1991 Soviet coup attempt

932: 2137: 2204: 2193: 2100: 676: 770: 756: 636: 6662:: The coup came at a time when promised Soviet aid was being slowed and later halted. Vietnamese Communists decided to not embrace a multi-party system in Vietnam due to the experience of Perestroika. An unnamed official said that "Vietnam would probably not feel sorry to see because Gorbachev has made many mistakes... too many compromises with the West. He has also made the position and the role of the Soviet Union in the world weaker." The official also said that Vietnam would benefit from a return to Communist rule in the Soviet Union. "These changes would also affect positively Vietnam’s economy because the West would carry out a hard policy towards the Soviet Union, then the latter would look for trade relations with such countries as Vietnam and China." After the coup, top Communist Party official Thai Ninh was asked by foreign press if Vietnam felt betrayed by Gorbachev and Yeltsin. He answered, "It's better to let the Soviet people decide that". The failed coup prompted Vietnam to 6297: 2303: 2000: 1983: 1966: 1949: 1931: 1912: 1892: 1872: 945: 1278: 1265: 6740:

relations between the two were dismal. By the time the USSR collapsed, the problem of Yugoslavia had become a part of the Russian political landscape. Yeltsin and liberal elites would publicly take an even-handed approach and encourage international cooperation to solve the crisis. In contrast, post-Soviet conservatives looked to create advantages for Russia by supporting Orthodox Serbs in their struggle to control the remaining Yugoslav nations. Sociology Professor Veljko Vujačić assessed the similarities and differences between the breakup of Yugoslavia and dissolution of the Soviet Union. Both nations were multi-national Marxist–Leninist states with Slavic rulers facing major secessionist movements. In Serbia, patriotism was linked with statehood. Milošević told his nationalist followers that every generation of Serbs has had their own "

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very serious stake in the events currently taking place in the Soviet Union. The reform process there is of vital importance to the world and of most vital importance of course to the Soviet people themselves and I hope that is fully clear. There is a great deal of information we don't yet have, but I would like to make clear above all that we would expect the Soviet Union to respect and honor all the commitments that President Gorbachev has made on its behalf." The British Government froze $ 80 million in economic aid to Moscow, while the

2269: 2074: 623: 584: 2021: 385: 373: 1558: 5849: 1337: 1001: 43: 1858: 442: 1838: 1820: 1801: 1782: 1762: 1744: 1725: 1706: 1686: 1667: 357: 15230: 6803: 1350: 2087: 597: 7416: 2337: 1023: 3337: 5996: 1584: 827: 558: 522: 396: 6035: 1597: 6129:"I can't believe that the Soviet people will allow a reversal in the progress that they have recently made toward economic and political freedom. Based on my extensive meetings and conversations with him, I am convinced that President Gorbachev had the best interest of the Soviet people in mind. I have always felt that his opposition came from the communist bureaucracy, and I can only hope that enough progress was made that a movement toward democracy will be unstoppable." 2258: 2247: 2160: 2171: 3961:

disappointed and nervous after the meeting with Gorbachev. Gorbachev is said to have insulted Varennikov by pretending to forget his name, and to have told his former trusted advisor Boldin "Shut up, you prick! How dare you give me lectures about the situation in the country!" With Gorbachev's refusal, the conspirators ordered that he remain confined to the dacha. Additional KGB security guards were placed at the dacha gates with orders to stop anybody from leaving.

2215: 7444: 6915: 1506: 5813: 5019: 15771: 2111: 649: 1211: 7098: 989: 1830: 1811: 1792: 1754: 1735: 1716: 1678: 167: 8800: 1375: 6782: 1638: 1324: 2381: 1067: 5073: 4611: 6831: 1626: 1426: 812: 714: 6879: 6654: 6148: 1532: 1362: 1236: 728: 5357:) delegated by the legislatures of the union republic. Russia, with 52 delegates, was an exception. However, the delegation of each union republic was to have only one vote in the Soviet of Republics. The laws were to be first adopted by the Soviet of the Union and then by the Soviet of Republics, which would set procedures for the central government, approve the appointment of central ministers and consider inter-republic agreements. 5215: 5905: 1571: 1439: 784: 6427: 6241: 1198: 1223: 6067:." He called the overthrow "very disturbing" and put a hold on U.S. aid to the Soviet Union until the coup was ended. The Bush statement, drafted after a series of meetings with top aides, was much more forceful than the President's initial reaction that morning in Maine. It was in keeping with a Western effort to apply both diplomatic and economic pressure on the Soviet officials seeking to gain control of the country. On 2 6200: 1400: 7158: 6579: 1493: 1132: 1157: 6853: 1519: 6170: 1387: 1008: 6259: 5625:, the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet, formally voted the Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the Council of the Union, had been left without a quorum after the Russian deputies withdrew), thus ending the life of the world's first and oldest socialist state. All former Soviet embassies became Russian embassies, and Russia received all nuclear weapons located in other former republics by 1996. A 1452: 7430: 6949: 426: 416: 406: 8808: 6466:(CCP) released no immediate comment. Confidential Chinese documents have indicated that China's hardline leaders strongly disapproved of Gorbachev's program of political liberalization, blaming him for "the loss of Eastern Europe to capitalism." Western scholarship has alleged that Beijing had foreknowledge of the planned coup. This hypothesis is supported by two events: firstly, General 6620:: As the coup began, newspapers published documents from the GKChP without comment or statements of support. Privately, the regime instructed its officials to support the coup to "defend Socialist achievements". North Korean diplomats were present in Moscow and kept informal contacts with Russians as events unfolded, including soldiers on the ground. By the end of the first day, 6527:

After the coup failed, Gorbachev suspended exchanges with China; allegedly the coup plotters attempted to flee to China, but this was flatly denied by both governments. Several Chinese people said that a key difference between the Soviet coup leaders' failed attempts to use tanks to crush dissent in Moscow and the hardline Chinese leaders' successful use of tank-led

6825:. However, Havel said "It is not possible to reverse the changes that have already happened in the Soviet Union. We believe democracy will eventually prevail in the Soviet Union." Interior Ministry spokesman Martin Fendrych said an unspecified number of additional troops had been moved to reinforce the Czechoslovak border with the Soviet Union. 10708: 6025:

think it was terribly well-handled from the point of view of those organising the coup. I think the enormous and unanimous condemnation of the rest of the world publicly of the coup was of immense encouragement to the people resisting it. That is not just my view; that is the view that has been expressed to me by Mr. Shevardnadze,

4824:, who was in the crowd defending the White House, "those deaths played a crucial role: both sides were so horrified that it brought a halt to everything." Alpha Group and Vympel did not move to the White House as planned, and Yazov ordered the troops to pull out of Moscow. Reports also surfaced that Gorbachev had been placed under 6063:. He then issued a strongly-worded statement that followed a day of consultations with other Western alliance leaders amid a concerted effort to squeeze the new Soviet leadership by freezing economic aid programs. Bush decried the coup as a "misguided and illegitimate effort" that "bypasses both Soviet law and the will of the 6029:, President Yeltsin and many others as well to whom I have spoken to the last 48 hours. The moral pressure from the West and the fact that we were prepared to state unequivocally that the coup was illegal and that we wanted the legal government restored, was of immense help in the Soviet Union. I think that did play a part." 4602:. Yeltsin climbed one of the tanks and addressed the crowd. Unexpectedly, this episode was included in the state media's evening news. Soviet Armed Forces officers loyal to the GKChP tried to prevent defections by confining soldiers to their barracks, but this only limited the availability of forces to carry out the coup. 10960: 7151:

said in scripted remarks that he hoped the Soviet Union's reforms would survive Gorbachev's fall. "I particularly appreciated the sincere desire that guided him and the lofty inspiration that animated him in the promotion of human rights and dignity, as well as in his commitment for the well-being of

7022:

said that "Iraq’s right and steadfastness was one of the main reasons behind the fall ... because exposed policy of treason and conspiracy. It is natural that we welcome such change like the states and people who were affected by the policies of the former regime." In other words, Hussein seemingly

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20, the Cuban Government issued a statement insisting on its neutrality, saying that the conflict was "not Cuba's to judge". In the same statement, Cuba also criticized the West for inciting divisions within the Soviet Union. A Western diplomat alleged that in private, Cuba's officials hoped the coup

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of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, who was "Gorbachev's rival in the changing Soviet Union." Mitterrand added that "France attaches a high price to the life and liberty of Messrs. Gorbachev and Yeltsin being guaranteed by the new Moscow leaders. These will be judged by their acts, especially on the fashion in

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scheduled an emergency meeting to suspend a $ 1.5 billion aid program. In a 1991 interview, Major said he thought that "there are many reasons why failed and a great deal of time and trouble will be spent on analysing that later. There were, I think, a number of things that were significant. I don't

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flew in the presidential plane, under police custody (according to Rutskoy, "they definitely not be shot down with him on board"). Upon arrival, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Tizyakov were arrested on the airfield, which was illegal under Soviet law as officials representing the central government could only

3916:

August, to form a State Emergency Committee, and require Gorbachev to sign the relevant decrees or to resign and transfer powers to Vice President Yanayev. They believed the pact would pave the way for the Soviet Union's breakup, and decided it was time to act. The next day, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin,

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mingled with the crowds near the White House and assessed the possibility of such an operation. Afterwards, Karpukhin and Vympel commander Colonel Boris Beskov tried to convince Ageyev that the operation would result in bloodshed and should be cancelled. Lebed, with the consent of his superior Pavel

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Meanwhile, the Soviet forces carrying out the coup began to suffer from mass defections to the RSFSR as well as soldiers refusing to obey orders to shoot civilians. Yeltsin asked his followers not to harass the soldiers and offered amnesty for any military servicemen who defected to oppose the coup.

4552:

pm press conference that Gorbachev was "resting". He said: "Over these years he has got very tired and needs some time to get his health back." Yanayev's shaking hands led some people to think he was drunk, and his trembling voice and weak posture made his words unconvincing. Victoria E. Bonnell and

3956:

of the KGB, allowed the group into Gorbachev's dacha. Gorbachev realized what was happening after discovering the telephone outages. Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov demanded that Gorbachev either declare a state of emergency or resign and name Yanayev as acting president to allow the members

3852:

discussed the possibility of replacing hardliners such as Pavlov, Yazov, Kryuchkov and Pugo with more liberal figures, with Nazarbayev as Prime Minister (in Pavlov's place). Kryuchkov, who had placed Gorbachev under close surveillance as Subject 110 several months earlier, eventually got wind of the

6938:

voiced concern that the coup could encourage the FMLN to end negotiations, or that Cuba's relationship with the Soviet Union would be restored. Cuba had long been a supplier to the FMLN. Ernesto Altschul, Cristiani's deputy chief of staff, said, "Obviously, this can affect our situation." After the

6872:

union helped prompt the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, appealed for calm. "May unity and responsibility for our state gain the upper hand." The statement, read on Polish radio by spokesman Andrzej Drzycimski, continued, "The situation in the USSR is significant for our country. It

6526:

to request full recognition and support. Deng met with Belonogov and asked "what do you plan to do with Gorbachev" to measure the probability of the coup's success. After hesitating for a day, China was moments away from an official declaration of support for the GKChP when news of its end arrived.

3960:

Gorbachev has always claimed that he refused point-blank to accept the ultimatum. Varennikov has insisted that Gorbachev said: "Damn you. Do what you want. But report my opinion!" However, those present at the dacha at the time testified that Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov had been clearly

6725:

had begun the previous year. Political actors in both nations realized the similarities of their political situations. On the anti-communist side, separatists in the USSR were building relations with Yugoslavia's breakaway republics. At the end of July, Lithuania recognized Slovenia and in August,

6019:

August to deal with the crisis and said "There seems little doubt that President Gorbachev has been removed from power by an unconstitutional seizure of power. There are constitutional ways of removing the president of the Soviet Union; they have not been used. I believe that the whole world has a

5675:

November 1991, Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 213 "On the Liberalization of Foreign Economic Activity on the Territory of the RSFSR", whereby all Russian companies were allowed to import and export goods and acquire foreign currency (all foreign trade had previously been tightly controlled by the

5526:

ratified the accords and recalled the Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Although this has been interpreted as the moment that Russia seceded from the Union, Russia took the position that it was not possible to secede from a state that no longer existed. The lower chamber of the

5348:

and would only consider issues concerning civil rights and freedoms and other issues which did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Soviet of Republics. Its decisions would have to be reviewed by the Soviet of Republics. The Soviet of Republics was to include 20 deputies from each union republic

4922:, as well as Soviet Security Council members Yevgeny Primakov and Vadim Bakatin, flew to Gorbachev's dacha in Foros. They were accompanied by 36 officers of the RSFSR Ministry of Internal Affairs armed with machine guns, under the command of RSFSR Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Andrei Dunaev. 4711:

In the afternoon, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Pugo finally decided to attack the White House. This decision was supported by other GKChP members (with the exception of Pavlov, who had been sent to his dacha due to drunkenness). Kryuchkov's and Yazov's deputies, KGB general Gennady Ageyev and Army general

4518:

ordered the formation of an emergency committee for the city, chaired by Leningrad First Secretary Boris Gidaspov, to circumvent Sobchak's democratically elected municipal government. Samsonov's troops were ultimately blocked by hundreds of thousands of demonstrators supported by the police, which

6730:

between traditional communists and ultranationalists to maintain the territorial integrity of both the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the weeks leading up to the coup, conservatives in the USSR were using the precedence of Yugoslavia as an excuse to violently suppress uprisings of non-Russians. In fact,

6712:

reported reactions from ordinary Yugoslavs including economist Dragan Radic who said "Gorbachev has done a lot for world peace and helped replace hard-line communist regimes in the past few years.Yet, the West failed to support Gorbachev financially and economically and he was forced to step down

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cursed Gorbachev. Deng then said "The Soviet coup is a good thing but we must not visibly be pleased but only delighted at the bottom of our hearts." China pronounced a policy of non-interference but hoped 'stability' (i.e. a restoration of Communist rule) would return to the Soviet Union. Behind

4910:

pm, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, chaired by the heads of the chambers of the union parliament, adopted a resolution in which it declared illegal the removal of the Soviet President from his duties and their transfer to the Vice President, and in this vein demanded that Yanayev

4815:

veteran, was shot and crushed trying to cover a moving IFV's observation slit. Usov, a 37-year-old economist, was killed by a stray bullet while coming to Komar's aid. The crowd set fire to an IFV and Krichevsky, a 28-year-old architect, was shot dead as the troops pulled back. The three men were

4089:

Yanayev signed the decree naming himself acting Soviet President, using the pretense of Gorbachev's inability to perform presidential duties due to "illness". However, Russian investigators later identified Kryuchkov as the key planner of the coup. Yanayev later claimed that he had been forced to

5786:

On the 26th of August, Nikolay Kruchina was found dead near his residence in the morning, having jumped from the window of his apartment a few hours prior. He served as the Managing Director of the Central Committee of the CPSU. His predecessor Georgiy Pavlov followed the same fate on the 6th of

4898:

pm, Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Pugo signed the last GKChP order – a cypher telegram to the regional departments of internal affairs with a demand to strengthen the security of television and radio organizations and report on all violations of the GKChP Resolution on

4024:

after Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov returned from Crimea. Yanayev (who had only just been persuaded to join the plot), Pavlov and Baklanov signed the so-called "Declaration of the Soviet Leadership", which declared a state of emergency in the entirety of the USSR and announced that the

5968:

said, "I strongly hope that the leadership change will not influence the positive policies of Perestroika and new-thinking diplomacy." In addition, Japanese aid and technical loans to the Soviet Union were frozen. Japan left open the question of the coup's legitimacy; government spokesman Taizo

5842:

said that "The developments in the Soviet Union ... raise the question as to whether the purpose is to reverse the political and economic reforms which have been taking place. Australia does not want to see repression, persecution or vindictive actions against Gorbachev or those associated with

3813:

that a coup against Gorbachev was being planned. When Matlock tried to warn him, Gorbachev falsely assumed that his own Cabinet was not involved and underestimated the risk of a coup. Gorbachev reversed Pavlov's request for more powers and jokingly told his Cabinet "The coup is over," remaining

4929:

pm, the GKChP delegation arrived at the presidential dacha. President Gorbachev refused to receive it and demanded that communication to the outside world be restored. At the same time, Yanayev signed a decree dissolving the State Emergency Committee and declaring all of its decisions invalid.

