793: 20763: 19688: 19301: 18909: 16214: 16188: 15080: 13815: 10792:"Nuclear Pollution Plagues Former Soviet Union : Environment: A map marking non-military explosions shows scope of 'national disaster.'" 10517: 6775: 5978: 5958: 4050: 4032: 1135: 17972: 15407: 14276: 5563:

satellites, with the Pact's only direct military actions having been the invasions of its own member states to keep them from breaking away.

25522: 24189: 23804: 21891: 21455: 21020: 20950: 20783: 20768: 20572: 20554: 19354: 18106: 16899: 10324: 9997: 7719: 6416:

In the post-war period, the Soviet Army was directly involved in several military operations abroad. These included the suppression of the

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was suppressed and dissent was punished. Independent political activities were not tolerated, whether these involved participation in free

2618: 1281: 17557:

David Stuckler, Lawrence King, and Martin McKee. "Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis."

13779: 12423: 24281: 23846: 23787: 22104: 21784: 21162: 21115: 21060: 21055: 21040: 21025: 21000: 20900: 20828: 20813: 20773: 20758: 20695: 20494: 19873: 19843: 16783: 14995: 14662: 12961: 12605: 12367: 12272: 9134: 9005: 7707:

The Soviet Union imposed heavy control on city growth, preventing some cities from reaching their full potential while promoting others.

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secret police, and so its internal troops were under the joint leadership of the defense and internal commissariats. After World War II,

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was the weapon of choice. A few revolutions did break out, but they were quickly suppressed (the longest lasting one was in Hungary)—the

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refused to rubber stamp proposals from the party and Council of Ministers. In 1990, Gorbachev introduced and assumed the position of the

4374: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 2729: 2189: 2025: 1930: 1786: 18900:

Ovcharova, Lilia; Biryukova, Svetlana (2018). "Poverty and the Poor in Post-Soviet Russia". In Rauhut, Daniel; Hatti, Neelambar (eds.).

16630:"Sports in Soviet Union Only for Elite : There Are Top Athletes, and then There Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go up" 15854: 14767: 10614: 5444: 24241: 23601: 23493: 23160: 21120: 21015: 20995: 20960: 20910: 20895: 20885: 20880: 20130: 20090: 20000: 19811: 19327: 15767:

Dinkel, R.H. (1990). "The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the Example of the Soviet Union".

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Named the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in 1918, then renamed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1936.

6708: 25507: 23133: 22570: 22375: 22036: 21771: 21080: 21075: 20850: 20845: 20118: 20013: 19885: 19671: 15186: 12544: 12169:

Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management

10274: 9464: 8487: 7894: 5890: 5683: 5268: 4222: 3042: 2681: 2553: 1773: 1768: 18433: 18404:"Seven Letters Exchanged Between the Central Committees of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" 15715: 7057:, endured prolonged construction and was canceled in 1991. For their launch into space, there is today an unused superpower rocket, 5722: 3196:

dominated the country to such an extent that, during Soviet Union's existence, it was colloquially, but incorrectly, referred to as

25166: 22714: 22413: 22317: 22174: 22139: 22088: 21873: 20654: 20611: 20023: 19940: 19833: 15134:

Rebecca Balmas Neary, "Mothering Socialist Society: The Wife-Activists' Movement and the Soviet Culture of Daily Life, 1934–1941",

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in the 1970s was gigantic, forming 40–60% of the entire federal budget and accounting to 15% of the USSR's GDP (13% in the 1980s).

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enacted reforms shifting power away from the highest bodies of the party and making the Supreme Soviet less dependent on them. The

5057: 4905: 2780: 2602: 1917: 851: 16499: 15524: 15351: 14025: 13262: 13106: 13063: 12088: 11826: 11759: 11716: 11683: 11620: 11577: 11494: 11451: 11367: 11284: 11242: 11203: 11165: 11119: 11080: 11001: 10897: 8719: 5468:. It was known as the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (or Narkomindel), until 1946. The most influential spokesmen were 24703: 24608: 24523: 24050: 23814: 23645: 23608: 23206: 21521: 19963: 19770: 19637: 9121:

who have been forced to flee their homes and have been displaced. The many Russian enclaves in the former USSR republics such as

8609:

concerned themselves with problems of daily life rather than with building socialism. Underground dissident literature, known as

7750:), which had assumed the position of capital of Soviet Central Asia, had risen to fourth place. Another city worth mentioning is 7141: 5029: 4967:, demanding strict subordination to higher bodies, and elections went uncontested, endorsing the candidates proposed from above. 4466:

in the late 1920s ushered in an era of intense centralization and totalitarianism. Stalin's rule was characterized by the forced

4004: 3815: 1887: 1828: 701: 13016: 8928:, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income. Between 1988 and 1989 and 1993–1995, the 8282:

in 1929, magazine of the Society of the Godless. The first five-year plan of the Soviet Union is shown crushing the gods of the

6457:

The Soviet Union in comparison to other countries by GDP (nominal) per capita in 1965 based on a West-German school book (1971)

25502: 25407: 24824: 23563: 23216: 22517: 22269: 22162: 21796: 21689: 21526: 21234: 20544: 20487: 19661: 19506: 18193: 17309: 7755: 6689: 6425: 6056: 5874: 5860: 5243: 5053: 2902: 2373: 2368: 2095: 1685: 1313: 18371: 16731: 10196: 8234:

situation implemented similar policies. A serious problem when creating these writing systems was that the languages differed

5417: 24919: 24582: 24261: 23497: 22596: 22483: 22134: 21287: 20744: 20677: 20148: 19649: 19615: 19603: 19598: 19489: 19196: 19171: 19152: 19099: 19074: 19048: 18994: 18983: 18957: 18929: 18890: 18871: 18798: 18771: 18748: 18723: 18677: 18604: 18559: 18529: 18346: 18340: 18310: 18056: 17832: 17612: 17542: 17416: 17396: 17217: 17026: 16981: 16826: 16777: 16688: 16493: 16438: 16399: 16353: 16265: 16108: 16028: 15994: 15561: 15518: 15387: 15345: 15322: 15008: 14761: 14734: 14701: 14656: 14594: 14457: 14019: 13625: 13463: 13349: 13299: 13256: 13143: 13129: 13100: 13057: 12955: 12928: 12878: 12648: 12599: 12396: 12351: 12306: 12222: 12180: 12082: 12011: 11968: 11900: 11867: 11820: 11753: 11677: 11614: 11571: 11533: 11488: 11445: 11407: 11361: 11327: 11278: 11236: 11197: 11159: 11113: 11074: 11040: 10995: 9197: 8727: 8710:. In the same year, when the Soviet representative Konstantin Andrianov became an IOC member, the USSR officially joined the 5962: 5382: 4471: 3831: 2689: 2242: 1997: 1823: 911: 838: 825: 25303: 20075: 18145: 16940: 16444: 16271: 16034: 15936: 15567: 14463: 14085: 13631: 13355: 13305: 12789:

Mueller, Gordon H. (1976). "Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922".

10926:{{Cite news |title=Wastes of War: Rotting Nuclear Subs Pose Threat |first1=David |last1=Hoffman |date=16 November 1998 |url= 6550:(NEP) in 1921, legalizing free trade and private ownership of small businesses. The economy steadily recovered as a result. 2358: 939: 603: 25253: 24965: 24218: 22455: 22011: 21986: 21533: 20683: 20629: 20539: 20185: 19953: 17573: 16405: 16359: 14337: 13845: 10029: 8376: 8000: 7739: 7120:

of the late 1920s and 1930s led to the development of infrastructure on a massive scale, most notably the establishment of

6555: 6312: 6146: 6128: 5954: 5926: 5910: 4467: 4331: 4201: 4008: 3961: 3499: 2693: 2546: 1799: 1639: 8134: 8057: 25517: 25497: 25196: 24140: 23767: 23170: 22977: 21302: 20689: 20634: 20559: 20065: 19731: 19678: 19666: 18275: 17161: 16132: 14051: 13503: 13418: 11927: 11859: 8739: 8590:

During Stalin's rule, the Soviet culture was characterized by the rise and domination of the government-imposed style of

8008: 7727: 6308: 6164: 6038: 5938: 5906: 5870: 5457: 5184: 5183:, concentrated power in his executive office, independent of the party, and subordinated the government, now renamed the 4921: 4909: 4604:, an area that was previously covered with forests until acid rainfall from a nearby copper smelter killed all vegetation 4448: 3095: 2906: 2638: 2493: 1695: 1299: 484: 22344: 21791: 15668: 8498:. A poll conducted by Soviet authorities in 1982 recorded 20% of the Soviet population as 'active religious believers.' 6566:. The war caused extensive devastation of the Soviet economy and infrastructure, which required massive reconstruction. 6405:

and during war situation was to eradicate enemy infrastructure and nuclear capacity. The air force also had a number of

262: 24698: 24317: 23673: 23238: 22576: 22332: 22179: 21868: 21806: 21403: 21385: 20619: 20549: 20534: 20113: 20108: 19828: 19776: 19024: 18269: 17935: 10019: 9727: 9343: 8974: 7988: 7293: 7277: 6816: 6789:

of 0.920, placing it in the 'high' category of human development. It was the third-highest in the Eastern Bloc, behind

6782:

countries. Compared to countries with similar per-capita GDP in 1928, the Soviet Union experienced significant growth.

6670: 6626: 6410: 6326: 6272: 6236: 6110: 5946: 5922: 5918: 5886: 5025: 5017: 4901: 4879: 4710: 4649: 3996: 3986: 2938: 2863: 2712:

to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed

2363: 2281: 2217: 1763: 1604: 1341: 1121: 708: 17465: 5869:

Constitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as

25131: 25020: 24955: 24256: 24115: 23455: 23068: 22581: 22154: 21981: 21961: 21886: 21801: 21766: 21724: 21255: 20624: 20595: 20585: 20365: 20316: 20249: 20060: 19788: 19390: 19294: 19259: 19122: 18464: 17598: 10642: 9385: 8924:

disease, infant mortality and domestic violence, as well as demographic losses, income inequality and the rise of an

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After the revolution, life expectancy for all age groups went up. This statistic in itself was seen by some that the

8173: 8149: 7214:

reasonable estimate would place the total number of excess deaths for the whole period somewhere around 60 million.'

6806: 6771: 6721: 6598: 6362: 6254: 6200: 6182: 5950: 5934: 5898: 5227: 5203: 5049: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 3413: 3033:, demanded that all power be transferred to the Soviets, and gained support from the workers and soldiers. After the 2197: 1220: 17496: 17135: 14078:"The Soviet Union and the United States – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 13385: 13337:

Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941

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Russian Victory Day parades are organized annually in most cities, with the central military parade taking place in

7206:

was 45 to 50 million smaller than it would have been if pre-war demographic growth had continued. According to

7149:

a faster rate than road construction. The underdeveloped road network led to a growing demand for public transport.

6749:

declined due to Stalin's despotism. While there was a brief improvement after his death, it lapsed into stagnation.

4640:

portion accounted for a quarter of the country's area and was the cultural and economic center. The eastern part in

24879: 24862: 24528: 24008: 23353: 22566: 22447: 22383: 22041: 21852: 21448: 21367: 21339: 20590: 20395: 20383: 20207: 20197: 20153: 19968: 19644: 19593: 19476: 17680: 15553: 8672: 8525: 8307: 7869: 7169: 6092: 5930: 5856: 5359: 5343: 5255: 5231: 5139: 4243: 3789: 3777: 3678: 2701: 2227: 190: 109: 16660: 12118: 11788: 8033: 4443:

and ended in dissolution amidst economic collapse and political disintegration. Established in 1922 following the

2862:

by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, the

25487: 25482: 24673: 24211: 23826: 23155: 23123: 22654: 22537: 22388: 22327: 22046: 20600: 20580: 20400: 20388: 20244: 20229: 20143: 20045: 19627: 19447: 16485: 14300:"The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev" 12074: 10299: 9707: 9356: 9182: 8941: 8819: 8775: 8760: 8759:. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the late 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the 8735: 8703: 8326: 8295: 7747: 7195: 7125: 6866: 6790: 6218: 6074: 5966: 5914: 5894: 5131: 5041: 4792: 4773: 4718: 4557: 4367: 3982: 2918: 2867: 2298: 1865: 966: 17879: 14923:

Paper presented at the International Conference on Healthy, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe.

13946: 10927: 8865: 5682:

The rapid growth of power in Nazi Germany encouraged both Paris and Moscow to form a military alliance, and the

5653:. In the usage of the Soviet Union, and of the Comintern and its affiliated parties in this period, the epithet 4788:, the world's largest (by volume) and deepest freshwater lake that is also an internal body of water in Russia. 25278: 24904: 24337: 23836: 23809: 23746: 23265: 22398: 22068: 21966: 21918: 21751: 21679: 21297: 20341: 20321: 20018: 19632: 19457: 19385: 19091: 17645: 15942: 15477: 14803: 9731: 9711: 9178: 9033: 8799: 8731: 8224: 7758:), which saw rapid growth during the 20th century, rising from the 32nd most populous in the union to the 7th. 7239: 7203: 6847:. At its peak in 1988, it was the largest producer and second-largest exporter of crude oil, surpassed only by 6601:. Grain and sophisticated consumer manufactures became major import articles from around the 1960s. During the 5617:—lasted only from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919. The Russian Bolsheviks were in no position to give any help. 5303: 5003: 4734: 4726: 3713: 3628: 3041:

seized power from the Provisional Government in the name of the Soviets, Lenin proclaimed the formation of the

3026: 3007: 2697: 2622: 2445: 2154: 2117: 1083: 476: 21761: 15803: 15704: 13177: 7024:, making him the first human to ever be launched into space and complete a space journey. The first plans for 4858:

submarine in 2000 in the west further raised concerns. In the past, there were accidents involving submarines

4636:, rank among the top 10 countries by land area, and the largest country entirely in Europe, respectively. The 25074: 24789: 24613: 24573: 24327: 24251: 24246: 24150: 23943: 23687: 23568: 23374: 22659: 22408: 22078: 21976: 21756: 21324: 21277: 20510: 20412: 20239: 20103: 20055: 19816: 19610: 19484: 19467: 11960: 10638:"The Chernobyl Accident 20 Years on: An Assessment of the Health Consequences and the International Response" 9715: 9499: 9451: 9372: 9254:(JCP) released a press statement titled "We welcome the end of a party which embodied the historical evil of 9162: 9028:

on May 9 sees millions of Russians carry the portraits of their relatives who fought in the war. Russia also

8220: 8199: 7857: 7809: 7298: 7282: 7087: 6734: 6666: 6574: 5864: 5402: 5180: 5069: 4867: 4750: 4569: 4549: 3936: 3766: 3481: 2922: 2890: 2630: 2614: 2513: 2483: 2478: 1242: 880: 43: 20713: 17761: 15245: 14138: 12114: 7263: 6894:, the Soviets remained far behind technologically in chemistry, biology, and computers when compared to the 5743:, the Soviet Union did not cooperate with any other nation, choosing to follow its own path. However, after 25492: 25360: 25340: 25243: 24894: 24844: 24708: 24553: 24518: 24201: 23841: 23596: 23503: 22875: 22707: 22644: 22508: 22498: 22337: 22122: 21821: 21811: 21580: 21319: 20008: 19683: 19578: 19379: 19287: 18506: 9071: 9037: 8873: 8655: 8269: 8191: 7035:, the USSR only had automated spacecraft launches with no crewed spacecraft, passing on the 'Moon' part of 6421: 6417: 5977:

was formed on annexed territory as a Union Republic in March 1940 and then incorporated into Russia as the

4891: 4601: 4180: 4159: 3650: 3181:

In English-language media, the state was referred to as the Soviet Union or the USSR. The Soviet Union was

2851: 2721: 2660:, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally 2498: 2348: 2164: 2159: 2139: 1982: 1977: 1938: 1892: 1880: 1855: 1845: 1814: 1804: 1210: 865: 131: 12312: 12053: 10169: 9225:. Factors contributing to the anarchist animosity towards the USSR included the Soviet destruction of the 8884:

such as the USSR, especially under Stalin, has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of

7321: 5827:

and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as

25258: 24995: 24867: 24774: 24728: 24718: 24683: 24563: 24438: 24423: 24077: 24043: 23953: 23948: 23398: 23185: 23180: 22885: 22790: 22629: 22403: 22167: 22073: 21847: 21441: 20289: 20271: 20037: 19895: 19856: 19823: 19513: 19501: 19417: 19319: 18855: 17209: 16629: 16580: 15589: 15268: 15159: 14946: 14582: 13982: 13968: 13932: 13801: 13765: 13451: 13291: 13092: 12736: 12454: 11480: 11399: 10444: 9703: 9302: 9110: 8521: 8507: 8491: 8467: 8450: 7850: 6927: 6674: 6448: 5702: 5065: 4746: 4416: 4291: 4138: 4054: 3804: 3527: 3511: 3209: 2713: 2626: 2488: 2473: 2468: 2107: 2102: 2043: 1850: 1647: 655: 17: 22219: 18411: 17007:

The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

15593: 14055: 13580:

Harrison, Mark (1993). "Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G. I. Khanin".

13507: 13414: 10801: 10495: 9558:, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law 6680: 2879: 87: 25318: 25151: 24933: 24914: 24814: 24804: 24799: 24391: 24271: 23963: 23393: 22836: 22749: 22262: 21933: 21816: 21615: 21312: 21307: 20970: 20788: 20284: 20261: 20234: 19058: 19034: 18921: 18913: 18551: 17824: 17412: 17203: 17010: 15982: 15314: 15109: 14798: 13248: 12248: 12172: 11802: 11745: 11644: 11141: 9956: 9858: 9166: 9094: 9061: 9001: 6886:

within its economy, however, the most remarkable Soviet successes in technology, such as producing the

4360: 3946: 3881: 3519: 3219: 2338: 2308: 1202: 14919:

The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades

14834:

Recent Developments of Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960–1970

14359: 12110: 11783: 9233:, and the defeat of the rival anarchist factions by the Soviet-supported Communist faction during the 8466:

began broadcasting a religious hour, and a historic meeting between Stalin and Orthodox Church leader

8337: 7832:

for Education of Soviet Russia. In the beginning, the Soviet authorities placed great emphasis on the

5621:

bridgehead. Russia was now a pariah state, along with Germany. The two came to terms in 1922 with the

25370: 25350: 25323: 25079: 24839: 24598: 24477: 24406: 24286: 23880: 23856: 22920: 22184: 22056: 21272: 21260: 20326: 20299: 20202: 18376: 14299: 12734:

Marantzidis, Nikos (2013). "The Greek Civil War (1944–1949) and the International Communist System".

12514: 11315: 10898:"Armed With Nuke Payload, How Dangerous Is Russia's Nuclear-Armed Submarine Resting In Arctic Ocean?" 10416: 9960: 9029: 8885: 8517: 7890: 7227: 6378: 5614: 4612:

One of the many impacts of the approach to the environment in the USSR and post-Soviet states is the

4074: 4066: 3591: 3361: 2737: 20294: 18212: 18072: 17992: 17762:"Russia vs. Ukraine: More Russians Want the Soviet Union and Communism Back Amid Continued Tensions" 14393: 7772: 6701:

much more quickly and consistently than in other countries, despite a rapid increase in the capital

5122: 4791:

Neighbouring countries were aware of the high levels of pollution in the Soviet Union but after the

24884: 24723: 24693: 24558: 24472: 24381: 24344: 23968: 23782: 23650: 22779: 22127: 22051: 21684: 21585: 21349: 21329: 21292: 21282: 21265: 21250: 20407: 19066: 14630: 12372:

Bertrand M. Patenaude Center for Russian, East European & Eurasian Studies, Stanford University

10026: 9251: 8973:, 16% of respondents said the collapse of the USSR did good, while 61% said it did harm. In a 2018 8699: 8442: 8157: 7311: 6936: 6374: 5740: 5323: 5199: 5195: 5151: 5147: 5143: 4656:, was much less populous. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) east to west across 11 4553: 3723: 3079: 2859: 2127: 1794: 93: 18592:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

16210: 16184: 14821:. Vol. 510. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. pp. 155–77. 13805: 6409:

and tactical bombers to support the army in the war. Strategic missile forces had more than 1,400

5701:

proposed a better deal, which would give the USSR control over much of Eastern Europe through the

5295:

within and especially outside the country was limited. The state restricted rights of citizens to

5167:

and Khrushchev, both dismissed from the party leadership amid internal struggle within the party.

5158:

existed between the Party, Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers that represented executive and

4776:, at 7,495 metres (24,590 ft). The USSR also included most of the world's largest lakes; the 25512: 25390: 25365: 25201: 25050: 25010: 24713: 24658: 24543: 24411: 23894: 23851: 23733: 23723: 23211: 23075: 23014: 22816: 22700: 22624: 22550: 22354: 21991: 21496: 21344: 19656: 18790: 18715: 18292: 17526: 16096: 14853: 14268: 14122: 13341: 13001: 12565: 10691:"One of the Murmansk Region's most polluting facilities shuts down after more than seven decades" 9659: 9632: 9588: 9555: 9170: 8869: 8427: 8415: 8360: 7109: 6786: 6767: 5816: 5799: 5764: 5622: 5610: 5497: 5307: 5215: 4846:. It was also known in the early 1990s that the USSR had transported radioactive material to the 4478:, which eliminated perceived enemies of the state. The Soviet Union played a crucial role in the 4038: 4020: 4000: 3887: 3859: 3351: 3060: 3018: 2745: 2271: 1948: 1743: 1163: 1065: 925: 731: 39: 22503: 18687:

Habibov, Nazim (June 2013). "Who Wants to Redistribute? An Analysis of 14 Post-Soviet Nations".

18051:. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 70, 160–167. 16706:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System" 16100: 12722: 11525: 6329:

ballistic missile, the deployment of which by the Soviet Union in the late 1970s launched a new

4970:

The Communist Party maintained its dominance over the state mainly through its control over the

3253: 25328: 25186: 25156: 25111: 25062: 25057: 24990: 24874: 24834: 24794: 24628: 24538: 24533: 24354: 24266: 24133: 24036: 23591: 23553: 23518: 23243: 22984: 22900: 22591: 22209: 22204: 22144: 21595: 21538: 21484: 21479: 21334: 20336: 19928: 19866: 18943: 18207: 16895:"Integrative Complexity of American and Soviet Foreign Policy Rhetoric: A Time Series Analysis" 14789: 13769: 13617: 12683: 12449: 12039: 11892: 11606: 11563: 11032: 10069: 9993: 9057: 8823: 8364: 7995:. Some ethnic groups voluntarily assimilated, while others were brought in by force. Russians, 7767: 6669:

and health care. In the manufacturing sector, heavy industry and defence were prioritized over

5812: 5718: 5048:) to wield its power between plenary sessions, ordinarily held twice a year, and appointed the 4875: 4479: 3569: 3447: 3257: 2733: 1101: 1059: 22493: 20466: 18883:

The Problems of Development and International Cooperation in the Region of the Southern Baltic

17265:"Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs" 17018: 16973: 16765: 15986: 14726: 14693: 14646: 12941: 12585: 9216:

or implementing worker liberation, as well as corruption and the Soviet authoritarian nature.

7364: 5981:

in 1956. Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below).

5555:. Although nominally a "defensive" alliance, the Pact's primary function was to safeguard the 5190:

Tensions grew between the Union-wide authorities under Gorbachev, reformists led in Russia by

4486:, but at a tremendous human cost, with millions of Soviet citizens perishing in the conflict. 25467: 25355: 25096: 25069: 25030: 24970: 24769: 24738: 24648: 24396: 24332: 23936: 23741: 23530: 23326: 23248: 23233: 23128: 23060: 23052: 22989: 22945: 22915: 22880: 22806: 22674: 22586: 22545: 22359: 22255: 21719: 21590: 20455: 19427: 19206: 18586: 18582: 18280:

The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems.

17604: 17388: 17014: 16969: 14751: 13327: 12640: 12508: 12298: 9118: 8961:

In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of

8635: 8279: 8250:

functioned as an official language, as the 'language of interethnic communication' (Russian:

7865: 7849:. Citizens directly entering the workforce had the constitutional right to a job and to free 7829: 6990: 6429: 5828: 5547:

of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of

4964: 4871: 4859: 4560:, which formally dissolved on December 26, 1991, ending nearly seven decades of Soviet rule. 3869: 2970: 2144: 1943: 35: 31: 20479: 16961: 16174:, vol 2: Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions, St Martin's Press, New York (1988) 12229:

The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.

9212:

such as other leftists. Critics also point towards its failure to implement any substantial

6737:

than market economies at the same level of economic development in most cases. According to

5632:

and a few others about a continuing Marxist-Leninist threat, and opened trade relations and

5350:, which were considered as examples of "bourgeois morality" by Soviet law theorists such as 25385: 25293: 25288: 25040: 24975: 24733: 24668: 24663: 24653: 24623: 24618: 24578: 24085: 23655: 23223: 22522: 22238: 21971: 21881: 21704: 21632: 21600: 21550: 21545: 20217: 20080: 19900: 19698: 19412: 19264: 15035: 10453: 9834: 8783: 8752: 8715: 8707: 8356: 7776: 7117: 6979: 6971: 6949: 6912: 6439:

applied, meaning all able-bodied males aged 18 and older were drafted in the armed forces.

6386: 5744: 5235: 5155: 5013: 4900:

There were three power hierarchies in the Soviet Union: the legislature represented by the

4863: 4440: 3843: 3646: 2796: 2772: 2717: 2435: 2291: 2149: 2122: 2012: 2007: 1992: 1860: 1028: 575: 337: 22214: 20304: 15712: 12541: 12422:(in Polish). Biblioteka Zrzeszenia Prawników Demokratów. pp. 153, 162. Archived from 11319: 10270: 8872:

in Europe by theatre and by year. Nazi Germany suffered 80% of its military deaths on the

8834: 5686:

was signed in May 1935. A firm believer in collective security, Stalin's foreign minister

5452:

signing bilateral documents during Gorbachev's official visit to the United States in 1990

5318:

was considered as the source of human rights. Therefore, the Soviet legal system regarded

3025:, workers' and soldiers' Soviets emerged throughout the country and shared power with the 8: 25380: 25136: 25086: 25005: 24909: 24743: 24688: 24643: 24638: 24633: 24588: 24548: 24513: 24455: 24369: 24300: 24162: 23983: 23718: 23548: 23336: 23253: 23190: 22940: 22639: 22618: 22612: 22001: 21709: 21560: 21513: 21501: 21203: 20444: 20173: 19978: 19907: 19715: 19564: 19442: 19364: 19337: 19218: 19188: 19001: 18975: 18863: 18521: 18441: 17977: 17746: 17534: 16550: 15834: 15191: 15026: 13381: 12636: 10825: 10370: 10298:. Towson University: Department of Geography & Environmental Planning. Archived from 9842: 9788: 9230: 9213: 9189: 9152: 9078: 9009: 8580: 8283: 7902: 7825: 7231: 7207: 6994: 6953: 6662: 6547: 6346: 6286: 5840: 5640:

came to power in 1924. All the other countries followed suit in opening trade relations.

5292: 5127: 5082: 4808: 4575: 4456: 3811: 3756: 3624: 3409: 3239: 3147: 3022: 3014: 2839: 2536: 2333: 2286: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2073: 1912: 1758: 1712: 758: 738: 342: 317: 18141:

Making Sense of Suffering : Holocaust and Holodomor in Ukrainian Historical Culture

17640: 15123:

The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930

15039: 10457: 8774:

colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the

7103: 5310:, "it is the government who is the beneficiary of human rights which are to be asserted 25308: 25283: 25273: 25263: 25248: 25233: 25191: 25121: 25106: 25045: 25025: 25015: 24985: 24960: 24945: 24889: 24829: 24819: 24678: 24501: 24487: 24482: 24428: 24364: 24174: 23424: 23414: 23228: 23082: 22955: 22930: 22769: 22649: 22532: 21996: 21575: 21565: 20311: 20222: 19539: 19452: 19342: 19332: 19235: 19114: 19038: 18783: 18596: 18544: 18225: 17662: 17643:(2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". 17594: 17357: 17332: 16875: 16867: 16089: 15598: 15297: 15051: 14966: 14958: 14875: 14848: 13977: 13941: 13810: 13774: 13743: 13691: 13666: 13562: 12846: 12806: 12471: 11885: 11518: 10850: 10842: 10755: 10666: 10637: 10329: 9764: 9511:

As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSR.

9148: 9144: 8897: 8680: 7861: 7179: 7048: 6835: 6820: 6746: 5836: 5832: 5752: 5536: 5477: 5395: 5264: 4843: 4804: 4769: 4660:, and over 7,200 kilometres (4,500 mi) north to south. It had five climate zones: 4430: 4125: 4089: 4028: 4016: 3924: 3877: 3617: 3515: 3503: 3417: 3405: 3325: 3090:

in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian

3034: 2883: 2653: 2518: 2222: 2212: 2132: 1733: 799: 312: 153: 18945:

Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him

14613:, translated by Roads and transportation in the USSR and Tsarist Russia, 1 August 2016 14208:

Deckert, R. A. (10 October 1990). "The science of uncovering industrial information".

10439: 10063: 25426: 25178: 25146: 25141: 25126: 25101: 24950: 24899: 24849: 24779: 24757: 24602: 24386: 24322: 24312: 24276: 24179: 24145: 24123: 24068: 23861: 23543: 23024: 23004: 22972: 22853: 22831: 22786: 22754: 22634: 21903: 21669: 21570: 20419: 20359: 20138: 19924: 19620: 19422: 19407: 19349: 19210: 19192: 19167: 19148: 19132: 19118: 19095: 19070: 19044: 19020: 18979: 18953: 18925: 18886: 18867: 18794: 18767: 18744: 18719: 18700: 18673: 18600: 18555: 18525: 18336: 18306: 18265: 18052: 17828: 17681:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on" 17666: 17608: 17538: 17392: 17362: 17286: 17213: 17022: 16977: 16962: 16894: 16879: 16822: 16773: 16739: 16684: 16634: 16489: 16434: 16395: 16349: 16261: 16104: 16024: 15990: 15975: 15846: 15784: 15557: 15514: 15383: 15341: 15318: 15004: 14970: 14880: 14757: 14730: 14719: 14697: 14686: 14652: 14590: 14453: 14015: 13696: 13621: 13566: 13459: 13345: 13295: 13252: 13139: 13096: 13053: 12951: 12924: 12874: 12718: 12644: 12629: 12595: 12392: 12347: 12302: 12218: 12176: 12078: 12043: 12007: 12003: 11964: 11896: 11863: 11851: 11816: 11812: 11749: 11673: 11610: 11567: 11529: 11484: 11441: 11403: 11357: 11323: 11274: 11232: 11193: 11155: 11151: 11109: 11070: 11036: 11025: 10991: 10946: 10854: 10796: 10760: 10718:"How Norilsk, in the Russian Arctic, became one of the most polluted places on Earth" 10671: 10581: 10469: 10465: 10375: 10334: 9920: 9898: 9850: 9818: 9743: 9539: 9322: 9244: 9234: 9209: 9025: 8994: 8990: 8969:, 12% of respondents said the USSR collapse did good, while 66% said it did harm. In 8925: 8591: 8584: 8556: 8475: 8169: 7947:(5.84%). Overall, in 1989 the ethnic demography of the country showed that 69.8% was 7842: 7191: 7133: 6975: 6753: 6698: 6645:. However, in practice, the plans were highly aggregated and provisional, subject to 6634: 6354: 6304: 5824: 5637: 5629: 5449: 5276: 5171: 5037: 4835: 4537: 4526: 4510: 4444: 4388: 4012: 3976: 3972: 3865: 3692: 3674: 3662: 3537: 3523: 3507: 3474: 3427: 3280: 3228: 2882:

the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent

2820: 2792: 2788: 2771:, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought 2669: 2508: 2440: 2420: 2385: 2380: 2276: 2112: 2063: 2038: 2033: 2002: 1738: 1432: 952: 587: 539: 387: 377: 355: 348: 332: 22692: 22149: 18229: 18073:"Russia's Victory Day celebrations take on new importance for the Kremlin this year" 18007: 17305: 16244:

Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.