6354:

came to resent the Soviets for abandoning him, writing to former Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze "I didn't want to be president, you talked me into it, insisted on it, and promised support. Now you are throwing me and the Republic of Afghanistan to its fate." In the winter of 1992, newly

4331:

am. Together with Silayev and Khasbulatov, Yeltsin issued a declaration "To the Citizens of Russia" that condemned the GKChP's actions as a reactionary anti-constitutional coup. The military was urged not to take part in the coup, and local authorities were asked to follow laws from the RSFSR

4130:

August; the prohibition of rallies, demonstrations and strikes; suspension of the activities of political parties, public organizations and mass movements that impede the normalization of the situation; and the allocation of up to 1,500 square metres (0.4 acres) of land to all interested city

7166:: The alliance held an emergency meeting in Brussels condemning the Soviet coup. "If indeed this coup did fail, it will be a great victory for the courageous Soviet people who have tasted freedom and who are not prepared to have it taken away from them," said United States Secretary of State 6739:

claimed in October that "Communist Yugoslav Generals" had openly supported the coup and that they had received instructions from Moscow. The victory of the democrats in the USSR had major implications for Yugoslavia. Yeltsin knew that Milošević had secretly supported Soviet conservatives and

6977:

wholeheartedly endorsed the coup. When the coup failed, India's government changed course, celebrating "the reassertion of democratic values and a triumph for the will of the people." Despite official support for Yeltsin's victory, Indian politicians feared that a spill-over effect from the

11252:"World Report Extra : The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev. : Cuba : 'Option Zero' in Havana" 11284:"World Report Extra: The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev : North Korea : Pyongyang's Odd Drama" 4553:

Gregory Frieden noted that the press conference allowed spontaneous questioning from journalists who openly accused the GKChP of carrying out a coup, as well as the lack of censorship by news crews, who did not hide Yanayev's erratic motions the way they had with past leaders such as

6274:

released a statement saying, "I'm surprised, embittered and worried. We all know the difficulties that Gorbachev encountered. But I don't know how a new president, who, at least for now, doesn't have (Gorbachev's) prestige and international connections, can overcome the obstacles."

5864:

huddled with top advisers over the toppling of Mikhail Gorbachev, but officials said the Prime Minister would likely react cautiously to the stunning development. Mulroney condemned the coup and suspended food aid and other assistance to the Soviet Union. External Affairs Minister

6596:

with their country. In September 1991, three-quarters of Cuba's consumer goods came from the USSR, underlining the importance of Soviet events to Cuba's leaders. As the Soviet coup unfolded, Cuban officials did not believe its leaders would prevail. While Gorbachev was in power,

5474:

By November, the only Soviet Republics that had not declared independence were Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. That same month, seven republics (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan) agreed to a new union treaty that would form a

6287:, called the ouster of Gorbachev "a most dramatic event of world proportions (which) will have immense repercussions on international life. I am personally and strongly struck, not only for the incalculable burden of this event, but also for the fate of comrade Gorbachev." 7152:

the country and of the international community. May the process initiated by him not fall into decline." The Pope also prayed for the Soviet Union itself, asking that "our prayers become even more intense to ask God that that great country may be spared further tragedy."

3473:. The coup collapsed in two days, and Gorbachev returned to office while the plotters all lost their posts. Yeltsin subsequently became the dominant leader and Gorbachev lost much of his influence. The failed coup led to both the immediate collapse of the CPSU and the 6087:

issued a statement warning "The whole world is watching. Legitimacy in 1991 flows not from the barrel of a gun but from the will of the people. History cannot be reversed. Sooner or later your effort will fail." The coup also led several members of Congress such as

6535:

was that the Soviet people had a powerful leader like Russian President Boris Yeltsin to rally around, whereas the Chinese protesters did not. The Soviet coup collapsed in three days without any major violence by the Soviet Army against civilians in June 1989, the

4118:

am, Yanayev signed documents on the formation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP), consisting of himself, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo, Baklanov, Tizyakov and Starodubtsev. Included in the documents was the "Appeal to the Soviet people".

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as the Soviet Union itself was not constitutionally succeeded by the Russian Federation, but merely dissolved. Others argued that the international community had already established the precedent of recognizing the Soviet Union as the legal successor of the

4229:

and Vladimir Federovski later alleged that the KGB was planning to carry out a much larger wave of arrests two weeks after the coup, after which it would have abolished almost all legislative and local administrative structures under a highly centralized

6058:

made a blunt demand for Gorbachev's restoration to power and said the United States did not accept the legitimacy of the self-proclaimed new Soviet government. Bush rushed to the White House from his vacation home, receiving a letter from Kozyrev aboard

2307: 10077:"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 21.08.1991 № 1626-I О дополнительных полномочиях Президента РСФСР по обеспечению законности деятельности Советов народных депутатов в условиях ликвидации последствий попытки государственного переворота в СССР" 10330: 4281:, later alleged that he had received an order from Kryuchkov to arrest Yeltsin but disobeyed it, although his account has been questioned. The failure to arrest Yeltsin proved fatal to the plotters' plans. After the announcement of the coup at 6:30 4883:

pm, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov, Lukyanov and CPSU Central Committee Deputy General Secretary Vladimir Ivashko left for the airport, getting stuck in a traffic jam created by the Taman Division armored vehicles returning to their base.

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drew a distinction between 'patriotic' Russian people and the 'oppressive' Russian state. Boris Yeltsin and his followers saw the USSR as an oppressor of Russia, thereby accelerating the mostly peaceful division of the former Soviet Union. On

5123:

was dismantled, while thousands of Moscow citizens took part in the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov and Ilya Krichevsky, the three citizens who had died in the tunnel incident. Gorbachev posthumously awarded them with the title of

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said Canada must join with other Western governments to back Russian President Boris Yeltsin, former Soviet Foreign Minister and Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze and others fighting for Soviet democracy." McDougall met with the

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August, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dismissed Prime Minister Pavlov and entrusted the functions of the Soviet government to the Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy. The next day, Supreme Soviet Chairman

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The defenders of the White House prepared themselves, most being unarmed. Evdokimov's tanks were moved from the White House in the evening. The makeshift White House defense headquarters was headed by General Kobets, a Russian SFSR

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and the presidents of union republics. The "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" was replaced by the USSR Inter-republic Economic Committee (Межреспубликанский экономический комитет СССР), also headed by

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under Boldin sent coded telegrams to local party committees to assist the coup. Yeltsin's authorities later discovered that nearly 70 percent of the committees either backed it or attempted to remain neutral. Within the RSFSR, the

5009:

forces of Estonia) members barricaded themselves in the tower's broadcasting studio. That evening, as news from Moscow about the coup's failure reached Tallinn, the Russian paratroopers left the TV tower and the Estonian capital.

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pm, they were joined by Baklanov, Shenin, Boldin, Varennikov and Plekhanov. It was decided to publicly declare Gorbachev ill. Yanayev hesitated, but the others convinced him that leadership and responsibility would be collective.

6300:

A Soviet Stamp promoting Perestroika. For some Communist States, Gorbachev's reforms resulted in a drastic cutting of Soviet Aid. The coup's failure led to the abrupt end of any remaining Russian support for its former Communist

6774:

pro-Soviet governments deposed or elected out of office. As a result, all criticized or expressed weary sentiments about events in Moscow. Some former Warsaw Pact members deployed armed forces to strategically important areas.

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never agreed with Perestroika and in July 1991 had reiterated his position that there would be no changes in Cuba, saying "In this revolution there will be no changes of name or ideas." The end of Soviet assistance sparked the

83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 7091:

said, "I very much hope that will neither give rise to large-scale turbulence within the Soviet Union itself or more widely in Europe, nor jeopardize the era of hard-won international cooperation upon which the world has

3534:

to buy even essential goods, fuel stocks were as much as 50% lower than the estimated amount needed for the approaching winter, and inflation exceeded 300% per year, with factories lacking the cash needed to pay salaries.

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Fidel Castro at East Berlin 1972. Cuba relied upon the Soviet Union and throughout the Cold War was a steadfast ally. Castro systemically opposed Gorbachev's perestroika but he did not publicly support the August Coup in

6367:

provided food aid to Mohammad Najibullah's of their own accord in an attempt to save the regime, also establishing contacts with the Mujahideen. The end of Soviet weapons deliveries caused the defection of militia leader

6565:: Congo was already moving away from Marxism–Leninism and had organized a democratic conference in June. All references to Communism were removed from the Congolese Constitution in April 1992, yet former Soviet protégé 3568: 15314: 7662: 10128: 11400: 11164: 9727: 5929:

arriving from the Soviet Union, called an emergency meeting to assess how the coup would affect Jewish immigration. "We are closely following what is happening in the Soviet Union with concern," Foreign Minister

5732:, but the Russian Supreme Soviet refused to lift his immunity. Additionally, the Procuracy refrained from charging numerous other individuals accused of complicity in the coup, including the Army Chief of Staff. 6163:

said the process of change in the Soviet Union could not be reversed. In a statement, he said "So much has happened and so many people have been involved in the changes in Soviet Union that I cannot see a total

4142:

surrounded Gorbachev's presidential dacha in Foros. By order of Soviet Air Defense Chief of Staff Colonel-General Igor Maltsev, two tractors blocked the runway on which the President's aircraft were located: a

6964:

said "Mr. Gorbachev's ouster was a warning to people who favored reforms without controls." Likewise, India's ambassador in Moscow remarked that Gorbachev had "brought about the disintegration of the party".

5898:

defense network, the government acknowledged that any US-Soviet nuclear confrontation would directly impact Canada as well. Canadian leaders believed both the US and Canada would be treated as a single set of

5562:) having agreed that the Union no longer existed, Gorbachev bowed to the inevitable and said he would resign as soon as the CIS became a reality (Georgia joined the CIS in 1993, only to withdraw in 2008 after 4527:

went on strike in support of Yeltsin. Moscow First Secretary Yuri Prokofev attempted a similar maneuver in the capital but was rebuffed when Boris Nikolskii refused to accept the office of Mayor of Moscow. At

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became less relevant to both countries after the coup. Angola's ability to enforce its rule on some of its territories diminished due to the end of Soviet weapons deliveries and departures of Cuban personnel.

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said. "One might say that this is an internal issue of the Soviet Union, but in the Soviet Union ... everything internal has an influence for the entire world." The Soviet Union restored ties with Israel on

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visited the Soviet Union before the coup and its subsequent dissolution, continuing the good relations maintained since diplomatic ties were established in 1946. In December 1991, Argentina recognized the

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has collapsed but this has not been the result of Gorbachev's policy but of the paralyzing influence of conservatives," adding, "Suddenly, the likelihood of a civil war in the Soviet Union has increased."

6235:"to speak with one voice" on the situation and said, "the West should not exclude the possibility of imposing economic and political sanctions on the Soviet Union to avoid a jolt to the right, in Moscow." 10830: 4955:

pm, Rutskoy and his delegation went to see Gorbachev. According to eyewitnesses, the meeting was cordial and joyful, allowing them to momentarily forget divisions between Soviet and Russian authorities.

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December 1991, the Russian SFSR – now renamed the Russian Federation – with the concurrence of the other republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States, informed the

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On the 17th of October, former Deputy Head of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU Dmitriy Lisovolik was found dead, having also jumped from the window of his apartment.

4586:

acre) to combat winter shortages by growing fruits and vegetables. Due to the illness of Valentin Pavlov, the duties of the Soviet head of the government were entrusted to First Deputy Prime Minister

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so he and his family could watch the press conference. After viewing the conference, Gorbachev expressed confidence that Yeltsin would be able to stop the coup. That night, his family smuggled out a

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which the two high personalities in question will be treated." After the coup ended, Mitterrand was criticized for his hesitant reaction; this may have helped right wing opposition parties win the

10991: 10327:"Закон Республики Беларусь от 25 августа 1991 г. №1017-XII "О придании статуса конституционного закона Декларации Верховного Совета Белорусской ССР о государственном суверенитете Белорусской ССР"" 5271:

August 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev created the so-called "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" (Комитет по оперативному управлению народным хозяйством СССР), to replace the

9156: 10800: 7170:. Baker also stated, "t will also, to some extent, be a victory, too, for the international community and for all those governments who reacted strongly to these events." NATO Secretary-General 4183:, the only independent political radio station, were taken off the air. However, the latter station later resumed its broadcasts and became a source of reliable information during the coup. The 7972: 15687: 5969:

Watanabe said that " the right to decide whether it is constitutional or unconstitutional. Japan notably differed from western states by not announcing an outright condemnation of the coup. "

11776: 7209:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, went on to head the Department of History and International Relations for the Russian International Academy of Tourism and died in 2010. 5663:) was granted the right to issue decrees required for economic reform even if they contravened existing laws. Such decrees entered into force if they were not repealed within 7 days by the 3731: 7070:

expressed "grave concern" saying, "We hope that the progress toward world peace... achieved under the leadership of President Gorbachev will continue to be preserved and enhanced further."

3861:. Yeltsin also prepared for a coup by establishing a secret defense committee, ordering military and KGB commands to side with RSFSR authorities and establishing a "reserve government" in 15666: 1071: 11861: 6253:

issued statements condemning the coup. However, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece condemned Gorbachev for dismantling the Soviet State and reestablishing Capitalism.

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of residents in the other republics expressed the desire to retain the renewed Soviet Union, with 77.85% voting in favor. Following negotiations, eight of the remaining nine republics (

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be returned to Moscow. Although Gorbachev discovered that the GKChP's actions had cut off communications with the nuclear duty officers, the Cheget was returned to the capital by 2:00

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can affect our bilateral relations. We want them to be friendly." But Wałęsa emphasized that Poland would keep its hard-won sovereignty while pursuing economic and political reforms.

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welcomed the coup's collapse as a symbolic victory for the Soviet people. He said "It was a triumph of the courage and resolve of the Soviet citizens towards freedom and democracy."

3530:

might secede. In 1991, the Soviet Union was in a severe economic and political crisis. Scarcity of food, medicine, and other consumables was widespread, people had to stand in long

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stated that "Such anti-democratic methods can never lead to anything good neither for the Soviet Union, nor for Eastern Europe, nor for the democratic developments in the world."

12078:(August 1991), (M.E. Sharpe, 1994). Includes the chronology of the coup, photos, and accounts from a broad cross-section of participants and eyewitnesses, including the editors. 10157:[Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 29, 1991 No. 2371-I "On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état that took place"] 6108:

in existing unstable conditions. Despite public opposition to further aid to the Soviet Union and ambivalence from the Bush administration, they oversaw the ratification of the

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in the form of a conspiracy aimed at capturing power. However, by January 1993, they had all been released from custody pending trial. The trial in the Military Chamber of the

15673: 15432: 10242:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 6, 1991 No. 169 "On the activities of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 6 November 1991. 5617:

December, Gorbachev announced his resignation as President of the Soviet Union. The red hammer and sickle flag of the Soviet Union was lowered from the Senate building in the

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am, all of the GKChP documents were broadcast over state radio and television. The KGB immediately issued an arrest list that included newly elected Russian SFSR President

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That afternoon, Moscow citizens began gathering around the White House, erecting barricades around it. In response, Yanayev declared a state of emergency in Moscow at 4:00

4097:

The GKChP banned all Moscow newspapers except for nine party-controlled newspapers. It also issued a populist declaration which stated that "the honour and dignity of the

3493: 3054: 2421: 55: 11650: 10670: 10216:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 25, 1991 No. 90 "On the property of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 25 August 1991. 7909: 3779:

resigned in protest and rejected an offered appointment as vice president, warning that "a dictatorship is coming." Gorbachev was forced to appoint Yanayev in his place.

11156: 7215:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, subsequently served as a financial expert for several banks and other financial institutions and became chairman of 6982:

would encourage secessionist movements at home. The loss of an economic partner and ideological friend upset the Rao Administration and India's leftist movement, as the

4657:

told Yazov that they would not follow orders for a nuclear launch. After the coup, Gorbachev refused to admit that he had lost control of the country's nuclear weapons.

4122:

The GKChP members present signed GKChP Resolution No. 1, which introduced the following: a state of emergency "in certain areas of the USSR" lasting six months from 4:00

3669:

that followed. Many feared the consequences of Gorbachev's German policies above all, not just for leaving officers unemployed but for sacrificing gains achieved in the

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supported the coup, causing division within an already shrinking party. The CPSU had broken ties with the CPUSA in 1989 over the latter's condemnation of Perestroika.

15652: 13392: 10574:"Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации от 23 февраля 1994 г. № 65-1 ГД «Об объявлении политической и экономической амнистии»" 8114: 5444: 5381: 11473: 10131:[Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU] (in Russian). 24 August 1991. 5179:

all CPSU assets in the Russian SFSR (these included not only party committee headquarters but also assets such as educational institutions and hotels). The party's

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Yugoslavia may have been a major cause for the Gang of Eight to believe their actions were necessary to prevent the USSR's collapse. When Yugoslav Prime Minister

5336:. Two new legislative chambers – the Soviet of the Union (Совет Союза) and the Soviet of Republics (Совет Республик) – replaced the 15606: 15392: 12310: 10822: 6462:: The Chinese government appeared to tacitly support the coup when it issued a statement saying the move was an internal affair of the Soviet Union and when the 5456: 5392: 5026:

At one minute past midnight, Gorbachev, his family and assistants flew to Moscow on Rutskoy's plane. The GKChP members were sent back on a different plane; only

4978: 3465:, who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev. The GKChP was poorly organized and met with effective resistance by both Yeltsin and a civilian campaign of 3998:

be sent to Moscow, also ordering 300,000 arrest forms. Kryuchkov doubled the pay of all KGB personnel, called them back from holiday, and placed them on alert.

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state). Following the issuance of Decree No. 213, on 3 December 1991 Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 297 "On the Measures to Liberalize Prices", whereby from 2

4891:

pm, the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat issued a statement demanding that the GKChP clarify the fate of the head of the Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev.

4775:, which the GKChP blamed on increasing trade with the West. Draft decrees were later discovered which would have allowed military and police patrols to shoot " 4370: 3758: 11825:

Gibson, James L. "Mass opposition to the Soviet putsch of August 1991: Collective action, rational choice, and democratic values in the former Soviet Union."

13002: 12144: 11919: 8061: 6249:: Greece described the situation in the Soviet Union as "alarming". The Greek left was divided- the Alliance of the Left and former Socialist Prime Minister 4471:

August showed that 23.6 percent of Russians believed the GKChP could improve living standards, while 41.9 percent had no opinion. However, separate polls by

3365: 3042: 2976: 2675: 4011: 15599: 12047: 9831:"Постановление Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 21 августа 1991 года № 2352-I «О неотложных мерах по восстановлению конституционного порядка в стране»" 9601: 5345: 5329: 4445: 3768: 2073: 589: 11722: 10155:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. № 2371-I «О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом»" 15811: 15645: 13051: 10983: 7231:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, became adviser to the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Academy of General Staff; he died in 2020. 7085: 4453: 3968:

pm, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov flew to Moscow, accompanied by Plekhanov. His deputy, Vyacheslav Generalov, remained "on the farm" in Foros.

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Saar, Andrus, and Liivi Joe. "Polling, Under the Gun: Political Attitudes in Estonia, Surveyed at the Height of the Soviet Coup Attempt, August 1991."

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Vogt, William Charles. "The Soviet coup of August 1991: why it happened, and why it was doomed to fail. (MA thesis. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991).

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first person accounts and documents from both sides of the barricades. Compiled and edited by Anya Chernyakhovskaya, Dr John Jirik and Nikolai Lamm.

4033:) had been created "to manage the country and effectively maintain the regime of the state of emergency". The GKChP included the following members: 86:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

13017: 12347: 11293: 11261: 11229: 10757:"Pope Fears the Loss of Hard-Won Church Gains in Soviet Union : Reaction: John Paul's enthusiastic tour of Eastern Europe ends on a glum note" 5793:

Said deaths have faced extensive scrutiny by historians and contemporaries, who noted the similarities with which the figurants ended their lives.

4460:

officers seized control of city halls and government buildings around the country claiming to be in control, as well as television stations in the

2268: 832: 11937: 11792: 10766: 8219:Союз можно было сохранить. Белая книга: Документы и факты о политике М. С. Горбачёва по реформированию и сохранению многонационального государства 4811:. Three men were killed in the ensuing clash: Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov, and Ilya Krichevsky; several others were wounded. Komar, a 22-year-old 3575:

June 1990 and thereafter limited the application of Soviet laws, in particular those governing finance and the economy, on Russian territory. The

15736: 13430: 13136: 5510:. The Accords declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality." It repudiated the 2769: 15137: 14800: 14780: 14639: 7737: 5527:

Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, was forced to halt its operations, as the departure of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum.

2460: 15831: 13214: 12881: 12573: 10103:"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 22 августа 1991 года № 1627/1-1 «Об официальном признании и использовании Национального флага РСФСР»" 2792: 12117: 9688: 8778: 7931: 7247:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, later served as chairman of the board of directors for "Rosobshchemash"; he died in 2021. 6721:, was silent. Unofficially, there were numerous interactions between Yugoslavia and the USSR leading up to the start of the coup. The violent 6636:

said "The invincible might of our own style of socialism is being highly demonstrated," and the "North is basically stable" in a reference to

5720:. They all accepted the amnesty, except for General Varennikov, who demanded the continuation of the trial and who was finally acquitted on 11 15806: 15659: 12990: 11315: 10004: 8023: 6334:

government in Afghanistan. At the time, the Afghan regime was still completely dependent on the Soviet Union for its survival in the ongoing

15125: 7992: 3771:, Gorbachev attempted to appease him by issuing a presidential decree enhancing the powers of the KGB and appointing Pugo to the Cabinet as 15816: 13231: 11187: 10599: 10353:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2366-I «Об освобождении Павлова В. С. от обязанностей Премьер-министра СССР»" 3627: 3565: 3481: 3458: 2302: 2006: 1999: 1989: 1982: 1972: 1965: 1955: 1948: 1937: 1930: 1918: 1911: 1898: 1891: 1878: 1871: 993: 944: 468: 249: 9665: 6928: 14134: 13307: 12943: 12938: 12198: 11568: 8836: 6331: 6113: 6109: 4449: 3772: 2994: 2830: 2735: 2591: 2406: 2020: 1049: 562: 527: 17: 15120: 14441: 6628:

that the coup would not succeed. At the time, there were changing attitudes in the north toward South Korea and a brief shootout at the

15560: 14760: 14476: 14471: 13835: 12859: 12259: 12161: 11742: 9082: 9056: 8716: 8333: 7323: 5656: 5646: 5354: 4693: 4595: 4437: 4218: 2981: 2110: 654: 490: 377: 7196:, said he hoped the putsch "will permit resolution in the best interests of the Palestinians of the problem of Soviet Jews in Israel." 5100:

did not empower the president with such authority. The Russian Supreme Soviet passed another decision the following day declaring the

3979:

gathered in the Kremlin cabinet of the Prime Minister, discussing and editing the documents of the State Emergency Committee. At 10:15

3790:, members of Gorbachev's Cabinet hoped that he could be persuaded to declare a state of emergency and "restore order," and formed the 15357: 15352: 10922: 9934: 8493: 8221: 7341: 7272: 7262: 6667: 6392: 5232: 4336:, Yeltsin also subsequently took command of all Soviet military and security forces in the RSFSR. The joint declaration called for a 4091: 4017: 3791: 3415: 3358: 2578: 2573: 363: 270: 178: 8895: 7823: 4557:, making the coup leaders appear more incompetent to Soviet audiences. Gorbachev's security detail managed to construct a makeshift 15477: 15465: 15324: 14023: 12485: 7174:

also said, "We should see how the situation in the Soviet Union develops. Our own plans will take into account what happens there."

6735:

visited Moscow in early August, Gorbachev pointed out the parallels between problems looming in both countries. Croatian President

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Mark Kramer, "The Dialectics of Empire: Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968–91", in

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to analyze developments. Kaifu himself said that it was highly likely that the coup was unconstitutional. Chief Cabinet Secretary

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declared its sovereignty officially completed with a law passed by its deputies, confirming the independence restoration act of 4

4963:

pm, Gorbachev received Lukyanov and Ivashko in the presence of Rutskoy and Primakov, accusing the USSR Supreme Soviet Speaker of

2692: 2633: 14139: 10662: 9468: 9440: 8869: 4369:, mostly still dominated by the Communist Party, to support the coup by forming emergency committees to repress dissidence. The 15387: 13518: 13455: 13091: 13022: 12315: 12249: 11646: 10441: 9834: 7905: 6966: 6313:) had supported the coup, while others left ambivalent or unofficial support and reversed their position when the coup failed. 6101: 5667:

or its Presidium. Five days later, Boris Yeltsin, in addition to his duties as president, assumed those of the prime minister.

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Yeltsin initially wanted to remain at the dacha and organize a rival government, but Kobets advised his group to travel to the

3178: 3173: 2900: 2490: 2062: 2051: 576: 302: 14740: 10499: 10028: 9813: 8991: 8177: 6330:: The failure of the coup resulted in the removal of Soviet political and military officers that favored continued aid to the 4327:, Russia's parliament building, to maintain communications with coup opponents. They arrived and occupied the building at 9:00 15846: 15836: 15397: 15152: 15026: 14569: 14532: 14527: 14231: 14063: 14043: 14018: 13920: 13865: 12619: 8431: 8197: 7626: 6157: 5783:

On the 24th of August 1991, Sergey Akhromeyev was found dead in his office, serving as the Advisor to the President of USSR.

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adopted Soviet Law No. 2392-1 "On the Authorities of the Soviet Union in the Transitional Period", replacing itself with the

4733: 4433: 3047: 2802: 2628: 917: 14554: 11598: 9569: 9539: 7396: 5344:(both elected by the USSR Congress of People's Deputies). The Soviet of the Union was to be formed by the popularly elected 5056:

Boris Pugo and his wife died by suicide after being contacted by the RSFSR for a meeting over his role in the coup attempt.

3901:

August, the text of the draft treaty was published, which would have stripped the coup planners of much of their authority.

3163: 15347: 15105: 14083: 14073: 12970: 12960: 12254: 10190:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 24, 1991 No. 83 "On Party Archives"] (in Russian). 24 August 1991. 9351: 9039: 8583: 7969: 6811: 6807: 6409: 6405: 6005: 5502:(which had adopted the name in August 1991) – as well as the prime ministers of the three republics, met in 5384: 4634: 3547: 3351: 2604: 2444: 2324: 2235: 2225: 2040: 2033: 1354: 977: 900: 803: 549: 14951: 14795: 12008: 10269: 8098: 15342: 14820: 14119: 13450: 12995: 11884: 9494: 9012: 6726:

Georgia recognized Slovenia and Croatia's independence. On the side of hardliners, both nations had factions embracing a

6640:. Pyongyang would later blame Perestroika for the fall of the USSR, calling "Gorbachev's wrong anti-socialist policy" a " 5961: 5622: 5137: 4573: 4235: 3890: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3391: 3298: 2500: 2281: 2257: 2246: 924: 912: 852: 817: 399: 282: 198: 10154: 9886: 7557: 15525: 15472: 15460: 15455: 15382: 14579: 14088: 13915: 13209: 13041: 12928: 12407: 10865: 10046: 8108: 8033: 7467: 6970: 6326: 6228: 5717: 5626: 5515: 5511: 5436: 5333: 5169: 4851: 4745:

Grachev, returned to the White House and secretly informed the defense headquarters that the attack would begin at 2:00

4536:

held a press conference for foreign journalists and diplomats, and gained the support of most of the West for Yeltsin.

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Bonnell, Victoria E., and Gregory Freidin. "Televorot: The role of television coverage in Russia's August 1991 coup."

7275:, founder of series of enterprises such as "Antal" (machine manufacturing), "Severnaya kazna" (insurance), "Vidikon" ( 6542: 5594: 4311: 4191:

were also able to provide continuous coverage. Gorbachev and his family heard the news from a BBC bulletin on a small

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wearing a knitted sweater. Later, he would be criticized for not going to the White House, but to rest at his dacha.

4340:, with the demand to let Gorbachev address the people. This declaration was distributed around Moscow in the form of 3543: 3480:

Following the capitulation of the GKChP, popularly referred to as the "Gang of Eight", both the Supreme Court of the

3002: 2313: 2214: 2203: 2136: 1215: 966: 960: 936: 888: 789: 775: 681: 107:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

15031: 14725: 11916: 10080: 9312: 15613: 14944: 14684: 14408: 14109: 14093: 13367: 12753: 12689: 12514: 12427: 11995: 11850: 11536: 11451: 11368: 9946: 9207: 8748: 8299: 8292:"Заключение по материалам расследования роли и участии должностных лиц КГБ СССР в событиях 19–21 августа 1991 года" 7688: 7388: 7318: 7025: 6335: 6191: 4808: 4250: 4198:

that had not been seized. For the next several days, he refused to take food from outside the dacha to avoid being

3912:

guesthouse in Moscow and studied the treaty document. Decisions were made to introduce a state of emergency from 19

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In 1991, a parliamentary commission tasked with investigating causes for the attempted coup was established under

4502:

am, Rutskoy, Silayev, and Khasbulatov delivered a letter to Lukyanov demanding a medical exam of Gorbachev by the

15417: 15412: 15367: 15234: 15177: 15142: 15132: 14926: 14694: 14466: 14316: 14246: 13997: 13880: 13875: 13481: 13300: 13146: 12906: 12891: 12832: 12191: 12100: 12094: 11133: 10551: 10525: 9912: 7457: 6979: 6869: 6691: 6593: 5931: 5590: 5428: 5204: 4206: 3635: 3103: 2670: 2147: 2099: 1060: 1027: 695: 641: 329: 158: 15162: 15157: 15110: 15046: 14976: 14911: 14895: 14840: 14699: 14664: 14599: 14559: 14434: 13046: 12044: 9591: 7997:. Professor Gerhard Rempel, Department of History, Western New England College, 1996-02-02, accessed 2008-07-12" 6486:, which ignored the activities of Boris Yeltsin. When the coup began, top CCP leaders had gathered to celebrate 4872:

am, the session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR opened in the White House, at which President Yeltsin spoke.

4090:

participate in the coup under the threat of arrest. The eight aforementioned GKChP members became known as the "

3653:

The coup was the last gasp of those who were astonished at and felt betrayed by the precipitous collapse of the

15426: 15172: 15167: 15021: 15011: 14890: 14775: 14154: 13445: 12614: 12578: 11813: 9410: 8605: 6621: 6532: 6432: 6052: 5819:, left, is seen with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990. Bush condemned the coup and the actions of the "Gang of Eight". 5236: 5001:. But while television broadcasts were cut for a time, the radio signal was kept on the air after a handful of 3618:

with some conditions. The treaty was to make the Soviet Union a federation of independent republics called the

3435: 3250: 2959: 2922: 1642: 1484: 500: 15092: 15077: 14885: 14815: 14709: 14614: 14609: 14514: 14499: 12089: 9117: 5558:. They also pre-emptively accepted Gorbachev's resignation. With 11 of the 12 remaining republics (all except 4974:

pm, RSFSR Prosecutor General Valentin Stepankov signed an arrest warrant for the Emergency Committee members.