15941:[Law of the USSR from 24 April 1990 on languages of the USSR] (in Russian). 15625: 14648:

Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945

12475: 9359:. No lyrics were used from 1956 to 1977. Revised lyrics were used from 1977 to 1991. 7919: 5937:

were split off from the Russian SFSR, resulting in the same status. In August 1940,

4926: 3146:) is also commonly used, but only in its unabbreviated form. Since the start of the 25375: 25313: 25268: 25211: 25116: 25035: 25000: 24809: 24460: 24359: 24167: 23143: 23118: 22967: 22935: 22860: 22312: 21694: 21420: 19227: 18967: 18841: 18833: 18696: 18630: 18221: 18217: 18092: 17654: 17530: 17352: 17344: 17276: 16908: 16857: 16814: 15776: 15043: 14950: 14870: 14862: 14445: 14111:

Soviet Russia Had a Better Record of Training Women in STEM Than America Does Today

13735: 13686: 13678: 13667:"Economic Development, Political-Economic System, and the Physical Quality of Life" 13589: 13554: 12947: 12837:

Wilson, J. H. (1971). "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union".

12798: 12463: 12143: 11712: 10834: 10661: 10651: 10461: 9912: 9868: 9674: 9603: 8889: 8880:

The legacy of the USSR remains a controversial topic. The socio-economic nature of

8711: 8668: 8595: 8569: 8565: 8020: 8016: 7564: 7389: 7326: 7071: 7058: 6931: 6742: 6654: 6578: 6406: 6402: 6398: 5694: 5655: 5511: 5481: 5469: 5351: 5339: 5296: 5078: 4812: 4514: 3968: 3827: 3745: 3702: 3495: 3485: 3111: 2956: 2951: 2855: 2784: 2665: 2353: 2323: 1972: 1958: 1875: 1680: 1143: 898: 382: 362: 297: 18837: 18571:

The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969

18327: 17658: 14077: 13533:

The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR from 1945

11308: 5500:, was an international communist organization based in the Kremlin that advocated 4517:

process, leading to a period of liberalization and relative openness known as the

25435: 25395: 25298: 25238: 25228: 25216: 25161: 24980: 24374: 24349: 24128: 23751: 23538: 23302: 23138: 22950: 22527: 22488: 22349: 21736: 20331: 19544: 19496: 19402: 19211:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 19182: 19085: 19010: 18939: 18734: 18709: 18626: 18515: 18296: 17577: 17518: 17380: 17205:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

17002: 16957: 16944: 16937: 16678: 16551:"Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance | Britannica" 16479: 16428: 16391: 16385: 16339: 16255: 16018: 15946: 15807: 15719: 15708: 15547: 15504: 15446: 15377: 15373: 15335: 15309: 14899: 14625: 14576: 14447: 14117: 14005: 13611: 13607: 13485:[Defense spending and size of the Armed Forces of the USSR] (in Russian). 13445: 13335: 13285: 13242: 13206:. Translated by A law on the mandatory military draft. prlib.ru. 12 October 1967. 13158:

Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, Westview Press, 1979, p.13

13086: 13047: 12548: 12068: 11997: 11954: 11806: 11739: 11706: 11667: 11600: 11557: 11474: 11435: 11393: 11351: 11268: 11226: 11187: 11145: 11103: 11064: 10985: 10518:"Chernobyl | Chernobyl Accident | Chernobyl Disaster - World Nuclear Association" 10278: 9876: 9804: 9780: 9520:

As Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.

9312: 8982: 8958:

average of 32% of NRB respondents supported the restoration of the Soviet Union.

8893: 8881: 8767: 8602: 8380: 8311: 8240: 8231: 8176: 8165: 8161: 7837: 7593: 6738: 6730: 6615: 6526: 6390: 6366: 5984:

While nominally a union of equals, in practice the Soviet Union was dominated by

5732: 5575: 5544: 5540: 5501: 5433: 5429: 5347: 5335: 5288: 5272: 5198:, and communist hardliners. On 19–21 August 1991, a group of hardliners staged a 5164: 4522: 4518: 4108: 3642: 3580: 3558: 3437: 3330: 3049: 3010:, which functioned from 1810 to 1917, was referred to as a Council of Ministers. 2944: 2791:, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused 2673: 2661: 2642: 2634: 2425: 2415: 2313: 1953: 1902: 773: 634: 599: 551: 527: 367: 327: 18590: 18372:"A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement" 17789:"75% of Russians Say Soviet Era Was 'Greatest Time' in Country's History – Poll" 17570: 16912: 15780: 15269:

Wrong Hand/Wrong Children: Education of Left Handed Children in the Soviet Union

15106:

Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936

14329: 13837: 12867:

Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart

12215:

von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics

10838: 10235: 10140: 10115: 8594:, with all other trends being severely repressed, with rare exceptions, such as 5663:

or anti-Stalinist activity or opinion. Stalin reversed himself in 1934 with the

25333: 25206: 24467: 24433: 24157: 24110: 23831: 23713: 23341: 22994: 22774: 22764: 22727: 22723: 22669: 22664: 22109: 21674: 21377: 20351: 20279: 19559: 19549: 19140: 18539: 16704:

Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).

16140: 16016: 15437: 15403: 15226:А. П. Чуприков, Е. А. Волков. // Мир леворуких. Киев. 2008. 15136: 14424: 12187:

after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."

9884: 9796: 9226: 9140: 9053: 8986: 8513: 8458: 8426:

prohibitions on a range of church activities, including meetings for organized

8153: 8051:

European Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ethnic Groups (Before 1939)

8024: 7964: 7952: 7846: 7814: 7496: 7234:

continued to exhibit population growth well above replacement-level fertility.

7222: 7137: 6967: 6763: 6538: 5748: 5687: 5660: 5650: 5485: 5473: 5425: 5355: 4819: 4624:. Covering a sixth of Earth's land surface, its size was comparable to that of 4452: 4404: 3666: 3658: 3602: 3547: 3314: 3300: 3269: 3030: 3003: 2910: 2657: 2598: 2405: 2343: 2085: 2078: 2068: 1702: 884: 503: 415: 372: 322: 19231: 18259: 18168: 17157: 14866: 13739: 13593: 12921:

The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939

12587:

Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day

10543:"Unsealed Soviet archives reveal cover-ups at Chernobyl plant before disaster" 9746:

with Japan (which was bordered to the south until 1945) and the United States.

8274: 7182:(blue) from 1961 to 2009 as well as projection (dotted blue) from 2010 to 2100 25461: 25440: 25345: 24854: 24593: 24184: 23973: 23931: 23321: 22925: 22865: 22679: 22513: 22189: 21943: 21699: 21610: 21489: 20743: 20212: 19144: 19111:

Presidents, Oligarchs and Bureaucrats: Forms of Rule in the Post-Soviet Space

18816: 18614: 18302: 18120: 17130: 16848: 16743: 15673: 14143: 12467: 12384: 12339: 12331: 11663: 11264: 10928:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/russia111698.htm

10764: 10585: 10473: 10379: 10338: 9317: 9307: 9297: 8962: 8945: 8933: 8795: 8747: 8606: 8478:, the state leadership clashed with the churches in 1958–1964, a period when 8446: 8438: 8012: 7898: 7789: 7661: 7614: 7580: 7530: 7478: 7428: 7199: 7157: 6907: 6844: 6594: 6530: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6394: 5782: 5728: 5664: 5571: 5556: 5525: 5221: 5191: 5105: 4839: 4762: 4758: 4645: 4625: 4463: 4350: 4046: 3734: 3684: 3371: 3341: 3165: 3110:) is the abbreviation of the Russian-language cognate of USSR, as written in 3071: 2871: 2685: 2503: 2430: 2410: 2318: 2090: 1838: 1753: 1235: 563: 515: 464: 444: 434: 277: 264: 17906:"Survey shows Ukrainians most negatively regard Stalin, Lenin and Gorbachev" 16133:"Johnson's Russia List #5141 - Why father of glasnost is despised in Russia" 14223:"U.S. Firms Must Trade Short-Term Gains for Long-Term Technology Planning". 13244:

The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives

12755:

Timmermann, Heinz (1985). "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy".

11515: 11189:Конститутион оф тхе Руссиян Федератион: витх комментариес анд интерпретатион 8403:

Orthodox Church, which the revolutionaries considered an ally of the former

7174: 5747:, the Soviet Union's priorities changed. Despite previous conflict with the 5697:, the USSR attempted to form an anti-Nazi alliance with France and Britain. 5369:

The Soviet Union signed legally-binding human rights documents, such as the

4982:. The institutions at lower levels were overseen and at times supplanted by 4489:

The Soviet Union emerged as one of the world's two superpowers, leading the

25221: 24206: 23573: 23467: 23359: 23019: 22393: 22278: 22194: 22063: 21605: 21359: 21242: 20095: 19916: 18949: 18255: 17749:[Nostalgia for the USSR] (in Russian). levada.ru. 19 December 2018. 17685: 17453: 17421: 17348: 17290: 17188: 17043: 16732:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics" 15788: 14106: 13331: 13135: 12343: 11708:

The Organs of Soviet Administration of Justice: Their History and Operation

10675: 10576: 9268: 9219:

Anarchists are also critical of the country, labeling the Soviet system as

9174: 9122: 9082: 9000:

The 1941–1945 period of World War II is still known in Russia as the '

8916: 8756: 8463: 8404: 8348: 8310:

in Leningrad was one of many notable church buildings destroyed during the

8290: 8184: 7873: 7699: 7666: 7648: 7632: 7598: 7546: 7512: 7444: 7410: 7394: 7355: 7339: 7032: 7021: 6963: 6891: 6848: 6794: 6650: 6563: 6436: 6338: 5820: 5803:

is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two

5794: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5736: 5706: 5698: 5668: 5548: 5315: 5280: 5260: 5226:

The judiciary was not independent of the other branches of government. The

4971: 4822:

was one of the places with major problems. Around the industrial cities of

4730: 4653: 4530: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4422: 3913: 3819: 3491: 3186: 3171: 2836: 2767:

in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the

2760: 1562: 1186: 778: 684: 397: 17821:

Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians

17618: 17366: 17333:"Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease" 16818: 16680:

Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping

14884: 13700: 13682: 12450:"Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War" 12038: 8164:

protection and free access to any health institutions in the USSR. Before

7016:, where test dogs were sent to space. On 12 April 1961, the USSR launched 5387: 5322:

as an arm of politics and courts as agencies of the government. Extensive

5096:) played an important role in Soviet politics. It was instrumental in the 4398: 2748:, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a 24416: 24223: 24100: 23866: 23346: 23331: 23175: 22890: 22841: 22811: 22442: 21923: 21908: 21555: 19958: 19920: 19912: 19534: 19518: 19432: 19374: 18808: 17125: 16481:

Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe

15850: 15549:

The Economics of Property Rights: Towards a Theory of Comparative Systems

15510: 14193:

MacFarland, Margo (3 May 1990). "Global Tech Strategies Brought to U.S".

14011: 13377: 12201:

or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."

11923: 11027:

Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika

10114:

Dewdney, John C.; Conquest, Robert; Pipes, Richard E.; McCauley, Martin.

9739: 9255: 9221: 9192:

such as anarchists are extremely critical of Soviet authoritarianism and

9158: 9024:(just as during the Soviet times). Additionally, the recently introduced 8907: 8779: 8651: 8624: 8576: 8396: 7996: 7984: 7796: 7627: 7541: 7187: 6899: 6895: 6828: 6779: 6758: 6607: 6597:

on the USSR was limited by fixed domestic prices and a state monopoly on

6358: 6350: 6334: 6300: 6296: 5804: 5560: 5532: 5421: 5331: 5284: 5159: 5117: 5104:, but was brought under strict party control after Stalin's death. Under 5101: 4855: 4847: 4823: 4785: 4777: 4738: 4585: 4545: 4475: 3990: 3891: 3873: 3851: 3839: 3261: 2969:), meaning 'council', 'assembly', 'advice', ultimately deriving from the 2843: 2831: 2768: 2725: 2709: 2328: 2207: 2058: 2048: 1833: 1707: 752: 722: 18846: 17045:

Russia and the Baltics: Poverty and Poverty Research in a Changing World

12850: 12494:

Expansion and coexistence: the history of Soviet foreign policy, 1917–73

9243:

also have a mixed opinion on the USSR, viewing it negatively during the

8246:

As the most widely spoken of the Soviet Union's many languages, Russian

8139: 7860:

was highly centralized and universally accessible to all citizens, with

6019: 5690:

worked very hard to form a closer relationship with France and Britain.

4854:, which was later confirmed by the Russian parliament. The crash of the 3082:. In addition, in the regional languages of several republics, the word 3021:. Although they were quickly suppressed by the Imperial army, after the 24445: 24105: 24095: 23993: 23443: 23419: 23150: 23009: 22999: 22962: 22895: 22870: 21433: 19948: 19268: 18641: 17103:

Challenging Late Capitalism, Neoliberal Globalization, & Militarism

16871: 16345: 15473: 14962: 14623: 14432: 13558: 12825:

British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918–1924

12810: 11598: 11555: 9258: 9106: 8978: 8970: 8929: 8388: 8372: 8195: 7948: 7940: 7682: 7218: 7092: 7036: 7025: 7009: 6916: 6903: 6726: 6558:

and enacting draconian labor legislation. Resources were mobilized for

6534: 5970: 5844: 5641: 5363: 5097: 5085:. While the state system was nominally federal, the party was unitary. 4931: 4912:(CPSU), the only legal party and the final policymaker in the country. 4629: 4502: 4408: 3632: 3038: 2847: 2800: 2749: 2610: 2232: 1907: 1748: 1675: 1590: 1548: 1520: 1506: 1492: 409: 23479: 19279: 19239: 19012:

Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence

18258:(October 1995). "Preface, and Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". 17489:"Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 17185:

Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index

15055: 14934: 14007:

Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index

13747: 13203: 12908:

St.Petersburg and Moscow: Czarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

12368:"Regional Perspectives on Human Rights: The USSR and Russia, Part One" 10846: 9155:, turning into a corrupt state in which the elite controlled society. 7907: 6453: 5008: 2994:

means 'councillor'. Some organizations in Russian history were called

2891:

many significant social and technological achievements and innovations

2053: 24090: 23988: 23978: 23697: 23388: 22910: 22826: 22801: 22796: 22432: 22295: 21464: 21395: 20168: 20163: 19985: 19878: 19708: 19369: 19273: 19016: 18763: 18740: 18669: 18574: 17385:

Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism

16964:

Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism

16810: 16172:

A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer

15626:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 12984:

How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938–1939

12591: 12489: 12070:

A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev

10656: 10572:"Radiation high over Europe after Chernobyl disaster – archive, 1986" 9287: 9201: 9193: 9102: 8901: 7992: 7976: 7972: 7956: 7912: 7715: 7462: 7145: 7040: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6920: 6887: 6876: 6871: 6839: 6685: 6602: 6543: 6330: 5808: 5659:

was used to describe capitalist society in general and virtually any

5567: 5239: 4657: 4589: 4556:

in August 1991 against Gorbachev by hardline communists hastened the

4506: 4103: 3823: 3638: 2804: 2776: 2303: 1809: 1670: 1386: 1373: 18139: 17454:"Russian Demographics: The Role of the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 16862: 16843: 15701: 14505: 12802: 8551: 4596: 4529:, was marked by economic decline, political corruption, and a rigid 3150:

at the latest, abbreviating the Russian name of the Soviet Union as

2850:

movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to

24013: 24003: 23899: 23728: 21625: 20158: 19703: 19437: 19397: 19166:. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. 18469: 17766: 17281: 17264: 16387:

Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR

16379: 16377: 15047: 14954: 14546: 14544: 14176:

Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society

10722: 10411: 10240: 9542:

was signed by the remaining 11 of 12 republics on 21 December 1991.

9262: 9161:

believe that the ascendancy of the Stalinist bureaucracy ensured a

8950: 8630: 8611: 8533: 8462:

religious faith after the German invasion, churches were reopened.

8392: 8384: 7936: 7878: 7743: 7457: 7379: 7121: 7096: 7017: 6986: 6756:

attempted to reform and revitalize the economy with his program of

6292: 5985: 5774: 5768: 4851: 4677: 4613: 4608: 4541: 4498: 4426: 4120: 4024: 3847: 3670: 3290: 3190: 3162:

as a Russian Cyrillic abbreviation is associated with the infamous

2825: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2756: 2741: 2202: 1897: 1230: 1190: 783: 242: 24028: 17523:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

16477: 12871:

Burdens of a dictatorial past – challenges of a democratic present

11808:

History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century

11472: 11147:

History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century

10062: 8830: 8355:

had the highest number of adherents among the religious citizens.

6621: 5263:

in the Soviet Union were severely limited. The Soviet Union was a

24568:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

24450: 23693:

Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

23558: 23429: 22848: 22821: 22759: 22478: 22437: 21938: 20050: 19554: 17233:

Alexander, Catharine; Buchil, Victor; Humphrey, Caroline (2007).

16426: 15408:"The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union" 13178:"October 30, 1961 – The Tsar Bomba: CTBTO Preparatory Commission" 10547: 9699: 9556:

Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

9114: 9074: 8966: 8912: 8547:

The 'Enthusiast's March', a 1930s song famous in the Soviet Union

8479: 8411: 8322: 8256: 8235: 8143:

An early Soviet-era poster discouraging unsafe abortion practices

7923: 7731: 7710:

For the entirety of its existence, the most populous cities were

7609: 7525: 7439: 7350: 7053: 6712: 6638: 6590: 6586: 6569: 6317: 5672: 5671:

political, labor, and organizational forces that were opposed to

5507: 5391: 4983: 4827: 4722: 4633: 4509:

around the globe. The post-Stalin leadership, particularly under

3855: 2590: 1534: 1478: 1464: 1450: 1418: 459: 16374: 14556: 14541: 14529: 14517: 14446:

Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998).

12115:"Inquisitorial procedure (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 11305: 10942:"The Terrifying History of Russia's Nuclear Submarine Graveyard" 10930:|access-date=19 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post}} 8568:

who was shot for alleged conspiracy against the Bolsheviks, and

6811: 5731:

controlled all foreign relations of the Soviet Union during the

5597: 4455:

were marked by the implementation of socialist policies and the

25528:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

24059: 23998: 22247: 21714: 21506: 20471: 15702:

Chapter 2, par. "Nations and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe"

13479: 13017:"The Evolution of Stalin's Foreign Policy during World War Two" 12047: 9719: 9695: 9694:

As of 1989, the countries that bordered the Soviet Union were:

9604:[sɐˈjussɐˈvʲetskʲɪxsətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskʲɪxrʲɪˈspublʲɪk] 9342:

For names of the Soviet Union in other official languages, see

9240: 9021: 8664: 8341:

Major religious groups in the Soviet Union as published by the

8302: 7983:

ethnic groups were considered part of larger ones, such as the

7968: 7944: 7927: 7833: 7711: 7677: 7473: 7405: 7334: 7316: 6774:, and third during the second half of the 1980s, although on a 6322: 5676: 5074: 4831: 4754: 4742: 4688: 4684: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4637: 4621: 2875: 2874:, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the 2646: 1576: 1404: 1359: 256: 16581:"The Role of Sports in the Soviet Union | Guided History" 14897: 14269:"Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space" 8985:, who ruled the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, while viewing 8441:, but a 'government-sponsored program of forced conversion to 7116:

Transport was a vital component of the country's economy. The

5885:(SFSRs), all four being the founding republics who signed the 5302:

The Soviet conception of human rights was very different from

4552:, and the control of the Communist Party weakened. The failed 4447:, the Soviet Union quickly became a one-party state under the 2740:, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the 2696:

that led to significant economic growth, but contributed to a

23792: 21928: 21898: 20509: 19973: 19851: 19063:

A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin

18635:"The Soviet Economic Decline, Historical and Republican Data" 18049:

Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine

17850:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says" 17306:"Non-communicable Diseases and Former Soviet Union countries" 16420: 16383: 15804:"Dentistry in Russia is finally leaving the Dark Ages behind" 15506:

Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era

15267:

Daniela, Linda; Rubene, Zanda; Medne, Dace (23 August 2016).

15024:

Harris, Chauncy D. (1945). "The Cities of the Soviet Union".

14710: 13707: 13646: 13088:

Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law

11476:

Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law

11101: 10082: 10080: 9735: 9401:

and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (then the

9177:

that rose to power under Stalin's tutelage presided over the

8692:

Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

8684: 8368: 8352: 8330: 7960: 7751: 7643: 7575: 7559: 6702: 6585:

By the early 1940s, the Soviet economy had become relatively

5411: 5330:. The Soviet government in practice significantly curbed the 5246:, and defence attorney collaborate to "establish the truth". 4706: 4665: 4439:

The history of the Soviet Union began with the ideals of the

3835: 3321: 2705: 16703: 16017:

Silvio Ferrari; W. Cole Durham; Elizabeth A. Sewell (2003).

15152:"From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution" 14906:. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. p. 95. 13480:"Raskhody na oboronu i chislennost' vooruzhennykh sil SSSR" 12510:

The Communist Revolution: An Outline of Strategy and Tactics

10325:"Study Says Pollution in Arctic Could Originate From Soviet" 9399:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

9229:

after an initial alliance, the suppression of the anarchist

9135:

Criticism of communist party rule § Left-wing criticism

9097:

in Donetsk, 2014. The red banner reads, "Our homeland USSR".

9017:, and of a sense of self as citizen of a superpower state". 9008:

suffered by the military and civilians during the conflict,

6705:(the rate of capital increase was only surpassed by Japan). 6413:(ICBMs), deployed between 28 bases and 300 command centers. 5807:, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as 5667:

program that called on all Marxist parties to join with all

5366:... but to substantiate it and legitimize it in principle". 4946:

and Conferences. In turn, the Central Committee voted for a

22905: 21913: 21837: 21779: 20085: 19861: 19108: 17731: 15588: 15303:

Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934

14611:ДОРОГИ И ДВИЖЕНИЕ В СССР И ЦАРСКОЙ РОССИИ: ЧТО БЫ ПЕРЕНЯТЬ? 14423: 13967: 13931: 13838:"Human Development Report 1990 | Human Development Reports" 13800: 13764: 12998:

The Foreign Policy Of Soviet Russia (1929–1941), Volume Two

12943:

The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939

11353:

Soviet Union to Commonwealth: Transformation and Challenges

9774: 9723: 8616: 7780: 7735: 7723: 7507: 7491: 7423: 7369: 6370: 6369:. The OGPU later became independent and in 1934 joined the 5552: 4781: 4641: 2764: 21233: 18107:"The Immortal Regiment: the pride and prejudice of Russia" 17417:"Latvia provides no magic solution for indebted economies" 16430:

Religion, morality, and community in post-Soviet societies

14849:"Life Expectancy and Mortality Data from the Soviet Union" 14819:

Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union

13896: 13860: 10438:

Shahgedanova, Maria; Burt, Timothy P. (1 September 1994).

10077: 2708:

was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the

20745:

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union

20070: 19890: 18077: 14483: 14481: 11516:

White, Stephen; J. Gill, Graeme; Slider, Darrell (1993).

10874: 9976:, Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 ( 8771: 8622:

In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of

8359:

predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional

8342: 7066: 6610:. A portion of Soviet resources during the Cold War were 5319: 5089: 4797: 1247: 14831: 11520:

The Politics of Transition: Shaping a post-Soviet Future

10113: 8675:, winning eight gold medals, two silvers and one bronze. 8317: 8181:

19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

7000:

At the end of the 1950s, the USSR constructed the first

4691:, measuring over 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), or 2981: 18514:

Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985).

18019:

The Geopolitics of History in Latvian-Russian Relations

17232: 14624:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (8 June 2023).

14449:

Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century

14172:"Fallen Behind: Science, Technology and Soviet Statism" 14040: 12694: 12294:

Economic and Social Justice: A Human Rights Perspective

12066: 10407:"The Grim Pollution Picture in the Former Soviet Union" 10092: 9196:. Much of the criticism it receives is centered around 8738:

between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any

6397:

and submarines. In 1989, there served 500 000 men. The

5593:

International relations (1919–1939) § Soviet Union

5170:

Between 1988 and 1990, facing considerable opposition,

4768:

The country's highest mountain was Communism Peak (now

4501:. This period saw the USSR engage in an arms race, the 2835:. In late 1980s and early 1990s, most countries in the 2823:, sought to reform the country through his policies of 18465:"Noam Chomsky on Anarchism, Communism and Revolutions" 17072:"An epidemic of street kids overwhelms Russian cities" 16257:

Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West

16091:

Always Reforming: A History of Christianity Since 1300

15972: 15869: 15669:"Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union" 14788: 14587:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

14493: 14478: 13908: 13884: 13872: 13545:

Bergson, Abram (1997). "How Big was the Soviet GDP?".

13456:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

13326: 12631:

Communism in Transition: The End of the Soviet Empires

12562:

Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies

12542:

Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

10751:"Russians describe extensive dumping of nuclear waste" 10440:"New data on air pollution in the former Soviet Union" 9375:

had the right to declare their own regional languages.

7991:, who were classified with the linguistically related 5785:

and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the

5723:

Diplomatic history of World War II § Soviet Union

2724:. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the 23090:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

22722: 18005: 17819:

Rose, Richard; Mishler, William; Munro, Neil (2011).

17600:

Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism

17458:

Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences

16058: 16056: 16054: 16052: 15917: 15905: 15893: 14836:. Vol. 29. Population Studies. pp. 861–898. 13482:Расходы на оборону и численность вооруженных сил СССР 12540:"Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study, 12529:

The Comintern: The History of the Third International

12144:"totalitarianism | Definition, Examples, & Facts" 10184: 9664: 9637: 9593: 7070:

orbital station. It was built on the construction of

5963:

not recognized by most of the international community

3130:

in English. In addition, the Russian short form name

3065: 2720:

in the largest land invasion in history, opening the

1871:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

66: 23959:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

23287: 21425: 18495:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

18021:. Riga: Academic Press of the University of Latvia. 17880:"Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup" 16321: 16319: 16317: 15881: 15636: 14816: 14721:

Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union

14431:. NASA. January 1997. IS-1997-06-004JSC – via 8981:

respondents had a positive opinion of Soviet leader

5371:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4407:, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the 2664:. The revolution was not accepted by all within the 2593:

from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the

992:

22,402,200 km (8,649,500 sq mi) (

16341:

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

16331: 16159:

The Russian Orthodox Church under the Soviet Regime

14716: 13613:

The Strange Death of Soviet communism: A Postscript

12109: 9208:as well as violence towards government critics and 8638:throughout the country in the media and the press. 8598:'s works. Many writers were imprisoned and killed. 7703:

Largest cities of the USSR close to its dissolution

7051:, flew in 1988, but without a human crew. Another, 6815:Soviet stamp depicting the 30th anniversary of the 5578:insisted on an independent program. Its newspaper, 4896:

Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

4807:in 1986 was the first major accident at a civilian 23062:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 18899: 18782: 18543: 17719: 16766:"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II" 16088: 16049: 15974: 15442:"More migrants please, especially the clever ones" 15266: 15187:"Why the Former USSR Has Far Fewer Men than Women" 14718: 14685: 12664: 12628: 11884: 11850: 11846: 11844: 11599:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). 11556:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). 11517: 11395:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower 11307: 11024: 10822: 10635: 8260:status as the official national language in 1990. 8123:Comparative Soviet Nationalities by Republic, 1989 7884: 6838:network of 82,000 kilometres (51,000 mi) for 6428:(1968). The Soviet Union also participated in the 4459:(NEP), which allowed for market-oriented reforms. 2974: 2044:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 23614:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 23166:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 18880: 17723: 16574: 16572: 16314: 16080: 15938:ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24 April 1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР 15666: 14932: 13409: 13407: 13405: 13403: 12873:] (in German). LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. 11856:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3: Statesman 9047: 8683:as a sports organization of Soviet secret police 6614:to the Soviet-aligned states. The Soviet Union's 6393:, it expanded significantly. It became known for 5997:Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991 5490:Moscow State Institute of International Relations 5111: 2617:, the largest and most populous of which was the 25459: 23509:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 20159:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 18904:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 157–183. 18823: 18666:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 18581: 18513: 18121:"U.S. & Russian Holidays in 2022 & 2023" 17936:"What Should Russia be in the View of Russians?" 17818: 17715: 17517: 16337: 16086: 16068: 14904:Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s 14562: 14550: 14535: 14523: 14511: 13606: 13204:"Принят закон "О всеобщей воинской обязанности"" 12579: 12577: 12575: 11995: 11704: 10437: 9571:Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards. 9450:As General Secretary of the Communist Party and 9125:have in a general a positive remembrance of it. 8679:In summer of 1923 in Moscow was established the 7730:). At its inception, the Top 5 was completed by 4705:circumferences of Earth. Two-thirds of it was a 4241: 3934: 2889:During its existence, the Soviet Union produced 18625: 18503:Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union 17160:. Transparency International. 3 December 2014. 16772:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 138. 15760: 15372: 15220: 14933:Clayton, Elizabeth; Richardson, Thomas (1989). 14387: 14385: 13713: 13652: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13220:, University of California Press (1990), p. 131 13121: 12441: 11841: 11801: 11737: 11391: 11224: 11192:. Brunswick Publishing Corp. 1994. p. 82. 11140: 9988: 9986: 9772: 9742:to the southeast. The Soviet Union also shared 9487:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 9250:After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the 8367:. About 90% of the Soviet Union's Muslims were 6898:. The Soviet government opposed and persecuted 6589:; for most of the period until the creation of 5539:alliance formed in 1955 among the USSR and its 4976:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 2903:largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world 68:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik 18885:. Wydawnictwo "Bernardinum. pp. 134–143. 18499:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 18006:Ločmele, K.; Procevska, O.; Zelče, V. (2011). 17973:"Why do so many people miss the Soviet Union?" 17584:, 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 16569: 16459: 16023:. Peeters Pub & Booksellers. p. 261. 15436: 15402: 14916: 13579: 13544: 13400: 11952: 11916: 11882: 11662: 11310:The Theory, Law, and Policy of Soviet Treaties 9906: 9862: 9828: 9822: 9595:Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik 8648:Voluntary Sports Societies of the Soviet Union 8075:Ethnic composition of the Soviet Union in 1949 7979:and 4.1% were of other various ethnic groups. 7064:In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union built the 6797:, and the 25th in the world of 130 countries. 6697:after 1970, the growth, while still positive, 6345:Under the Military Law of September 1925, the 5580:For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy! 5510:, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( 4950:(called the Presidium between 1952 and 1966), 2795:. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded 25478:States and territories disestablished in 1991 24044: 23822:Election denial movement in the United States 22708: 22263: 21449: 21219: 20729: 20495: 19295: 18902:Poverty, Politics and the Poverty of Politics 17411: 16478:McKay, George; Williams, Christopher (2009). 16384:Nahaylo, Bohdan & Victor Swoboda (1990). 15968: 15966: 15964: 15832: 14644: 13287:The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953 12572: 11349: 11022: 10983: 10636:Baverstock, Keith; Williams, Dillwyn (2006). 10293:"The Former Soviet Union: Physical Geography" 10236:"How Soviet pollution destroyed the Aral Sea" 9652: 9625: 9581: 9151:generally view the USSR as failing to create 8099:Map of the ethnic groups living in USSR, 1970 7178:Population of the Soviet Union (red) and the 5586: 5519: 5488:(1909–1989). Intellectuals were based in the 4368: 3157: 3151: 3137: 3131: 3121: 3115: 3101: 3053: 2960: 2755:Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the 2554: 1006:2,767,198 km (1,068,421 sq mi) 183: 146: 124: 60: 19164:Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution 19087:Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R 18462: 17967: 17965: 17963: 17961: 17330: 16997: 16995: 16993: 16900:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16427:Mark D. Steinberg; Catherine Wanner (2008). 16247: 16010: 15766: 15017: 14753:War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century 14382: 13223: 12676: 10056: 10054: 9983: 9949:"Language Policy in the former Soviet Union" 9812: 9441:As General Secretary of the Communist Party. 7864:for applicants from nations associated with 3163: 3078:and did not change to the other order until 23042: 20472:Administrative division of the Soviet Union 18908: 18517:Soviet and East European Transport Problems 16471: 15833:Ferber, Irwin; Bedrick, Anthony E. (1979). 15502: 14749: 14651:. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. 13494: 13492: 13085:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993). 12923:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 52–53. 12733: 12411:Teoria dowodów sądowych w prawie radzieckim 12273:Boston University International Law Journal 12049:УКАЗ: ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ О МИНИСТЕРСТВЕ ЮСТИЦИИ СССР 11473:Joseph Marie Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1993). 11306:F. Triska, Jan; Slusser, Robert M. (1962). 11062: 10607:"Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident" 10086: 9892: 9467:and de facto President of the Soviet Union. 9355:The original lyrics used from 1944 to 1956 9283:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991) 8660:Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team 7258:Largest cities or towns in the Soviet Union 7061:, which is the most powerful in the world. 6333:in Europe when NATO responded by deploying 5850: 5843:and technological competitions such as the 5712: 2783:, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of 25473:States and territories established in 1922 24051: 24037: 23494:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 22715: 22701: 22270: 22256: 21456: 21442: 21226: 21212: 20736: 20722: 20502: 20488: 19302: 19288: 19205: 19131: 18191: 16723: 15961: 15539: 15472: 14997:Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 14802:] (in Russian). Vol. 24. Moscow: 14756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. 14192: 13927: 13925: 13923: 13725: 13527: 13525: 13084: 12754: 12620: 12217:. Springer. 19 November 2013. p. 65. 11356:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 81. 11263: 10488:"Chernobyl disaster facts and information" 10214: 9432:As First Secretary of the Communist Party. 9109:have a negative view of the Soviet Union. 8833:. Please do not remove this message until 8742:(IIHF) tournament in which they competed. 8087:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970 8063:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1941 6882:The Soviet Union placed great emphasis on 6861:Science and technology in the Soviet Union 6819:, published in 1987, a year following the 5464:. Operations were handled by the separate 4938:At the top of the Communist Party was the 4885: 4375: 4361: 3200:. This name is still commonly used today. 2633:with overwhelming Russian influence. As a 2561: 2547: 19184:The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union 18845: 18663: 18211: 18166: 17958: 17639: 17356: 17331:Wharton, Melinda; Vitek, Charles (1998). 17280: 17247: 16990: 16861: 16683:. University of Texas Press. p. 66. 16020:Law and religion in post-communist Europe 15801: 15273:European Educational Research Association 14874: 13690: 12407: 12326: 12324: 12322: 11387: 11385: 11108:. Harvard University Press. p. 486. 11069:. Princeton University Press. p. 5. 10974:. 2nd ed. London – N.Y.: Routledge, 1998. 10870:"Russia's 'slow-motion Chernobyl' at sea" 10665: 10655: 10366:"The Union of Soviet Socialist Pollution" 10051: 9583:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 9465:State Committee on the State of Emergency 8853:Learn how and when to remove this message 8755:, after another Eastern bloc nation, the 8555:Soviet singer-songwriter, poet and actor 7895:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 7779:, the first woman in space, visiting the 6854: 6729:data, the Soviet model provided a better 5929:being elevated to Union Republics, while 5684:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 5410:1974 for friendship between the USSR and 4958:(First Secretary from 1953 to 1966), the 3067:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Respublik Evropy i Azii 3043:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic 62:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 23847:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 22414:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 21463: 18938: 18854: 18194:"'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union" 17847: 17741: 17739: 17451: 17262: 17150: 17001: 16642: 16609: 16537: 15835:"Dental survey of 620 Soviet immigrants" 15545: 14993: 14989: 14987: 14939:Economic Development and Cultural Change 13664: 13489: 13283: 13218:Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921 13015:Strachan, Frederick (23 November 2011). 13014: 12857: 12583: 12269: 11228:The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party 11102:Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979). 10966: 10964: 10404: 10098: 9414:As chairman of the Council of Ministers. 9128: 9088: 9065: 8906: 8864: 8829:Relevant discussion may be found on the 8720:six of its nine appearances at the games 8663: 8550: 8537: 8336: 8316: 8301: 8289: 8273: 8138: 7918: 7906: 7813: 7771: 7698: 7173: 7102: 7091: 6985: 6957: 6870: 6810: 6707: 6679: 6620: 6568: 6452: 6430:war in Afghanistan between 1979 and 1989 6316: 5596: 5443: 5416: 5401: 5386: 5121: 5007: 4925: 4652:to the south, and, except some areas in 4607: 4595: 4579: 2925:), military and economic strengths, and 1036: 24704:Collective Security Treaty Organization 23646:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 19309: 19057: 19033: 18992: 18780: 18686: 18613: 18325: 18278:from the original on 17 December 2002. 18137: 18125:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia 18040: 17814: 17812: 17810: 17791:. Moscow. 20 March 2020. Archived from 17727: 17711: 17593: 17415:; Sommers, Jeffrey (20 December 2010). 17379: 16956: 16938:"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe" 16892: 16670: 16433:. Indiana University Press. p. 6. 16305: 16253: 15062: 14683: 14574: 14391: 14207: 13920: 13522: 13443: 13240: 12863: 12788: 12534: 11956:The Naval Institute Guide to the Soviet 11781:"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". 11642:"The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era". 10715: 10688: 10569: 10363: 10218: 10210: 10202: 10190: 8298:in Moscow during its demolition in 1931 8111:Ethnic Groups in the Soviet Union, 1979 5758: 5739:'s war machine and the outbreak of the 5154:, did not limit state power. No formal 3185:a multinational federal state, but the 14: 25460: 23773:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 23564:Soviet influence on the peace movement 23161:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 22518:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 21235:Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union 19328:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 19180: 18918:A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism 18538: 18254: 18046: 17201: 16844:"The USSR: Oligarchy or Dictatorship?" 16841: 16804: 16763: 16528:by Donald Rayfield, 2004, Random House 15923: 15911: 15899: 15887: 15875: 15654: 15642: 15023: 14677: 14499: 14487: 14210:Business Journal of the Treasure Coast 14088:from the original on 15 September 2017 13914: 13902: 13890: 13878: 13866: 13388:from the original on 27 September 2006 13320: 12995: 12836: 12506: 12447: 12416:Theory of Court Evidence in Soviet Law 12319: 12290: 12284: 11524:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11416:from the original on 10 September 2015 11382: 10895: 10789: 10716:Lavelle, Marianne (10 December 2021). 10166:"The causes of the October Revolution" 10109: 10107: 10027:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 9293:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 8445:' was conducted under the doctrine of 7761: 6843:relied on fossil fuel exports to earn 6556:forced collectivization of agriculture 5889:in December 1922. In 1924, during the 5861:Soviet republic (system of government) 3156:has been taboo, the reason being that 3055:Союз Советских Республик Европы и Азии 2895:had the world's second-largest economy 2096:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1686:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 24262:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 24032: 23920: 23498:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 23286: 23199: 23107: 23041: 22738: 22696: 22484:1949 East German State Railway strike 22456:World Federation of Democratic Youth 22251: 21437: 21424: 21207: 20717: 20483: 20470: 19283: 19161: 19083: 18860:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 18807: 18568: 18291: 17886:from the original on 11 November 2020 17736: 17303: 17250:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian 17182: 16217:from the original on 16 February 2019 16074: 16062: 15724: 15149: 14984: 14926: 14770:from the original on 4 September 2015 14750:Winter, Jay; Sivan, Emmanuel (2000). 14466:from the original on 16 November 2020 14392:Harland, David M. (28 January 2020). 14370:from the original on 27 November 2021 14340:from the original on 23 December 2021 14310:from the original on 25 February 2021 14279:from the original on 23 November 2021 14249:from the original on 27 November 2021 14070: 14003: 13131:The Great Big Book of Horrible Things 13127: 13045: 13027:from the original on 13 February 2022 12700: 12670: 12626: 12559: 12330: 12124:from the original on 22 December 2010 12020:from the original on 4 September 2015 11999:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 11977:from the original on 4 September 2015 11270:Leadership change in Communist states 10961: 10939: 10908:from the original on 19 November 2023 10771:from the original on 19 November 2023 10748: 10617:from the original on 25 February 2018 10405:Sahakyan, Armine (19 February 2016). 10345:from the original on 19 November 2023 10222: 10206: 10060: 9673: 9602: 8728:Soviet Union national ice hockey team 8587:'s best work dates from this period. 7821:at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR 7722:), with the third far place taken by 7160:was one of the largest in the world. 5941:was formed from parts of Ukraine and 5755:dropped his post war border demands. 5735:. Despite the increasing build-up of 5460:, or by the party's highest body the 5383:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 5287:, independent churches or opposition 2840:overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes 2817:first probe to land on another planet 1998:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 25401:Unified Sports Classification System 22355:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 19008: 18966: 18732: 18707: 18463:Polychroniou, C. J. (17 July 2016). 18384:from the original on 31 January 2016 18352:from the original on 5 November 2020 18167:Zinchenko, A. V. (26 October 2003). 17916:from the original on 8 November 2020 17807: 17781: 17760:Maza, Christina (19 December 2018). 17759: 17693:from the original on 28 January 2021 17429:from the original on 25 October 2017 17312:from the original on 11 October 2016 17164:from the original on 2 December 2015 17138:from the original on 8 December 2015 17100: 17052:from the original on 23 January 2017 16893:Tetlock, Philip E. (December 1985). 16786:from the original on 2 February 2021 16729: 16676: 16612:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro" 16591:from the original on 22 October 2014 16465: 16325: 16143:on 20 January 2012 – via CDI. 16130: 15754: 15742: 15730: 15582: 15454:from the original on 4 February 2012 15418:from the original on 7 December 2015 15279:from the original on 13 October 2017 14917:Krimins, Juris (3–7 December 1990). 14846: 14782: 14725:. Harvard University Press. p. 14692:. Harvard University Press. p. 14404:from the original on 1 February 2021 14169: 13961: 13848:from the original on 19 October 2016 13782:from the original on 9 November 2015 12939: 12488: 10867: 10386:from the original on 15 January 2024 10290: 10158: 10039:from the original on 7 February 2019 10030:United Nations Development Programme 8803: 7008:, which marked the beginning of the 6313:Military history of the Soviet Union 5521:Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi 5376: 4904:, the government represented by the 4521:. However, the subsequent era under 2656:of 1917. The new government, led by 2652:The Soviet Union's roots lay in the 126:Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! 27:Country spanning Eurasia (1922–1991) 25523:Historical transcontinental empires 24058: 23768:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 22978:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 19260:Wikimedia Atlas of the Soviet Union 18785:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police 18757: 18434:"JCP struggling to become relevant" 18236:from the original on 18 August 2021 18144:(thesis/docmono). Lund University. 17860:from the original on 3 October 2020 17158:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014" 17082:from the original on 28 August 2016 17041: 16807:A Short History Of Soviet Socialism 16730:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). 16191:from the original on 2 January 2019 15667:Hosking, Geoffrey (13 March 2006). 15606:from the original on 4 October 2010 15333: 15235: 15184: 14832:Vallin, J.; Chesnais, J.C. (1970). 14297: 14052:Library of Congress Country Studies 13818:from the original on 19 August 2010 13634:from the original on 19 August 2020 13504:Library of Congress Country Studies 13419:Library of Congress Country Studies 12608:from the original on 1 January 2016 12056:from the original on 25 April 2013. 11928:Library of Congress Country Studies 11860:Pennsylvania State University Press 11602:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era 11559:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era 11440:. Ardent Media. 2001. p. 441. 10749:Broad, William J. (27 April 1993). 10104: 10012: 8740:International Ice Hockey Federation 8681:Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo" 8671:represented the Soviet Union at 11 8483:from 1,500 to 500 within a decade. 7742:), but, by the end of the century, 6411:intercontinental ballistic missiles 6309:Lists of Heroes of the Soviet Union 5901:were formed from parts of Russia's 5458:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4922:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4910:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2819:. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, 2645:. Its capital and largest city was 2639:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2575:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 55:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 24: 24699:Commonwealth of Independent States 23239:Misinformation related to abortion 22577:Sovietization of the Baltic states 18995:Socioeconomic inequality in Russia 18689:Social Policy & Administration 18621:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 18192:Howard, M. C.; King, J.E. (2001). 18148:from the original on 24 April 2022 18138:Dietsch, Johan (26 October 2006). 17535:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 17486: 17468:from the original on 6 August 2016 16919:from the original on 24 April 2022 16842:Wesson, Robert G. (26 June 1972). 16835: 16805:Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003). 16578: 16274:from the original on 14 March 2017 15857:from the original on 24 April 2022 15340:. Ardent Media. pp. 300–301. 15199:from the original on 28 March 2019 15150:Figes, Orlando (25 October 2017). 15079:. 19 February 2018. Archived from 15003:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 14688:Russia and the Russians: a history 14136: 13358:from the original on 21 March 2021 13308:from the original on 21 March 2021 13184:from the original on 19 March 2016 13052:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 21. 10990:. Ardent Media. pp. 193–194. 10896:Tiwari, Sakshi (10 October 2023). 10364:Mathews, Jessica (22 March 1991). 10271:"Russia" – Encyclopædia Britannica 10255: 9959:. 19 November 2002. Archived from 9344:Official names of the Soviet Union 9095:Ukrainian decommunization policies 8437:The Soviet Union was officially a 8039:Ethnographic map of the USSR, 1930 7783:confectionery, Ukrainian SSR, 1967 6875:Soviet stamp showing the orbit of 6817:International Atomic Energy Agency 6581:power stations in the Soviet Union 5887:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 5209: 5196:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 5194:and controlling the newly elected 5018:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 4915: 4902:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 4248: 3126:) which essentially translates to 2939:Official names of the Soviet Union 2897:and largest standing military. An 2609:. It was nominally organized as a 2218:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 1764:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 305:Recognised regional languages 25: 25539: 23456:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 23069:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 22448:World Federation of Trade Unions 19248: 18651:from the original on 1 March 2011 18546:The Languages of the Soviet Union 17946:from the original on 5 March 2022 17571:Privatisation 'raised death rate' 17521:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 16447:from the original on 17 June 2020 16037:from the original on 22 June 2020 15814:from the original on 5 April 2021 15570:from the original on 17 June 2020 15484:from the original on 16 June 2017 14665:from the original on 17 June 2020 14426:NASA FACTS/Russian Space Stations 14330:"The Soviet Manned Lunar Program" 13671:American Journal of Public Health 13425:from the original on 9 March 2017 12964:from the original on 17 June 2020 12336:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime 11934:from the original on 23 June 2011 10643:Environmental Health Perspectives 10000:from the original on 12 June 2018 8702:formed on 21 April 1951, and the 8530:Printed media in the Soviet Union 8496:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 7795:By 1917, Russia became the first 7078:atmosphere where it burned down. 6915:. The Soviet Union also had more 6807:Energy policy of the Soviet Union 6764:reduced petroleum export revenues 6722:American Journal of Public Health 6363:Joint State Political Directorate 5905:and two Soviet dependencies, the 5204:State Council of the Soviet Union 4262: 2980:('to inform'), related to Slavic 25508:Former countries in Central Asia 24009:United States Information Agency 23288:Operations and events by country 22665:January 1991 events in Lithuania 22323:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 22277: 21426:Articles related to Soviet Union 20451: 20450: 20438: 19254: 18736:Soviet Society under Perestroika 18701:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00834.x 18456: 18426: 18396: 18364: 18319: 18285: 18248: 18185: 18160: 18131: 18113: 18099: 18085: 18065: 18028:from the original on 2 July 2021 17999: 17985: 17928: 17898: 17872: 17848:Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). 17841: 17753: 17705: 17673: 17633: 17587: 17564: 17551: 17511: 17480: 17445: 17405: 17373: 17324: 17297: 17256: 17241: 17226: 17195: 17176: 17118: 17109: 17094: 17064: 17035: 16950: 16931: 16886: 16798: 16757: 16697: 16622: 16610:Washburn, J. 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(16 July 2009). 14291: 14261: 14231: 14216: 14201: 14186: 14163: 14151:from the original on 28 May 2021 14130: 14100: 14028:from the original on 12 May 2015 13997: 13830: 13794: 13758: 13719: 13658: 13600: 13573: 13538: 13472: 13437: 13370: 13277: 13265:from the original on 12 May 2015 13210: 13196: 13170: 13161: 13152: 13109:from the original on 12 May 2015 13078: 13066:from the original on 12 May 2015 13039: 13008: 12989: 12976: 12933: 12913: 12900: 12887: 12830: 12817: 12782: 12769: 12758:Studies in Comparative Communism 12748: 12727: 12706: 12553: 12521: 12500: 12482: 12401: 12378: 12360: 12091:from the original on 12 May 2015 12067:Vincent Daniels, Robert (1993). 11829:from the original on 11 May 2011 11762:from the original on 12 May 2015 11741:Lenin and the Russian Revolution 11719:from the original on 12 May 2015 11686:from the original on 12 May 2015 11623:from the original on 12 May 2015 11580:from the original on 12 May 2015 11497:from the original on 12 May 2015 11454:from the original on 12 May 2015 11370:from the original on 12 May 2015 11287:from the original on 12 May 2015 11245:from the original on 12 May 2015 11206:from the original on 12 May 2015 11168:from the original on 11 May 2011 11122:from the original on 12 May 2015 11105:How the Soviet Union is Governed 11083:from the original on 12 May 2015 11066:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant 11004:from the original on 12 May 2015 10689:Kireeva, Anna (4 January 2021). 10067:. In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). 8808: 8766:According to British journalist 8526:Broadcasting in the Soviet Union 8308:Saviour Church on Sennaya Square 8150:People's Commissariat for Health 8116: 8104: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8044: 8032: 7868:. However, as part of a general 7373: 7363: 7320: 7310: 7170:Demographics of the Soviet Union 6943: 6834:In 1991, the Soviet Union had a 6265: 6247: 6229: 6211: 6193: 6175: 6157: 6139: 6121: 6103: 6085: 6067: 6049: 6031: 6018: 6006: 5961:and turned into SSRs, which was 5877:(SSRs), or federations, such as 5857:Subdivisions of the Soviet Union 5516:Совет Экономической Взаимопомощи 5256:Human rights in the Soviet Union 5185:Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR 4616:. (See status in 1989 and 2014.) 4415: 4397: 4344: 3238: 2905:. As an Allied nation, it was a 2797:its efforts in space exploration 2530: 2282:End of communist rule in Hungary 2228:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 1654: 1609: 1595: 1581: 1567: 1553: 1539: 1525: 1511: 1497: 1483: 1469: 1455: 1441: 1423: 1409: 1395: 1366: 1352: 1334: 1320: 1306: 1292: 1274: 1035: 235: 195: 191:State Anthem of the Soviet Union 157: 102: 86: 23609:Information war against Ukraine 23156:International Jewish conspiracy 23124:Congo Free State propaganda war 22389:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 18488: 16710:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 16308:A Short History of Christianity 16131:York, Geoffrey (9 March 2001). 15973:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004). 15945:. 24 April 1990. Archived from 15681:from the original on 1 May 2011 15554:Springer Science+Business Media 14170:Chan, Chi Ling (11 June 2015). 13937:"Soviet Union – Communications" 13665:Cereseto, Shirley (June 1986). 12263: 12234: 12207: 12192: 12161: 12136: 12103: 12075:University Press of New England 12060: 12032: 11989: 11946: 11887:A–Z of modern Europe since 1789 11876: 11795: 11774: 11731: 11698: 11656: 11635: 11592: 11549: 11509: 11466: 11428: 11343: 11299: 11257: 11218: 11180: 11134: 11095: 11056: 11016: 10977: 10940:Graff, Cory (17 January 2021). 10933: 10920: 10889: 10868:Luhn, Alec (1 September 2020). 10861: 10816: 10790:Raymer, Steve (15 March 1992). 10783: 10742: 10709: 10697:. Translated by Digges, Charles 10682: 10629: 10599: 10570:Simmons, Michael (3 May 2021). 10563: 10535: 10510: 10480: 10431: 10398: 10357: 10317: 10284: 10264: 10228: 10133: 10020:"Human Development Report 1990" 9967: 9758: 9749: 9688: 9645: 9618: 9574: 9565: 9545: 9532: 9523: 9514: 9505: 9492: 9479: 9470: 9457: 9444: 9435: 8942:dissolution of the Soviet Union 8776:International Olympic Committee 8706:recognized the new body in its 8296:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 8135:Health care in the Soviet Union 7885:Nationalities and ethnic groups 7163: 6867:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union 6772:the second-largest in the world 6653:rather than in physical goods. 5693:In 1939, half a year after the 5249: 5088:The state security police (the 5040:. The Supreme Soviet elected a 4992:factions were officially banned 4793:dissolution of the Soviet Union 4468:collectivization of agriculture 4256:Not internationally recognized. 2919:United Nations Security Council 2868:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2299:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1866:Occupation of the Baltic states 23921: 23837:Information Operations Roadmap 23747:Psychological Warfare Division 23317:Chinese information operations 23266:Water fluoridation controversy 21962:Azerbaijan People's Government 21192:Autonomous Republic since 1934 21187:Autonomous Republic since 1925 21182:Autonomous Republic since 1923 21177:Autonomous Republic since 1920 19092:University of California Press 18993:Russell, Martin (April 2018). 18760:Lenin and Revolutionary Russia 18711:World Christianity and Marxism 18440:. 16 July 2012. Archived from 18222:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360 18093:"Victory Parade on Red Square" 17993:"The Fall of the Soviet Union" 17720:Ovcharova & Biryukova 2018 17269:Journal of Infectious Diseases 17235:Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia 16260:. Intercultural Publications. 15977:Daily life in the Soviet Union 15943:Government of the Soviet Union 15503:Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). 15185:Gao, George (14 August 2015). 14804:State Committee for Publishing 14794:Большая советская энциклопедия 14563:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14551:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14536:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14524:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14512:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 11669:Soviet Politics in Perspective 10972:Soviet Politics in Perspective 9941: 9863: 9800: 9426: 9417: 9408: 9391: 9386:Council of People's Commissars 9378: 9362: 9349: 9336: 9048:In the former Soviet republics 9034:Defender of the Fatherland Day 8800:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union 8673:Ice Hockey World Championships 8423:Council of People's Commissars 8225:Reforms of Russian orthography 7198:that was triggered by Lenin's 5112:Separation of power and reform 5062:Council of People's Commissars 5004:Government of the Soviet Union 4628:. Two other successor states, 4250: 3714:General Secretariat of Ukraine 3027:Russian Provisional Government 2118:Mozambican War of Independence 1815:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 477:Government of the Soviet Union 13: 1: 25503:Former countries in West Asia 24609:Political abuse of psychiatry 23944:Active Measures Working Group 23602:during the Russo-Georgian War 23569:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 22670:January 1991 events in Latvia 22660:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 22409:Socialist Republic of Romania 22384:People's Republic of Bulgaria 22376:People's Republic of Albania 22345:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 20511:Republics of the Soviet Union 19991:Political abuse of psychiatry 19783:Congress of People's Deputies 19274:A Country Study: Soviet Union 18838:10.1080/14631377.2019.1607440 17724:Michalski & Hlynskyy 2009 17659:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402 14935:"Soviet Control of City Size" 14847:Ryan, Michael (28 May 1988). 14817:Anderson, Barbara A. (1990). 14684:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2001). 14578:A Study of the Soviet Economy 13447:A Study of the Soviet Economy 13415:"Reconstruction and Cold War" 13378:"Reconstruction and Cold War" 13167:Scott and Scott (1979) p. 305 12507:Fisher, Harold Henry (1955). 12119:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11961:United States Naval Institute 11789:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11231:. Routledge. pp. 31–32. 10494:. 17 May 2019. Archived from 10032:. January 1990. p. 111. 9934: 9452:President of the Soviet Union 9204:present in the USSR and mass 9198:massacres in the Soviet Union 9173:noted that the generation of 9030:retains other Soviet holidays 8252:язык межнационального общения 8221:Languages of the Soviet Union 7810:Education in the Soviet Union 7144:remained underdeveloped, and 7099:'s flag during the Soviet era 7088:Transport in the Soviet Union 6888:world's first space satellite 6778:basis, it was behind that of 6458: 6435:In the Soviet Union, general 5865:Republics of the Soviet Union 5328:Soviet secret police agencies 5230:supervised the lower courts ( 5181:President of the Soviet Union 5176:Congress of People's Deputies 4997: 4570:Geography of the Soviet Union 4264: 3482:Great Stand on the Ugra River 2793:tensions with Communist China 2722:Eastern Front of World War II 2603:borders with twelve countries 2177:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 44:Soviet Union (disambiguation) 25254:Traditions and superstitions 23827:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 23504:Fake news in the Philippines 23108: 22876:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 22655:Collapse of the Soviet Union 22645:Fall of communism in Albania 20702:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 19265:Impressions of Soviet Russia 19090:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: 18507:Bibliography of the Cold War 18326:Berkman, Alexander (2006) . 17995:. Levada.ru. 9 January 2017. 17882:. Gallup. 19 December 2013. 17716:Libman & Obydenkova 2019 17337:Emerging Infectious Diseases 16947:, BBC News, 11 October 2000. 14717:Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). 14139:"Stamping Out Science, 1948" 13547:Comparative Economic Studies 11924:"Gorbachev's Reform Dilemma" 10466:10.1016/0959-3780(94)90003-5 10281:. Retrieved on 29 July 2013. 9675:[sɐˈvʲetskʲɪjsɐˈjus] 8870:World War II military deaths 8656:Soviet Union at the Olympics 8270:Religion in the Soviet Union 8205: 7803: 7081: 5727:Up until his death in 1953, 5126:Nationalist anti-government 4892:Politics of the Soviet Union 4761:separated the USSR from the 4602:Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast 4563: 2932: 2698:famine between 1930 and 1933 2688:came to power, inaugurating 2678:merged into the Soviet Union 2672:. The RSFSR and subordinate 1983:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1978:1956 Georgian demonstrations 1939:East German uprising of 1953 1881:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 241:The Soviet Union during the 132:Workers of the world, unite! 7: 24920:Water supply and sanitation 23954:Counter Misinformation Team 23949:Counter disinformation unit 23399:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 22886:Forgery as covert operation 22630:End of communism in Hungary 22399:Hungarian People's Republic 22002:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 20154:Academy of Medical Sciences 18733:Lane, David Stuart (1992). 18199:History of Economics Review 17210:University of Chicago Press 16913:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1565 16764:Duiker, William J. (2015). 16137:The Globe and Mail (Canada) 15781:10.1080/0032472031000141296 15590:Central Intelligence Agency 15546:Pejovich, Svetozar (1990). 15160:National Geographic Society 14947:University of Chicago Press 14583:International Monetary Fund 14004:Hardt, John Pearce (2003). 13969:Central Intelligence Agency 13933:Central Intelligence Agency 13802:Central Intelligence Agency 13766:Central Intelligence Agency 13714:Fischer & Easterly 1994 13653:Fischer & Easterly 1994 13452:International Monetary Fund 13292:Manchester University Press 13093:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 12940:Shaw, Louise Grace (2003). 