4085:, President of the Association of the State Enterprises and Objects of Industry, Transport, and Communications 15631: 15422: 14931: 14785: 14674: 14629: 14326: 13925: 13910: 13029: 12780: 12509: 12335: 12330: 12285: 11620: 11474:"Why the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia Collapsed the Way They Did: Reexamining Russian and Serbian Nationalism" 10243: 10217: 10191: 9968: 7348: 7294: 6012: 5586: 5064:

Pavlov, Starodubtsev, Baklanov, Boldin, and Shenin would all be taken into custody within the next 48 hours.

5039: 4669: 4262: 4217:. Around 4,000 soldiers, 350 tanks, 300 armoured personnel carriers and 420 trucks were sent to Moscow. Four 3527: 3442:; Yeltsin's demand for more autonomy to the republics opened a window for the plotters to organize the coup. 3439: 3407: 3403: 3318: 3288: 3283: 1630: 704: 511: 446: 323: 116: 15087: 15067: 14939: 14865: 14735: 14634: 14494: 11671: 10382: 10356: 9782: 15575: 15377: 15287: 14916: 14765: 14730: 14649: 14236: 14201: 14191: 14149: 13962: 13106: 13076: 13071: 13012: 12901: 12896: 12864: 12805: 12726: 12684: 12567: 10464:"INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation" 10379:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР»" 7254: 7064: 6718: 6280: 5634: 4911:

cancel the decrees and emergency orders based on them as legally invalid from the moment they were signed.

4879:

pm, the Soviet Cabinet of Ministers circulated a statement about its non-involvement in the putsch. At 1:20

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of the Saint Petersburg Documentary film studio to tell the story of the coup as it unfolded in Leningrad.

6753:

April 1992, Yugoslavia formally disintegrated and with it vanished any mention of Marxist–Leninism in its

6219:

for an emergency meeting. He said he was sure Moscow would withdraw its remaining 272,000 troops from the

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August 1991 that "Canada could work with any Soviet junta that promises to carry on Gorbachev's legacy".

5836: 4665: 4514:, and convinced him to declare support for Yeltsin. Meanwhile, in Leningrad, Military District Commander 4506:

and a meeting between themselves, Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and Yanayev within 24 hours. Rutskoy later visited

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at the time. The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials, including Vice President

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Meyer, Stephen M. "How the threat (and the coup) collapsed: the politicization of the soviet military."

11911:

McNair, Brian. "Reform and restructuring in the Soviet media before and after the August 1991 coup." in

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issued Decision No. 1831-1 "On the Legal Support of the Economic Reform" whereby the Russian president (

4025:

State Committee on the State of Emergency (Государственный Комитет по Чрезвычайному Положению, ГКЧП, or

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television station. That day, he asked two KGB officers to prepare measures to be taken in the event a

3670: 3555: 3143: 3113: 14427: 10214:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 90 «Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР»" 7018:, and relations between the two countries had grown tense. One Iraqi spokesman quoted by the official 5740: 15821: 15147: 15016: 14996: 14986: 14971: 14961: 14850: 14805: 14770: 14755: 14745: 14689: 14644: 14296: 12980: 12874: 12674: 11842:

Hamburg, Roger. "After the Abortive Soviet Coup and ‘What Is To Be Done?" The Post Soviet Military."

8237:

Dan Stone, Goodbye to all that? The story of Europe since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 23.

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In a decree, Yeltsin ordered the transfer of the CPSU archives to the state archive authorities, and

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newspaper workers threatened to go on strike unless Yeltsin's proclamation was printed in the paper.

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had already declared the restoration of their independence from the Soviet Union. In January 1991, a

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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

5031:

be arrested and tried under Soviet law, which prevailed over the laws of the constituent republics.

4576:

of the time to relieve the housing shortage. All city dwellers were each given 1,000 square metres (

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Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § The Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Bloc

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Thousands of people attended the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Ilya Krichevsky, and Vladimir Usov on 24

3508:(openness). These moves prompted resistance and suspicion on the part of hard-line members of the 15841: 15550: 15530: 15487: 15402: 15097: 15072: 14966: 14654: 14542: 14362: 14301: 14241: 14144: 14068: 14028: 13895: 13885: 13664: 13581: 13513: 13425: 13034: 12763: 12382: 10823:"Soviet Turmoil ; Excerpts From Bush's Conference: 'Strong Support' for Baltic Independence" 8000: 7521: 6958: 6840: 6714: 6463: 6284: 6268: 5954: 5878: 5701: 5341: 5225: 5002: 4654: 4511: 3953: 3854: 3846: 3474: 3076: 2753: 2548: 11929:

Matthee, Heinrich. "A breakdown of civil-military relations: the Soviet coup of 1991." Scientia

9518: 6957:: As the coup was ongoing, Indian leaders indicated a degree of sympathy for Soviet hardliners. 6408:. Encouraged by the coup's unraveling, three opposition parties demanded expedited reforms. The 5887: 5744:

Soviet stamps commemorating (from left to right) Ilya Krichevsky, Dmitry Komar and Vladimir Usov

5593:. No member state of the UN formally objected to this step. The legitimacy of this act has been 4716:, planned the assault, codenamed "Operation Grom" (Thunder), which would gather elements of the 3496:

in 1985, Gorbachev had embarked on an ambitious reform program embodied in the twin concepts of

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pm the full reinstatement of the independent status of the Republic of Estonia after 51 years.

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opposed it. However, some of the soviets faced internal resistance against emergency rule. The

4332:

President rather than the GKChP. Although he initially avoided the measure to avoid sparking a

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base near the capital. However, almost no other arrests were made by the KGB during the coup.

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Chronology of the Coup The USSR in 1991: The Implosion of a Superpower by Dr Robert F. Miller

12132: 11750: 10952: 10700: 9086: 9083:""Novaya Gazeta" No. 57 of 13 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)" 9060: 8710: 8330: 7364: 7216: 6791: 6754: 6722: 6641: 6570: 6515: 6209: 6105: 5495: 4812: 4701: 4467:

The Soviet public was divided on the coup. A poll in the RSFSR by Mnenie on the morning of 19

3929:, to begin coordinating with KGB Deputy Chairmen Viktor Grushko and Genii Ageev to implement 3646: 2949: 2748: 2067: 905: 123: 9942: 9057:""Novaya Gazeta" No. 55 of 6 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)" 14875: 14830: 14276: 13777: 13772: 13732: 13601: 13586: 12699: 12372: 12269: 12239: 11068: 7276: 6924: 6771: 6566: 6510:

to be cautious because the coup could fail. The GKChP was also interested in resolving the

6306: 6160: 6048: 5607: 5184: 5128:. Yeltsin asked their relatives to forgive him for not being able to prevent their deaths. 4799:

and street cleaning machines were used to barricade a tunnel against arriving Taman Guards

4792: 4646: 4626: 4569: 4520: 4324: 3849: 3828: 3240: 3096: 2954: 2927: 2817: 2812: 2797: 2665: 2374: 2230: 2197: 1016: 205: 13546: 10918: 8218: 5566:; the three Baltic states were never a part of the commonwealth, instead joining both the 8: 15447: 14221: 14196: 13992: 13977: 13576: 13316: 13274: 13204: 13061: 12589: 12524: 12295: 11395: 10300: 9596: 8801:"Варенников Валентин Иванович/Неповторимое/Книга 6/Часть 9/Глава 2 – Таинственная Страна" 7550:Ольга Васильева, «Республики во время путча» в сб.статей: «Путч. Хроника тревожных дней». 7421: 7311: 7250: 6961: 6862: 6682:

felt an ideological affinity with one another and a mutual desire to resist American-led

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residents, feared the return of mass repression. The GKChP enjoyed strong support in the

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took credit for inspiring the coup. This position was echoed by the Jordanian Newspaper

15545: 14164: 14053: 14048: 14038: 14033: 13264: 13246: 13199: 13181: 13161: 12800: 12552: 12450: 12422: 12305: 12290: 12067:. New York: HarperPerennial. Includes transcript of the videotaped statement made 19/20 11528: 11520: 11443: 11360: 11320: 11192: 11125: 11117: 11037: 10885: 10604: 10573: 10415: 9278: 9270: 9199: 8966: 8960: 7961: 7333: 7268: 7222: 7167: 7115: 7011: 6629: 6377: 6310: 6250: 6232: 6117: 6026: 5913:: Israeli officials said they hoped Gorbachev's attempted removal would not derail the 5769: 5563: 5027: 4821: 4771:

August emphasize a hardline approach against crime, especially economic crimes and the

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Personal account and photographs of historian Douglas Smith, an eyewitness to the coup

11862:"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshevik Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality" 8663: 6350:

and was not interested in protecting a 'Soviet Legacy'. In the aftermath of the coup,

5479:

called the Union of Sovereign States. However, this confederation never materialized.

4688:

August. This was understood as a sign that an attack on the White House was imminent.

3821:

July 1991, several party functionaries and literati published a piece in the hardline

15753: 15728: 15407: 14342: 13972: 13860: 13817: 13812: 13762: 13556: 13551: 13332: 13171: 13111: 12918: 12844: 12822: 12721: 12599: 12412: 12392: 12387: 12377: 12212: 12026: 11532: 11288: 11256: 11224: 11129: 10889: 10761: 9460: 9437: 9282: 9262: 9191: 8891: 8861: 8625: 8615: 8437: 8427: 8371: 8352:"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshewk Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality" 8254: 8104: 8029: 7888: 7706: 7632: 7622: 7400: 7189: 7148: 7019: 7002: 6935: 6511: 6347: 6055: 5866: 5816: 5729: 5725: 5559: 5543: 5507: 5200: 5120: 5116: 4919: 4713: 4642: 4587: 4375: 4301: 4293: 4184: 4168: 4139: 3858: 3399: 3313: 3245: 3225: 3190: 3185: 3081: 2917: 2868: 2843: 2838: 2807: 2543: 2411: 2262: 2116: 2056: 1960: 1903: 1863: 1690: 1149: 98: 15218: 15209: 14450: 10437: 9830: 8251:

The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future

7171: 5756:

for their bravery in "blocking the way to those who wanted to strangle democracy.".

5671:

became deputy prime minister and simultaneously economic and finance minister. On 15

5471:, in which more than 90% of residents supported the Act of Independence of Ukraine. 4249:

The GKChP conspirators considered detaining Yeltsin upon his return from a visit to

3395: 2318: 15492: 15372: 14291: 14159: 13792: 13697: 13644: 13566: 13501: 13382: 13156: 13101: 13007: 12748: 12519: 12489: 12455: 12300: 11876: 11712:"Vasily Starodubtsev: Politician who tried to topple Gorbachev in 1991", March 2015 11512: 11435: 11109: 11029: 10877: 10025: 9810: 9660: 9254: 8988: 8642: 8609: 8363: 8174: 7762: 7369: 6865: 6487: 6441: 6276: 6271: 5365: 5318: 5161: 4994: 4862: 4855: 4854:

and, not knowing what to do, decided to send Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov,

4829: 4804: 4476: 4429: 4366: 4349: 4195: 4188: 3999: 3976: 3716: 3427: 3158: 3128: 2777: 2763: 2680: 2485: 2417: 2385: 2363: 2341: 1842: 276: 10881: 10495: 10240:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»" 10129:"Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря ЦК КПСС" 8193: 6736: 6732: 6224: 5882: 5148:

force" despite its leaders' participation in the coup. Gorbachev resigned as CPSU

1829: 1810: 1791: 1753: 1734: 1715: 1677: 14357: 14347: 14206: 14114: 13435: 13410: 13387: 13176: 12923: 12775: 12743: 12417: 12397: 12051: 12012: 11999: 11982: 11958: 11941: 11923: 11906: 11854: 11837: 11820: 11796: 11743:""ЛЕБЕДИНОЕ ОЗЕРО" ВЫСОХЛО Новый телесезон начался с юбилея ГКЧП — но без балета" 11728: 11709: 11677: 11590: 11563: 11070:

An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992

10984:"Soviet Turmoil ; French Communist Chief Attacked for Stance on Soviet Coup" 10032: 9817: 9561: 9531: 9444: 9355: 9149:"How the 1991 Soviet Internet Helped Stop a Coup and Spread a Message of Freedom" 9043: 8995: 8954: 8840: 8752: 8720: 8590: 8485: 8337: 8246: 8225: 8181: 7976: 7686:

A party led by the politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky – Accessed 13 September 2009.

7614: 7449: 7381: 7373: 7329: 7253:, freed from arrest in 1992 due to health complications, served as deputy to the 7212: 7206: 7046: 6343: 5491: 5403:

September, the newly created Soviet State Council recognized the independence of

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warned that his nation could potentially face a "wave of refugees" crossing its

6814: 6744:", dating back to the 14th century. In contrast, Russian nationalists including 5716:

for all GKChP members and their accomplices, along with the participants of the

4736:, three tank companies and a helicopter squadron. Alpha Group commander General 3681:– after all, this had been the Kremlin's greatest fear since the end of the war. 15760: 15720: 15531:

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

14790: 14382: 14286: 13802: 13782: 13561: 13342: 13259: 13086: 12849: 12839: 12216: 12005: 11894:

Lepingwell, John W. R. "Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the August Coup."

11801:

Breslauer, George W. "Reflections on the Anniversary of the August 1991 Coup."

11516: 10265: 8621: 8423:

The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and its Deadly Legacy

7477: 7271:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, was later a member of the 7067: 7007: 6603: 6001: 5874: 5861: 5765: 5681: 5633:

that came into force at the end of the year abolished the last vestiges of the

5621:

and replaced with the tricolour flag of Russia. The next day, 26 December, the

5618: 5599: 5582: 5567: 5287: 5101: 4918:

pm, a group of Russian deputies and public figures led by RSFSR Vice President

4533: 4415: 4399: 4391: 4383: 4337: 4285:

am, Yeltsin began inviting prominent Russian officials to his dacha, including

4243: 4180: 4144: 4098: 4021: 3975:

pm, Yanayev, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo and Soviet Supreme Soviet Chairman

3783: 3623: 3559: 3210: 3148: 2890: 2883: 2873: 2507: 2352: 2219: 2175: 1589: 1374: 192: 12149: 11113: 11033: 9998: 9562:"Ukraine war: Sergei Surovikin removed as commander of Ukraine invasion force" 9490: 9008: 6990:

wrote that "India feels orphaned – ideologically, strategically, economically"

6083:

when Bush delivered the press conference in Kennebunkport. Secretary of State

4807:, who years later rose to army general and commander of Russian forces in the 4649:

opposed the coup and claimed in his memoirs that he and the commanders of the

4073:, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council under the President of the USSR 3767:

When Kryuchkov complained about the Soviet Union's growing instability to the

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of the 1980s. In a major political victory for China, Vietnam recognized the

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and other senior unit officers, together with Airborne deputy commander Gen.

4705: 4488: 4461: 4425: 4387: 4379: 4277:, but for undisclosed reasons did not apprehend him. The commanding officer, 4226: 4164: 4070: 3922: 3886: 3862: 3842: 3754: 3750: 3654: 3607: 3591: 3462: 3308: 3235: 3215: 3123: 2895: 2643: 2558: 2274: 2251: 2152: 2079: 2045: 1994: 1883: 1786: 1602: 881: 184: 11880: 10730:

Jockel, J.T.; J.J. Sokolsky (1999). "Canada's Cold War Nuclear Experience".

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should be strengthened. However, Deng also encouraged CCP General Secretary

3562:

was engineered by local pro-Soviet forces to overthrow Latvian authorities.