12897:(2nd ed. 1999) pp. 148–188. 12737:Journal of Cold War Studies 12455:Journal of Cold War Studies 12408:Wyszyński, Andrzej (1949). 12391:Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 11481:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 11400:Penn State University Press 10839:10.1080/0966813022000025862 10445:Global Environmental Change 9907: 9893: 9829: 9813: 9773: 9665: 9638: 9594: 9303:Orphans in the Soviet Union 9275: 8919:, the first human in space. 8835:conditions to do so are met 8522:Fashion in the Soviet Union 8508:Culture of the Soviet Union 8468:Patriarch Sergius of Moscow 8451:League of Militant Atheists 8263: 8214: 7694: 6785:In 1990, the country had a 6665:were state-funded, such as 6525:The Soviet Union adopted a 6449:Economy of the Soviet Union 6280: 5959:annexed by the Soviet Union 5825:nuclear arsenal development 5520: 5466:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5436:speaking informally at the 5202:. The coup failed, and the 5142:, which was promulgated in 5046:Central Executive Committee 4984:primary party organizations 3778:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 3210:History of the Soviet Union 3138: 3122: 3066: 3023:February Revolution of 1917 2961: 2732:, which accounted for most 2607:third-most populous country 2108:Angolan War of Independence 1965:"On the Cult of Personality 1918:Death and funeral of Stalin 1648:History of the Soviet Union 67: 10: 25544: 25518:Former socialist republics 25498:Former countries in Europe 23964:The Disinformation Project 23394:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 22750:Algorithmic radicalization 22394:German Democratic Republic 18922:Princeton University Press 18552:Cambridge University Press 18492: 18298:In Defense of Leon Trotsky 18156:– via lup.lub.lu.se. 18047:Wanner, Catherine (1998). 17825:Cambridge University Press 17011:Princeton University Press 16770:Contemporary World History 16306:Blainey, Geoffrey (2011). 15983:Greenwood Publishing Group 15315:Cambridge University Press 15140:(58) 3, July 1999: 396–412 15110:Cambridge University Press 14799:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia 14452:. Routledge. p. 134. 13249:Cambridge University Press 12839:Social Science Quarterly]] 12560:Kaser, Michael C. (1967). 12448:Thomas, Daniel C. (2005). 12173:Cambridge University Press 11672:. Routledge. p. 106. 11645:Great Russian Encyclopedia 11273:. Routledge. p. 132. 9957:University of Pennsylvania 9132: 9062:Decommunization in Ukraine 9051: 9042:International Workers' Day 8793: 8645: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8391:denominations (especially 8379:. Smaller groups included 8375:being concentrated in the 8267: 8218: 8132: 8003:developed over the years. 7888: 7807: 7765: 7362: 7309: 7249: 7167: 7085: 6947: 6864: 6858: 6821:Chernobyl nuclear disaster 6804: 6713:Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod 6490: 6461: 6446: 6442: 6426:invasion of Czechoslovakia 6389:, under the leadership of 6290: 6284: 6017: 5971:Soviet invasion of Finland 5943:Soviet-occupied Bessarabia 5854: 5762: 5716: 5590: 5587:Early policies (1919–1939) 5496:Comintern (1919–1943), or 5398:in a state meeting on 1958 5380: 5253: 5219: 5213: 5115: 5060:(known before 1946 as the 5001: 4934:in Moscow, 7 November 1964 4919: 4889: 4715:People's Republic of China 4687:, had the world's longest 4573: 4567: 4386: 3207: 3203: 3094:and never in others, e.g. 3017:first appeared during the 2942: 2936: 2866:officially recognized the 2805:first artificial satellite 2700:that killed millions. The 2309:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1893:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 1805:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 1774:Death and funeral of Lenin 29: 25420: 25177: 24941: 24932: 24765: 24756: 24509: 24500: 24308: 24299: 24234: 24076: 24067: 23927: 23916: 23887: 23881:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 23875: 23857:Tobacco industry playbook 23788:CIA Kennedy assassination 23760: 23706: 23680: 23668: 23582: 23529: 23517: 23486: 23474: 23462: 23450: 23438: 23407: 23381: 23369: 23309: 23297: 23293: 23282: 23114: 23103: 23048: 23037: 22921:Manipulation (psychology) 22745: 22739: 22734: 22605: 22582:Information dissemination 22559: 22509:1956 Hungarian Revolution 22499:1953 East German uprising 22467: 22425: 22368: 22305: 22285: 22236: 22097: 22029: 21954: 21861: 21830: 21744: 21733: 21662: 21641: 21472: 21431: 21394: 21376: 21358: 21241: 21147: 20928: 20919: 20751: 20670: 20647: 20609: 20568: 20525: 20518: 20477: 20432: 20376: 20350: 20270: 20193: 20184: 20129: 20036: 19999: 19939: 19842: 19804: 19724: 19586: 19577: 19527: 19475: 19466: 19318: 19232:10.1080/09668139608412415 18377:Marxists Internet Archive 17561:373.9661 (2009): 399–407. 17202:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 16254:Adappur, Abraham (2000). 16170:Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. 16087:Atwood, Craig D. (2001). 15070:"Statistics For Everyone" 14867:10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1513 13740:10.1080/09668139608412393 13594:10.1080/09668139308412080 13241:Gregory, Paul R. (2004). 13021:E-International Relations 12919:Haslam, Jonathan (1984). 12777:Expansion and Coexistence 12515:Stanford University Press 11996:McCauley, Martin (2007). 11705:Kucherov, Samuel (1970). 11316:Stanford University Press 10611:World Health Organization 9916: 9902: 9888: 9880: 9838: 9823: 9808: 9792: 9768: 9653: 9626: 9582: 9038:International Women's Day 8975:Rating Sociological Group 8886:bureaucratic collectivism 8789: 8518:Music of the Soviet Union 8457:Convinced that religious 8251: 8128: 7891:Islam in the Soviet Union 7834:elimination of illiteracy 7228:sub-replacement fertility 7186:Excess deaths throughout 6800: 5993: 5615:Hungarian Soviet Republic 5515: 4220: 4199: 4181:Luhansk People's Republic 4178: 4160:Donetsk People's Republic 4157: 4136: 4119: 4102: 3923: 3912: 3776: 3755: 3744: 3733: 3712: 3601: 3590: 3579: 3568: 3557: 3362:Principality of Chernigov 3158: 3152: 3132: 3116: 3102: 3054: 3029:. The Bolsheviks, led by 2999: 2966: 2728:, suffering an estimated 2581:), commonly known as the 1625: 1253: 1241: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1197: 1182: 1162: 1142: 1128: 1120:$ 2.7 trillion ( 1114: 1100: 1090: 1082:$ 2.7 trillion ( 1076: 1058: 1054:12.7/km (32.9/sq mi) 1048: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1000: 986: 981: 977: 962: 949: 936: 921: 908: 895: 876: 861: 848: 835: 822: 809: 796: 792: 766: 749: 719: 694: 690: 678: 670:• 1922–1924 (first) 668: 664: 654: 650: 640: 630:• 1922–1946 (first) 628: 624: 614: 610: 593: 581: 569: 557: 545: 533: 521: 509: 499:• 1922–1924 (first) 497: 493: 483: 470: 458: 427: 396: 303: 293: 249: 234: 185:Государственный гимн СССР 184: 147: 138: 125: 120: 82: 77: 61: 53: 24694:Prime Minister of Russia 23969:East StratCom Task Force 23783:9/11 conspiracy theories 22780:List of cognitive biases 22567:Emigration and defection 22404:Polish People's Republic 19162:White, James D. (2001). 19067:Harvard University Press 18826:Post-Communist Economies 18819:London: Faber and Faber. 18781:Leggett, George (1981). 18758:Lee, Stephen J. (2003). 18664:Goldstein, Erik (2013). 18360:– via Zine Distro. 18181:– via eLibrary.ru. 17263:Galazkaa, Artur (2000). 16677:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). 15937: 15707:19 December 2017 at the 15308:18 November 2014 at the 14793: 14631:Encyclopaedia Britannica 14048:"Science and Technology" 13973:"Soviet Union – Economy" 13535:. London: Longman, 2003. 13481: 13334:; Cooper, J. M. (1986). 12827:(UNC Press Books, 2017). 12468:10.1162/1520397053630600 12243: 12048: 11738:Phillips, Steve (2000). 11713:Brill Archive Publishers 11392:Benson, Shirley (2001). 11225:Ōgushi, Atsushi (2008). 10061:Klein, Henri F. (1920). 9329: 9252:Japanese Communist Party 8944:, annual polling by the 8700:Soviet Olympic Committee 8641: 8325:burning ceremony in the 8254:), but only assumed the 8158:1977 Soviet Constitution 6937:research and development 6418:uprising in East Germany 6375:Strategic Missile Forces 5851:Administrative divisions 5831:, propaganda campaigns, 5823:in 1945. Aside from the 5793:, which began following 5741:Second Sino-Japanese War 5713:World War II (1939–1945) 5094:its predecessor agencies 4990:top to bottom, although 4838:, and the processing of 4451:. Its early years under 4429:and a key figure in the 3787: 3457: 3381: 3299: 3289: 3279: 3142:, which literally means 3106:(in the Latin alphabet: 2718:invaded the Soviet Union 2587:transcontinental country 2369:independence declaration 2140:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 2128:South African Border War 1795:Socialism in one country 642:• 1988–1991 (last) 583:• 1985–1991 (last) 25132:Social entrepreneurship 25021:Forced public apologies 24956:Anti-American sentiment 23895:Public opinion brigades 23852:Niger uranium forgeries 23842:Litter boxes in schools 23212:COVID-19 misinformation 23134:Free energy suppression 23043:Books and documentaries 22817:Euphemistic misspeaking 22625:Fall of the Berlin Wall 22551:1981 protests in Kosovo 22489:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 22012:North Korea (1947–1948) 22007:North Korea (1946–1947) 20445:Soviet Union portal 18791:Oxford University Press 18716:Oxford University Press 18569:Crump, Laurien (2015). 17527:Oxford University Press 16097:Mercer University Press 15594:"Soviet Union – People" 14994:Stronski, Paul (2010). 14854:British Medical Journal 14575:IMF & OECD (1991). 14398:Encyclopedia Britannica 14127:Retrieved 26 June 2014. 13806:"GDP Per Capita – 1991" 13444:IMF & OECD (1991). 13342:Economic History Review 13284:Mawdsley, Evan (1998). 13128:White, Matthew (2012). 13002:Oxford University Press 12715:Acta Poloniae Historica 12566:Oxford University Press 12148:Encyclopedia Britannica 12111:Encyclopædia Britannica 11953:Polmar, Norman (1991). 11883:Polley, Martin (2000). 11784:Encyclopædia Britannica 10145:Encyclopædia Britannica 10120:Encyclopædia Britannica 10087:Pons & Service 2010 9190:anti-Stalinist leftists 9167:deformed workers' state 8634:significantly expanded 8361:Russian Orthodox Church 7118:economic centralization 6787:Human Development Index 6560:rapid industrialization 5765:Origins of the Cold War 5703:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5557:Soviet Union's hegemony 5498:Communist International 5216:Law of the Soviet Union 4930:Military parade on the 4886:Government and politics 4757:from 1945 to 1991. The 4709:. The country bordered 4558:end of the Soviet Union 4039:Eurasian Economic Union 3888:Parade of sovereignties 3352:Principality of Polotsk 3019:1905 Russian Revolution 2982: 2976: 2809:first human spaceflight 2799:and took a lead in the 2773:on an ideological basis 2694:forced collectivization 2690:rapid industrialization 2595:largest country by area 2537:Soviet Union portal 2272:Fall of the Berlin Wall 2238:Lithuanian independence 1949:1954 transfer of Crimea 1851:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1744:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 926:Parade of sovereignties 732:Soviet of Nationalities 294:Official languages 40:Soviet (disambiguation) 25488:Early Soviet republics 25483:20th century in Russia 24880:Social security system 24863:Science and technology 24529:Classified information 24355:Central Russian Upland 23641:2016 Brexit referendum 22990:Scientific fabrication 22901:Historical negationism 21734:Current and historical 20337:Stalinist architecture 20091:Science and technology 20001:Ideological repression 19929:Soviet Airborne Forces 19867:Destruction battalions 19181:Wilson, David (1983). 19137:Lenin: Life and Legacy 19084:Simon, Gerard (1974). 17349:10.3201/eid0404.980404 16526:Stalin and His Hangmen 16524:...' See the index of 16310:. Viking. p. 494. 15718:2 January 2005 at the 15334:Law, David A. (1975). 14790:Government of the USSR 14645:Mark Harrison (1996). 14116:6 October 2014 at the 13618:Transaction Publishers 12584:Reinalda, Bob (2009). 12291:Shiman, David (1999). 12040:Government of the USSR 11607:Transaction Publishers 11564:Transaction Publishers 11350:Deb, Kalipada (1996). 11033:Transaction Publishers 11023:Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). 10984:Law, David A. (1975). 10070:Encyclopedia Americana 9974:Almanaque Mundial 1996 9924: 9872: 9854: 9846: 9784: 9371:, legally since 1990. 9098: 9086: 9058:Anti-Russian sentiment 8920: 8896:, or a totally unique 8877: 8676: 8560: 8548: 8416:scientific materialism 8365:Christian denomination 8345: 8334: 8314: 8299: 8287: 8160:gave all citizens the 8144: 7939:(50.78%), followed by 7931: 7916: 7822: 7784: 7768:LGBT history in Russia 7704: 7183: 7132:to improve the Soviet 7113: 7100: 6997: 6983: 6884:science and technology 6879: 6855:Science and technology 6823: 6716: 6693: 6630: 6582: 6522: 6401:focused on a fleet of 6342: 5965:and was considered an 5719:Causes of World War II 5602: 5453: 5448:Mikhail Gorbachev and 5441: 5414: 5399: 5362:was "not to eliminate 5348:guarantees of property 5135: 5021: 4972:system of appointments 4935: 4617: 4605: 4593: 3629:Provisional Government 3570:Grand Duchy of Finland 3448:Principality of Moscow 3164: 2915:five permanent members 2913:as well as one of the 2860:coup against Gorbachev 2192:: Decline and collapse 25341:Russian tsars regalia 24674:Intelligence agencies 24397:Great Russian Regions 24141:Expansion (1500-1800) 23937:Fact-checking website 23742:Operation Mass Appeal 23724:Clockwork Orange plot 23234:Mental illness denial 23129:Climate change denial 22946:Psychological warfare 22916:Internet manipulation 22881:Firehose of falsehood 22807:Disinformation attack 22675:Breakup of Yugoslavia 20119:List of metro systems 19672:Collective leadership 19043:. London: Macmillan. 18817:Sheridan Smith, A. M. 18813:Lenin's Last Struggle 18244:– via CiteSeer. 17605:Duke University Press 17391:. pp. 107, 115. 16819:10.4324/9780203500279 16338:Ro'i, Yaacov (1995). 14861:(6635): 1, 513–1515. 14195:Washington Technology 13683:10.2105/ajph.76.6.661 13046:Adams, Simon (2005). 12299:Amnesty International 12077:(UPNE). p. 388. 11891:. Routledge. p. 10277:26 April 2008 at the 10168:. BBC. Archived from 9552:Declaration No. 142-Н 9373:Constituent republics 9185:of the Soviet Union. 9129:By the political left 9119:post-Soviet conflicts 9092: 9077:celebrate the annual 9069: 8910: 8868: 8667: 8636:freedom of expression 8554: 8546: 8340: 8320: 8305: 8293: 8277: 8142: 7922: 7910: 7866:cultural backwardness 7817: 7775: 7702: 7177: 7106: 7095: 6989: 6961: 6928:Reagan administration 6874: 6814: 6725:claimed that, citing 6711: 6683: 6624: 6572: 6456: 6320: 5945:, and Ukrainian SSR. 5891:national delimitation 5829:psychological warfare 5600: 5591:Further information: 5447: 5420: 5405: 5390: 5314:the individual". The 5125: 5070:constituent republics 5011: 4965:democratic centralism 4929: 4611: 4599: 4583: 4525:, referred to as the 4493:in opposition to the 4270:Not fully controlled. 4104:Republic of Tatarstan 3997:Constitutional crisis 2779:. In 1953, following 2730:27 million casualties 2716:but in 1941, Germany 2589:that spanned much of 1944:Virgin Lands campaign 1769:National delimitation 1012:• Water (%) 36:CCCP (disambiguation) 32:USSR (disambiguation) 25408:World Heritage sites 24785:Droughts and famines 24338:Environmental issues 24086:Proto-Indo-Europeans 23076:Who's Who in the CIA 22523:1970 Polish protests 22504:1956 Poznań protests 22369:Soviet-allied states 22239:History of socialism 21129:1991–92 21124:1990–91 21119:1961–92 21114:1958–90 21109:1957–91 21104:1957–92 21099:1956–91 21094:1944–57 21089:1936–90 21079:1936–90 21074:1936–90 21069:1936–44 21064:1936–44 21059:1935–43 21054:1934–90 21049:1934–90 21044:1932–92 21039:1931–92 21029:1926–36 21024:1925–36 21019:1925–92 21014:1924–29 21009:1924–40 21004:1923–40 20999:1923–90 20994:1922–91 20989:1921–90 20979:1921–24 20974:1921–91 20969:1921–45 20964:1921–91 20959:1920–90 20954:1920–25 20949:1919–90 20944:1918–41 20939:1918–24 20081:Net material product 20024:Censorship of images 19941:Political repression 19901:Soviet Border Troops 19834:First Deputy Premier 19418:1965 economic reform 19413:Soviet space program 19189:Taylor & Francis 19009:Ryan, James (2012). 18976:Taylor & Francis 18972:From Tsar to Soviets 18864:Taylor & Francis 18708:Janz, Denis (1998). 18522:Taylor & Francis 18305:. pp. 172–173. 18261:The Rise of Militant 17912:. 20 November 2018. 17747:"Ностальгия по СССР" 17576:6 March 2016 at the 17452:Hoepller, C (2011). 17212:. pp. 301–302. 17183:Hardt, John (2003). 17101:Targ, Harry (2006). 16813:. pp. 265–266. 16488:. pp. 231–232. 15382:. World Scientific. 15337:Russian Civilization 14898:Davis, Christopher; 14366:. 27 November 2021. 14336:. 27 November 2021. 14275:. 27 November 2021. 14245:. 27 November 2021. 14109:(12 December 2013). 13770:"GDP – Million 1990" 13251:. pp. 218–220. 12996:Beloff, Max (1949). 12823:Christine A. White, 12717:78 (1998): 161–200. 12637:Taylor & Francis 12627:Yoder, Amos (1993). 12346:. pp. 401–403. 11609:. pp. 315–319. 11566:. pp. 313–315. 11063:Knight, Amy (1995). 10987:Russian Civilization 10613:. 5 September 2005. 10305:on 15 September 2012 10291:Thompson, Virginia. 10221:, pp. 452–455; 9978:Demografía/Biometría 9963:on 21 February 2024. 9476:August 19–August 22. 9403:Council of Ministers 9210:political dissidents 9206:political repression 8784:1984 Summer Olympics 8716:1952 Summer Olympics 8690:On 13 July 1925 the 8357:Eastern Christianity 8194:was superior to the 7930:, Georgian SSR, 1929 7777:Valentina Tereshkova 7734:(Ukrainian SSR) and 7041:won by the Americans 6972:Valentina Tereshkova 6962:From left to right: 6950:Soviet space program 6913:Great Chinese Famine 6422:Hungarian revolution 6341:, among other things 5781:tension between the 5759:Cold War (1945–1991) 5745:Operation Barbarossa 5675:, especially of the 5324:extrajudicial powers 5236:inquisitorial system 5156:separation of powers 5083:executive committees 5058:Council of Ministers 5014:Grand Kremlin Palace 4906:Council of Ministers 4441:Bolshevik Revolution 4043:Annexation of Crimea 3651:Constituent Assembly 3528:Second Patriotic War 2955:is derived from the 2899:NPT-designated state 2738:aftermath of the war 2714:a nonaggression pact 2641:, it was a flagship 2364:Ukrainian revolution 2292:German reunification 2250:Latvian independence 2165:1984 Olympic boycott 2160:1980 Olympic boycott 2150:1980 Summer Olympics 2123:Mozambican Civil War 2013:Cuban Missile Crisis 1993:Peaceful coexistence 1861:Operation Barbarossa 576:Konstantin Chernenko 25493:Communism in Russia 25259:Forms of addressing 24868:Academy of Sciences 24825:Financial districts 24689:President of Russia 24614:Political divisions 24574:Freedom of assembly 24456:West Siberian Plain 24202:Great Patriotic War 24163:February Revolution 23778:Conspiracy theories 23719:Double-Cross System 23688:Conspiracy theories 23549:Operation INFEKTION 23337:Internet Water Army 23191:Strategy of tension 23056:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 22941:Post-truth politics 22640:Romanian revolution 22613:Revolutions of 1989 22494:1953 Plzeň uprising 22175:Estonia (1918–1919) 22069:Hungary (1949–1989) 21288:Kabardino-Balkarian 21111:Kabardino-Balkarian 21071:Kabardino-Balkarian 20809:Kabardino-Balkarian 20671:Non-union republics 20661:Transcaucasian SFSR 20149:Academy of Sciences 19964:Population transfer 19908:Soviet Armed Forces 19771:Congress of Soviets 19752:Presidium/Politburo 19716:Soviet anti-Zionism 19565:West Siberian Plain 19443:Revolutions of 1989 19380:Great Patriotic War 19365:New Economic Policy 19219:Europe-Asia Studies 19207:Wheatcroft, Stephen 19002:European Parliament 18587:Wheatcroft, Stephen 18414:on 25 December 2007 17981:. 21 December 2016. 17978:The Washington Post 17732:Stewart et al. 2012 17304:Shubnikov, Eugene. 17042:McAaley, Alastair. 16943:12 May 2011 at the 16666:on 23 January 2017. 15440:(11 October 2011). 15192:Pew Research Center 15156:National Geographic 15040:1945GeoRv..35..107H 15027:Geographical Review 14514:, pp. 166–167. 14304:Scientific American 14225:Inside the Pentagon 14137:Offord, Catherine. 14058:on 4 September 2015 13905:, pp. 297–299. 13869:, pp. 105–108. 13728:Europe-Asia Studies 13582:Europe-Asia Studies 13510:on 4 September 2015 13382:Library of Congress 12910:(1974) pp. 342–346. 12779:(1974) pp. 111–179. 12315:on 30 January 2023. 12175:. 1993. p. 9. 11791:2005. p. 1014. 11437:The Communist World 10826:Europe-Asia Studies 10804:on 19 November 2023 10498:on 20 February 2021 10458:1994GEC.....4..201S 10371:The Washington Post 10333:. 6 December 1982. 9744:maritime boundaries 9384:As chairman of the 9231:Kronstadt rebellion 9227:Makhnovist movement 9214:worker cooperatives 9153:class consciousness 9002:Great Patriotic War 8822:of this section is 8778:(IOC) to undermine 8581:Vladimir Mayakovsky 8387:, and a variety of 8284:Abrahamic religions 8152:in 1918. Under the 7903:Soviet Central Asia 7851:vocational training 7826:Anatoly Lunacharsky 7762:Women and fertility 7232:Soviet Central Asia 7208:Catherine Merridale 7196:famine of 1921–1922 7142:automotive industry 7107:Nuclear Icebreaker 6995:Baikonur Cosmodrome 6954:Nedelin catastrophe 6548:New Economic Policy 6347:Soviet Armed Forces 6287:Soviet Armed Forces 5645:profitable market. 5344:freedom of movement 5308:Soviet legal theory 5293:freedom of movement 5242:, where the judge, 5030:Congress of Soviets 4809:nuclear power plant 4576:Geography of Russia 4457:New Economic Policy 4223:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 4055:Invasion of Ukraine 3844:Great Patriotic War 3816:Cultural revolution 3757:Transcaucasian SFSR 3625:February Revolution 3512:Emancipation reform 3410:Council of Uvetichi 3260: • 3256: • 3148:Great Patriotic War 2813:first space station 2759:. The American-led 2680:in 1922. Following 2668:, resulting in the 2597:, extending across 2287:Romanian Revolution 2267:Peaceful Revolution 2262:Pan-European Picnic 2257:Revolutions of 1989 2198:Invasion of Grenada 2074:Cambodian Civil War 2028:: Era of Stagnation 1913:First Indochina War 1888:Soviet deportations 1856:Great Patriotic War 1829:Cultural Revolution 1759:New Economic Policy 1713:February Revolution 1328:Transcaucasian SFSR 866:Great Patriotic War 839:Second constitution 759:Soviet of the Union 739:Soviet of Republics 702:Congress of Soviets 680:• 1991 (last) 274: / 25309:Russian given name 24895:Telecommunications 24845:Petroleum industry 24709:State of emergency 24554:Far-right politics 24519:Capital punishment 24365:Meshchera Lowlands 24219:Russian Federation 24175:October Revolution 23674:HIV/AIDS denialism 23651:Trolls from Olgino 23425:Paid news in India 23415:Fake news in India 23229:HIV/AIDS denialism 23083:Merchants of Doubt 22956:Military deception 22931:Media manipulation 22770:Circular reporting 22650:Singing Revolution 22533:June 1976 protests 22318:Soviet occupations 22140:Byelorussia (1919) 20934: 20655:Karelo-Finnish SSR 19794:Military Collegium 19662:Capital punishment 19540:Caucasus Mountains 19453:Post-Soviet states 19333:Russian Revolution 19133:Volkogonov, Dmitri 19115:Ashgate Publishing 19040:Lenin: A Biography 18597:Palgrave Macmillan 18444:on 17 October 2012 17827:. pp. 92–93. 17795:on 9 February 2023 17529:. pp. 83–85. 17487:Poland, Marshall. 17076:The Globe and Mail 16736:The New York Times 16616:The New York Times 16555:www.britannica.com 16540:, pp. 317–320 16520:'On the other hand 16095:. Macon, Georgia: 15802:Niedowski (2007). 15769:Population Studies 15757:, pp. 352–353 15599:The World Factbook 15480:. Nobelprize.org. 15298:Sheila Fitzpatrick 15104:Wendy Z. Goldman, 13978:The World Factbook 13942:The World Factbook 13811:The World Factbook 13775:The World Factbook 13559:10.1057/ces.1997.1 13344:. pp. 30–32. 12906:Barbara Jelavich, 12865:Katarzyna (eds.). 12684:"Warsaw Pact ends" 12547:1 May 2009 at the 12251:on 10 October 2017 12044:Gorbachev, Mikhail 11852:Khrushchev, Nikita 10756:The New York Times 10330:The New York Times 9726:to the southwest; 9702:to the northwest; 9200:, the centralized 9149:Council communists 9145:Russian Revolution 9099: 9087: 8926:oligarchical class 8921: 8898:mode of production 8878: 8736:Olympic tournament 8732:world championship 8677: 8561: 8549: 8363:being the largest 8346: 8335: 8329:as part of Soviet 8315: 8300: 8288: 8187:were squandered. 8174:Minister of Health 8145: 8001:ethnic antagonisms 7932: 7917: 7870:antisemitic policy 7862:affirmative action 7830:People's Commissar 7823: 7785: 7705: 7264:1989 Soviet census 7184: 7180:post-Soviet states 7114: 7101: 6998: 6984: 6880: 6824: 6747:standard of living 6717: 6694: 6661:A number of basic 6631: 6625:Picking cotton in 6583: 6523: 6484: 1,000–2,500 6475: 2,500–5,000 6379:Air Defense Forces 6343: 5975:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5967:illegal occupation 5797:in 1945. The term 5753:Vyacheslav Molotov 5603: 5537:collective defence 5478:Vyacheslav Molotov 5454: 5442: 5438:Vladivostok Summit 5415: 5400: 5326:were given to the 5275:state until 1990. 5265:totalitarian state 5136: 5054:Procurator General 5044:(successor of the 5028:(successor of the 5022: 5016:, the seat of the 4936: 4844:spent nuclear fuel 4836:nuclear submarines 4805:Chernobyl disaster 4770:Ismoil Somoni Peak 4622:Russian Federation 4618: 4606: 4594: 4431:October Revolution 4139:Republic of Crimea 4090:Russian Federation 4033:Presidential terms 3925:Karelo-Finnish SSR 3878:Chernobyl disaster 3618:Russian Revolution 3516:Russo-Japanese War 3504:1812 Patriotic War 3418:Battle of Kulikovo 3406:Council of Liubech 3136:(transliteration: 3120:(transliteration: 3035:October Revolution 2986:('news'), English 2884:post-Soviet states 2876:Russian Federation 2856:renewed federation 2702:forced labour camp 2654:October Revolution 2631:highly centralized 2615:national republics 2519:Post-Soviet states 2223:Singing Revolution 2213:Chernobyl disaster 2133:Rhodesian Bush War 1734:October Revolution 1577:Russian Federation 1110:1990 estimate 1072:1990 estimate 967:Formal dissolution 852:Westward expansion 826:First constitution 813:Treaty of Creation 800:October Revolution 398:Ethnic groups 154:The Internationale 42:, and 25455: 25454: 25449: 25448: 25416: 25415: 24996:Domestic violence 24928: 24927: 24850:Russian oligarchs 24775:Aircraft industry 24752: 24751: 24729:Mass surveillance 24719:Search and rescue 24684:Political parties 24564:Foreign relations 24496: 24495: 24295: 24294: 24287:Historical cities 24146:Tsardom of Russia 24026: 24025: 24022: 24021: 23912: 23911: 23908: 23907: 23862:Operation Shocker 23664: 23663: 23544:K-1000 battleship 23375:Operation Neptune 23278: 23277: 23274: 23273: 23099: 23098: 23033: 23032: 23025:Yellow journalism 22973:counterpropaganda 22854:List of fallacies 22787:Conspiracy theory 22755:Alternative facts 22690: 22689: 22635:Velvet Revolution 22597:Telephone tapping 22571:list of defectors 22360:Tito–Stalin split 22245: 22244: 22232: 22231: 22228: 22227: 22025: 22024: 21767:Congo-Brazzaville 21663:Regional variants 21418: 21417: 21412: 21411: 21303:Karachay-Cherkess 21201: 21200: 21143: 21142: 21138: 21137: 20711: 20710: 20643: 20642: 20464: 20463: 20428: 20427: 20420:Hammer and sickle 20362:and their groups 20360:Soviet dissidents 20139:Communist Academy 20056:Economic planning 20032: 20031: 19925:Soviet Air Forces 19844:Security services 19764:General Secretary 19747:Central Committee 19689:Political parties 19621:Brezhnev Doctrine 19616:Foreign relations 19573: 19572: 19514:Autonomous okrugs 19428:Soviet–Afghan War 19408:Sino-Soviet split 19350:Russian Civil War 19198:978-0-7099-2704-4 19173:978-0-333-72157-5 19154:978-0-00-255123-6 19117:. pp. 1–14. 19101:978-0-520-02612-4 19076:978-0-674-01801-3 19050:978-0-333-72625-9 18985:978-1-135-36625-4 18968:Read, Christopher 18959:978-0-375-75771-6 18931:978-1-4008-3452-5 18892:978-83-7380-819-5 18873:978-1-317-86783-8 18800:978-0-19-822552-2 18773:978-0-415-28718-0 18750:978-0-415-07600-5 18725:978-0-19-511944-2 18679:978-1-31-7883-678 18631:Easterly, William 18619:The Life of Lenin 18606:978-0-230-23855-8 18561:978-0-521-29877-3 18531:978-0-7099-0557-8 18438:The Daily Yomiuri 18342:978-0-900384-03-5 18335:. Freedom Press. 18312:978-1-893638-05-1 18058:978-0-271-01793-8 17942:. November 2021. 17834:978-0-521-22418-5 17641:Milanović, Branko 17614:978-0-8223-6949-3 17544:978-0-19-754924-7 17398:978-0-87286-329-3 17389:City Lights Books 17387:. San Francisco: 17219:978-0-226-81839-9 17028:978-0-691-16502-8 16983:978-0-87286-329-3 16970:City Lights Books 16828:978-1-135-36640-7 16779:978-1-285-44790-2 16690:978-0-292-73957-4 16635:Los Angeles Times 16495:978-3-03911-921-9 16440:978-0-253-22038-7 16401:978-0-02-922401-4 16355:978-0-7146-4619-0 16267:978-81-85574-47-9 16161:, vol. 1, p. 175. 16157:D. Pospielovsky, 16110:978-0-86554-679-0 16030:978-90-429-1262-5 15996:978-0-313-31628-9 15563:978-0-7923-0878-2 15520:978-1-85043-284-5 15412:The New Criterion 15389:978-981-270-116-9 15347:978-0-8422-0529-0 15323:978-0-521-89423-4 15010:978-0-8229-4394-5 14763:978-0-521-79436-7 14736:978-0-674-02178-5 14703:978-0-674-00473-3 14658:978-0-521-89424-1 14596:978-92-64-13468-3 14459:978-0-7146-4784-5 14021:978-0-7656-1208-3 13985:on 5 October 2010 13949:on 5 October 2010 13627:978-1-4128-0698-5 13465:978-0-14-103797-4 13351:978-0-7190-4600-1 13328:Wheatcroft, S. G. 13301:978-0-7190-4600-1 13258:978-0-521-53367-6 13145:978-0-393-08192-3 13102:978-0-7923-2358-7 13059:978-1-58340-606-9 13049:Russian Republics 12957:978-0-7146-5398-3 12929:978-0-333-30050-3 12880:978-3-8258-8789-6 12703:, pp. 1, 17. 12650:978-0-8448-1738-5 12601:978-1-134-02405-6 12397:978-0-297-64688-4 12353:978-0-394-50242-7 12308:978-0-9675334-0-7 12224:978-3-319-01559-0 12182:978-0-521-39241-9 12084:978-0-87451-616-6 12046:(21 March 1972). 12013:978-0-582-78465-9 12004:Pearson Education 11970:978-0-87021-241-3 11902:978-0-415-18597-4 11869:978-0-271-02935-1 11822:978-0-14-103797-4 11813:Penguin Books Ltd 11755:978-0-435-32719-4 11679:978-0-415-07153-6 11616:978-0-202-24165-4 11573:978-0-202-24165-4 11535:978-0-521-44634-1 11490:978-0-7923-2358-7 11447:978-0-271-02170-6 11409:978-0-271-02170-6 11363:978-81-85880-95-2 11329:978-0-8047-0122-8 11280:978-0-04-445277-5 11238:978-0-415-43439-3 11199:978-1-55618-142-9 11161:978-0-14-103797-4 11152:Penguin Books Ltd 11115:978-0-674-41030-5 11076:978-0-691-01093-9 11042:978-0-88738-260-4 10997:978-0-8422-0529-0 10947:Popular Mechanics 10797:Los Angeles Times 10522:world-nuclear.org 10419:on 11 August 2024 9859:Moldovan Cyrillic 9663: 9636: 9592: 9540:Alma-Ata Protocol 9463:As leader of the 9323:Soviet patriotism 9245:Sino-Soviet Split 9235:Spanish Civil War 9026:Immortal Regiment 8995:Western democracy 8863: 8862: 8855: 8753:1984 Winter games 8730:won nearly every 8592:socialist realism 8585:Sergei Eisenstein 8557:Vladimir Vysotsky 8544: 8476:Nikita Khrushchev 8196:capitalist system 8170:Mikhail Gorbachev 8009:Soviet leadership 7915:, Uzbek SSR, 1981 7843:Nikita Khrushchev 7828:became the first 7691: 7690: 7240:Soviet government 7204:Soviet population 7192:Russian Civil War 7134:government budget 6980:Lenin's Mausoleum 6976:Nikita Khrushchev 6754:Mikhail Gorbachev 6735:human development 6699:steadily declined 6641:and organized in 6637:, carried out by 6521: 6520: 6466: > 5,000 6403:strategic bombers 6349:consisted of the 6305:Soviet Air Forces 6278: 6277: 5893:in Central Asia, 5630:Winston Churchill 5623:Treaty of Rapallo 5601:1987 Soviet stamp 5450:George H. W. Bush 5377:Foreign relations 5358:, the purpose of 5340:protection of law 5304:international law 5289:political parties 5277:Freedom of speech 5172:Mikhail Gorbachev 5128:riots in Dushanbe 5064:), headed by the 5038:government budget 4956:general secretary 4940:Central Committee 4880:K-278 Komsomolets 4588:(6,995 m) of the 4538:Mikhail Gorbachev 4527:Era of Stagnation 4511:Nikita Khrushchev 4472:industrialization 4445:Russian Civil War 4425:, founder of the 4389:History of Russia 4385: 4384: 4351:Russia portal 4279: 4278: 3973:Belavezha Accords 3955: 3954: 3866:Era of Stagnation 3832:Industrialization 3798: 3797: 3675:Soviet-Polish War 3611: 3610: 3592:Russian Manchuria 3538:Tsardom of Russia 3524:October Manifesto 3508:Decembrist Revolt 3500:Petrovian reforms 3468: 3467: 3428:Novgorod Republic 3392: 3391: 3308: 3307: 3064: 3015:workers' councils 2929:accomplishments. 2901:, it wielded the 2854:the country as a 2821:Mikhail Gorbachev 2789:Nikita Khrushchev 2670:Russian Civil War 2599:eleven time zones 2571: 2570: 2400:Soviet leadership 2386:Alma-Ata Protocol 2381:Belovezha Accords 2277:Velvet Revolution 2243:Economic blockade 2145:Soviet–Afghan War 2113:Angolan Civil War 2064:Laotian Civil War 2039:Era of Stagnation 2034:Brezhnev Doctrine 2003:Sino-Soviet split 1933:: Khrushchev Thaw 1824:Industrialization 1739:Russian Civil War 1633: 1632: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1379: 1378: 1130:• Per capita 1092:• Per capita 1040:286,730,819 ( 953:Belovezha Accords 945:19–22 August 1991 912:Last constitution 646:Mikhail Gorbachev 588:Mikhail Gorbachev 571:• 1984–1985 559:• 1982–1984 547:• 1964–1982 540:Nikita Khrushchev 535:• 1953–1964 511:• 1924–1953 278:55.750°N 37.617°E 224: 178: 16:(Redirected from 25535: 25429: 25376:Russian language 25319:National symbols 24939: 24938: 24858: 24815:Fishing industry 24805:Economic regions 24800:Defence industry 24763: 24762: 24507: 24506: 24461:Russian Far East 24360:Northwest Russia 24318:Cities and towns 24306: 24305: 24168:Russian Republic 24074: 24073: 24053: 24046: 24039: 24030: 24029: 23918: 23917: 23737:MMR autism fraud 23620:On US elections 23554:Operation Toucan 23527: 23526: 23295: 23294: 23284: 23283: 23249:anti-vaccination 23197: 23196: 23144:Holocaust denial 23119:Bermuda Triangle 23105: 23104: 23039: 23038: 22968:black propaganda 22936:Potemkin village 22861:False accusation 22837:list of websites 22736: 22735: 22717: 22710: 22703: 22694: 22693: 22479:Goryani Movement 22459: 22451: 22417: 22379: 22313:Yalta Conference 22272: 22265: 22258: 22249: 22248: 22095: 22094: 21952: 21951: 21742: 21741: 21737:socialist states 21616:African-American 21458: 21451: 21444: 21435: 21434: 21422: 21421: 21404:Gorno-Badakhshan 21386:Nagorno-Karabakh 21228: 21221: 21214: 21205: 21204: 21193: 21188: 21183: 21178: 21173: 21157: 20931: 20930: 20926: 20925: 20738: 20731: 20724: 20715: 20714: 20569:Former parts of 20545:Byelorussian SSR 20523: 20522: 20504: 20497: 20490: 20481: 20480: 20468: 20467: 20454: 20453: 20443: 20442: 20441: 20191: 20190: 20099: 19954:Collectivization 19699:Marxism–Leninism 19584: 19583: 19473: 19472: 19304: 19297: 19290: 19281: 19280: 19258: 19257: 19243: 19226:(8): 1319–1353. 19215: 19202: 19177: 19158: 19139:. Translated by 19128: 19105: 19080: 19054: 19030: 19005: 18999: 18989: 18963: 18940:Rayfield, Donald 18935: 18905: 18896: 18877: 18856:Mccauley, Martin 18851: 18849: 18820: 18815:. Translated by 18804: 18788: 18777: 18754: 18729: 18704: 18683: 18660: 18658: 18656: 18650: 18639: 18627:Fischer, Stanley 18622: 18610: 18578: 18565: 18549: 18535: 18482: 18481: 18479: 18477: 18460: 18454: 18453: 18451: 18449: 18430: 18424: 18423: 18421: 18419: 18410:. Archived from 18400: 18394: 18393: 18391: 18389: 18368: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18357: 18351: 18334: 18329:ABC of Anarchism 18323: 18317: 18316: 18289: 18283: 18282: 18252: 18246: 18245: 18243: 18241: 18215: 18189: 18183: 18182: 18180: 18178: 18173:(PhD). p. 1 18164: 18158: 18157: 18155: 18153: 18135: 18129: 18128: 18117: 18111: 18110: 18103: 18097: 18096: 18089: 18083: 18082: 18069: 18063: 18062: 18044: 18038: 18037: 18035: 18033: 18027: 18016: 18003: 17997: 17996: 17989: 17983: 17982: 17969: 17956: 17955: 17953: 17951: 17932: 17926: 17925: 17923: 17921: 17902: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17891: 17876: 17870: 17869: 17867: 17865: 17845: 17839: 17838: 17816: 17805: 17804: 17802: 17800: 17785: 17779: 17778: 17776: 17774: 17757: 17751: 17750: 17743: 17734: 17709: 17703: 17702: 17700: 17698: 17677: 17671: 17670: 17637: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17626: 17621:on 4 August 2018 17617:. Archived from 17595:Ghodsee, Kristen 17591: 17585: 17568: 17562: 17555: 17549: 17548: 17519:Ghodsee, Kristen 17515: 17509: 17508: 17506: 17504: 17495:. Archived from 17484: 17478: 17477: 17475: 17473: 17449: 17443: 17442: 17436: 17434: 17409: 17403: 17402: 17381:Parenti, Michael 17377: 17371: 17370: 17360: 17328: 17322: 17321: 17319: 17317: 17301: 17295: 17294: 17284: 17260: 17254: 17253: 17245: 17239: 17238: 17230: 17224: 17223: 17199: 17193: 17192: 17180: 17174: 17173: 17171: 17169: 17154: 17148: 17147: 17145: 17143: 17122: 17116: 17113: 17107: 17106: 17098: 17092: 17091: 17089: 17087: 17068: 17062: 17061: 17059: 17057: 17039: 17033: 17032: 17003:Scheidel, Walter 16999: 16988: 16987: 16967: 16958:Parenti, Michael 16954: 16948: 16935: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16924: 16907:(6): 1565–1585. 16890: 16884: 16883: 16865: 16839: 16833: 16832: 16802: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16791: 16761: 16755: 16754: 16752: 16750: 16727: 16721: 16720: 16718: 16716: 16701: 16695: 16694: 16674: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16659:. Archived from 16654: 16646: 16640: 16639: 16626: 16620: 16619: 16607: 16601: 16600: 16598: 16596: 16576: 16567: 16566: 16564: 16562: 16557:. 26 August 2023 16547: 16541: 16535: 16529: 16523: 16518: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16507: 16475: 16469: 16463: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16452: 16424: 16418: 16417: 16415: 16413: 16381: 16372: 16371: 16369: 16367: 16335: 16329: 16328:, pp. 38–39 16323: 16312: 16311: 16303: 16297: 16294: 16288: 16287: 16281: 16279: 16251: 16245: 16242: 16236: 16233: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16207: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16196: 16181: 16175: 16168: 16162: 16155: 16149: 16148: 16139:. Archived from 16128: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16117: 16094: 16084: 16078: 16072: 16066: 16065:, pp. 64–65 16060: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16014: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16003: 15980: 15970: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15933: 15927: 15921: 15915: 15909: 15903: 15897: 15891: 15885: 15879: 15873: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15862: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15819: 15799: 15793: 15792: 15764: 15758: 15752: 15746: 15740: 15734: 15728: 15722: 15698: 15692: 15690: 15688: 15686: 15664: 15658: 15652: 15646: 15640: 15634: 15633: 15630:www.demoscope.ru 15622: 15616: 15615: 15613: 15611: 15586: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15543: 15537: 15536: 15534: 15532: 15500: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15470: 15464: 15463: 15461: 15459: 15434: 15428: 15427: 15425: 15423: 15406:(October 2012). 15400: 15394: 15393: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15359: 15331: 15325: 15295: 15289: 15288: 15286: 15284: 15264: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15244:. Archived from 15242:baltimoresun.com 15233: 15227: 15224: 15218: 15215: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15204: 15182: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15171: 15166:on 22 March 2019 15162:. Archived from 15147: 15141: 15132: 15126: 15121:Richard Stites, 15119: 15113: 15102: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15091: 15085: 15074: 15066: 15060: 15059: 15021: 15015: 15014: 15002: 14991: 14982: 14981: 14979: 14977: 14930: 14924: 14922: 14914: 14908: 14907: 14900:Feshbach, Murray 14895: 14889: 14888: 14878: 14844: 14838: 14837: 14829: 14823: 14822: 14814: 14808: 14807: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14724: 14714: 14708: 14707: 14691: 14681: 14675: 14674: 14672: 14670: 14642: 14636: 14635: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14539: 14533: 14527: 14521: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14497: 14491: 14485: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14471: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14430: 14420: 14414: 14413: 14411: 14409: 14389: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14356: 14350: 14349: 14347: 14345: 14326: 14320: 14319: 14317: 14315: 14295: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14265: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14254: 14235: 14229: 14228: 14220: 14214: 14213: 14205: 14199: 14198: 14190: 14184: 14183: 14167: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14156: 14134: 14128: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14084:. 15 June 1992. 14074: 14068: 14067: 14065: 14063: 14054:. Archived from 14044: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13981:. Archived from 13965: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13945:. Archived from 13929: 13918: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13870: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13834: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13798: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13762: 13756: 13755: 13723: 13717: 13711: 13705: 13704: 13694: 13662: 13656: 13650: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13639: 13608:Gvosdev, Nikolas 13604: 13598: 13597: 13577: 13571: 13570: 13542: 13536: 13531:Hanson, Philip. 13529: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13506:. Archived from 13496: 13487: 13486: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13411: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13340:. Vol. 39. 13324: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13270: 13238: 13221: 13214: 13208: 13207: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13174: 13168: 13165: 13159: 13156: 13150: 13149: 13125: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13114: 13082: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13071: 13043: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13012: 13006: 13005: 12993: 12987: 12980: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12948:Psychology Press 12937: 12931: 12917: 12911: 12904: 12898: 12891: 12885: 12884: 12861: 12855: 12854: 12834: 12828: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12791:Military Affairs 12786: 12780: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12731: 12725: 12710: 12704: 12698: 12692: 12691: 12680: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12634: 12624: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12581: 12570: 12569: 12557: 12551: 12538: 12532: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12428: 12421: 12405: 12399: 12382: 12376: 12375: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12328: 12317: 12316: 12311:. Archived from 12288: 12282: 12281: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12107: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 11993: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11950: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11920: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11890: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11848: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11799: 11793: 11792: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11596: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11523: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11402:. pp. XIV. 11389: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11313: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11138: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11030: 11020: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10981: 10975: 10970:Sakwa, Richard. 10968: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10937: 10931: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10833:(8): 1223–1240. 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10800:. Archived from 10787: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10726:. Archived from 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10669: 10659: 10657:10.1289/ehp.9113 10650:(9): 1312–1317. 10633: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10415:. Archived from 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10304: 10297: 10288: 10282: 10268: 10262: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10232: 10226: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10172:on 5 August 2014 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10111: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10066: 10058: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10038: 10024: 10016: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10005: 9990: 9981: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9945: 9928: 9918: 9910: 9904: 9903:խորհուրդ / սովետ 9896: 9890: 9882: 9866: 9865: 9840: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9816: 9810: 9802: 9794: 9778: 9770: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9747: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9641: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9606: 9601: 9597: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9569: 9563: 9561: 9549: 9543: 9536: 9530: 9527: 9521: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9503: 9496: 9490: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9468: 9461: 9455: 9448: 9442: 9439: 9433: 9430: 9424: 9423:March–September. 9421: 9415: 9412: 9406: 9395: 9389: 9382: 9376: 9366: 9360: 9353: 9347: 9340: 9093:Protest against 9072:Russian-occupied 9015:Sovietskii narod 8890:state capitalism 8882:communist states 8858: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8838: 8812: 8811: 8804: 8761:fall of the USSR 8712:Olympic Movement 8669:Valeri Kharlamov 8596:Mikhail Bulgakov 8570:Yevgeny Zamyatin 8566:Nikolay Gumilyov 8545: 8253: 8192:socialist system 8120: 8108: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8036: 8021:Nikolai Podgorny 8017:Grigory Zinoviev 7872:, an unofficial 7858:education system 7756:Byelorussian SSR 7565:Byelorussian SSR 7377: 7367: 7324: 7314: 7259: 7247: 7246: 7213: 7031:In terms of the 7020:, which carried 6932:Project Socrates 6743:William Easterly 6635:central planning 6612:allocated in aid 6512: 6503: 6495: 500–1,000 6494: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6399:Soviet Air Force 6387:Caribbean crisis 6271: 6269: 6268: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6057:Byelorussian SSR 6055: 6053: 6052: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6009: 5991: 5990: 5777:was a period of 5695:Munich Agreement 5561:Eastern European 5545:socialist states 5541:satellite states 5523: 5517: 5484:(1883–1954) and 5482:Andrey Vyshinsky 5470:Georgy Chicherin 5360:socialist courts 5352:Andrey Vyshinsky 5297:private property 5075:party committees 4944:Party Congresses 4813:Kyshtym disaster 4704: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4648:to the east and 4644:extended to the 4550:Soviet republics 4515:de-Stalinization 4419: 4401: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4335: 4273: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4235: 4214: 4193: 4172: 4151: 4131: 4121:Chechen Republic 4114: 4097: 4086: 4085: 3983:USSR dissolution 3899: 3898: 3828:Collectivization 3746:Byelorussian SSR 3703:Russian Republic 3699: 3698: 3534: 3533: 3496:Treaty of Nystad 3424: 3423: 3338: 3337: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3242: 3232: 3214: 3213: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3112:Cyrillic letters 3105: 3104: 3076:socialist soviet 3069: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3001: 2985: 2979: 2968: 2964: 2785:de-Stalinization 2746:satellite states 2674:Soviet republics 2666:Russian Republic 2637:governed by the 2563: 2556: 2549: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2514:Soviet republics 2354:New Union Treaty 2155:Olympic boycotts 1973:We will bury you 1959:De-Stalinization 1876:Battle of Berlin 1800:Collectivization 1681:World revolution 1658: 1635: 1634: 1613: 1612: 1599: 1598: 1585: 1584: 1571: 1570: 1557: 1556: 1543: 1542: 1529: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1487: 1486: 1473: 1472: 1459: 1458: 1445: 1444: 1427: 1426: 1413: 1412: 1399: 1398: 1383: 1382: 1370: 1369: 1356: 1355: 1338: 1337: 1324: 1323: 1314:Byelorussian SSR 1310: 1309: 1296: 1295: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1255: 1254: 1178: 1177: 1169: 1158: 1157: 1149: 1107: 1069: 1039: 1038: 973:26 December 1991 969: 928: 904:25 February 1956 899:De-Stalinization 887: 868: 818:30 December 1922 604:acting, disputed 359: 306: 289: 288: 286: 285: 284: 279: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 252:and largest city 239: 226: 225: 187: 186: 180: 179: 150: 149: 128: 127: 106: 90: 72: 71: 70: 64: 63: 51: 50: 21: 25543: 25542: 25538: 25537: 25536: 25534: 25533: 25532: 25458: 25457: 25456: 25451: 25450: 25445: 25432: 25425: 25412: 25371:Public holidays 25366:Political jokes 25351:Personification 25304:Names of Russia 25173: 25092:Life expectancy 24924: 24856: 24748: 24599:Law enforcement 24492: 24478:Protected areas 24375:Smolensk Upland 24370:Oka–Don Lowland 24350:European Russia 24291: 24230: 24116:Mongol invasion 24063: 24057: 24027: 24018: 23923: 23904: 23883: 23871: 23756: 23752:Zinoviev letter 23702: 23676: 23660: 23584:Post-Soviet era 23578: 23539:Active Measures 23522: 23513: 23482: 23470: 23458: 23446: 23434: 23403: 23377: 23365: 23305: 23303:Jihadunspun.com 23289: 23270: 23195: 23171:New World Order 23139:Genocide denial 23110: 23095: 23044: 23029: 22951:Memetic warfare 22741: 22730: 22721: 22691: 22686: 22601: 22555: 22542:Soviet reaction 22528:Croatian Spring 22472: 22470: 22463: 22457: 22449: 22421: 22415: 22377: 22364: 22350:Berlin Blockade 22301: 22300: 22281: 22276: 22246: 22241: 22224: 22205:Slovakia (1919) 22105:Alsace-Lorraine 22093: 22021: 21950: 21857: 21826: 21735: 21729: 21658: 21637: 21468: 21462: 21427: 21419: 21414: 21413: 21408: 21390: 21372: 21354: 21256:Checheno-Ingush 21237: 21232: 21202: 21197: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21160: 21152: 21139: 21134: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21106:Checheno-Ingush 21103: 21098: 21093: 21084: 21078: 21073: 21068: 21066:Checheno-Ingush 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21034: 21028: 21023: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20984: 20978: 20973: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20948: 20943: 20921: 20915: 20779:Checheno-Ingush 20747: 20742: 20712: 20707: 20666: 20639: 20605: 20570: 20564: 20514: 20508: 20473: 20465: 20460: 20439: 20437: 20424: 20372: 20346: 20266: 20180: 20125: 20097: 20071:Internet domain 20066:Five-year plans 20028: 19995: 19935: 19838: 19800: 19732:Communist Party 19720: 19679:Passport system 19569: 19545:European Russia 19523: 19462: 19403:Khrushchev Thaw 19382:(World War II) 19360:Creation treaty 19314: 19308: 19255: 19251: 19246: 19213: 19199: 19174: 19155: 19141:Shukman, Harold 19125: 19102: 19077: 19059:Service, Robert 19051: 19035:Service, Robert 19027: 18997: 18986: 18960: 18932: 18914:Service, Robert 18893: 18874: 18801: 18774: 18751: 18726: 18680: 18654: 18652: 18648: 18637: 18607: 18562: 18554:(CUP) Archive. 18540:Comrie, Bernard 18532: 18509: 18491: 18486: 18485: 18475: 18473: 18461: 18457: 18447: 18445: 18432: 18431: 18427: 18417: 18415: 18402: 18401: 18397: 18387: 18385: 18370: 18369: 18365: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18343: 18332: 18324: 18320: 18313: 18290: 18286: 18272: 18253: 18249: 18239: 18237: 18213:10.1.1.691.8154 18190: 18186: 18176: 18174: 18165: 18161: 18151: 18149: 18136: 18132: 18119: 18118: 18114: 18105: 18104: 18100: 18091: 18090: 18086: 18071: 18070: 18066: 18059: 18045: 18041: 18031: 18029: 18025: 18014: 18008:Muižnieks, Nils 18004: 18000: 17991: 17990: 17986: 17971: 17970: 17959: 17949: 17947: 17934: 17933: 17929: 17919: 17917: 17904: 17903: 17899: 17889: 17887: 17878: 17877: 17873: 17863: 17861: 17846: 17842: 17835: 17817: 17808: 17798: 17796: 17787: 17786: 17782: 17772: 17770: 17758: 17754: 17745: 17744: 17737: 17710: 17706: 17696: 17694: 17679: 17678: 17674: 17638: 17634: 17624: 17622: 17615: 17592: 17588: 17578:Wayback Machine 17569: 17565: 17556: 17552: 17545: 17516: 17512: 17502: 17500: 17485: 17481: 17471: 17469: 17450: 17446: 17432: 17430: 17413:Hudson, Michael 17410: 17406: 17399: 17378: 17374: 17329: 17325: 17315: 17313: 17302: 17298: 17261: 17257: 17248:Smorodinskaya. 17246: 17242: 17231: 17227: 17220: 17200: 17196: 17181: 17177: 17167: 17165: 17156: 17155: 17151: 17141: 17139: 17126:"Cops for hire" 17124: 17123: 17119: 17114: 17110: 17099: 17095: 17085: 17083: 17070: 17069: 17065: 17055: 17053: 17040: 17036: 17029: 17000: 16991: 16984: 16955: 16951: 16945:Wayback Machine 16936: 16932: 16922: 16920: 16891: 16887: 16863:10.2307/2494336 16840: 16836: 16829: 16803: 16799: 16789: 16787: 16780: 16762: 16758: 16748: 16746: 16728: 16724: 16714: 16712: 16702: 16698: 16691: 16675: 16671: 16663: 16652: 16648: 16647: 16643: 16638:. 22 July 1986. 16628: 16627: 16623: 16608: 16604: 16594: 16592: 16579:Benson, Tyler. 16577: 16570: 16560: 16558: 16549: 16548: 16544: 16536: 16532: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16505: 16503: 16496: 16476: 16472: 16464: 16460: 16450: 16448: 16441: 16425: 16421: 16411: 16409: 16402: 16394:. p. 144. 16392:Hamish Hamilton 16382: 16375: 16365: 16363: 16356: 16348:. p. 263. 16336: 16332: 16324: 16315: 16304: 16300: 16295: 16291: 16277: 16275: 16268: 16252: 16248: 16243: 16239: 16234: 16230: 16220: 16218: 16209: 16208: 16204: 16194: 16192: 16183: 16182: 16178: 16169: 16165: 16156: 16152: 16129: 16125: 16115: 16113: 16111: 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15169: 15167: 15148: 15144: 15133: 15129: 15120: 15116: 15103: 15099: 15089: 15087: 15086:on 20 June 2018 15083: 15072: 15068: 15067: 15063: 15022: 15018: 15011: 15000: 14992: 14985: 14975: 14973: 14931: 14927: 14915: 14911: 14896: 14892: 14845: 14841: 14830: 14826: 14815: 14811: 14795: 14787: 14783: 14773: 14771: 14764: 14748: 14744: 14737: 14715: 14711: 14704: 14682: 14678: 14668: 14666: 14659: 14643: 14639: 14626:"War Communism" 14622: 14618: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14597: 14581:. Vol. 3. 14573: 14569: 14561: 14557: 14549: 14542: 14534: 14530: 14522: 14518: 14510: 14506: 14498: 14494: 14486: 14479: 14469: 14467: 14460: 14444: 14440: 14422: 14421: 14417: 14407: 14405: 14390: 14383: 14373: 14371: 14358: 14357: 14353: 14343: 14341: 14328: 14327: 14323: 14313: 14311: 14296: 14292: 14282: 14280: 14267: 14266: 14262: 14252: 14250: 14237: 14236: 14232: 14227:. 7 March 1991. 14222: 14221: 14217: 14206: 14202: 14191: 14187: 14168: 14164: 14154: 14152: 14135: 14131: 14123:Smithsonian.com 14118:Wayback Machine 14105: 14101: 14091: 14089: 14076: 14075: 14071: 14061: 14059: 14046: 14045: 14041: 14031: 14029: 14022: 14014:. p. 233. 14002: 13998: 13988: 13986: 13966: 13962: 13952: 13950: 13930: 13921: 13913: 13909: 13901: 13897: 13889: 13885: 13877: 13873: 13865: 13861: 13851: 13849: 13836: 13835: 13831: 13821: 13819: 13799: 13795: 13785: 13783: 13763: 13759: 13724: 13720: 13712: 13708: 13663: 13659: 13651: 13647: 13637: 13635: 13628: 13605: 13601: 13578: 13574: 13543: 13539: 13530: 13523: 13513: 13511: 13498: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13478: 13477: 13473: 13466: 13450:. Vol. 1. 13442: 13438: 13428: 13426: 13413: 13412: 13401: 13391: 13389: 13376: 13375: 13371: 13361: 13359: 13352: 13325: 13321: 13311: 13309: 13302: 13282: 13278: 13268: 13266: 13259: 13239: 13224: 13215: 13211: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13187: 13185: 13176: 13175: 13171: 13166: 13162: 13157: 13153: 13146: 13138:. p. 368. 13126: 13122: 13112: 13110: 13103: 13083: 13079: 13069: 13067: 13060: 13044: 13040: 13030: 13028: 13013: 13009: 12994: 12990: 12981: 12977: 12967: 12965: 12958: 12950:. p. 103. 12938: 12934: 12918: 12914: 12905: 12901: 12895:Stalin's Russia 12892: 12888: 12881: 12862: 12858: 12835: 12831: 12822: 12818: 12803:10.2307/1986524 12787: 12783: 12774: 12770: 12753: 12749: 12732: 12728: 12711: 12707: 12699: 12695: 12682: 12681: 12677: 12669: 12665: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12625: 12621: 12611: 12609: 12602: 12594:. p. 369. 12582: 12573: 12558: 12554: 12549:Wayback Machine 12539: 12535: 12527:Duncan Hallas, 12526: 12522: 12505: 12501: 12487: 12483: 12446: 12442: 12432: 12430: 12429:on 29 July 2018 12426: 12419: 12406: 12402: 12383: 12379: 12366: 12365: 12361: 12354: 12329: 12320: 12309: 12289: 12285: 12268: 12264: 12254: 12252: 12245: 12240: 12239: 12235: 12225: 12213: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12197: 12193: 12183: 12167: 12166: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12142: 12141: 12137: 12127: 12125: 12108: 12104: 12094: 12092: 12085: 12065: 12061: 12050: 12037: 12033: 12023: 12021: 12014: 12006:. p. 490. 11994: 11990: 11980: 11978: 11971: 11951: 11947: 11937: 11935: 11922: 11921: 11917: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11881: 11877: 11870: 11862:. p. 674. 11849: 11842: 11832: 11830: 11823: 11815:. p. 379. 11803:Service, Robert 11800: 11796: 11780: 11779: 11775: 11765: 11763: 11756: 11736: 11732: 11722: 11720: 11703: 11699: 11689: 11687: 11680: 11661: 11657: 11641: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11624: 11617: 11597: 11593: 11583: 11581: 11574: 11554: 11550: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11514: 11510: 11500: 11498: 11491: 11483:. p. 205. 11471: 11467: 11457: 11455: 11448: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11419: 11417: 11410: 11390: 11383: 11373: 11371: 11364: 11348: 11344: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11304: 11300: 11290: 11288: 11281: 11262: 11258: 11248: 11246: 11239: 11223: 11219: 11209: 11207: 11200: 11186: 11185: 11181: 11171: 11169: 11162: 11154:. p. 378. 11142:Service, Robert 11139: 11135: 11125: 11123: 11116: 11100: 11096: 11086: 11084: 11077: 11061: 11057: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11035:. p. 325. 11021: 11017: 11007: 11005: 10998: 10982: 10978: 10969: 10962: 10952: 10950: 10938: 10934: 10925: 10921: 10911: 10909: 10894: 10890: 10880: 10878: 10866: 10862: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10788: 10784: 10774: 10772: 10747: 10743: 10733: 10731: 10730:on 12 June 2024 10714: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10687: 10683: 10634: 10630: 10620: 10618: 10605: 10604: 10600: 10590: 10588: 10568: 10564: 10554: 10552: 10551:. 26 April 2021 10541: 10540: 10536: 10526: 10524: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10501: 10499: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10362: 10358: 10348: 10346: 10323: 10322: 10318: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10289: 10285: 10279:Wayback Machine 10269: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10234: 10233: 10229: 10217:, p. 421; 10215:Volkogonov 1994 10213:, p. 354; 10205:, p. 608; 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10175: 10173: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10149: 10147: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10124: 10122: 10112: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10085: 10078: 10059: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10003: 10001: 9992: 9991: 9984: 9972: 9968: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9931: 9908:xorhurd / sovet 9763: 9759: 9754: 9750: 9693: 9689: 9679: 9678: 9670: 9666:Sovetskiy Soyuz 9650: 9646: 9623: 9619: 9608: 9607: 9599: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9550: 9546: 9537: 9533: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9510: 9506: 9497: 9493: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9462: 9458: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9413: 9409: 9396: 9392: 9383: 9379: 9367: 9363: 9354: 9350: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9313:Second Cold War 9278: 9137: 9131: 9064: 9050: 9040:(March 8), and 9036:(February 23), 8983:Leonid Brezhnev 8894:state socialism 8859: 8848: 8842: 8839: 8828: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8792: 8768:Andrew Jennings 8662: 8644: 8603:Khrushchev Thaw 8538: 8536: 8510: 8504: 8381:Roman Catholics 8312:Khrushchev Thaw 8272: 8266: 8241:second language 8227: 8219:Main articles: 8217: 8208: 8177:Yevgeniy Chazov 8166:Leonid Brezhnev 8162:right to health 8137: 8131: 8124: 8121: 8112: 8109: 8100: 8097: 8088: 8085: 8076: 8073: 8064: 8061: 8052: 8049: 8040: 8037: 7905: 7889:Main articles: 7887: 7838:social mobility 7812: 7806: 7770: 7764: 7697: 7692: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7211: 7194:(including the 7172: 7166: 7090: 7084: 6956: 6948:Main articles: 6946: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6809: 6803: 6739:Stanley Fischer 6731:quality of life 6684:Workers of the 6643:five-year plans 6616:military budget 6587:self-sufficient 6527:command economy 6517: 6513: < 250 6510: 6508: 6501: 6499: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6463: 6451: 6445: 6424:(1956) and the 6391:Sergei Gorshkov 6367:Internal Troops 6365:(OGPU) and the 6321:A medium-range 6315: 6289: 6283: 6266: 6264: 6248: 6246: 6230: 6228: 6212: 6210: 6194: 6192: 6176: 6174: 6158: 6156: 6140: 6138: 6122: 6120: 6104: 6102: 6086: 6084: 6068: 6066: 6050: 6048: 6032: 6030: 6007: 6005: 5867: 5855:Main articles: 5853: 5835:, far-reaching 5771: 5763:Main articles: 5761: 5733:interwar period 5725: 5717:Main articles: 5715: 5651:social fascists 5595: 5589: 5576:Josip Broz Tito 5502:world communism 5434:Henry Kissinger 5430:Leonid Brezhnev 5385: 5379: 5354:. According to 5336:civil liberties 5306:. According to 5269:1927 until 1953 5258: 5252: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5210:Judicial system 5165:Georgy Malenkov 5120: 5114: 5034:Five-Year Plans 5006: 5000: 4924: 4918: 4916:Communist Party 4898: 4890:Main articles: 4888: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4683:The USSR, like 4600:Landscape near 4592:mountain range. 4578: 4572: 4566: 4544:(openness) and 4540:'s policies of 4523:Leonid Brezhnev 4519:Khrushchev Thaw 4449:Communist Party 4437: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4391: 4381: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4261: 4260: 4247: 4233: 4212: 4191: 4170: 4149: 4129: 4112: 4095: 4084: 4079:2022 annexation 4063:Mass emigration 4051:2020 amendments 4034: 3992: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3897: 3883: 3861: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3697: 3680: 3643:Kornilov affair 3621: 3620: 3612: 3581:Congress Poland 3559:Russian America 3532: 3520:1905 Revolution 3487: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3438:Vladimir-Suzdal 3422: 3414:Mongol conquest 3402: 3401: 3393: 3336: 3331:Russkaya Pravda 3326:Baptism of Rus' 3318: 3317: 3309: 3274:pre-9th century 3252: 3250: 3230: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3178:is in English. 3139:Sovyetsky Soyuz 3050:Georgian Affair 3037:, in which the 3013:The Soviets as 2973:verbal stem of 2947: 2945:Names of Russia 2941: 2935: 2907:founding member 2858:, an attempted 2763:coalesced into 2736:losses. In the 2662:socialist state 2643:communist state 2635:one-party state 2621:. In practice, 2567: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2314:April 9 tragedy 2193: 2182: 2181: 2029: 2018: 2017: 1954:Khrushchev Thaw 1934: 1923: 1922: 1903:Berlin Blockade 1790: 1779: 1778: 1729: 1728:: Establishment 1718: 1717: 1696:Bolshevik Party 1691:Bolshevik split 1666: 1629: 1610: 1596: 1582: 1568: 1554: 1540: 1526: 1512: 1498: 1484: 1470: 1456: 1442: 1436: 1424: 1410: 1396: 1390: 1367: 1353: 1345: 1335: 1321: 1307: 1293: 1285: 1275: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1131: 1117: 1105: 1093: 1079: 1063: 1051: 1032: 1013: 1003: 989: 970: 965: 958:8 December 1991 955: 942: 929: 924: 914: 901: 891:24 October 1945 888: 879: 869: 864: 854: 844:5 December 1936 841: 831:31 January 1924 828: 815: 805:7 November 1917 802: 788: 774:Interwar period 761: 755: 745: 741: 734: 725: 715: 711: 704: 681: 671: 643: 635:Mikhail Kalinin 631: 600:Gennady Yanayev 596: 584: 572: 560: 552:Leonid Brezhnev 548: 536: 528:Georgy Malenkov 524: 512: 500: 454: 423: 402: 392: 353: 304: 282: 280: 276: 273: 268: 265: 263: 261: 260: 259: 253: 245: 230: 227: 196: 188: 158: 151: 129: 116: 115: 114: 112: 107: 99: 98: 96: 91: 73: 65: 59: 58: 56: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25541: 25531: 25530: 25525: 25520: 25515: 25513:Former empires 25510: 25505: 25500: 25495: 25490: 25485: 25480: 25475: 25470: 25453: 25452: 25447: 25446: 25444: 25443: 25438: 25431: 25430: 25422: 25421: 25418: 25417: 25414: 25413: 25411: 25410: 25405: 25404: 25403: 25393: 25388: 25383: 25378: 25373: 25368: 25363: 25358: 25353: 25348: 25343: 25338: 25337: 25336: 25331: 25326: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25296: 25291: 25286: 25281: 25276: 25271: 25266: 25261: 25256: 25251: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25226: 25225: 25224: 25214: 25209: 25204: 25199: 25194: 25189: 25183: 25181: 25175: 25174: 25172: 25171: 25170: 25169: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25124: 25119: 25114: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25094: 25089: 25084: 25083: 25082: 25077: 25067: 25066: 25065: 25055: 25054: 25053: 25048: 25043: 25033: 25028: 25023: 25018: 25013: 25008: 25003: 24998: 24993: 24988: 24983: 24978: 24973: 24968: 24963: 24958: 24953: 24948: 24942: 24936: 24930: 24929: 24926: 24925: 24923: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24885:Space industry 24882: 24877: 24872: 24871: 24870: 24860: 24852: 24847: 24842: 24837: 24832: 24827: 24822: 24817: 24812: 24807: 24802: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24777: 24772: 24766: 24760: 24754: 24753: 24750: 24749: 24747: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24724:Urban planning 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24646: 24641: 24636: 24631: 24626: 24621: 24616: 24611: 24606: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24576: 24571: 24561: 24559:Federal budget 24556: 24551: 24546: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24521: 24516: 24510: 24504: 24498: 24497: 24494: 24493: 24491: 24490: 24485: 24480: 24475: 24470: 24468:North Caucasus 24465: 24464: 24463: 24458: 24453: 24443: 24442: 24441: 24436: 24431: 24421: 24420: 24419: 24409: 24404: 24402:Highest points 24399: 24394: 24389: 24384: 24379: 24378: 24377: 24372: 24367: 24362: 24357: 24347: 24345:Extreme points 24342: 24341: 24340: 24330: 24325: 24320: 24315: 24309: 24303: 24297: 24296: 24293: 24292: 24290: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24264: 24259: 24254: 24249: 24244: 24238: 24236: 24232: 24231: 24229: 24228: 24227: 24226: 24216: 24215: 24214: 24209: 24204: 24194: 24193: 24192: 24187: 24177: 24172: 24171: 24170: 24160: 24158:Russian Empire 24155: 24154: 24153: 24143: 24138: 24137: 24136: 24131: 24126: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24088: 24082: 24080: 24071: 24065: 24064: 24062: articles 24056: 24055: 24048: 24041: 24033: 24024: 24023: 24020: 24019: 24017: 24016: 24011: 24006: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23940: 23939: 23928: 23925: 23924: 23914: 23913: 23910: 23909: 23906: 23905: 23903: 23902: 23897: 23891: 23889: 23885: 23884: 23879: 23877: 23873: 23872: 23870: 23869: 23864: 23859: 23854: 23849: 23844: 23839: 23834: 23832:Habbush letter 23829: 23824: 23819: 23818: 23817: 23807: 23802: 23801: 23800: 23795: 23790: 23785: 23775: 23770: 23764: 23762: 23758: 23757: 23755: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23731: 23726: 23721: 23716: 23714:Bell Pottinger 23710: 23708: 23707:United Kingdom 23704: 23703: 23701: 23700: 23695: 23690: 23684: 23682: 23678: 23677: 23672: 23670: 23666: 23665: 23662: 23661: 23659: 23658: 23653: 23648: 23643: 23638: 23637: 23636: 23631: 23626: 23618: 23617: 23616: 23606: 23605: 23604: 23599: 23588: 23586: 23580: 23579: 23577: 23576: 23571: 23566: 23561: 23556: 23551: 23546: 23541: 23535: 23533: 23524: 23515: 23514: 23512: 23511: 23506: 23501: 23490: 23488: 23484: 23483: 23478: 23476: 23472: 23471: 23466: 23464: 23460: 23459: 23454: 23452: 23448: 23447: 23442: 23440: 23436: 23435: 23433: 23432: 23427: 23422: 23417: 23411: 23409: 23405: 23404: 23402: 23401: 23396: 23391: 23385: 23383: 23379: 23378: 23373: 23371: 23370:Czechoslovakia 23367: 23366: 23364: 23363: 23356: 23351: 23350: 23349: 23344: 23342:PLA Unit 61398 23339: 23334: 23329: 23324: 23313: 23311: 23307: 23306: 23301: 23299: 23291: 23290: 23280: 23279: 23276: 23275: 23272: 23271: 23269: 23268: 23263: 23262: 23261: 23256: 23251: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23220: 23219: 23217:by governments 23209: 23203: 23201: 23194: 23193: 23188: 23183: 23178: 23173: 23168: 23163: 23158: 23153: 23148: 23147: 23146: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23115: 23112: 23111: 23101: 23100: 23097: 23096: 23094: 23093: 23086: 23079: 23072: 23065: 23058: 23054:Disinformation 23049: 23046: 23045: 23035: 23034: 23031: 23030: 23028: 23027: 23022: 23017: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22981: 22980: 22975: 22970: 22960: 22959: 22958: 22953: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22928: 22923: 22918: 22913: 22908: 22903: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22873: 22868: 22863: 22858: 22857: 22856: 22846: 22845: 22844: 22839: 22834: 22824: 22819: 22814: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22794: 22784: 22783: 22782: 22775:Cognitive bias 22772: 22767: 22765:Cherry picking 22762: 22757: 22752: 22746: 22743: 22742: 22732: 22731: 22728:misinformation 22724:Disinformation 22720: 22719: 22712: 22705: 22697: 22688: 22687: 22685: 22684: 22683: 22682: 22672: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22615: 22609: 22607: 22603: 22602: 22600: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22563: 22561: 22557: 22556: 22554: 22553: 22548: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22511: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22475: 22473: 22468: 22465: 22464: 22462: 22461: 22453: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22429: 22427: 22423: 22422: 22420: 22419: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22372: 22370: 22366: 22365: 22363: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22341: 22340: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22315: 22309: 22307: 22303: 22302: 22299: 22298: 22293: 22287: 22286: 22283: 22282: 22275: 22274: 22267: 22260: 22252: 22243: 22242: 22237: 22234: 22233: 22230: 22229: 22226: 22225: 22223: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22185:Hungary (1919) 22182: 22177: 22172: 22171: 22170: 22165: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22131: 22130: 22125: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22101: 22099: 22092: 22091: 22086: 22081: 22076: 22071: 22066: 22061: 22060: 22059: 22054: 22052:Czech Republic 22047:Czechoslovakia 22044: 22039: 22033: 22031: 22027: 22026: 22023: 22022: 22020: 22019: 22014: 22009: 22004: 21999: 21994: 21989: 21987:Inner Mongolia 21984: 21979: 21974: 21969: 21967:East Turkestan 21964: 21958: 21956: 21949: 21948: 21947: 21946: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21916: 21911: 21906: 21901: 21896: 21895: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21876: 21871: 21865: 21863: 21859: 21858: 21856: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21834: 21832: 21828: 21827: 21825: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21788: 21787: 21782: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21748: 21746: 21739: 21731: 21730: 21728: 21727: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21666: 21664: 21660: 21659: 21657: 21656: 21651: 21649:United Kingdom 21645: 21643: 21639: 21638: 21636: 21635: 21630: 21629: 21628: 21620: 21619: 21618: 21608: 21606:United Kingdom 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21563: 21558: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21530: 21529: 21516: 21511: 21510: 21509: 21499: 21494: 21493: 21492: 21482: 21476: 21474: 21470: 21469: 21461: 21460: 21453: 21446: 21438: 21432: 21429: 21428: 21416: 21415: 21410: 21409: 21407: 21406: 21400: 21398: 21392: 21391: 21389: 21388: 21382: 21380: 21378:Azerbaijan SSR 21374: 21373: 21371: 21370: 21368:South Ossetian 21364: 21362: 21356: 21355: 21353: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21340:North Ossetian 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21316: 21315: 21310: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21275: 21270: 21269: 21268: 21263: 21253: 21247: 21245: 21239: 21238: 21231: 21230: 21223: 21216: 21208: 21199: 21198: 21195: 21194: 21189: 21184: 21179: 21174: 21158: 21149: 21148: 21145: 21144: 21141: 21140: 21136: 21135: 21091:North Ossetian 21087: 21085: 21037: 21035: 20987: 20985: 20937: 20935: 20929: 20923: 20917: 20916: 20914: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20876:North Ossetian 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20837: 20836: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20755: 20753: 20749: 20748: 20741: 20740: 20733: 20726: 20718: 20709: 20708: 20706: 20705: 20699: 20693: 20687: 20681: 20674: 20672: 20668: 20667: 20665: 20664: 20658: 20651: 20649: 20645: 20644: 20641: 20640: 20638: 20637: 20632: 20630:Lithuanian SSR 20627: 20622: 20616: 20614: 20607: 20606: 20604: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20588: 20583: 20577: 20575: 20566: 20565: 20563: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20540:Azerbaijan SSR 20537: 20531: 20529: 20520: 20516: 20515: 20507: 20506: 20499: 20492: 20484: 20478: 20475: 20474: 20462: 20461: 20459: 20458: 20448: 20433: 20430: 20429: 20426: 20425: 20423: 20422: 20417: 20416: 20415: 20405: 20404: 20403: 20393: 20392: 20391: 20380: 20378: 20374: 20373: 20371: 20370: 20369: 20368: 20356: 20354: 20348: 20347: 20345: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20308: 20307: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20276: 20274: 20268: 20267: 20265: 20264: 20259: 20254: 20253: 20252: 20247: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20226: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20205: 20200: 20194: 20188: 20182: 20181: 20179: 20178: 20177: 20176: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20135: 20133: 20127: 20126: 20124: 20123: 20122: 20121: 20116: 20114:Rail transport 20111: 20109:Railway system 20101: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20042: 20040: 20034: 20033: 20030: 20029: 20027: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20005: 20003: 19997: 19996: 19994: 19993: 19988: 19983: 19982: 19981: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19945: 19943: 19937: 19936: 19934: 19933: 19932: 19931: 19905: 19904: 19903: 19898: 19888: 19883: 19882: 19881: 19871: 19870: 19869: 19859: 19854: 19848: 19846: 19840: 19839: 19837: 19836: 19831: 19829:Deputy Premier 19826: 19821: 19820: 19819: 19812:Heads of state 19808: 19806: 19802: 19801: 19799: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19786: 19780: 19777:Supreme Soviet 19774: 19768: 19767: 19766: 19761: 19760: 19759: 19754: 19744: 19739: 19728: 19726: 19722: 19721: 19719: 19718: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19694:State ideology 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19675: 19674: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19653: 19652: 19642: 19641: 19640: 19630: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19613: 19608: 19607: 19606: 19601: 19590: 19588: 19581: 19575: 19574: 19571: 19570: 19568: 19567: 19562: 19560:Ural Mountains 19557: 19552: 19550:North Caucasus 19547: 19542: 19537: 19531: 19529: 19525: 19524: 19522: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19510: 19509: 19499: 19494: 19493: 19492: 19481: 19479: 19470: 19464: 19463: 19461: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19394: 19393: 19388: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19346: 19345: 19340: 19330: 19324: 19322: 19316: 19315: 19307: 19306: 19299: 19292: 19284: 19278: 19277: 19271: 19262: 19250: 19249:External links 19247: 19245: 19244: 19203: 19197: 19178: 19172: 19159: 19153: 19129: 19123: 19106: 19100: 19081: 19075: 19055: 19049: 19031: 19026:978-1138815681 19025: 19006: 18990: 18984: 18964: 18958: 18936: 18930: 18906: 18897: 18891: 18878: 18872: 18852: 18832:(6): 699–724. 18821: 18805: 18799: 18778: 18772: 18755: 18749: 18730: 18724: 18705: 18695:(3): 262–286. 