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The KGB surveillance logbook included every move of Gorbachev and his wife

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August, Latvia the following day, while Lithuania had already done so on 11

5370: 5280: 5006: 4993:, just a day after the restitution of the country's full independence, the 4825: 4599: 4403: 4297: 4172: 4058: 3952:

system. Eight minutes later Lieutenant General Yuri Plekhanov, Head of the

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Dunlop, John B. "The August 1991 coup and its impact on Soviet politics."

10292: 10266:"Указ Президента СССР от 24.08.1991 N УП-2461 "О Кабинете Министров СССР"" 9749: 8421: 7857: 7608: 15569: 13850: 13737: 13712: 13654: 13616: 13606: 13476: 13081: 12810: 12731: 12664: 12494: 10793:"The Soviet Crisis; Bush Condemns Soviet Coup and Calls For Its Reversal" 10076: 9776:"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР, ТАСС: 21 августа 1991 года" 9308: 9243:"Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's August 1991 Coup" 7258: 7060: 6920: 6891: 6767: 6741: 6617: 6507: 6467: 6212: 6084: 5987: 5980: 4937:

pm, the plane of the Russian delegation led by Rutskoy landed in Crimea.

4865:

to Crimea to meet Gorbachev, who refused to meet them when they arrived.

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pm, Yanayev signed a decree entrusting himself with presidential powers.

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June 1991, Soviet Premier Pavlov requested extraordinary powers from the

3761: 3678: 3662: 3580: 3515: 3498: 3484:(RSFSR) and President Gorbachev described its actions as a coup attempt. 3419: 3133: 3012: 2863: 2853: 2638: 2512: 1550: 1511: 1190: 419: 197:

Barricade on Smolenskaya Street that reads "Ban, dissolve, prosecute the

12151:

Vadim Anatov, a programmer for Relcom (the first public ISP in the USSR)

12109:(captured from short-wave radio transmissions, contains decoding errors) 11992: 11847: 11524: 11500: 11447: 11423: 11364: 11348: 10188:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 24 августа 1991 г. № 83 «О партийных архивах»" 9938: 9203: 9179: 8743: 8291: 7443: 5812: 5435:

from the Soviet Union. Also in September, over 99% percent of voters in

5018: 4598:

guarding the White House, declared his loyalty to the leadership of the

4265:

southwest of the city. Afterwards, they considered capturing him at his

3994:

GKChP members ordered that 250,000 pairs of handcuffs from a factory in

15541:

Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

14352: 14226: 13840: 13626: 13571: 13541: 13471: 13116: 13066: 12985: 12854: 12039:

Zlotnik, Marc. "Yeltsin and Gorbachev: the politics of confrontation."

11975: 11951: 11899: 11830: 11041: 11017: 10631: 9628: 9592:"Calls for recognition of 1991 Soviet coup martyrs on 20th anniversary" 9372: 9274: 9242: 7234: 7188:: The Palestinian Liberation Organization was satisfied with the coup. 6974: 6401: 6360: 6356: 6008: 5709: 5551: 5432: 5239: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4796: 4615: 4411: 4064: 3866: 3735: 3674: 3531: 3037: 2712: 2553: 2480: 2402: 2336: 1766: 1022: 863: 215: 105:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

13285: 11987:

Varney, Wendy, and Brian Martin. "Lessons from the 1991 Soviet coup."

11121: 11097: 10547: 10496:"Ъ-Власть – Стародубцев на воле. С Лениным в башке и подпиской в руке" 9908: 9856: 6482:, and secondly, the rapid and mostly positive coverage of the coup in 6440:, in its party congress changed its ideology from Marxism–Leninism to 4202:, and took long outdoor strolls to dispute reports of his ill health. 3695:

The KGB began considering a coup in September 1990. Soviet politician

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pm, the plane with the GKChP delegation landed in Crimea. Around 4:00

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August, the GKChP cut communications to Gorbachev's dacha, including

3787: 3108: 2614: 2475: 1316: 1077: 11439: 9406: 9258: 8771:[Gorbachev: "I am for the union, but not the union state"]. 6943:

were signed in January 1992, ending twelve years of brutal conflict.

6713:

because he could not feed the Soviet people." Officially, President

5214: 13742: 13717: 13674: 13508: 13491: 13415: 13269: 13131: 10913: 10911: 8942: 8773: 7663:"Solving Transnistria: Any Optimists Left? by Cristian Urse. p. 58" 7144: 7140: 7015: 7010:

was a close ally of the Soviet Union until Gorbachev denounced the

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December accords, since only three republics took part. Thus, on 21

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and called for a referendum on support of the Act of Independence.

5172:

suspended the activities of the party throughout the Soviet Union.

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flew to Crimea for a meeting with Gorbachev. Yazov ordered General

3523: 3504: 3387: 3007: 2702: 1418: 1329: 148: 12162:

Adventures of the "Nuclear Briefcase": A Russian Document Analysis

11098:"The Chinese Communist Party and the Collapse of Soviet Communism" 10239: 10213: 10187: 9125: 7225:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, died in 2007. 6309:(not former Warsaw Pact members that had begun transitioning to a 5640: 13669: 12158:

talking about the role of the Internet in resistance to the coup.

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TV series, the coup succeeds and Mikhail Gorbachev is overthrown.

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had dissolved in July, and its members had rapidly changed, with

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agreed the coup should be recognized as a 'Marxist' act and that

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minorities to grow, and there were fears that some or all of the

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Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the Moscow Coup

10908: 9689:"The Soviet Crisis; Gorbachev Reportedly Arrested in the Crimea" 8228:. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: АСТ, 2007. – С. 316 – 567 с. 7322:

is a co-production film between Russia and the United States by

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adopted Decision No. 1626-1, which authorized Russian President

3556:

violent attempt to return Lithuania to the Soviet Union by force

80: 13596: 12208: 10000:Евгений Спицын о предателях народа или "ГКЧП. Как рушили СССР". 8948: 8489: 8028:. New Delhi: Atlantic publishers and distributors. p. 94. 7429: 6858: 6246: 6175: 6076: 6071:

September, the United States re-recognized the independence of

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November, Yeltsin issued a decree banning the party in Russia.

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began warning Gorbachev about the possibility of one after the

3470: 1576: 1563: 1524: 1444: 1392: 1342: 429: 296: 245: 12023:

State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia

11316:"North Korea Tries to Block Any Effects of Failed Soviet Coup" 10408:"Закон СССР от 05.09.1991 N 2392-1 об органах государственной" 9800: 8270:

KGB Maj. Gen. Vyacheslav Zhizhin and KGB Col. Alexei Yegorov,

7049:

praising the coup leaders for their "brave historical action."

6644:" one. The end of Soviet assistance was a direct cause of the 5053:

am, Soviet Vice President Yanayev was arrested in his office.

4724:

elite special forces units, supported by paratroopers, Moscow

425: 415: 405: 10600:"SOVIET TURMOIL; Moscow Mourns And Exalts Men Killed by Coup" 9327: 7932:"The Central Committee Chief of Administration Kills Himself" 7110: 6954: 6687: 6679: 6637: 6459: 6264: 5950: 5693: 5503: 4266: 4167:, his allies, and the leaders of the umbrella activist group 3995: 3882: 3450: 1470: 1457: 1228: 1203: 1124: 11501:"Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power" 11188:"Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model" 9146: 8194:"Многоступенчатый запуск нового Союза намечен на 20 августа" 7701:

Hayward, Alker; Rupesinghe, Kumar; Gurr, Ted Robert (1999).

6120:

for the decommissioning of WMD stockpiles. Former President

5164:

replaced him as acting General Secretary, but resigned on 29

3494:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

12172:

Map of Europe showing areas affected by Soviet Coup Attempt

9939:"Constitutional law on statehood of the Republic of Latvia" 9309:"Распоряжение Кабинета Министров СССР от 19.08.1991 № 943р" 7163: 7119: 6584: 6437: 6216: 5571: 5096:

to appoint heads of regional administrations, although the

4725: 4594:

Major Evdokimov, chief of staff of a tank battalion of the

4407: 4192: 1498: 1162: 1137: 15536:

Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin

12168:, Volume III, Issue 9 (September 2004), by Mikhail Tsypkin 10866:"From Crisis to Split: The Communist Party USA, 1989–1991" 10845: 6540:

killed hundreds of people to crush the democracy movement.

5857:: Several government members quickly reacted to the coup; 5385:

declared the independence of Moldova from the Soviet Union

5353:

of each union republic (both Soviet people's deputies and

4257:

August but failed when Yeltsin redirected his flight from

3579:

adopted laws that contradicted Soviet laws (the so-called

13393:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

13372: 12141:: Memories of an anonymous Russian in Wiki Memory Archive 9387: 9222: 8910: 8682: 8460: 7854:"Апресян Р.Г. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу" 7759:Р. Г. Апресян. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу 7200: 7126: 6416:, leading to Alia's resignation as president in favor of 5042:, television showed live footage of him walking down the 4053: 3909: 3708: 3446: 409: 12113:

Andrew Coyne: Getting to the Roots of a Deserved Failure

10402: 10400: 10047:"What Happened To The August 1991 Soviet Coup Plotters?" 5735: 4568:

Yanayev and the rest of the State Committee ordered the

3831:", that called for decisive action to prevent calamity. 12103:: Transcript of internet chat from the time of the coup 9532:"Сергей Владимирович Суровикин. Биографическая справка" 6708:: The Coup was a profound event for all of Yugoslavia, 4828:

in Crimea. During the final day of her family's exile,

10632:"Самоубийства высокопоставленных советских чиновников" 9656:"Russia's Brightest Moment: The 1991 Coup That Failed" 8286: 8284: 8282: 8280: 6894:

said the coup was an attempt to re-establish hardline

6592:

would succeed because the plotters would continue the

5514:

that established the Soviet Union and established the

5498: – the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and 5194: 4967:, and the party deputy of inaction during the putsch. 4424:

to do so as well, while only three oblasts aside from

4027:

Gosudarstvenniy Komitet po Chrezvichaynomu Polozheniyu

13003:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

12129:

devoted to the tenth anniversary of the coup attempt.

10397: 9534:[Sergey Vladimirovich Surovikin: Biography]. 7700: 7526: 6412:

resulted in a crushing defeat for the now-democratic

5728:

also wanted to charge former Deputy Defense Minister

5144:

August press conference that it still represented a "

2676:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

11931:

Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

7610:

The rise of Russia and the fall of the Soviet empire

7411: 6342:

in January 1992. Yeltsin hoped to repatriate Soviet

4523:

to broadcast a statement by Sobchak. Workers at the

4292:, Moscow Deputy Mayor Yury Luzhkov, Colonel-General 3649:

wrote the following about the plotters' motivation:

76: 15315:

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

10921:. Digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org. 24 August 1991. 10729: 8277: 7613:(1st pbk. printing, with new postscript ed.). 5915:

1991 Israeli-Palestinian peace conference in Madrid

5752:August 1991. Gorbachev posthumously made the three 4948:initiated a criminal case into the attempted coup. 4820:. According to journalist and democracy campaigner 4475:showed that many Russians, including 71 percent of 3723:was declared in the USSR. Later, Kryuchkov brought 3434:(USSR). The treaty was to decentralize much of the 9969:"The August coup and Estonian independence (1991)" 8769:"Горбачев: "Я за союз, но не союзное государство"" 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8723:(extracts from the indictment of the conspirators) 8340:(extracts from the indictment of the conspirators) 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 5807: 5629:in late 1993 escalated into violence, and the new 2849:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 823: 567: 318:Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic 11349:"North Korean Regime and Russian Political Power" 11018:"The Third World and the Dissolution of the USSR" 10663:"Canadian Is Attacked for Remarks on Soviet Coup" 9625:"Александр М. Кобринский, "Растянутое мгновение"" 9147:Andrei Soldatov; Irina Borogan (19 August 2016). 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 6690:for new trading partners in the aftermath of the 6632:border. After the coup's failure, Vice President 6185:called on the new Soviet rulers to guarantee the 5778:Mysterious deaths of the participants of the coup 5364:(Государственный совет СССР), which included the 5330:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union 3889:. He planned to return to Moscow in time for the 15788: 13018:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 12348:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 9857:"Геннадий Янаев: Горбачёва никто не арестовывал" 6215:cut his Austrian vacation short and returned to 5696:members and their accomplices were charged with 4752:While the events were unfolding in the capital, 3957:of the GKChP "to restore order" to the country. 3430:, which was on the verge of being signed by the 3426:over Eastern European states and fearful of the 794: 540: 13431:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 13137:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 13052:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 12074:Bonnell, Victoria E. and Gregory Freidin, eds. 10786: 10784: 9241:Bonnell, Victoria E.; Freidin, Gregory (1993). 9027: 8726: 7392:is a BBC documentary television series in 2022. 6114:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program 5641:Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia 5587:inherit the Soviet Union's membership in the UN 4012:Timeline of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 808: 322:Power shift continued towards republic elites, 14212:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 10481: 10479: 10477: 9430: 9428: 9240: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9075: 9049: 8694: 8314: 8103:. India: Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 62. 7908:. United Press International. 26 August 1991. 7768: 7241:August 1991. His death was ruled as a suicide. 6986:felt it shared some of the CPSU's values. The 5443:. The immediate aftermath of the vote was the 5121:KGB building at Dzerzhinskiy Square (Lubianka) 738: 724: 710: 285:and seizure of its banks and buildings by the 177:Memorial to three citizens killed defying the 101:accompanying your translation by providing an 67:Click for important translation instructions. 54:expand this article with text translated from 15261: 14435: 13301: 12991:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 12192: 11844:Journal of Political & Military Sociology 11591:"Breakup of Soviet Union Leaves India Shaken" 11011: 11009: 9750:"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР" 8593:by Artem Krechnikov, Moscow BBC correspondent 7824:"World reacts with shock to Gorbachev ouster" 7730:"Би-би-си – Россия – Хроника путча. Часть II" 7545: 7543: 7514: 6761: 6317: 5530:Doubts remained about the legitimacy of the 8 3809:informed U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union 3359: 1101: 780: 766: 672: 518: 204:Pro-Yeltsin forces' barricades near Moscow's 10781: 9514: 9512: 9491:"The Soviet Coup: Day One, August 19th 1991" 9177: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8601: 8599: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 6518:, dispatching Vice Foreign Affairs Minister 6380:, spelling the end of the DRA in April 1992. 6305:Many but not all of states still officially 5439:voted for independence of the republic in a 5415:. Estonia had declared re-independence on 20 3482:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 752: 15393:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident 12944:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 12939:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 11424:"New Thinking in Vietnamese Foreign Policy" 10522:"Ъ-Газета – Пресс-конференция по делу ГКЧП" 10474: 9425: 9101: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 6493:birthday. Upon hearing the news, CCP elder 6110:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 5759: 3917:and Soviet Deputy Defense Minister General 3502:(economic and political restructuring) and 1050:All-National Congress of the Chechen People 686: 632: 15268: 15254: 14442: 14428: 13308: 13294: 12260:Military history of the Russian Federation 12199: 12185: 12107:TASS transmissions at the time of the coup 12065:The August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons 11913:Getting the message: news, truth and power 11859: 11391:"Vietnam Fears Effects Of Soviet Upheaval" 11006: 10981: 10851: 10660: 9883:"10-я годовщина событий августа 1991 года" 9393: 9333: 9228: 8916: 8688: 8466: 7540: 6100:to become concerned about the security of 5917:(co-sponsored by the US and USSR) or slow 5802: 5647:Economic history of the Russian Federation 4779:," including pro-democracy demonstrators. 4708:delivered speeches in support of Yeltsin. 4487:, while Yeltsin enjoyed strong support in 3908:August, the members of the GKChP met at a 3453:but failed to detain the recently elected 3366: 3352: 1475: 15358:State Committee on the State of Emergency 12510:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 11740: 10863: 10790: 9686: 9509: 9455: 9453: 9009:"Путч: день первый. 19 августа 1991 года" 8845: 8649:, such as "18:30. 111 is in the bathtub." 8596: 8153: 7821: 7705:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 119. 7342:State Committee on the State of Emergency 7273:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 7263:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 6906: 6383: 5687: 5279:, a GKChP member. Russian Prime Minister 5255:Learn how and when to remove this message 3881:August, Gorbachev went on holiday to his 3792:State Committee on the State of Emergency 3416:State Committee on the State of Emergency 364:State Committee on the State of Emergency 11965:The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party 11154: 10293:"Belarus – Prelude to Independence" 10044: 8499: 8141: 8129: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7761:(recuperato il 27 novembre 2010 tramite 7237:died from two gunshots to the head on 22 6541: 6444:and committed to multi-party democracy. 6423: 6295: 5925:, which coordinated the massive flow of 5811: 5739: 5136:Gorbachev initially tried to defend the 5104:Russia's national flag; it replaced the 5071: 5017: 4767:State-controlled TASS dispatches from 20 4609: 4539: 4310: 15183:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 14826:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 13836:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 13315: 12471:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 12341:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 11346: 11157:"Chinese Dissidents Hail Moscow Events" 10661:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (25 August 1991). 9720:"Gorbachev Reported Under House Arrest" 8664:"Договор о Союзе суверенных государств" 8419: 7906:"Third Soviet official commits suicide" 7822:Ishërwood, Julian M. (19 August 1991). 7488: 7032: 6552: 5680:January 1992, most previously existing 5038:am, when Gorbachev arrived at Moscow's 4365:The GKChP relied on regional and local 3638:were to sign the Treaty in Moscow on 20 1167: 14: 15789: 13519:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 13456:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 13092:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 13023:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 12882:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 12860:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 12574:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 12250:Military history of the Russian Empire 11731:"The Jamestown Foundation", March 2015 11095: 11066: 11015: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10741: 9497:from the original on 23 September 2019 9450: 8928:The newspapers that were allowed were 8331:"Novaya Gazeta" No. 51 of 23 July 2001 8175:Самоопределение по ленинским принципам 8021: 7950: 7606: 7201:Subsequent fate of GKChP Gang of Eight 7127:Supranational bodies and organizations 6993: 5303:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 4843:am, the troops began to leave Moscow. 4782: 4344:, and disseminated nationwide through 4238:to make a statement requesting formal 4234:. Yanayev instructed Foreign Minister 4005: 3749:, Soviet Defense Council deputy chief 2901:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2491:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 2420:, the Administrator of Affairs of the 15249: 14423: 13866:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 13289: 13242:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 12620:Russian colonization of North America 12180: 12095:Voices From An Attempted Soviet Coup. 11627:from the original on 11 November 2016 11601:from the original on 10 November 2021 11539:from the original on 14 November 2021 11498: 11480:from the original on 14 November 2021 11421: 11403:from the original on 20 December 2020 11232:from the original on 10 November 2021 11185: 11167:from the original on 10 November 2016 10982:Greenhouse, Steven (27 August 1991). 10925:from the original on 14 November 2021 10896:from the original on 10 November 2021 10769:from the original on 10 November 2021 10673:from the original on 10 November 2016 10502:from the original on 23 November 2017 10444:from the original on 27 November 2007 10290: 10284: 10272:from the original on 27 November 2020 9820:– М.: Алгоритм, Эксмо, 2010. – 240 с. 9788:from the original on 21 November 2020 9717: 9178:Varney, Wendy; Martin, Brian (2000). 8872:from the original on 26 December 2007 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8240: 8096: 7987: 7985: 7872: 7724: 7722: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7265:(since 2007) until his death in 2011. 5736:Commemoration of the civilians killed 5183:headquarters were handed over to the 5013: 4434:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics 4418:all supported the coup and pressured 4205:Under Yanayev's orders, units of the 3588:unionwide referendum on 17 March 1991 3449:agents who detained Gorbachev at his 3438:'s power and distribute it among its 2803:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 303:Ukraine's declaration of independence 27:Failed coup against Mikhail Gorbachev 15812:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts 15807:Military history of the Soviet Union 15688:Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible 12255:Military history of the Soviet Union 11454:from the original on 9 November 2021 11371:from the original on 9 November 2021 11328:from the original on 9 November 2021 11296:from the original on 9 November 2021 11264:from the original on 9 November 2021 11136:from the original on 9 November 2021 11073:(MA thesis). Ohio State University. 11048:from the original on 9 November 2021 10963:from the original on 10 October 2017 10833:from the original on 13 January 2017 10791:Rosenthal, Andrew (20 August 1991). 10711:from the original on 10 October 2017 10485:Konsultant+ (Russian legal database) 10359:from the original on 31 January 2021 10333:from the original on 4 December 2021 10307:from the original on 10 October 2017 10220:from the original on 30 October 2020 10109:from the original on 4 December 2021 10007:from the original on 24 October 2022 9915:from the original on 21 January 2021 9889:from the original on 5 December 2020 9730:from the original on 4 December 2021 9699:from the original on 17 October 2020 9572:from the original on 11 January 2023 9542:from the original on 13 October 2016 9471:from the original on 9 December 2007 9413:from the original on 4 December 2021 8670:from the original on 4 December 2021 8448:from the original on 4 December 2021 7643:from the original on 4 December 2021 7584: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7261:(1997–2005), and then member of the 6410:1992 Albanian parliamentary election 6406:1991 Albanian parliamentary election 5447:'s declaration of independence on 21 5237:adding citations to reliable sources 5208: 5080:Since several heads of the regional 4605: 4304:, and RSFSR Supreme Soviet Chairman 36: 15817:Attempted coups in the Soviet Union 12996:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 12139:Moscow Coup, August 1991, Anonymous 11741:ЖЕЛЕЗНОВА, Мария (23 August 2001). 11200:from the original on 8 October 2021 11155:Southerl, Daniel (23 August 1991). 11077:from the original on 25 August 2024 10738: 10642:from the original on 25 August 2024 10612:from the original on 22 August 2017 10580:from the original on 9 October 2018 10194:from the original on 10 August 2021 10083:from the original on 10 August 2021 9837:from the original on 10 August 2021 9687:Schmemann, Serge (21 August 1991). 9366:"Moskovskie Novosty", 2001, No. 33 9180:"Lessons from the 1991 Soviet Coup" 8898:from the original on 26 August 2019 8426:(1 ed.). New York: Doubleday. 7740:from the original on 28 August 2007 7397:season 4 episode of For All Mankind 7287: 6404:was still in power, having won the 6291: 5657:RSFSR Congress of People's Deputies 5195:The Dissolution of the Soviet Union 5059: 4104: 3805:. Several days later, Moscow Mayor 3620:Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics 3392:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 283:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 113:{{Translated|ru|Августовский путч}} 24: 15667:Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era 15526:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library 15383:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 13042:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 12408:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 12057: 11621:"Nato's Response Covers All Bases" 11571:from the original on 31 March 2022 11186:Noble, Kenneth B. (25 June 1991). 10466:. 23 November 2003. Archived from 10385:from the original on 13 April 2021 9668:from the original on 20 March 2017 9622:A Russian site on Ilya Krichevsky 8781:from the original on 10 March 2007 8394: 8382:from the original on 3 August 2022 8302:from the original on 26 March 2021 7982: 7752: 7719: 7552:// Издательство «Прогресс», 1991. 7468:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 6971:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 6569:would later regain power and rule 6102:Soviet weapons of mass destruction 5665:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 5524:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 5516:Commonwealth of Independent States 5334:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 5131: 5090:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 4946:Soviet General Prosecutor's Office 4565:of Gorbachev condemning the coup. 4002:was emptied to receive prisoners. 3857:planted by Gorbachev's bodyguard, 3577:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 3418:(GKChP). They opposed Gorbachev's 3023:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 2569:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 326:left with effectively no authority 32:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 25: 15858: 15521:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center 15310:Moscow City Committee of the CPSU 15275: 13363:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 13348:Criticism of communist party rule 12907:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 12083: 11827:American Political Science Review 11691:Coup Leader May Join Defense Team 11653:from the original on 8 March 2021 11353:The Journal of East Asian Affairs 10994:from the original on 22 July 2022 10554:from the original on 13 July 2021 10528:from the original on 5 April 2021 10246:from the original on 1 March 2021 10168:from the original on 14 July 2021 10135:from the original on 21 July 2018 9979:from the original on 15 June 2018 9935:Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR 9718:Dobbs, Michael (21 August 1991). 9604:from the original on 9 March 2018 9438:"Nezavisimoe Voiennoye Obozrenie" 9407:"Приказ Коменданта г. Москвы N 2" 9315:from the original on 11 July 2021 9210:from the original on 24 July 2020 9015:from the original on 4 March 2016 8062:"USSR: The food supply situation" 7938:from the original on 8 March 2019 7912:from the original on 8 March 2019 7563: 7186:Palestine Liberation Organization 7045:: Government radio quoted leader 6606:crisis that would last ten years. 6227:, leader of Germany's opposition 5595:questioned by some legal scholars 5518:(CIS) in the Union's place. On 12 5349:and one deputy to represent each 4850:am, the GKChP members met in the 4242:from foreign governments and the 3715:made a "call for order" over the 3661:and the swift destruction of the 2414:, a military advisor to Gorbachev 961:Communist Party of Estonia (CPSU) 937:International Movement of Donbass 15770: 15769: 15614:Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk 15229: 15228: 14457:, and attempted coups since 1991 14409:Human rights in the Soviet Union 13368:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 12961:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 12754:Russian conquest of Central Asia 12690:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 12486:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 12428:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 12017: 11734: 11715: 11696: 11693:, "The Moscow Times", March 2015 11683: 11665: 11639: 11613: 11583: 11551: 11492: 11466: 11415: 11383: 11340: 11308: 11276: 11244: 11212: 11179: 11148: 11089: 11060: 10975: 10937: 10857: 10815: 10723: 10685: 10654: 10638:(in Russian). 12 November 2004. 10624: 10592: 10566: 10540: 10514: 10488: 10456: 10430: 10057:from the original on 4 July 2018 10045:Synovitz, Ron (19 August 2016). 