18684: 18678: 18661: 18623: 18615:Fischer, Louis 18611: 18605: 18583:Davies, Robert 18579: 18566: 18560: 18536: 18530: 18510: 18490: 18487: 18484: 18483: 18455: 18425: 18408:Etext Archives 18395: 18363: 18341: 18318: 18311: 18284: 18271:978-0906582473 18270: 18247: 18206:(1): 110–126. 18184: 18159: 18130: 18112: 18098: 18084: 18064: 18057: 18039: 17998: 17984: 17957: 17927: 17897: 17871: 17840: 17833: 17806: 17780: 17752: 17735: 17704: 17672: 17653:(2): 135–138. 17632: 17613: 17607:. p. 63. 17586: 17563: 17550: 17543: 17510: 17499:on 8 July 2016 17479: 17444: 17404: 17397: 17372: 17343:(4): 539–550. 17323: 17296: 17282:10.1086/315570 17255: 17240: 17225: 17218: 17194: 17191:. p. 481. 17175: 17149: 17117: 17108: 17093: 17063: 17034: 17027: 16989: 16982: 16949: 16930: 16885: 16856:(2): 314–322. 16834: 16827: 16797: 16778: 16756: 16722: 16696: 16689: 16669: 16641: 16621: 16602: 16568: 16542: 16530: 16513: 16494: 16470: 16458: 16439: 16419: 16400: 16373: 16354: 16330: 16313: 16298: 16289: 16266: 16246: 16237: 16228: 16202: 16176: 16163: 16150: 16123: 16109: 16079: 16067: 16048: 16029: 16009: 15995: 15960: 15928: 15916: 15904: 15892: 15880: 15868: 15845:(3): 379–383. 15825: 15794: 15775:(1): 155–177. 15759: 15747: 15735: 15723: 15693: 15659: 15647: 15635: 15617: 15581: 15562: 15538: 15519: 15513:. p. 26. 15495: 15478:"Biographical" 15465: 15438:Dominic Lawson 15429: 15404:Edward Frenkel 15395: 15388: 15376:, ed. (2005). 15365: 15346: 15326: 15290: 15259: 15228: 15219: 15210: 15177: 15142: 15137:Russian Review 15127: 15114: 15097: 15061: 15048:10.2307/210935 15016: 15009: 14983: 14955:10.1086/451781 14925: 14909: 14890: 14839: 14824: 14809: 14781: 14762: 14742: 14735: 14709: 14702: 14676: 14657: 14637: 14616: 14602: 14595: 14589:. p. 56. 14567: 14565:, p. 169. 14555: 14553:, p. 167. 14540: 14538:, p. 165. 14528: 14526:, p. 168. 14516: 14504: 14502:, p. 201. 14492: 14490:, p. 205. 14477: 14458: 14438: 14415: 14381: 14351: 14321: 14290: 14260: 14230: 14215: 14200: 14185: 14162: 14129: 14099: 14069: 14039: 14020: 13996: 13960: 13919: 13917:, p. 299. 13907: 13895: 13893:, p. 297. 13883: 13881:, p. 295. 13871: 13859: 13829: 13793: 13757: 13734:(6): 956–987. 13718: 13706: 13677:(6): 661–666. 13657: 13645: 13626: 13599: 13588:(1): 141–167. 13572: 13537: 13521: 13488: 13471: 13464: 13436: 13399: 13369: 13350: 13319: 13300: 13294:. p. 30. 13276: 13257: 13222: 13216:Lih, Lars T., 13209: 13195: 13169: 13160: 13151: 13144: 13120: 13101: 13095:. p. 94. 13077: 13058: 13038: 13007: 12988: 12975: 12956: 12932: 12912: 12899: 12886: 12879: 12856: 12845:(2): 349–368. 12829: 12816: 12797:(3): 109–117. 12781: 12768: 12747: 12726: 12705: 12693: 12675: 12663: 12649: 12619: 12600: 12571: 12552: 12533: 12520: 12499: 12481: 12462:(2): 110–141. 12440: 12400: 12377: 12359: 12352: 12332:Pipes, Richard 12318: 12307: 12283: 12262: 12233: 12223: 12206: 12191: 12181: 12160: 12135: 12102: 12083: 12059: 12031: 12012: 11988: 11969: 11945: 11915: 11901: 11875: 11868: 11840: 11821: 11794: 11773: 11754: 11748:. p. 71. 11730: 11715:. p. 31. 11697: 11678: 11664:Sakwa, Richard 11655: 11634: 11615: 11591: 11572: 11548: 11534: 11508: 11489: 11465: 11446: 11427: 11408: 11381: 11362: 11342: 11328: 11298: 11279: 11256: 11237: 11217: 11198: 11179: 11160: 11133: 11114: 11094: 11075: 11055: 11041: 11015: 10996: 10976: 10960: 10932: 10919: 10902:EurAsian Times 10888: 10860: 10815: 10782: 10741: 10708: 10681: 10628: 10598: 10562: 10534: 10509: 10479: 10452:(3): 201–227. 10430: 10397: 10356: 10316: 10283: 10263: 10254: 10227: 10225:, p. 175. 10209:, p. 50; 10195: 10183: 10157: 10141:"April Thesis" 10132: 10116:"Soviet Union" 10103: 10101:, p. 487. 10091: 10089:, p. 763. 10076: 10064:"Soviet" 10050: 10011: 9982: 9966: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9894:šūravī / sovet 9889:шӯравӣ / совет 9814:sovet / kenges 9757: 9748: 9734:to the south; 9708:Czechoslovakia 9687: 9654:Советский Союз 9644: 9617: 9573: 9564: 9544: 9531: 9522: 9513: 9504: 9491: 9478: 9469: 9456: 9443: 9434: 9425: 9416: 9407: 9390: 9377: 9361: 9357:praised Stalin 9348: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9141:Vladimir Lenin 9130: 9127: 9054:Anti-Sovietism 9049: 9046: 9032:, such as the 9006:massive losses 8989:, Stalin, and 8911:2001 stamp of 8861: 8860: 8816: 8814: 8807: 8791: 8788: 8643: 8640: 8601:Following the 8514:Soviet cuisine 8506:Main article: 8503: 8500: 8459:anti-Sovietism 8405:ruling classes 8377:Azerbaijan SSR 8268:Main article: 8265: 8262: 8216: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8154:Semashko model 8133:Main article: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8031: 8025:Andrei Gromyko 7886: 7883: 7819:Young Pioneers 7808:Main article: 7805: 7802: 7763: 7760: 7740:Azerbaijan SSR 7696: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7497:Azerbaijan SSR 7494: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7476: 7474:Dnepropetrovsk 7471: 7468: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7361: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7329: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7245: 7223:mortality rate 7168:Main article: 7165: 7162: 7138:street network 7124:, an aviation 7086:Main article: 7083: 7080: 7026:space shuttles 6993:rocket at the 6968:Pavel Popovich 6945: 6942: 6859:Main article: 6856: 6853: 6805:Main article: 6802: 6799: 6791:Czechoslovakia 6688:potash plant, 6675:reform of 1965 6671:consumer goods 6577:, one of many 6539:barrier troops 6519: 6518: 6509: 6504: 250–500 6500: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6462: 6447:Main article: 6444: 6441: 6395:battlecruisers 6285:Main article: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147:Lithuanian SSR 6136: 6132: 6131: 6129:Azerbaijan SSR 6118: 6114: 6113: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5903:Turkestan ASSR 5852: 5849: 5760: 5757: 5749:United Kingdom 5714: 5711: 5688:Maxim Litvinov 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5564: 5529: 5505: 5486:Andrei Gromyko 5474:Maxim Litvinov 5426:Andrei Gromyko 5381:Main article: 5378: 5375: 5356:Vladimir Lenin 5254:Main article: 5251: 5248: 5232:People's Court 5214:Main article: 5211: 5208: 5187:, to himself. 5116:Main article: 5113: 5110: 5026:Supreme Soviet 5002:Main article: 4999: 4996: 4978:, the nominal 4920:Main article: 4917: 4914: 4887: 4884: 4820:Kola Peninsula 4719:Czechoslovakia 4568:Main article: 4565: 4562: 4536:In the 1980s, 4513:, initiated a 4480:Allied victory 4421: 4414: 4413: 4405:Vladimir Lenin 4403: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4238: 4237: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4202:Kherson Oblast 4196: 4195: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4123: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4083: 4082: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3659:Bolshevik Coup 3615: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3603:Uryankhay Krai 3598: 3597: 3594: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3548:Russian Empire 3544: 3543: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3475:Tsarist Russia 3472: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281:Rus' Khaganate 3276: 3275: 3272: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3208:Main article: 3205: 3202: 3133:Советский Союз 3031:Vladimir Lenin 3004:Russian Empire 2937:Main article: 2934: 2931: 2911:United Nations 2864:Supreme Soviet 2781:Stalin's death 2704:system of the 2658:Vladimir Lenin 2623:its government 2569: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2463:Related topics 2462: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344:The Barricades 2341: 2339:January Events 2336: 2334:Dushanbe riots 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2230: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2103:Wars in Africa 2100: 2099: 2098: 2088: 2086:Yom Kippur War 2083: 2082: 2081: 2079:Fall of Saigon 2076: 2071: 2069:Operation Menu 2066: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1703:Russian Empire 1700: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1349: 1348: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1279: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1170: 1168:(1990 formula) 1160: 1159: 1156:low inequality 1150: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1050:• Density 1049: 1046: 1045: 1033: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 990: 987: 984: 983: 979: 978: 975: 974: 971: 963: 960: 959: 956: 950: 947: 946: 943: 937: 934: 933: 930: 922: 919: 918: 917:9 October 1977 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 896: 893: 892: 889: 885:United Nations 877: 874: 873: 870: 862: 859: 858: 855: 849: 846: 845: 842: 836: 833: 832: 829: 823: 820: 819: 816: 810: 807: 806: 803: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 787: 786: 781: 776: 770: 768: 767:Historical era 764: 763: 756: 750: 747: 746: 744: 743: 736: 728: 726: 720: 717: 716: 714: 713: 709:Supreme Soviet 706: 698: 696: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 679: 676: 675: 674:Vladimir Lenin 672: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 652: 651: 648: 647: 644: 641: 638: 637: 632: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 612: 611: 608: 607: 597: 594: 591: 590: 585: 582: 579: 578: 573: 570: 567: 566: 561: 558: 555: 554: 549: 546: 543: 542: 537: 534: 531: 530: 525: 522: 519: 518: 513: 510: 507: 506: 504:Vladimir Lenin 501: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 481: 480: 472: 468: 467: 462: 456: 455: 453: 452: 442: 431: 429: 425: 424: 422: 421: 418: 412: 405: 403: 400: 394: 393: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 309: 307: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 283:55.750; 37.617 254: 251: 247: 246: 240: 232: 231: 229: 228: 194: 181: 143: 136: 135: 118: 117: 108: 101: 100: 92: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 75: 74: 57: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25540: 25529: 25526: 25524: 25521: 25519: 25516: 25514: 25511: 25509: 25506: 25504: 25501: 25499: 25496: 25494: 25491: 25489: 25486: 25484: 25481: 25479: 25476: 25474: 25471: 25469: 25466: 25465: 25463: 25442: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25433: 25428: 25424: 25423: 25419: 25409: 25406: 25402: 25399: 25398: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25391:Seven Wonders 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25362: 25359: 25357: 25356:Playing cards 25354: 25352: 25349: 25347: 25344: 25342: 25339: 25335: 25332: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25321: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25280: 25277: 25275: 25272: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25257: 25255: 25252: 25250: 25247: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25223: 25220: 25219: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25184: 25182: 25180: 25176: 25168: 25165: 25164: 25163: 25160: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25120: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25110: 25108: 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25081: 25078: 25076: 25073: 25072: 25071: 25068: 25064: 25061: 25060: 25059: 25056: 25052: 25051:Mental health 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25038: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25014: 25012: 25011:Ethnic groups 25009: 25007: 25004: 25002: 24999: 24997: 24994: 24992: 24989: 24987: 24984: 24982: 24979: 24977: 24974: 24972: 24969: 24967: 24964: 24962: 24959: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24943: 24940: 24937: 24935: 24931: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24869: 24866: 24865: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24853: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24843: 24841: 24838: 24836: 24833: 24831: 24828: 24826: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24801: 24798: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24773: 24771: 24768: 24767: 24764: 24761: 24759: 24755: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24714:Civil defense 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24659:Media freedom 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24630: 24627: 24625: 24622: 24620: 24617: 24615: 24612: 24610: 24607: 24604: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24584: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24569: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24544:Criminal code 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24524:Civil Service 24522: 24520: 24517: 24515: 24512: 24511: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24499: 24489: 24486: 24484: 24481: 24479: 24476: 24474: 24471: 24469: 24466: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24448: 24447: 24444: 24440: 24437: 24435: 24432: 24430: 24427: 24426: 24425: 24422: 24418: 24415: 24414: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24380: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24356: 24353: 24352: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24339: 24336: 24335: 24334: 24331: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24310: 24307: 24304: 24302: 24298: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24263: 24260: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24237: 24233: 24225: 24222: 24221: 24220: 24217: 24213: 24210: 24208: 24205: 24203: 24200: 24199: 24198: 24195: 24191: 24188: 24186: 24185:Russian state 24183: 24182: 24181: 24178: 24176: 24173: 24169: 24166: 24165: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24152: 24149: 24148: 24147: 24144: 24142: 24139: 24135: 24132: 24130: 24127: 24125: 24122: 24121: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24083: 24081: 24079: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24066: 24061: 24054: 24049: 24047: 24042: 24040: 24035: 24034: 24031: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24005: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23974:FactCheck.org 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23938: 23935: 23934: 23933: 23932:Fact-checking 23930: 23929: 23926: 23919: 23915: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23892: 23890: 23886: 23882: 23878: 23874: 23868: 23865: 23863: 23860: 23858: 23855: 23853: 23850: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23835: 23833: 23830: 23828: 23825: 23823: 23820: 23816: 23813: 23812: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23780: 23779: 23776: 23774: 23771: 23769: 23766: 23765: 23763: 23761:United States 23759: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23736: 23732: 23730: 23727: 23725: 23722: 23720: 23717: 23715: 23712: 23711: 23709: 23705: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23685: 23683: 23679: 23675: 23671: 23667: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23621: 23619: 23615: 23612: 23611: 23610: 23607: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23595: 23594: 23593: 23590: 23589: 23587: 23585: 23581: 23575: 23572: 23570: 23567: 23565: 23562: 23560: 23557: 23555: 23552: 23550: 23547: 23545: 23542: 23540: 23537: 23536: 23534: 23532: 23528: 23525: 23520: 23516: 23510: 23507: 23505: 23502: 23499: 23495: 23492: 23491: 23489: 23485: 23481: 23477: 23473: 23469: 23465: 23461: 23457: 23453: 23449: 23445: 23441: 23437: 23431: 23428: 23426: 23423: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23412: 23410: 23406: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23386: 23384: 23380: 23376: 23372: 23368: 23362: 23361: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23348: 23345: 23343: 23340: 23338: 23335: 23333: 23330: 23328: 23325: 23323: 23322:50 Cent Party 23320: 23319: 23318: 23315: 23314: 23312: 23308: 23304: 23300: 23296: 23292: 23285: 23281: 23267: 23264: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23246: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23218: 23215: 23214: 23213: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23204: 23202: 23198: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23177: 23174: 23172: 23169: 23167: 23164: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23154: 23152: 23149: 23145: 23142: 23141: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23116: 23113: 23106: 23102: 23092: 23091: 23087: 23085: 23084: 23080: 23078: 23077: 23073: 23071: 23070: 23066: 23064: 23063: 23059: 23057: 23055: 23051: 23050: 23047: 23040: 23036: 23026: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22971: 22969: 22966: 22965: 22964: 22961: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22948: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22939: 22937: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22927: 22926:Media culture 22924: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22904: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22866:False dilemma 22864: 22862: 22859: 22855: 22852: 22851: 22850: 22847: 22843: 22840: 22838: 22835: 22833: 22830: 22829: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22815: 22813: 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22792: 22788: 22785: 22781: 22778: 22777: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22747: 22744: 22737: 22733: 22729: 22725: 22718: 22713: 22711: 22706: 22704: 22699: 22698: 22695: 22681: 22680:Yugoslav Wars 22678: 22677: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22620: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22610: 22608: 22604: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22572: 22568: 22565: 22564: 22562: 22558: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22543: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22515: 22514:Prague Spring 22512: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22476: 22474: 22466: 22460: 22454: 22452: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22430: 22428: 22426:Organizations 22424: 22418: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22374: 22373: 22371: 22367: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22328:Baltic states 22326: 22324: 22321: 22320: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22310: 22308: 22304: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22288: 22284: 22280: 22273: 22268: 22266: 22261: 22259: 22254: 22253: 22250: 22240: 22235: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22169: 22166: 22164: 22161: 22160: 22158: 22156: 22155:Crimea (1919) 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22120: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22102: 22100: 22096: 22090: 22087: 22085: 22082: 22080: 22077: 22075: 22072: 22070: 22067: 22065: 22062: 22058: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22049: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22034: 22032: 22028: 22018: 22017:South Vietnam 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21959: 21957: 21953: 21945: 21944:North Vietnam 21942: 21941: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21910: 21907: 21905: 21902: 21900: 21897: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21879: 21877: 21875: 21872: 21870: 21867: 21866: 21864: 21860: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21833: 21829: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21777: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21749: 21747: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21732: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21667: 21665: 21661: 21655: 21654:United States 21652: 21650: 21647: 21646: 21644: 21640: 21634: 21631: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21621: 21617: 21614: 21613: 21612: 21611:United States 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21528: 21525: 21524: 21523: 21520: 21519: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21508: 21505: 21504: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21491: 21490:New Australia 21488: 21487: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21477: 21475: 21471: 21466: 21459: 21454: 21452: 21447: 21445: 21440: 21439: 21436: 21430: 21423: 21405: 21402: 21401: 21399: 21397: 21393: 21387: 21384: 21383: 21381: 21379: 21375: 21369: 21366: 21365: 21363: 21361: 21357: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21305: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21279: 21276: 21274: 21271: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21258: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21248: 21246: 21244: 21240: 21236: 21229: 21224: 21222: 21217: 21215: 21210: 21209: 21206: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21171: 21170: 21165: 21164: 21159: 21155: 21154:Buryat–Mongol 21151: 21150: 21146: 21133: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21086: 21083: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21036: 21033: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20992: 20986: 20983: 20982: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20936: 20933: 20932: 20927: 20924: 20918: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20835: 20832: 20831: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20756: 20754: 20750: 20746: 20739: 20734: 20732: 20727: 20725: 20720: 20719: 20716: 20703: 20700: 20697: 20694: 20691: 20688: 20685: 20682: 20679: 20676: 20675: 20673: 20669: 20662: 20659: 20656: 20653: 20652: 20650: 20646: 20636: 20635:Moldavian SSR 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20617: 20615: 20613: 20608: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20578: 20576: 20574: 20567: 20561: 20560:Ukrainian SSR 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20532: 20530: 20528: 20524: 20521: 20517: 20512: 20505: 20500: 20498: 20493: 20491: 20486: 20485: 20482: 20476: 20469: 20457: 20449: 20447: 20446: 20435: 20434: 20431: 20421: 20418: 20414: 20411: 20410: 20409: 20406: 20402: 20399: 20398: 20397: 20394: 20390: 20387: 20386: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20375: 20367: 20364: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20353: 20349: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20317:Printed media 20315: 20313: 20310: 20306: 20303: 20302: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20277: 20275: 20273: 20269: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20251: 20250:Cyrillisation 20248: 20246: 20243: 20242: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20218:Working class 20216: 20214: 20213:Soviet people 20211: 20210: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20195: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20183: 20175: 20172: 20171: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20132: 20128: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20106: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20061:Energy policy 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20043: 20041: 20039: 20035: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20006: 20004: 20002: 19998: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19980: 19977: 19976: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19944: 19942: 19938: 19930: 19926: 19922: 19918: 19914: 19911: 19910: 19909: 19906: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19893: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19880: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19868: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19847: 19845: 19841: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19818: 19815: 19814: 19813: 19810: 19809: 19807: 19803: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19790: 19789:Supreme Court 19787: 19784: 19781: 19778: 19775: 19772: 19769: 19765: 19762: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19734: 19733: 19730: 19729: 19727: 19723: 19717: 19714: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19696: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19673: 19670: 19669: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19651: 19648: 19647: 19646: 19643: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19622: 19619: 19618: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19596: 19595: 19592: 19591: 19589: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19576: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19532: 19530: 19526: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19508: 19505: 19504: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19491: 19488: 19487: 19486: 19483: 19482: 19480: 19478: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19465: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19392: 19391:The Holocaust 19389: 19387: 19384: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19335: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19325: 19323: 19321: 19317: 19312: 19305: 19300: 19298: 19293: 19291: 19286: 19285: 19282: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19253: 19252: 19241: 19237: 19233: 19229: 19225: 19221: 19220: 19212: 19208: 19204: 19200: 19194: 19190: 19186: 19185: 19179: 19175: 19169: 19165: 19160: 19156: 19150: 19146: 19145:HarperCollins 19142: 19138: 19134: 19130: 19126: 19124:9781138278790 19120: 19116: 19112: 19107: 19103: 19097: 19093: 19089: 19088: 19082: 19078: 19072: 19068: 19064: 19060: 19056: 19052: 19046: 19042: 19041: 19036: 19032: 19028: 19022: 19018: 19014: 19013: 19007: 19003: 18996: 18991: 18987: 18981: 18977: 18973: 18969: 18965: 18961: 18955: 18951: 18947: 18946: 18941: 18937: 18933: 18927: 18923: 18919: 18915: 18911: 18907: 18903: 18898: 18894: 18888: 18884: 18879: 18875: 18869: 18865: 18861: 18857: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18839: 18835: 18831: 18827: 18822: 18818: 18814: 18810: 18806: 18802: 18796: 18792: 18787: 18786: 18779: 18775: 18769: 18765: 18761: 18756: 18752: 18746: 18742: 18738: 18737: 18731: 18727: 18721: 18717: 18713: 18712: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18694: 18690: 18685: 18681: 18675: 18671: 18667: 18662: 18647: 18643: 18636: 18632: 18628: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18612: 18608: 18602: 18598: 18594: 18593: 18588: 18584: 18580: 18576: 18572: 18567: 18563: 18557: 18553: 18548: 18547: 18541: 18537: 18533: 18527: 18523: 18519: 18518: 18512: 18511: 18508: 18504: 18500: 18496: 18472: 18471: 18466: 18459: 18443: 18439: 18435: 18429: 18413: 18409: 18405: 18399: 18383: 18379: 18378: 18373: 18367: 18348: 18344: 18338: 18331: 18330: 18322: 18314: 18308: 18304: 18303:Mehring Books 18300: 18299: 18294: 18288: 18281: 18277: 18273: 18267: 18263: 18262: 18257: 18256:Taaffe, Peter 18251: 18235: 18231: 18227: 18223: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18205: 18201: 18200: 18195: 18188: 18172: 18171: 18163: 18147: 18143: 18142: 18134: 18126: 18122: 18116: 18108: 18102: 18095:. 9 May 2022. 18094: 18088: 18080: 18079: 18074: 18068: 18060: 18054: 18050: 18043: 18024: 18020: 18013: 18009: 18002: 17994: 17988: 17980: 17979: 17974: 17968: 17966: 17964: 17962: 17945: 17941: 17940:Levada Center 17937: 17931: 17915: 17911: 17907: 17901: 17885: 17881: 17875: 17859: 17855: 17851: 17844: 17836: 17830: 17826: 17823:. Cambridge: 17822: 17815: 17813: 17811: 17794: 17790: 17784: 17769: 17768: 17763: 17756: 17748: 17742: 17740: 17733: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17717: 17713: 17708: 17692: 17688: 17687: 17682: 17676: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17656: 17652: 17648: 17647: 17642: 17636: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17606: 17602: 17601: 17596: 17590: 17583: 17579: 17575: 17572: 17567: 17560: 17554: 17546: 17540: 17536: 17532: 17528: 17524: 17520: 17514: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17483: 17467: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17428: 17424: 17423: 17418: 17414: 17408: 17400: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17376: 17368: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17350: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17327: 17311: 17307: 17300: 17292: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17259: 17251: 17244: 17236: 17229: 17221: 17215: 17211: 17207: 17206: 17198: 17190: 17186: 17179: 17163: 17159: 17153: 17137: 17133: 17132: 17131:The Economist 17127: 17121: 17112: 17104: 17097: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17067: 17051: 17047: 17046: 17038: 17030: 17024: 17020: 17016: 17012: 17009:. Princeton: 17008: 17004: 16998: 16996: 16994: 16985: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16966: 16965: 16959: 16953: 16946: 16942: 16939: 16934: 16918: 16914: 16910: 16906: 16902: 16901: 16896: 16889: 16881: 16877: 16873: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16855: 16851: 16850: 16849:Slavic Review 16845: 16838: 16830: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16801: 16785: 16781: 16775: 16771: 16767: 16760: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16711: 16707: 16700: 16692: 16686: 16682: 16681: 16673: 16662: 16658: 16651: 16645: 16637: 16636: 16631: 16625: 16617: 16613: 16606: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16575: 16573: 16556: 16552: 16546: 16539: 16538:Rayfield 2004 16534: 16527: 16517: 16501: 16497: 16491: 16487: 16483: 16482: 16474: 16467: 16462: 16446: 16442: 16436: 16432: 16431: 16423: 16407: 16403: 16397: 16393: 16389: 16388: 16380: 16378: 16361: 16357: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16342: 16334: 16327: 16322: 16320: 16318: 16309: 16302: 16293: 16286: 16273: 16269: 16263: 16259: 16258: 16250: 16241: 16232: 16216: 16212: 16206: 16190: 16186: 16185:"ARTICLE 124" 16180: 16173: 16167: 16160: 16154: 16147: 16142: 16138: 16134: 16127: 16112: 16106: 16102: 16098: 16093: 16092: 16083: 16077:, p. 209 16076: 16071: 16064: 16059: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16036: 16032: 16026: 16022: 16021: 16013: 15998: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15979: 15978: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15949:on 8 May 2016 15948: 15944: 15940: 15932: 15926:, p. 27. 15925: 15920: 15914:, p. 26. 15913: 15908: 15902:, p. 25. 15901: 15896: 15889: 15884: 15877: 15872: 15856: 15852: 15848: 15844: 15840: 15836: 15829: 15813: 15809: 15805: 15798: 15790: 15786: 15782: 15778: 15774: 15770: 15763: 15756: 15751: 15745:, p. 352 15744: 15739: 15733:, p. 353 15732: 15727: 15721: 15717: 15714: 15710: 15706: 15703: 15697: 15680: 15676: 15675: 15674:History Today 15670: 15663: 15656: 15651: 15644: 15639: 15631: 15627: 15621: 15605: 15601: 15600: 15595: 15591: 15585: 15569: 15565: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15550: 15542: 15526: 15522: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15507: 15499: 15483: 15479: 15475: 15469: 15453: 15449: 15448: 15443: 15439: 15433: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15399: 15391: 15385: 15381: 15380: 15375: 15369: 15353: 15349: 15343: 15339: 15338: 15330: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15278: 15274: 15270: 15263: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15232: 15223: 15214: 15198: 15194: 15193: 15188: 15181: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15146: 15139: 15138: 15131: 15124: 15118: 15111: 15108:. Cambridge: 15107: 15101: 15082: 15078: 15071: 15065: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15028: 15020: 15012: 15006: 14999: 14998: 14990: 14988: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14929: 14920: 14913: 14905: 14901: 14894: 14886: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14860: 14856: 14855: 14850: 14843: 14835: 14828: 14820: 14813: 14806:. p. 15. 14805: 14801: 14800: 14791: 14785: 14769: 14765: 14759: 14755: 14754: 14746: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14723: 14722: 14713: 14705: 14699: 14695: 14690: 14689: 14680: 14664: 14660: 14654: 14650: 14649: 14641: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14620: 14612: 14606: 14598: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14579: 14571: 14564: 14559: 14552: 14547: 14545: 14537: 14532: 14525: 14520: 14513: 14508: 14501: 14496: 14489: 14484: 14482: 14465: 14461: 14455: 14451: 14450: 14442: 14434: 14429: 14427: 14419: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14388: 14386: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14355: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14325: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14294: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14264: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14234: 14226: 14219: 14211: 14204: 14196: 14189: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14166: 14150: 14146: 14145: 14144:The Scientist 14140: 14133: 14126: 14124: 14119: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14103: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14073: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14027: 14023: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14008: 14000: 13984: 13980: 13979: 13974: 13970: 13964: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13938: 13934: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13916: 13911: 13904: 13899: 13892: 13887: 13880: 13875: 13868: 13863: 13847: 13843: 13839: 13833: 13817: 13813: 13812: 13807: 13803: 13797: 13781: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13767: 13761: 13754: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13722: 13715: 13710: 13702: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13661: 13654: 13649: 13633: 13629: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13603: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13576: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13541: 13534: 13528: 13526: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13495: 13493: 13484: 13475: 13467: 13461: 13458:. p. 9. 13457: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13440: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13373: 13357: 13353: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13332:Davies, R. W. 13329: 13323: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13280: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13219: 13213: 13205: 13199: 13183: 13179: 13173: 13164: 13155: 13147: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13132: 13124: 13108: 13104: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13089: 13081: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13051: 13050: 13042: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13011: 13003: 12999: 12992: 12985: 12979: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12936: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12909: 12903: 12896: 12890: 12882: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12860: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12833: 12826: 12820: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12785: 12778: 12772: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12751: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12730: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12709: 12702: 12697: 12689: 12685: 12679: 12672: 12667: 12652: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12633: 12632: 12623: 12607: 12603: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12567: 12563: 12556: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12537: 12530: 12524: 12517:. p. 13. 12516: 12512: 12511: 12503: 12495: 12491: 12490:Ulam, Adam B. 12485: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12444: 12425: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12404: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12385:Richard Pipes 12381: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12355: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12340:Vintage Books 12337: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12275: 12274: 12266: 12250: 12246: 12237: 12230: 12226: 12220: 12216: 12210: 12202: 12195: 12188: 12184: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12149: 12145: 12139: 12123: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12106: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12071: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12019: 12015: 12009: 12005: 12001: 12000: 11992: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11963:. p. 1. 11962: 11958: 11957: 11949: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11919: 11904: 11898: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11879: 11871: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11845: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11785: 11777: 11761: 11757: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11742: 11734: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11701: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11659: 11651: 11647: 11646: 11638: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11595: 11579: 11575: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11560: 11552: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11512: 11496: 11492: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11469: 11453: 11449: 11443: 11439: 11438: 11431: 11415: 11411: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11388: 11386: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11346: 11331: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11312: 11311: 11302: 11286: 11282: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11260: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11221: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11183: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11137: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11107: 11106: 11098: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11059: 11044: 11038: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11019: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10980: 10973: 10967: 10965: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10923: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10864: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10786: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10745: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10712: 10696: 10692: 10685: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10632: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10566: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10538: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10401: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10360: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10258: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10199: 10193:, p. 84. 