9863:from the original on 24 May 2021 9289:from the original on 27 May 2021 9159:from the original on 27 May 2021 8618:: The KGB in Europe and the West 8200:from the original on 2 June 2021 8159: 8147: 8135: 8117:from the original on 9 July 2021 8042:from the original on 9 July 2021 7968:, Oxford University Press, 2009 7834:from the original on 26 May 2019 7442: 7428: 7414: 7319:Three Days in August (1992 film) 7178: 7156: 7133: 7096: 7074: 7053: 7034: 6995: 6947: 6913: 6877: 6851: 6829: 6801: 6780: 6698: 6652: 6610: 6577: 6554: 6452: 6425: 6385: 6319: 6257: 6239: 6198: 6192:1993 French legislative election 6168: 6146: 6033: 5994: 5973: 5943: 5903: 5894:, Vasily Sredin. As part of the 5847: 5825: 5213: 5098:Constitution of the Russian SFSR 4211:Kantemirovskaya armored division 3759:CPSU Central Committee Secretary 3558:took place. About a week later, 3445:The GKChP hardliners dispatched 3335: 3087:End of communist rule in Hungary 3033:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 2459: 2379: 2368: 2357: 2346: 2335: 2323: 2312: 2301: 2287: 2280: 2267: 2256: 2245: 2234: 2224: 2213: 2202: 2191: 2180: 2169: 2158: 2146: 2135: 2122: 2109: 2098: 2085: 2072: 2061: 2050: 2039: 2032: 2019: 2005: 1998: 1988: 1981: 1971: 1964: 1954: 1947: 1936: 1929: 1917: 1910: 1897: 1890: 1877: 1870: 1856: 1836: 1828: 1818: 1809: 1799: 1790: 1780: 1760: 1752: 1742: 1733: 1723: 1714: 1704: 1684: 1676: 1665: 1636: 1624: 1611: 1595: 1582: 1569: 1556: 1543: 1530: 1517: 1504: 1491: 1477: 1463: 1450: 1437: 1424: 1411: 1398: 1385: 1373: 1360: 1348: 1335: 1322: 1309: 1276: 1263: 1250: 1234: 1221: 1209: 1196: 1183: 1169: 1155: 1143: 1130: 1117: 1103: 1076: 1065: 1054: 1043: 1032: 1021: 1006: 999: 987: 976: 965: 954: 943: 930: 923: 911: 899: 887: 875: 846: 839: 825: 810: 796: 782: 768: 754: 740: 726: 712: 688: 674: 660: 647: 634: 621: 609: 595: 582: 569: 556: 542: 534: 520: 495: 485: 475: 461: 454: 440: 424: 414: 404: 394: 383: 371: 355: 165: 41: 15832:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 15368:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 15073:Central African Republic (2021) 14967:Central African Republic (2013) 14781:Central African Republic (2003) 14761:Central African Republic (2001) 14467:List of coups and coup attempts 14317:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 14247:Fall of the inner German border 13247:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 12892:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 12833:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 12071:August 1991 as his Foros dacha. 12025:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 11974:56#4 (1992), pp. 519–523. 11898:44#4 (1992), pp. 539–572. 11769: 10919:"Wilson Center Digital Archive" 10803:from the original on 5 May 2019 10371: 10345: 10319: 10258: 10232: 10206: 10180: 10147: 10121: 10095: 10069: 10051:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 10038: 10018: 9991: 9961: 9949:from the original on 9 May 2009 9927: 9901: 9875: 9849: 9823: 9811:Август 91-го. А был ли заговор? 9768: 9756:from the original on 6 May 2021 9742: 9711: 9680: 9648: 9616: 9584: 9554: 9524: 9483: 9399: 9360: 9339: 9301: 9234: 9171: 9140: 9001: 8981: 8922: 8884: 8823: 8793: 8761: 8656: 8635: 8479:A Word to the People, full text 8472: 8343: 8264: 8231: 8212: 8186: 8165: 8090: 8054: 8015: 7999:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from 7924: 7898: 7507: 7495: 7458:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7279:manufacturing) and "Fidelity" ( 6980:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6839:: Deputy Speaker of Parliament 6622:North Korea's embassy in Moscow 6436:: In December 1991, the ruling 5808:Western Bloc and NATO countries 5768:, but was dissolved in 1992 at 5591:United Nations Security Council 5224:needs additional citations for 5205:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4816:posthumously awarded the title 4213:rolled into Moscow, along with 4138:am, the Sevastopol regiment of 4079:, Chairman of the Peasant Union 3872: 3380:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 3104:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 2671:Occupation of the Baltic states 330:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 159:dissolution of the Soviet Union 142:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 15827:Rebellions in the Soviet Union 14307:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 13446:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 12929:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 12579:War of the Austrian Succession 10161:(in Russian). 29 August 1991. 9118:"Путч. Хроника тревожных дней" 8862:"Souz.Info Постановления ГКЧП" 8777:(in Russian). 16 August 2001. 8249:and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. 8025:The rise and fall of communism 7846: 7694: 7679: 7655: 7356:) is a 2011 Russian film that 7118:as the successor state of the 6861:: A statement released by the 6664:normalize relations with China 5457:Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan 5292:Act of Independence of Ukraine 4999:Soviet Russian airborne troops 4221:were detained by the KGB at a 4219:Russian SFSR people's deputies 4207:Tamanskaya mechanized infantry 4171:. The Russian SFSR-controlled 4109: 3685: 2923:Mozambican War of Independence 2620:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 447:Presidency of the Soviet Union 111:You may also add the template 13: 1: 15632:Yeltsin: Three Days in August 14327:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 13926:Inter-regional Deputies Group 13911:National League for Democracy 13152:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 13030:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12781:Russian invasion of Manchuria 12771:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 12717:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 12712:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 12655:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 12645:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 12610:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 12605:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 12595:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 12585:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 12563:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 12558:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 12535:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 12530:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 12505:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 12481:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 12476:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 12461:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 12336:List of wars involving Russia 12331:Sino-Russian border conflicts 11860:Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991). 11067:Gibson, Joshua James (2015). 10882:10.1080/14743892.2019.1599627 10035:. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с. 9461:"Усов Владимир Александрович" 8998:. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с. 8350:Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991). 7349:Yeltsin: Three Days in August 7283:production); he died in 2019. 6967:Chief Minister of West Bengal 6396:: During the coup, Communist 6231:, urged member states of the 5704:began on 14 April 1993. On 23 5459:declared the independence of 5431:declared the independence of 5423:March the previous year. On 9 5389:Supreme Soviets of Azerbaijan 4803:(IFVs), commanded by Captain 4670:military commandant of Moscow 3769:Congress of People's Deputies 3753:, Gorbachev secretariat head 3518:agitation on the part of the 3487: 3408:General Secretary of the CPSU 2982:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 2422:Central Committee of the CPSU 491:Congress of People's Deputies 310:' declaration of independence 15847:August 1991 events in Russia 15837:Political scandals in Russia 15674:Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate 15576:Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup 15138:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 14801:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 14640:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 14237:Alexanderplatz demonstration 14202:Polish Round Table Agreement 13876:People's Movement of Ukraine 13107:Eritrean War of Independence 13077:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 13072:East German uprising of 1953 13013:Eastern Front (World War II) 12902:Red Army invasion of Georgia 12897:Red Army invasion of Armenia 12865:Estonian War of Independence 12806:Russian occupation of Tabriz 12727:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 12685:War of the Seventh Coalition 12568:War of the Polish Succession 12515:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 9641:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 9371:(in Russian). Archived from 9037:another "Kommersant" article 8100:Collapse of the Soviet Union 8022:Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1994). 7885:Collapse of the Soviet Union 7389:Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone 7376:that uses footage shot 19–24 7368:(Событие) is a 2015 Russian 7255:Federation Council of Russia 7143:: While celebrating Mass in 6281:Democratic Party of the Left 5546:expanded the CIS to include 5429:Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan 5355:republics' people's deputies 5067: 4925:Eight minutes later, at 5:00 4508:Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow 4131:residents for personal use. 3865:under Deputy Prime Minister 3773:Minister of Internal Affairs 2788:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 2783:1956 Georgian demonstrations 2744:East German uprising of 1953 2686:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 1061:People's Movement of Ukraine 983:Communist Party of Lithuania 950:Communist Party of the RSFSR 30:Not to be confused with the 7: 15593:Confession on a Given Theme 15498:Soskovets campaign strategy 14282:January Events in Lithuania 14217:Hungarian Round Table Talks 13856:Democratic Party of Albania 13147:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 13097:Sino-Soviet border conflict 12966:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12934:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 12870:Latvian War of Independence 12759:Russian conquest of Bukhara 12650:War of the Fourth Coalition 12635:War of the Second Coalition 12063:Gorbachev, Mikhail (1991). 12041:Journal of Cold War Studies 11810:Journal of Cold War Studies 11428:Contemporary Southeast Asia 11347:Mikheev, Vasily V. (1998). 9538:(in Russian). 7 July 2011. 9369:"MN.RU: Московские Новости" 9345:"Izvestia", 18 August 2006 8892:"УКАЗ вице-президента СССР" 7527: 7463:History of the Soviet Union 7407: 6594:special Soviet relationship 6573:through to the present day. 6470:Moscow visit between August 5837:Prime Minister of Australia 5787:October of the same year. 5463:from the Soviet Union. On 1 4989:May as an official act. In 4532:am, RSFSR Foreign Minister 3950:nuclear command and control 3690: 3622:, with a common president, 2913:Angolan War of Independence 2770:"On the Cult of Personality 2723:Death and funeral of Stalin 2453:History of the Soviet Union 1028:Popular Front of Azerbaijan 212:Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge 191:, waving the newly adopted 18:Soviet coup attempt of 1991 10: 15863: 15473:1996 presidential election 15461:1991 presidential election 13936:Hungarian Democratic Forum 13931:Alliance of Free Democrats 13921:Union of Democratic Forces 13142:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 12680:War of the Sixth Coalition 12670:War of the Fifth Coalition 12640:War of the Third Coalition 12245:Military history of Russia 12207:Armed conflicts involving 11517:10.1177/002070209404900405 10870:American Communist History 10864:Rosenberg, Daniel (2019). 8420:Hoffman, David E. (2009). 7828:United Press International 7619:Princeton University Press 7295:The Man Who Doesn't Return 7281:fast-moving consumer goods 7192:, who was a member of the 6762:Former Warsaw Pact members 6710:United Press International 6414:Socialist Party of Albania 6398:Party of Labour of Albania 5754:Heroes of the Soviet Union 5644: 5554:and the five republics of 5399:August, respectively. On 6 5307:Declaration of Sovereignty 5198: 5170:Supreme Soviet of the USSR 5084:supported the GKChP, on 21 4801:infantry fighting vehicles 4749:am the following morning. 4510:, spiritual leader of the 4456:all sided with the GKChP. 4273:surrounded his dacha with 4154: 4009: 3814:oblivious to their plans. 3732:Central Control Commission 3514:. The reforms also caused 3459:newly reconstituted Russia 3414:, who together formed the 3386:, was a failed attempt by 3114:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 2698:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 2610:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 2579:Death and funeral of Lenin 75:Machine translation, like 29: 15748: 15697: 15623: 15584: 15513: 15446: 15388:Constitutional referendum 15353:Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar 15333: 15320:28th Congress of the CPSU 15297: 15283: 15196: 15060: 14904: 14718: 14487: 14462: 14401: 14335: 14297:1991 protests in Belgrade 14177: 14102: 14011: 13953: 13944: 13826: 13688: 13635: 13532: 13464: 13401: 13323: 13255: 13190: 12981:Soviet invasion of Poland 12791: 12675:French invasion of Russia 12543: 12441: 12360: 12286:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 12278: 12235: 12228: 12133:The Collapse of Stalinism 11846:20#2 (1992) pp. 305–322. 11595:Christian Science Monitor 11499:Cohen, Lenard J. (1994). 11114:10.1017/S0305741000018178 11034:10.1080/01436599208420305 10031:17 September 2018 at the 8994:17 September 2018 at the 8719:29 September 2007 at the 7995:Gorbachev and Perestroika 7703:Journeys Through Conflict 7556:. Accessed 14 June 2009. 7515: 7354:Ельцин. Три дня в августе 6988:Christian Science Monitor 6941:Chapultepec Peace Accords 6668:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 6332:People's Democratic Party 6283:, the direct heir of the 6116:and providing funding to 6043:: During his vacation in 5921:. The quasi-governmental 5919:Soviet Jewish immigration 5724:August 1994. The Russian 5467:December, Ukraine held a 5395:did the same on 30 and 31 5382:Supreme Soviet of Moldova 5309:as a constitutional law. 5286:That same day, Ukraine's 5273:USSR Cabinet of Ministers 4668:, whom Yanayev appointed 4548:pm. He declared at a 5:00 4504:World Health Organization 3614:abstaining) approved the 3436:central Soviet government 2391: 1656: 972:Communist Party of Latvia 346: 224: 164: 146: 141: 56:the corresponding article 15802:1991 in the Soviet Union 15561:Monument (Yekaterinburg) 15363:1991 Soviet coup attempt 14821:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 14287:January Events in Latvia 14277:Reunification of Germany 14262:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 14192:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 13916:National Salvation Front 13901:Belarusian Popular Front 13891:Popular Front of Estonia 13660:Polish underground press 13421:List of socialist states 13122:South African Border War 13047:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 12949:Chechen uprising of 1932 12630:Russo-Persian War (1796) 12126:The St. Petersburg Times 12121:#696(63), 17 August 2001 12119:The St. Petersburg Times 11972:Public Opinion Quarterly 10297:Belarus: A Country Study 8714:No. 59 of 20 August 2001 8651:The State Within a State 8589:27 November 2007 at the 8336:15 February 2012 at the 8272:The State Within a State 8180:16 November 2020 at the 7607:Dunlop, John B. (1995). 6984:Indian National Congress 6843:said, "Undoubtedly, the 6686:. Vietnam would look to 6666:in November, ending the 6538:People's Liberation Army 6529:People's Liberation Army 6346:still being held by the 5760:Parliamentary commission 5126:Hero of the Soviet Union 4818:Hero of the Soviet Union 4809:2022 invasion of Ukraine 4662:Moscow military district 4481:Russian-majority regions 3569:declared its sovereignty 3492:Since assuming power as 3174:independence declaration 2945:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 2933:South African Border War 2600:Socialism in one country 2429:3 civilians killed on 21 1039:Belarusian Popular Front 994:Liberal Democratic Party 275:Failure of the proposed 269:Self-dissolution of the 172:Clockwise from top left: 15653:President of All Russia 15551:Street of Boris Yeltsin 15488:Loans for shares scheme 15325:Death and state funeral 15288:1st President of Russia 14363:Economic liberalization 14302:1991 Belarusian strikes 14242:Fall of the Berlin Wall 13896:Public Against Violence 13886:Popular Front of Latvia 13665:Political demonstration 13514:Chinese economic reform 13426:People Power Revolution 12764:Khivan campaign of 1873 12615:Russo-Polish War (1792) 12011:21 January 2021 at the 11881:10.1163/187633191X00137 11819:4 December 2021 at the 11708:10 October 2017 at the 8368:10.1163/187633191X00137 7257:(1993–95), governor of 7194:PLO Executive Committee 6755:Serbian and Montenegrin 6533:1989 Tiananmen Massacre 6478:12 to see GKChP member 6464:Chinese Communist Party 6446:Angola–Russia relations 6285:Italian Communist Party 6229:Social Democratic Party 5803:International reactions 5635:Soviet political system 5445:Armenian Supreme Soviet 5342:Soviet of Nationalities 5119:statue in front of the 5076:Victims' place of death 5003:Estonian Defence League 4655:Strategic Rocket Forces 4512:Russian Orthodox Church 4319:with 1980s street names 4300:, RSFSR Vice President 4296:, RSFSR Prime Minister 4261:northeast of Moscow to 3954:Ninth Chief Directorate 3725:Soviet Defense Minister 3475:dissolution of the USSR 3342:Soviet Union portal 3077:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3043:Lithuanian independence 2754:1954 transfer of Crimea 2656:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2549:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 122:For more guidance, see 15775:Category:Boris Yeltsin 15418:Monetary reform (1998) 15413:Monetary reform (1993) 15235:Plots and conspiracies 14741:Solomon Islands (2000) 13497:New political thinking 13237:Western Libya campaign 12912:East Karelian uprising 12433:Wagner Group rebellion 12368:Uprising of Bolotnikov 11948:International Security 11788:52.4 (1993): 810–838. 11680:"LA Times", March 2015 11676:25 August 2024 at the 10548:"Суд над членами ГКЧП" 9816:10 August 2021 at the 9443:7 January 2008 at the 9042:7 January 2008 at the 8751:7 January 2008 at the 8584:Timeline of the events 7473:Wagner Group rebellion 7395:In "House Divided", a 7340:, commissioned by the 7307:Three Days (1992 film) 6931:was being negotiated. 6907:Other sovereign states 6746:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 6548: 6302: 6131: 6104:and the potential for 5820: 5745: 5688:Trial of GKChP members 5606:as the Soviet Union's 5604:the Russian Federation 5506:, Belarus to sign the 5346:USSR people's deputies 5283:headed the committee. 5077: 5023: 4860:CPSU General Secretary 4635:Soviet nuclear weapons 4633:briefcase controlling 4618: 4320: 4240:diplomatic recognition 4236:Alexander Bessmertnykh 4067:, Minister of Interior 3927:Soviet Airborne Forces 3683: 3469:protesters, mainly in 3396:forcibly seize control 2997:: Decline and collapse 1657:Commanders and leaders 15607:Presidential Marathon 15423:1998 financial crisis 14605:Bophuthatswana (1994) 14368:Post-Soviet conflicts 14322:Tajikistani Civil War 14272:Revolution on Granite 14232:Monday Demonstrations 13758:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 13592:Mengistu Haile Mariam 13358:Eastern Bloc politics 13232:Intervention in Syria 13167:Tajikistani Civil War 12875:Lithuanian–Soviet War 12816:Battle of Robat Karim 12265:Post-Soviet conflicts 12090:The August Coup texts 12050:25 March 2022 at the 12043:5.1 (2003): 128–164. 