10192: 10187: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10108: 10100: 10099:Mccauley 2014 10095: 10088: 10083: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10065: 10057: 10055: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10021: 10015: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9987: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9944: 9940: 9926: 9922: 9914: 9909: 9900: 9895: 9886: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9836: 9831: 9820: 9815: 9809:совет / кеңес 9806: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9777: 9776: 9766: 9761: 9752: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9718:to the west; 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9682: 9676: 9667: 9661: 9651:Russian: 9648: 9640: 9634: 9624:Russian: 9621: 9611: 9605: 9596: 9590: 9580:Russian: 9577: 9568: 9557: 9553: 9548: 9541: 9535: 9526: 9517: 9508: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9482: 9473: 9466: 9460: 9453: 9447: 9438: 9429: 9420: 9411: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9387: 9381: 9374: 9370: 9365: 9358: 9352: 9345: 9339: 9335: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9318:Sovietization 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9308:Russification 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298:Neo-Stalinism 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9091: 9085:, 9 May 2018. 9084: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8977:poll, 47% of 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8963:Joseph Stalin 8959: 8955: 8952: 8947: 8946:Levada Center 8943: 8938: 8935: 8934:privatization 8931: 8927: 8918: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8874:Eastern Front 8871: 8867: 8857: 8854: 8846: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8796:Neo-Sovietism 8787: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8748:United States 8743: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8696: 8693: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8607:Yury Trifonov 8604: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8558: 8553: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8447:state atheism 8444: 8440: 8439:secular state 8435: 8431: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8339: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8249: 8244: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8203: 8201: 8200:alcohol abuse 8197: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8179:, during the 8178: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8141: 8136: 8119: 8114: 8107: 8102: 8095: 8090: 8083: 8078: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8013:Joseph Stalin 8010: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7943:(15.45%) and 7942: 7938: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7899:Korenizatsiia 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7801: 7798: 7793: 7791: 7790:birth control 7782: 7778: 7774: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7728:Ukrainian SSR 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7615:Ukrainian SSR 7613: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7581:Ukrainian SSR 7579: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7531:Ukrainian SSR 7529: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7479:Ukrainian SSR 7477: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7429:Ukrainian SSR 7427: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7200:war communism 7197: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7158:merchant navy 7154: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7111: 7105: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6944:Space program 6941: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6908:pseudoscience 6905: 6902:in favour of 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845:hard currency 6841: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6715:(VAZ) in 1969 6714: 6710: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6599:foreign trade 6596: 6595:world economy 6592: 6588: 6580: 6579:hydroelectric 6576: 6571: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531:war communism 6528: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6487: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6274: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165:Moldavian SSR 6155: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6039:Ukrainian SSR 6029: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5979:Karelian ASSR 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911:Bukharan PSPs 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5883:Transcaucasia 5880: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841:sports events 5839:, rivalry at 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783:United States 5780: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729:Joseph Stalin 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5665:Popular Front 5662: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5599: 5594: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572:Marshall Plan 5569: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5526:Marshall Plan 5522: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480:(1890–1986), 5479: 5476:(1876–1951), 5475: 5472:(1872–1936), 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5228:Supreme Court 5223: 5222:Socialist law 5217: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5192:Boris Yeltsin 5188: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5106:Yuri Andropov 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079:local Soviets 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5050:Supreme Court 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4980:head of state 4977: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942:, elected at 4941: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840:nuclear waste 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4780:(shared with 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4763:United States 4760: 4759:Bering Strait 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4646:Pacific Ocean 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626:North America 4623: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464:Joseph Stalin 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4390: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047:War in Donbas 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4029:Five-Days War 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:Privatization 3998: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3962:Modern Russia 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3767:Russian State 3765: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3735:Ukrainian SSR 3732: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685:War Communism 3682: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3634:Dvoyevlastiye 3630: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3372:Rostov-Suzdal 3370: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3342:Novgorod Land 3340: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3166:Schutzstaffel 3149: 3145: 3140: 3129: 3128:Union of SSRs 3124: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3096:Ukrainian SSR 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072:Joseph Stalin 3068: 3062: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3008:State Council 3005: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872:Boris Yeltsin 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Joseph Stalin 2683: 2682:Lenin's death 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611:federal union 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504:Soviet Empire 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2319:Black January 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2172:Polish strike 2170: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091:Prague Spring 2089: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008:Space program 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1839:Moscow trials 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1754:War communism 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300:Ukrainian SSR 1298: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1231:ISO 3166 code 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134:$ 9,000 ( 1133: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1005: 999: 995: 991: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 961: 957: 954: 948: 944: 941: 935: 931: 927: 920: 916: 913: 907: 903: 900: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:Foundation of 875: 871: 867: 860: 856: 853: 847: 843: 840: 834: 830: 827: 821: 817: 814: 808: 804: 801: 795: 791: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 769: 765: 760: 757: 754: 748: 740: 737: 733: 730: 729: 727: 724: 718: 710: 707: 703: 700: 699: 697: 693: 689: 686: 683: 677: 673: 667: 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 639: 636: 633: 627: 623: 619: 617: 616:Head of State 613: 609: 605: 601: 598: 592: 589: 586: 580: 577: 574: 568: 565: 564:Yuri Andropov 562: 556: 553: 550: 544: 541: 538: 532: 529: 526: 520: 517: 516:Joseph Stalin 514: 508: 505: 502: 496: 492: 488: 486: 482: 479: 478: 473: 469: 466: 463: 461: 457: 450: 446: 445:State atheism 443: 440: 436: 435:Secular state 433: 432: 430: 426: 419: 417: 413: 411: 407: 406: 404: 399: 395: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 357: 351: 350: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 308: 302: 299: 296: 292: 287: 258: 255: 248: 244: 238: 233: 193:" (1944–1991) 192: 182: 156:" (1922–1944) 155: 148:Интернационал 145: 144: 141: 137: 133: 123: 119: 111: 105: 95: 89: 81: 76: 69: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 25468:Soviet Union 25329:Coat of arms 25289:Martial arts 25197:Army culture 25187:Architecture 25157:Witch trials 25112:Prostitution 25058:Human rights 24991:Demographics 24905:Trade unions 24875:Shipbuilding 24835:Homelessness 24795:Central Bank 24790:Car industry 24629:Conservatism 24539:Constitution 24534:Conscription 24207:Eastern Bloc 24197:Soviet Union 24196: 24190:Russian SFSR 24120:Feudal Rus' 23734: 23669:South Africa 23656:Web brigades 23592:Cyberwarfare 23574:Useful idiot 23523:Soviet Union 23468:Fintas Group 23360:Global Times 23358: 23327:cyberwarfare 23088: 23081: 23074: 23067: 23061: 23053: 23020:Whataboutism 23015:Urban legend 22985:Quote mining 22617: 22291:Soviet Union 22290: 22279:Eastern Bloc 22115:Baranya–Baja 22084:Soviet Union 22083: 22064:East Germany 21762:Burkina Faso 21360:Georgian SSR 21298:Kara-Kirghiz 21243:Russian SFSR 21169:Kirghiz ASSR 21167: 21161: 21153: 21088: 21038: 20988: 20946:Volga German 20938: 20922:of existence 20906:Volga German 20684:Bukharan SSR 20678:SSR Abkhazia 20620:Estonian SSR 20573:Russian SFSR 20555:Russian SFSR 20550:Georgian SSR 20535:Armenian SSR 20436: 20208:Demographics 20198:Antisemitism 20051:Central Bank 19969:Forced labor 19917:Spetsnaz GRU 19737:organisation 19645:Human rights 19594:Constitution 19477:Subdivisions 19355:Russian SFSR 19311:Soviet Union 19310: 19223: 19217: 19183: 19163: 19136: 19110: 19086: 19062: 19039: 19011: 18971: 18950:Viking Press 18944: 18917: 18910:Pons, Silvio 18901: 18882: 18859: 18847:10261/201912 18829: 18825: 18812: 18809:Lewin, Moshe 18784: 18759: 18735: 18714:. New York: 18710: 18692: 18688: 18665: 18653:. Retrieved 18618: 18591: 18570: 18545: 18516: 18489:Bibliography 18474:. Retrieved 18468: 18458: 18446:. Retrieved 18442:the original 18437: 18428: 18416:. Retrieved 18412:the original 18407: 18398: 18386:. Retrieved 18375: 18366: 18354:. Retrieved 18328: 18321: 18297: 18293:North, David 18287: 18279: 18264:. Bertrams. 18260: 18250: 18238:. Retrieved 18203: 18197: 18187: 18175:. Retrieved 18169: 18162: 18150:. Retrieved 18140: 18133: 18124: 18115: 18101: 18087: 18076: 18067: 18048: 18042: 18030:. Retrieved 18018: 18001: 17987: 17976: 17948:. Retrieved 17939: 17930: 17918:. Retrieved 17909: 17900: 17888:. Retrieved 17874: 17862:. Retrieved 17853: 17843: 17820: 17797:. Retrieved 17793:the original 17783: 17771:. Retrieved 17765: 17755: 17728:Habibov 2013 17712:Russell 2018 17707: 17695:. Retrieved 17686:The Guardian 17684: 17675: 17650: 17644: 17635: 17623:. 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Schiffman 9952: 9943: 9760: 9751: 9690: 9647: 9620: 9576: 9567: 9560:(in Russian) 9547: 9534: 9525: 9516: 9507: 9494: 9481: 9472: 9459: 9446: 9437: 9428: 9419: 9410: 9393: 9380: 9368: 9364: 9351: 9338: 9269:Noam Chomsky 9267: 9249: 9239: 9220: 9218: 9187: 9157: 9138: 9123:Transnistria 9100: 9083:Nazi Germany 9019: 9014: 8999: 8960: 8956: 8939: 8922: 8917:Yuri Gagarin 8879: 8849: 8840: 8818: 8780:doping tests 8765: 8744: 8725: 8708:45th session 8697: 8689: 8678: 8629: 8623: 8621: 8610: 8600: 8589: 8574: 8562: 8488:Brezhnev era 8485: 8473: 8464:Radio Moscow 8456: 8436: 8432: 8420: 8409: 8401: 8349:Christianity 8347: 8255: 8247: 8245: 8232:multilingual 8228: 8209: 8189: 8146: 8005: 7981: 7975:, 1.2% were 7971:, 1.4% were 7967:, 1.5% were 7963:, 1.5% were 7959:, 1.6% were 7955:, 1.6% were 7951:, 17.5% was 7933: 7874:Jewish quota 7855: 7824: 7794: 7786: 7720:Russian SFSR 7709: 7706: 7667:Russian SFSR 7649:Russian SFSR 7633:Russian SFSR 7599:Russian SFSR 7547:Russian SFSR 7513:Russian SFSR 7445:Armenian SSR 7411:Russian SFSR 7395:Russian SFSR 7356:Georgian SSR 7340:Russian SFSR 7236: 7216: 7185: 7164:Demographics 7155: 7151: 7130: 7115: 7108: 7072: 7065: 7063: 7052: 7045: 7039:, which was 7033:Luna program 7030: 7022:Yuri Gagarin 6999: 6964:Yuri Gagarin 6925: 6881: 6849:Saudi Arabia 6833: 6825: 6795:East Germany 6784: 6757: 6751: 6720: 6718: 6695: 6660: 6658:widespread. 6646: 6632: 6629:in the 1930s 6584: 6564:World War II 6552: 6524: 6437:conscription 6434: 6415: 6383: 6344: 6339:West Germany 6337:missiles in 6273:Estonian SSR 6237:Armenian SSR 6111:Georgian SSR 6014:Russian SFSR 5983: 5969:. After the 5899:Turkmenistan 5868: 5821:Nazi Germany 5798: 5795:World War II 5791:Eastern Bloc 5787:Western Bloc 5779:geopolitical 5772: 5726: 5707:World War II 5699:Adolf Hitler 5692: 5681: 5669:anti-Fascist 5654: 5647: 5638:Labour Party 5633: 5627: 5619: 5608: 5604: 5579: 5549:West Germany 5455: 5368: 5316:Soviet state 5311: 5301: 5285:corporations 5281:labor unions 5261:Human rights 5259: 5250:Human rights 5225: 5200:coup attempt 5189: 5169: 5140:constitution 5137: 5087: 5023: 4988: 4969: 4959: 4937: 4899: 4817: 4802: 4790: 4767: 4682: 4654:Central Asia 4619: 4554:coup attempt 4535: 4531:gerontocracy 4495:Western Bloc 4491:Eastern Bloc 4488: 4484:World War II 4462:The rise of 4461: 4438: 4423:Leon Trotsky 4269: 4263: 4255: 4249: 4244:full list... 4242: 4228: 4221: 4207: 4200: 4186: 4179: 4165: 4158: 4144: 4137: 4075:Mobilization 4067:Debt default 4009:Chechen wars 3960:since 1991: 3937:full list... 3935: 3914:Russian SFSR 3903:Soviet Union 3902: 3820:Korenization 3790:full list... 3788: 3724:Russian SFSR 3633: 3492:Zemsky Sobor 3460:full list... 3458: 3384:full list... 3382: 3329: 3315:Ancient Rus' 3197: 3193: 3187:Russian SFSR 3182: 3180: 3175: 3172:Nazi Germany 3144:Soviet Union 3143: 3127: 3107: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3047: 3012: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2971:proto-Slavic 2950: 2948: 2923:Global South 2888: 2837:Eastern Bloc 2830: 2824: 2775:and through 2761:Western Bloc 2754: 2651: 2619:Russian SFSR 2601:and sharing 2583:Soviet Union 2582: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2447: 1988:Wage reforms 1846:World War II 1563:Turkmenistan 1433: 1387: 1342: 1286:Russian SFSR 1282: 1264:Succeeded by 1263: 1258: 1243:Internet TLD 1221:Calling code 1187:Soviet ruble 1116:• Total 1078:• Total 1031: census 1002:• Water 988:• Total 779:World War II 685:Ivan Silayev 595:• 1991 523:• 1953 475: 448: 438: 347: 139: 122:Motto: 121: 110:State Emblem 48: 25381:tea culture 25234:Fairy tales 25097:Open access 25070:Immigration 25031:Gun control 24770:Agriculture 24739:Term limits 24649:Martial law 24644:Nationalism 24639:Irredentism 24634:Imperialism 24417:Caspian Sea 24333:Environment 24328:Earthquakes 24224:Union State 24212:Dissolution 24111:Kievan Rus' 24101:Early Slavs 23867:Yellow rain 23487:Philippines 23347:Spamouflage 23332:Little Pink 23186:Rothschilds 23176:Red mercury 22891:Gaslighting 22842:Lying press 22812:Doublespeak 22606:Dissolution 22546:Martial law 22469:Revolts and 22443:Warsaw Pact 22098:Short-lived 21955:Short-lived 21924:South Yemen 21909:North Korea 21869:Afghanistan 21586:New Zealand 21581:Netherlands 21325:Komi-Zyryan 21320:Kara-Kalpak 21278:Gorno-Altai 21166:was called 21163:Kazakh ASSR 21156:until 1958. 21126:Gorno-Altai 20991:Nakhichevan 20871:Nakhichevan 20799:Gorno-Altai 20704:(1990–1991) 20698:(1990–1991) 20696:Abkhaz ASSR 20692:(1920–1924) 20690:Khorezm SSR 20686:(1920–1924) 20680:(1921–1931) 20663:(1922–1936) 20657:(1940–1956) 20648:Short-lived 20625:Latvian SSR 20610:Annexed in 20596:Kirghiz SSR 20586:Turkmen SSR 20513:(1922–1991) 20312:Phraseology 20257:Prohibition 20245:Linguistics 20230:Drug policy 20223:1989 census 20144:Cybernetics 20046:Agriculture 19959:Great Purge 19921:Soviet Navy 19913:Soviet Army 19785:(1989–1991) 19779:(1938–1991) 19773:(1922–1936) 19757:Secretariat 19628:Gun control 19535:Caspian Sea 19519:Closed city 19448:Dissolution 19433:Perestroika 19375:Great Purge 18388:24 February 17890:19 December 17773:20 December 17493:Needham K12 17275:: 244–248. 17013:. pp. 16790:16 December 16749:3 September 16715:26 December 16657:www.cia.gov 16285:Communists. 15985:. pp. 15924:Comrie 1981 15912:Comrie 1981 15900:Comrie 1981 15888:Comrie 1981 15876:Comrie 1981 15657:, p. 3 15655:Comrie 1981 15643:Comrie 1981 15511:I.B. Tauris 15422:12 December 15090:23 February 15077:istmat.info 14976:23 February 14949:: 155–165. 14500:Wilson 1983 14488:Wilson 1983 14374:27 November 14344:27 November 14283:27 November 14273:History.com 14253:27 November 14092:12 November 14082:www.loc.gov 14012:M.E. Sharpe 13915:Wilson 1983 13903:Wilson 1983 13891:Wilson 1983 13879:Wilson 1983 13867:Wilson 1983 13553:(1): 1–14. 13031:12 February 12982:D.C. Watt, 12744:(4): 25–54. 12433:29 December 11318:. pp. 10953:19 November 10912:19 November 10881:19 November 10808:19 November 10775:19 November 10734:19 November 10701:19 November 10695:Bellona.org 10591:19 November 10555:19 November 10527:19 November 10502:19 November 10423:19 November 10390:19 November 10349:19 November 10247:19 November 10176:31 December 10150:27 December 10125:27 December 10043:1 September 9835:Azerbaijani 9740:North Korea 9728:Afghanistan 9529:Unicameral. 9256:great power 9222:red fascism 9175:bureaucrats 9171:David North 9163:degenerated 9159:Trotskyists 9079:Victory Day 9010:Victory Day 8652:CSKA Moscow 8625:perestroika 8577:Maxim Gorky 8428:Bible study 8236:dialectally 7997:Belarusians 7985:Mingrelians 7949:East Slavic 7797:great power 7628:Novosibirsk 7542:Chelyabinsk 7188:World War I 7156:The Soviet 6900:geneticists 6896:First World 6892:bureaucracy 6829:First World 6780:First World 6759:perestroika 6608:Third World 6351:Land Forces 6335:Pershing II 6301:Soviet Navy 6297:Soviet Army 6255:Turkmen SSR 6201:Kirghiz SSR 6183:Latvian SSR 5913:. In 1929, 5875:Byelorussia 5805:superpowers 5661:anti-Soviet 5533:Warsaw Pact 5422:Gerald Ford 5332:rule of law 5160:legislative 5118:Perestroika 5102:Great Purge 4952:Secretariat 4856:K-141 Kursk 4848:Barents Sea 4824:Monchegorsk 4803:The Soviet 4786:Lake Baikal 4778:Caspian Sea 4739:North Korea 4711:Afghanistan 4650:Afghanistan 4586:Khan Tengri 4546:Perestroika 4497:during the 4476:Great Purge 3969:August Coup 3892:War of Laws 3874:Perestroika 3852:Warsaw Pact 3840:Great Purge 3803:1923–1991: 3667:White Guard 3647:Directorate 3616:1917–1923: 3473:1480–1917: 3399:Feudal Rus' 3397:1240–1480: 3270:Rus' people 3262:Early Slavs 3229:History of 3189:and ethnic 3048:During the 2990:. The word 2844:nationalist 2832:perestroika 2769:Warsaw Pact 2726:Axis powers 2710:Great Purge 2359:August Coup 2329:War of Laws 2208:Perestroika 2059:Vietnam War 2049:Six-Day War 1834:Great Purge 1789:: Stalinism 1708:World War I 1628:successors. 1259:Preceded by 940:August Coup 762:(1936–1991) 753:Lower house 735:(1936–1991) 723:Upper house 712:(1936–1991) 705:(1922–1936) 695:Legislature 338:Azerbaijani 281: / 113:(1956–1991) 97:(1955–1991) 18:Sowjetunion 25462:Categories 25386:Television 25361:Philosophy 25294:Mass media 25284:Literature 25279:Inventions 25041:Healthcare 24976:Corruption 24966:Censorship 24857:(currency) 24734:Separatism 24679:Opposition 24664:Neo-Nazism 24654:Monarchism 24624:Liberalism 24619:Propaganda 24579:Government 24446:North Asia 24247:Journalism 24106:East Slavs 24096:Sarmatians 23994:PolitiFact 23922:Opposition 23798:Sandy Hook 23597:on Estonia 23531:Soviet era 23444:Team Jorge 23420:Godi-media 23181:Reptilians 23151:Illuminati 23010:Truthiness 23000:Social bot 22963:Propaganda 22896:Half-truth 22871:False flag 22560:Conditions 22538:Solidarity 22471:opposition 22210:Tarnobrzeg 22135:Bessarabia 22089:Yugoslavia 21812:Seychelles 21807:Mozambique 21802:Madagascar 21725:Vietnamese 21720:Venezuelan 21710:Nicaraguan 21705:Melanesian 21622:Venezuela 21534:Kuomintang 21527:since 1978 21497:Bangladesh 21473:By country 21467:by country 21172:until 1925 21046:Karakalpak 20819:Karakalpak 20591:Kazakh SSR 20352:Opposition 20342:Television 20322:Propaganda 20295:Literature 20169:Naukograds 20164:Sharashkas 20098:(currency) 20076:Inventions 20019:Censorship 19949:Red Terror 19633:Government 19507:Autonomous 19490:Autonomous 19423:Stagnation 19386:Evacuation 19269:John Dewey 19143:. London: 19015:. London: 19000:(Report). 18789:. Oxford: 18762:. London: 18668:. London: 18655:23 October 18642:World Bank 18493:See also: 18418:21 October 18177:26 October 18152:26 October 18032:9 December 17920:9 December 17697:21 January 17559:The Lancet 17433:24 October 17142:4 December 16972:. p. 16923:4 December 16486:Peter Lang 16390:. London: 16346:Frank Cass 16344:. London: 16221:4 February 16195:4 February 16099:. p. 16075:Simon 1974 16063:Simon 1974 15953:24 October 15685:25 October 15610:25 October 15474:Andre Geim 15450:. London. 15275:(Report). 15034:(1): 119. 14433:Wikisource 14408:22 January 14364:Britannica 14062:23 October 13989:23 October 13953:20 October 13852:18 October 13514:23 October 13429:23 October 13392:23 October 12765:(1): 3–23. 12701:Crump 2015 12671:Crump 2015 12639:. p. 12128:30 October 11938:16 October 11265:Taras, Ray 10223:White 2001 10207:Lewin 1969 9935:References 9843:Lithuanian 9793:савет/рада 9789:Belarusian 9263:hegemonism 9259:chauvinism 9194:repression 9179:stagnation 9133:See also: 9107:Ukrainians 9070:People in 9052:See also: 8971:Kyrgyzstan 8940:Since the 8930:Gini ratio 8820:neutrality 8794:See also: 8646:See also: 8512:See also: 8414:spirit of 8389:Protestant 8280:Bezbozhnik 8011:, such as 7941:Ukrainians 7911:People in 7766:See also: 7687:1,071,900 7683:Kazakh SSR 7662:Sverdlovsk 7653:1,094,378 7619:1,109,900 7585:1,115,371 7551:1,141,777 7517:1,148,418 7483:1,178,000 7449:1,201,539 7415:1,254,460 7360:1,246,936 7219:birth rate 7146:dirt roads 7126:enterprise 7037:Space Race 7010:Space Race 6926:Under the 6917:scientists 6904:Lysenkoism 6865:See also: 6776:per-capita 6727:World Bank 6535:free trade 6291:See also: 6093:Kazakh SSR 5957:were also 5931:Kazakhstan 5927:Azerbaijan 5915:Tajikistan 5895:Uzbekistan 5845:Space Race 5809:proxy wars 5642:Henry Ford 5396:Voroshilov 5283:, private 5244:procurator 5220:See also: 5132:Tajikistan 5098:Red Terror 4998:Government 4932:Red Square 4908:, and the 4774:Tajikistan 4658:time zones 4630:Kazakhstan 4574:See also: 4507:proxy wars 4503:Space Race 4474:, and the 4409:Bolsheviks 4387:See also: 4035:amendments 3947:Tannu Tuva 3870:Afghan War 3805:Soviet Era 3313:879–1240: 3254:Prehistory 3039:Bolsheviks 3002:). In the 2998:(Russian: 2965:(Russian: 2943:See also: 2927:scientific 2848:separatist 2815:, and the 2801:Space Race 2777:proxy wars 2750:superpower 2744:, forming 2605:, and the 2494:Leadership 2421:Khrushchev 2374:referendum 2349:Referendum 2233:Baltic Way 1908:Korean War 1749:Red Terror 1676:Bolshevism 1665:Background 1591:Kazakhstan 1549:Azerbaijan 1521:Tajikistan 1507:Uzbekistan 1493:Kyrgyzstan 1205:+2 to +12) 1021:Population 471:Government 460:Demonym(s) 410:East Slavs 343:Lithuanian 318:Belarusian 25244:Festivals 25137:Sociology 25087:Languages 25006:Education 24910:Transport 24744:Terrorism 24589:Judiciary 24583:Apparatus 24549:Elections 24514:Anarchism 24488:Far North 24439:Volcanoes 24424:Mountains 24301:Geography 24180:Civil war 24091:Scythians 23989:NewsGuard 23984:Logically 23979:Full Fact 23876:Venezuela 23810:Fake news 23698:AK Trolls 23389:Funkspiel 22911:Infodemic 22827:Fake news 22802:Denialism 22797:Deception 22619:Die Wende 22592:Economies 22433:Cominform 22416:(to 1948) 22378:(to 1961) 22306:Formation 22296:Communism 22168:1939–1940 22123:1918–1919 21892:1982–1992 21887:1979–1992 21882:1975–1979 21878:Cambodia 21853:Nicaragua 21785:1987–1991 21780:1974–1987 21776:Ethiopia 21715:Tanzanian 21596:Sri Lanka 21539:Hong Kong 21522:Communist 21485:Australia 21480:Argentina 21465:Socialism 21396:Tajik SSR 21051:Mordovian 21011:Moldavian 20941:Turkestan 20891:Turkestan 20861:Mordovian 20856:Moldavian 20601:Uzbek SSR 20581:Tajik SSR 20519:Principal 20413:Republics 20401:Republics 20389:Republics 20240:Languages 20104:Transport 19986:Holodomor 19879:Militsiya 19817:President 19709:Stalinism 19611:Elections 19485:Republics 19468:Geography 19458:Nostalgia 19370:Stalinism 19017:Routledge 18764:Routledge 18741:Routledge 18670:Routledge 18575:Routledge 18356:8 October 18240:8 October 18208:CiteSeerX 17910:Kyiv Post 17864:8 October 17854:Bloomberg 17667:153398717 17646:Challenge 16880:159910749 16811:Routledge 16744:0362-4331 16561:4 October 16466:Janz 1998 16326:Janz 1998 15989:and 286. 15755:Lane 1992 15743:Lane 1992 15731:Lane 1992 15713:Chapter 5 15691:(pay-fee) 14971:154477882 14792:(1977). 14314:7 January 14239:"Sputnik" 13567:155781882 13500:"Economy" 13188:29 August 12723:0001-6829 12656:1 January 12612:1 January 12592:Routledge 12389:Communism 12255:4 January 12153:3 January 11746:Heinemann 10855:156340249 10765:0362-4331 10621:7 October 10586:0261-3077 10474:0959-3780 10380:0190-8286 10339:0362-4331 10004:29 August 9830:sabch′ota 9765:Ukrainian 9660:romanized 9633:romanized 9589:romanized 9500:President 9288:Ideocracy 9202:hierarchy 9183:breakdown 9105:, ethnic 9103:Holodomor 8991:Gorbachev 8979:Ukrainian 8902:oligarchy 8843:June 2023 8831:talk page 8494:with the 8421:The 1918 8397:Lutherans 8385:Buddhists 8327:Uzbek SSR 8278:Cover of 8206:Dentistry 7993:Georgians 7957:Armenians 7913:Samarkand 7804:Education 7748:Uzbek SSR 7718:(both in 7716:Leningrad 7671:1,364,621 7637:1,436,516 7603:1,438,133 7569:1,607,077 7535:1,593,970 7501:1,727,000 7467:2,072,459 7463:Uzbek SSR 7433:2,571,000 7406:Kuybyshev 7399:4,990,749 7390:Leningrad 7344:8,967,332 7327:Leningrad 7262:Sources: 7082:Transport 7014:Sputnik 5 7006:Sputnik 1 7002:satellite 6921:engineers 6877:Sputnik 1 6840:crude oil 6752:In 1987, 6686:Salihorsk 6667:education 6603:arms race 6575:DneproGES 6544:communism 6355:Air Force 6331:arms race 6219:Tajik SSR 6075:Uzbek SSR 5994:Republic 5955:Lithuania 5935:Kirghizia 5837:embargoes 5833:espionage 5679:variety. 5611:Comintern 5568:Cominform 5559:over its 5462:Politburo 5273:one-party 5240:Roman law 5042:Presidium 4948:Politburo 4707:coastline 4678:mountains 4590:Tian Shan 4584:Mountain 4564:Geography 4328:1982–1991 4324:1964–1982 4320:1953–1964 4316:1927–1953 4312:1917–1927 4308:1894–1917 4304:1855–1894 4300:1796–1855 4296:1721–1796 4071:Sanctions 4021:Oligarchy 3951:1921–1944 3929:1940–1956 3918:1922–1991 3907:1922–1991 3824:Stalinism 3782:1921–1923 3771:1918–1920 3761:1922–1922 3750:1920–1922 3739:1919–1922 3728:1917–1922 3718:1917–1918 3707:1917–1918 3693:Emigrants 3679:Priamurye 3663:Civil War 3639:July Days 3607:1914–1921 3596:1900–1905 3585:1867–1915 3574:1809–1917 3563:1799–1867 3552:1721–1917 3542:1547–1721 3452:1263–1547 3442:1157–1331 3432:1136–1478 3376:1093–1157 3301:Garðaríki 3258:Antiquity 3123:Soyuz SSR 3088:conciliar 3061:romanized 3045:(RSFSR). 2992:sovietnik 2949:The word 2933:Etymology 2803:with the 2684:in 1924, 2484:Geography 2479:Education 2441:Gorbachev 2436:Chernenko 2324:Osh riots 2304:Jeltoqsan 2190:1982–1991 2026:1964–1982 1931:1953–1964 1810:Holodomor 1787:1927–1953 1726:1917–1927 1671:Communism 1391:Lithuania 1374:Lithuania 1211:Drives on 1198:Time zone 1176:very high 1106:(nominal) 932:1988–1991 872:1941–1945 857:1939–1940 428:Religion 420:13% other 349:Moldavian 313:Ukrainian 78:1922–1991 25436:Category 25314:Nobility 25274:Internet 25269:Heraldry 25264:Graffiti 25249:Folklore 25192:Armorial 25122:Religion 25107:Polygamy 25046:HIV/AIDS 25026:Funerals 25016:Feminism 24986:Deafness 24971:Citizens 24961:Cannabis 24946:Abortion 24890:Taxation 24830:Gambling 24820:Forestry 24669:Military 24502:Politics 24483:Wildlife 24429:Caucasus 24392:Glaciers 24272:Military 24257:Internet 24235:By topic 24129:Vladimir 24124:Novgorod 24078:Timeline 24014:USAFacts 24004:StopFake 23900:Force 47 23805:COVID-19 23729:Euromyth 23480:Peñabots 23354:COVID-19 23259:COVID-19 23244:Vaccines 23109:Examples 22995:Smearing 22587:Politics 22220:Würzburg 22195:Naissaar 22159:Finland 22119:Bavaria 22057:Slovakia 22042:Bulgaria 21972:Far East 21919:Mongolia 21831:Americas 21695:European 21626:Chavismo 21591:Pakistan 21313:Karachay 21308:Cherkess 21101:Karelian 21096:Kabardin 21006:Karelian 20981:Mountain 20976:Dagestan 20966:Adjarian 20920:By years 20866:Mountain 20824:Karelian 20804:Kabardin 20794:Dagestan 20764:Adjarian 20527:Founders 20456:Category 20009:Religion 19896:Chairmen 19742:Congress 19704:Leninism 19684:Propiska 19579:Politics 19438:Glasnost 19398:Cold War 19338:February 19209:(1996). 19135:(1994). 19061:(2005). 19037:(2000). 18970:(2005). 18942:(2004). 18916:(2010). 18858:(2014). 18811:(1969). 18646:Archived 18633:(1994). 18617:(1964). 18589:(2004). 18542:(1981). 18470:Truthout 18382:Archived 18347:Archived 18295:(2010). 18276:Archived 18234:Archived 18230:42809979 18146:Archived 18023:Archived 17944:Archived 17914:Archived 17884:Archived 17858:Archived 17767:Newsweek 17691:Archived 17625:6 August 17597:(2017). 17574:Archived 17466:Archived 17427:Archived 17383:(1997). 17310:Archived 17291:10657222 17162:Archived 17136:Archived 17134:. 2010. 17080:Archived 17050:Archived 17005:(2017). 16960:(1997). 16941:Archived 16917:Archived 16784:Archived 16589:Archived 16585:BU Blogs 16500:Archived 16445:Archived 16406:Archived 16360:Archived 16272:Archived 16215:Archived 16189:Archived 16035:Archived 15855:Archived 15818:30 April 15812:Archived 15789:11611752 15716:Archived 15705:Archived 15679:Archived 15604:Archived 15592:(1991). 15568:Archived 15525:Archived 15482:Archived 15476:(2010). 15452:Archived 15416:Archived 15352:Archived 15317:(2002), 15306:Archived 15277:Archived 15203:28 March 15197:Archived 15170:28 March 14768:Archived 14663:Archived 14464:Archived 14402:Archived 14368:Archived 14338:Archived 14334:e-Prints 14308:Archived 14277:Archived 14247:Archived 14149:Archived 14114:Archived 14086:Archived 14026:Archived 13971:(1992). 13935:(1991). 13846:Archived 13844:. 1990. 13816:Archived 13804:(1992). 13780:Archived 13768:(1991). 13632:Archived 13610:(2008). 13423:Archived 13386:Archived 13356:Archived 13306:Archived 13263:Archived 13182:Archived 13107:Archived 13064:Archived 13025:Archived 12962:Archived 12851:42860014 12606:Archived 12545:Archived 12492:(1974). 12476:57570614 12334:(1995). 12280:: 61–62. 12122:Archived 12089:Archived 12054:Archived 12018:Archived 11975:Archived 11932:Archived 11854:(2007). 11827:Archived 11805:(2009). 11760:Archived 11717:Archived 11684:Archived 11666:(1998). 11621:Archived 11578:Archived 11495:Archived 11452:Archived 11414:Archived 11368:Archived 11285:Archived 11267:(1989). 11243:Archived 11204:Archived 11166:Archived 11144:(2009). 11120:Archived 11081:Archived 11002:Archived 10906:Archived 10769:Archived 10723:NBC News 10676:16966081 10615:Archived 10412:HuffPost 10384:Archived 10343:Archived 10309:24 March 10275:Archived 10241:BBC News 10034:Archived 9998:Archived 9921:Estonian 9899:Armenian 9851:Romanian 9819:Georgian 9732:Mongolia 9369:De facto 9276:See also 9143:and the 9115:refugees 8951:Russians 8824:disputed 8631:glasnost 8612:samizdat 8534:Samizdat 8393:Baptists 8383:, Jews, 8333:policies 8264:Religion 8248:de facto 8215:Language 7977:Moldovan 7973:Georgian 7937:Russians 7879:Komsomol 7744:Tashkent 7695:Urbanism 7678:Alma-Ata 7458:Tashkent 7380:Tashkent 7299:Republic 7283:Republic 7230:, while 7190:and the 7122:Aeroflot 7097:Aeroflot 7075:stations 7018:Vostok 1 6836:pipeline 6663:services 6420:(1953), 6407:fighters 6377:(1959), 6293:Red Army 6281:Military 5986:Russians 5939:Moldavia 5819:against 5813:alliance 5800:cold war 5789:and the 5775:Cold War 5769:Cold War 5634:de facto 5066:Chairman 5056:and the 5036:and the 4960:de facto 4954:and the 4852:Kara Sea 4830:, where 4735:Mongolia 4638:European 4614:Aral Sea 4542:Glasnost 4499:Cold War 4470:, rapid 4427:Red Army 4292:860–1721 4288:Timeline 4025:Putinism 3979:Protocol 3977:Alma-Ata 3882:Karabakh 3862:transfer 3848:Cold War 3671:Red Army 3655:election 3488:Troubles 3366:988–1402 3356:987–1397 3346:882–1136 3291:Arthania 3220:a series 3218:Part of 3194:de facto 3191:Russians 3117:Союз ССР 2878:, which 2852:preserve 2826:glasnost 2757:Cold War 2742:Red Army 2585:, was a 2499:Politics 2446:List of 2431:Andropov 2426:Brezhnev 2416:Malenkov 2203:Glasnost 1898:Cold War 1640:a series 1638:Part of 1183:Currency 784:Cold War 449:de facto 388:Estonian 378:Armenian 356:Romanian 333:Georgian 243:Cold War 25427:Outline 25239:Fashion 25229:Fashion 25217:Cuisine 25179:Culture 25167:in army 25152:Wedding 25147:Suicide 25142:Smoking 25127:Slavery 25102:Orphans 25075:Illegal 24951:Alcohol 24934:Society 24900:Tourism 24780:Banking 24758:Economy 24603:Prisons 24451:Siberia 24407:Islands 24387:Geology 24323:Climate 24313:Borders 24277:Outline 24252:Judaism 24242:Economy 24069:History 23888:Vietnam 23559:Seat 12 23430:OpIndia 23382:Germany 22849:Fallacy 22822:Factoid 22760:Big lie 22438:COMECON 22338:Romania 22333:Hungary 22190:Ireland 22180:Galicia 22079:Romania 22037:Albania 21992:Jiangxi 21939:Vietnam 21843:Grenada 21817:Somalia 21700:Israeli 21690:Chinese 21685:Burmese 21680:British 21670:African 21642:History 21633:Vietnam 21601:Tunisia 21551:Finland 21546:Estonia 21273:Chuvash 21261:Chechen 21131:Crimean 21031:Kirghiz 21021:Chuvash 20971:Crimean 20956:Kirghiz 20951:Bashkir 20841:Kirghiz 20834:Kirghiz 20789:Crimean 20784:Chuvash 20769:Bashkir 20752:By name 20377:Symbols 20290:Fashion 20272:Culture 20186:Society 20131:Science 20096:Rouble 20038:Economy 20014:Science 19824:Premier 19805:Offices 19667:Leaders 19587:General 19555:Siberia 19528:Regions 19502:Oblasts 19343:October 19320:History 18476:21 June 18448:12 July 18010:(ed.). 17950:4 March 17799:4 March 17503:18 July 17472:18 July 17367:9866730 17358:2640235 17316:18 July 17168:18 July 17086:17 July 17056:18 July 17019:222–223 16872:2494336 16595:8 March 16506:20 June 16412:20 June 16366:20 June 16296:USGOV1. 16278:14 July 16116:20 June 16002:20 June 15861:14 July 15531:20 June 15488:14 June 15358:20 June 15283:24 June 15252:24 June 15036:Bibcode 14963:1154166 14885:3134093 14876:2546027 14774:20 June 14032:20 June 13822:12 June 13786:12 June 13701:3706593 13692:1646771 13269:20 June 13113:20 June 13070:20 June 12986:(1989). 12811:1986524 12688:HISTORY 12531:(1985). 12387:(2001) 12095:20 June 12024:20 June 11981:20 June 11908:20 June 11833:20 June 11766:20 June 11723:20 June 11690:20 June 11627:20 June 11584:20 June 11541:20 June 11501:20 June 11458:20 June 11420:20 June 11374:20 June 11335:20 June 11291:20 June 11249:20 June 11210:20 June 11172:20 June 11126:20 June 11087:20 June 11048:20 June 11008:20 June 10667:1570049 10548:Reuters 10492:Culture 10454:Bibcode 9980:table). 9925:nõukogu 9913:Turkmen 9869:Latvian 9824:საბჭოთა 9716:Romania 9712:Hungary 9700:Finland 9554:of the 9241:Maoists 9117:of the 9111:Russian 9075:Donetsk 8967:Armenia 8913:Moldova 8559:in 1979 8502:Culture 8492:Alexy I 8480:atheism 8443:atheism 8412:Marxist 8371:, with 8323:paranja 8257:de jure 7989:Georgia 7926:man in 7924:Svaneti 7847:New Man 7732:Kharkov 7610:Donetsk 7526:Kharkov 7440:Yerevan 7351:Tbilisi 7059:Energia 7054:Ptichka 6982:in 1963 6978:at the 6690:Belarus 6639:Gosplan 6627:Armenia 6591:Comecon 6546:by the 6443:Economy 5947:Estonia 5923:Georgia 5919:Armenia 5907:Khorezm 5871:Ukraine 5817:victory 5737:Germany 5673:fascism 5656:fascist 5512:Russian 5508:Comecon 5440:in 1974 5406:Soviet 5392:Sukarno 5312:against 4828:Norilsk 4784:), and 4751:Romania 4727:Hungary 4723:Finland 4700:⁄ 4670:steppes 4634:Ukraine 4334:present 4234:present 4213:present 4192:present 4171:present 4150:present 4130:present 4113:present 4096:present 4059:Prelude 3856:Comecon 3486:Time of 3249:Periods 3204:History 3183:de jure 3084:council 2996:council 2977:vět-iti 2957:Russian 2917:of the 2909:of the 2627:economy 2591:Eurasia 2489:History 2474:Economy 2469:Culture 2448:troikas 2054:Détente 1535:Armenia 1479:Moldova 1465:Belarus 1451:Ukraine 1437:Georgia 1419:Estonia 1346:Estonia 1189:(Rbl) ( 1096:$ 9,000 1027:• 964:• 951:• 938:• 923:• 910:• 897:• 878:• 863:• 850:• 837:• 824:• 811:• 798:• 751:• 721:• 656:Premier 439:de jure 383:Turkmen 363:Latvian 298:Russian 269:37°37′E 266:55°45′N 250:Capital 140:Anthem: 25441:Portal 25396:Sports 25324:Anthem 25212:Cinema 25207:Ballet 25117:Racism 25080:Labour 25036:Health 25001:Doping 24855:Ruble 24840:Mining 24810:Energy 24473:Rivers 24382:Fjords 24282:Postal 24134:Moscow 24060:Russia 23999:Snopes 23815:online 23735:Lancet 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In 8685:Cheka 8642:Sport 8373:Shias 8353:Islam 8331:Hujum 7969:Tajik 7961:Balts 7752:Minsk 7644:Kazan 7594:Gorki 7560:Minsk 7290:Rank 7287:Pop. 7274:Rank 7110:Lenin 7049:Buran 6991:Soyuz 6703:stock 6323:SS-20 5551:into 5412:India 5267:from 4876:K-219 4868:K-129 4772:) in 4666:taiga 4453:Lenin 4332:1991– 4268: 4254: 4094:1991– 3836:GULAG 3681:Govt. 3322:Rurik 3174:, as 3000:совет 2975:* 2967:совет 2962:sovet 2959:word 2893:. 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