11505:International Journal 11324:. 13 September 1991. 11096:Garver, John (1993). 11022:Third World Quarterly 11016:Webber, Mark (1992). 10734:(Special Issue): 111. 10291:Fedor, Helen (1995). 10026:Последний бой за СССР 9354:10 March 2007 at the 8989:Последний бой за СССР 8830:Revolutionary Passage 8484:4 August 2021 at the 8224:10 March 2021 at the 7975:20 March 2017 at the 7217:Free Economic Society 6723:breakup of Yugoslavia 6674:(SOC). Increasingly, 6545: 6504:Sino-Soviet relations 6299: 6127: 6106:nuclear proliferation 6045:Walker's Point Estate 5815: 5743: 5702:Russian Supreme Court 5627:constitutional crisis 5602:, and so recognizing 5496:Stanislav Shushkevich 5360:Also created was the 5140:, proclaiming at a 22 5075: 5021: 4899:information control. 4846:Between 8:00 and 9:00 4791:am, not far from the 4702:Mstislav Rostropovich 4613: 4540:Afternoon and evening 4314: 4061:, Minister of Defence 3853:conversation from an 3834:Six days later, on 29 3827:newspaper, entitled " 3764:into the conspiracy. 3655:Soviet Union's empire 3651: 2749:Virgin Lands campaign 2574:National delimitation 2392:Casualties and losses 124:Knowledge:Translation 95:copyright attribution 15681:Boris Yeltsin. First 15438:Impeachment attempts 15178:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 15133:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 15117:Burkina Faso (2022) 14952:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 14927:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 14796:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 14771:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 14746:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 14710:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 14695:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 13778:Vytautas Landsbergis 13773:Viacheslav Chornovil 13602:Denis Sassou Nguesso 13215:Annexation of Crimea 12919:Central Asian Revolt 12828:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12700:Russo-Circassian War 12383:Pugachev's Rebellion 12326:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 12270:Russian Armed Forces 12240:Early modern warfare 11998:24 July 2020 at the 11991:32.1 (2000): 52–68. 11957:24 July 2020 at the 11940:11 July 2020 at the 11922:29 June 2013 at the 11812:5.1 (2003): 94–127. 11805:8.2 (1992): 164–174. 11795:24 July 2020 at the 11753:on 29 September 2018 11727:2 April 2015 at the 11422:Yeong, Mike (1992). 11399:. 9 September 1991. 11228:. 8 September 1991. 10829:. 3 September 1991. 10470:on 23 November 2003. 10440:. 5 September 2005. 10412:pravo.levonevsky.org 9089:on 29 September 2007 8805:mysteriouscountry.ru 8496:website (in Russian) 8097:Gupta, R.C. (1997). 7860:on 11 September 2007 7675:on 8 September 2020. 7489:Notes and references 7277:electric arc furnace 7251:Vasiliy Starodubtsev 6925:Salvadoran Civil War 6567:Denis Sassou Nguesso 6516:diplomatic relations 6161:Uffe Ellemann-Jensen 6049:Kennebunkport, Maine 5631:Russian constitution 5362:Soviet State Council 5233:improve this article 5185:Government of Moscow 5082:executive committees 4676:in Moscow from 11:00 4647:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 4627:Soviet General Staff 4570:Cabinet of Ministers 4521:Leningrad Television 4232:Council of Ministers 4126:am Moscow time on 19 3850:Nursultan Nazarbayev 3829:A Word to the People 3775:. Foreign Secretary 3422:, were angry at the 3398:of the country from 3382:, also known as the 3169:Ukrainian revolution 3097:German reunification 3055:Latvian independence 2970:1984 Olympic boycott 2965:1980 Olympic boycott 2955:1980 Summer Olympics 2928:Mozambican Civil War 2818:Cuban Missile Crisis 2798:Peaceful coexistence 2666:Operation Barbarossa 2407:Minister of Interior 2375:Viacheslav Chornovil 2330:Mykolas Burokevičius 2231:Vytautas Landsbergis 2198:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1013:Russian nationalists 501:Council of Ministers 236:August 1991 (4 days) 15754:← Mikhail Gorbachev 15639:Three August's Days 15427:1998 miners' strike 15348:Second inauguration 15173:Sierra Leone (2023) 15168:Burkina Faso (2023) 15022:Burkina Faso (2016) 15012:Burkina Faso (2015) 14776:Burkina Faso (2003) 14555:Sierra Leone (1992) 14520:Georgia (1991–1992) 14510:Soviet Union (1991) 14222:Pan-European Picnic 14197:1988 Polish strikes 13577:Wojciech Jaruzelski 13317:Revolutions of 1989 13275:Sphere of influence 13205:Russo-Ukrainian War 13062:First Indochina War 13035:Soviet–Japanese War 12971:Xinjiang War (1937) 12840:Kazakhstan Campaign 12625:Kościuszko Uprising 12525:Second Northern War 12403:Coup attempt (1991) 12296:Soviet-Finnish wars 11981:18 May 2021 at the 11950:16.3 (1991): 5–38. 11905:18 May 2021 at the 11890:on 4 December 2021. 11853:18 May 2021 at the 11836:18 May 2021 at the 11649:. 12 October 2010. 11567:. 13 October 2005. 11396:The Washington Post 11161:The Washington Post 11102:The China Quarterly 10524:. 27 January 1993. 10301:Library of Congress 9724:The Washington Post 9597:The Guardian Online 9568:. 11 January 2023. 9519:"Argumenty i Facty" 9375:on 27 November 2007 9063:on 24 December 2005 8839:16 May 2016 at the 7883:R.C. Gupta. (1997) 7422:Soviet Union portal 7310:is a drama film by 7298:is a drama film by 6962:P. V. Narasimha Rao 6927:with the Communist 6728:red-brown coalition 6648:that began in 1994. 6520:Alexander Belonogov 6374:Mohammad Najibullah 6370:Abdul Rashid Dostum 6352:Mohammad Najibullah 6221:former East Germany 6183:François Mitterrand 5718:October 1993 crisis 5708:February 1994, the 5655:November 1991, the 5623:Soviet of Republics 5564:its war with Russia 5338:Soviet of the Union 5102:old imperial colors 4783:Wednesday 21 August 4698:Eduard Shevardnadze 4645:Commander-in-Chief 4596:Tamanskaya Division 4458:Soviet Armed Forces 4446:Checheno-Ingushetia 4259:Chkalovsky Air Base 4101:must be restored." 4077:Vasily Starodubtsev 4016:The members of the 4006:The coup chronology 3946:telephone landlines 3925:, commander of the 3919:Valentin Varennikov 3811:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 3782:Beginning with the 3777:Eduard Shevardnadze 3703:in June 1990. On 11 3701:28th Party Congress 3671:Great Patriotic War 3590:, boycotted by the 3477:four months later. 3092:Romanian Revolution 3072:Peaceful Revolution 3067:Pan-European Picnic 3062:Revolutions of 1989 3003:Invasion of Grenada 2879:Cambodian Civil War 2833:: Era of Stagnation 2718:First Indochina War 2693:Soviet deportations 2661:Great Patriotic War 2634:Cultural Revolution 2564:New Economic Policy 2518:February Revolution 2398:3 died by suicide: 2241:Gediminas Vagnorius 2165:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 1806:Vasily Starodubtsev 590:Checheno-Ingushetia 281:Dissolution of the 210:GKChP tanks on the 153:Revolutions of 1989 15600:Notes of President 15546:Boris Yeltsin Peak 15398:Elizabeth II visit 15378:Demographic crisis 15343:First inauguration 14871:Philippines (2007) 14791:Philippines (2003) 13582:Slobodan Milošević 13451:Vatican Opposition 13265:Russian Revolution 13200:Russo-Georgian War 13182:Second Chechen War 13162:Georgian Civil War 12801:Russo-Japanese War 12553:Great Northern War 12451:Russo-Crimean Wars 12423:Second Chechen War 12321:Russo-Turkish wars 12316:Russo-Swedish wars 12306:Russo-Persian Wars 12291:Russo-Crimean Wars 12166:Strategic Insights 11967:(Routledge, 2007). 11623:. 21 August 1991. 11597:. 7 October 1991. 11321:The New York Times 11292:. 23 August 1991. 11260:. 23 August 1991. 11193:The New York Times 10988:The New York Times 10827:The New York Times 10797:The New York Times 10765:. 21 August 1991. 10667:The New York Times 10608:. 25 August 1991. 10605:The New York Times 9943:Latvijas Vēstnesis 9937:(21 August 1991). 9859:. 18 August 2001. 9693:The New York Times 9664:. 19 August 2016. 9600:. 16 August 2011. 9409:. 26 August 1991. 9336:, p. 335-336. 8967:Moskovskaya Pravda 8961:Sovetskaya Rossiya 8811:on 10 October 2017 8606:Christopher Andrew 7962:Timothy Garton Ash 7736:. 18 August 2006. 7531:, "August Putsch". 7528:Avgustovskiy Putch 7269:Alexander Tizyakov 7223:Vladimir Kryuchkov 7168:James A. Baker III 7116:Russian Federation 7014:that preceded the 7012:invasion of Kuwait 6715:Slobodan Milošević 6692:Soviet dissolution 6684:Peaceful Evolution 6549: 6531:forces during the 6498:closed doors, the 6378:Ahmad Shah Massoud 6311:multi-party system 6303: 6251:Andreas Papandreou 6233:European Community 6118:post-Soviet states 6112:, authorizing the 6022:European Community 5821: 5770:Ruslan Khasbulatov 5746: 5111:On the night of 24 5108:two months later. 5078: 5024: 5014:Thursday 22 August 4997:was taken over by 4983:Republic of Latvia 4959:From 9:40 to 10:10 4822:Sergey Parkhomenko 4664:commander General 4619: 4559:television antenna 4442:Kabardino-Balkaria 4356:computer network. 4321: 4306:Ruslan Khasbulatov 4177:Televidenie Rossii 4083:Alexander Tizyakov 4050:Vladimir Kryuchkov 3824:Sovetskaya Rossiya 3721:state of emergency 3713:Vladimir Kryuchkov 3697:Alexander Yakovlev 3645:British historian 3467:anti-authoritarian 3324:Post-Soviet states 3028:Singing Revolution 3018:Chernobyl disaster 2938:Rhodesian Bush War 2539:October Revolution 2187:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 2142:Saparmurat Niyazov 2027:Vladislav Ardzinba 1924:Ruslan Khasbulatov 1825:Alexander Tizyakov 1730:Vladimir Kryuchkov 1299:Diplomatic support 1092:Diplomatic support 616:Kabardino-Balkaria 314:Chechen Revolution 103:interlanguage link 15797:Conflicts in 1991 15784: 15783: 15741: 15733: 15729:Tatyana Yumasheva 15725: 15717: 15709: 15456:Electoral history 15408:First Chechen War 15298:Life and politics 15243: 15242: 14932:Bangladesh (2011) 14917:Madagascar (2010) 14891:Madagascar (2009) 14881:Mauritania (2008) 14861:Madagascar (2006) 14846:Mauritania (2005) 14786:Mauritania (2003) 14675:Bangladesh (1996) 14630:Azerbaijan (1995) 14575:Azerbaijan (1993) 14524:Venezuela (1992) 14417: 14416: 14343:Colour revolution 14173: 14172: 14140:Congo-Brazzaville 13861:Democratic Russia 13818:Pope John Paul II 13813:George H. W. Bush 13763:Vladimir Bukovsky 13552:Mikhail Gorbachev 13547:Nicolae Ceaușescu 13333:Era of Stagnation 13283: 13282: 13172:First Chechen War 13127:Soviet–Afghan War 13112:Angolan Civil War 12887:Polish–Soviet War 12845:Finnish Civil War 12823:Russian Civil War 12722:November Uprising 12660:Anglo-Russian War 12600:Bar Confederation 12413:First Chechen War 12393:Russian Civil War 12388:Decembrist revolt 12378:Bulavin Rebellion 12373:Razin's Rebellion 12356: 12355: 12311:Russo-Polish Wars 12279:Lists by opponent 11963:Ogushi, Atsushi. 11933:29 (1999): 1–17. 11829:(1997): 671–684. 11689:Simon Saradzhyan 11647:"Gennady Yanayev" 11476:. Wilson Center. 11289:Los Angeles Times 11257:Los Angeles Times 11225:Los Angeles Times 10762:Los Angeles Times 10636:www.kommersant.ru 10550:. 15 April 1993. 9631:on 11 August 2011 8972:Leninskoye Znamya 8937:Rabochaya Tribuna 8832:by Marc Garcelon 8755:, 18 August 2006 8616:Mitrokhin Archive 8492:newspaper at the 8433:978-0-385-52437-7 8172:Маркедонов Сергей 8003:on 28 August 2008 7691:16 September 2009 7628:978-1-4008-2100-6 7525: 7516:Августовский путч 7401:alternate history 7190:Yasser Abed Rabbo 7149:Pope John Paul II 7020:Iraqi News Agency 6939:coup failed, the 6936:Alfredo Cristiani 6923:: The end of the 6672:State of Cambodia 6512:Sino-Soviet split 6500:Chinese Politburo 6056:George H. W. Bush 5888:chargé d'affaires 5867:Barbara McDougall 5817:George H. W. Bush 5730:Vladislav Achalov 5544:Alma-Ata Protocol 5512:1922 union treaty 5508:Belovezha Accords 5351:autonomous region 5265: 5264: 5257: 5201:Belavezha Accords 5181:Central Committee 5150:General Secretary 5117:Felix Dzerzhinsky 5106:Russian SFSR flag 4920:Alexander Rutskoy 4832:suffered a minor 4813:Soviet-Afghan War 4760:declared at 11:03 4714:Vladislav Achalov 4629:ordered that the 4606:Tuesday 20 August 4588:Vitaly Doguzhiyev 4350:Usenet newsgroups 4346:medium-wave radio 4302:Alexander Rutskoy 4294:Konstantin Kobets 4269:near Moscow. The 4185:BBC World Service 4169:Democratic Russia 4140:KGB border troops 3859:Vladimir Medvedev 3840:Russian President 3838:July, Gorbachev, 3745:, Vice President 3560:a similar attempt 3440:fifteen republics 3400:Mikhail Gorbachev 3376: 3375: 3205:Soviet leadership 3191:Alma-Ata Protocol 3186:Belovezha Accords 3082:Velvet Revolution 3048:Economic blockade 2950:Soviet–Afghan War 2918:Angolan Civil War 2869:Laotian Civil War 2844:Era of Stagnation 2839:Brezhnev Doctrine 2808:Sino-Soviet split 2738:: Khrushchev Thaw 2629:Industrialization 2544:Russian Civil War 2438: 2437: 2412:Sergey Akhromeyev 2263:Valeriu Muravschi 2117:Mintimer Shaimiev 2057:Anatoly Malofeyev 1961:Konstantin Kobets 1904:Alexander Rutskoy 1864:Mikhail Gorbachev 1691:Sergey Akhromeyev 390:Kantemir Division 342: 341: 189:Russian President 135: 134: 68: 64: 16:(Redirected from 15854: 15822:1991 in politics 15773: 15772: 15761:Vladimir Putin → 15739: 15731: 15723: 15715: 15713:Claudia Yeltsina 15707: 15493:Semibankirschina 15373:Belovezh Accords 15270: 15263: 15256: 15247: 15246: 15232: 15231: 14766:Venezuela (2002) 14595:Lithuania (1993) 14570:Guatemala (1993) 14444: 14437: 14430: 14421: 14420: 14292:Transnistria War 13951: 13950: 13793:Aung San Suu Kyi 13708:Alexander Dubček 13645:Civil resistance 13502:Sinatra Doctrine 13482:Demokratizatsiya 13383:Shortage economy 13310: 13303: 13296: 13287: 13286: 13157:Transnistria War 13102:War of Attrition 13008:Continuation War 12957: 12749:January Uprising 12590:Seven Years' War 12490:Time of Troubles 12456:Russo-Kazan Wars 12301:Russo-Kazan Wars 12233: 12232: 12201: 12194: 12187: 12178: 12177: 12152: 12070: 12036: 11891: 11889: 11883:. Archived from 11875:(1–4): 317–362. 11866: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11749:. Archived from 11738: 11732: 11719: 11713: 11702:Rupert Cornwell 11700: 11694: 11687: 11681: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11587: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11559:"World Reaction" 11555: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11093: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11013: 11004: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10915: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10788: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10753: 10736: 10735: 10732:Queens Quarterly 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10498:. 15 June 1992. 10492: 10486: 10483: 10472: 10471: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10414:. Archived from 10404: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10167: 10160: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10042: 10036: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10012: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9973:www.estonica.org 9965: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9827: 9821: 9807: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9787: 9780: 9772: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9661:The Moscow Times 9652: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9627:. Archived from 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9528: 9522: 9521:, 15 August 2001 9516: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9457: 9448: 9447:, 18 August 2006 9436: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9364: 9358: 9348: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9124:. Archived from 9114: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9085:. Archived from 9079: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9059:. Archived from 9053: 9047: 9046:, 18 August 2006 9035: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9005: 8999: 8985: 8979: 8976:Sel'skaya zhizn′ 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8858: 8843: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8807:. Archived from 8797: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8741: 8724: 8709: 8705: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8660: 8654: 8643:Raisa Gorbacheva 8639: 8633: 8610:Vasili Mitrokhin 8603: 8594: 8582: 8578: 8497: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8417: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8362:(1–4): 323–328. 8347: 8341: 8329: 8325: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8288: 8275: 8268: 8262: 8244: 8238: 8235: 8229: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8190: 8184: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8078:on 23 March 2018 8077: 8071:. Archived from 8066: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7989: 7980: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7934:. Deseret News. 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7902: 7896: 7881: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7856:. Archived from 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7819: 7766: 7763:Internet Archive 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7698: 7692: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7668:. Archived from 7667: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7604: 7561: 7547: 7532: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7452: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7382:camera operators 7379: 7288:In popular media 7240: 7219:, dying in 2003. 7207:Gennadiy Yanayev 7184: 7182: 7181: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7086:Foreign Minister 7080: 7078: 7077: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7044: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6772:Marxist–Leninist 6757:successor state. 6752: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6590: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6564: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6488:paramount leader 6477: 6473: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6442:Social Democracy 6435: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6344:prisoners of war 6336:Afghan Civil War 6329: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6307:Marxist–Leninist 6292:Communist states 6277:Achille Occhetto 6272:Giulio Andreotti 6263: 6261: 6260: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6187:life and liberty 6174: 6172: 6171: 6158:Foreign Minister 6152: 6150: 6149: 6070: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6018: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5962:Foreign Ministry 5949: 5947: 5946: 5938: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5872: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5751: 5723: 5707: 5684:were abolished. 5679: 5674: 5654: 5616: 5580: 5537: 5533: 5521: 5485: 5466: 5455:27 October, the 5454: 5450: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5379: 5366:Soviet President 5327: 5319:Anatoly Lukyanov 5315: 5300: 5270: 5260: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5217: 5209: 5190: 5168:August when the 5167: 5162:Vladimir Ivashko 5159: 5155: 5143: 5114: 5088:August 1991 the 5087: 5060:Friday 23 August 5052: 5037: 4995:Tallinn TV Tower 4988: 4973: 4962: 4954: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4863:Vladimir Ivashko 4856:Anatoly Lukyanov 4852:Defence Ministry 4849: 4842: 4830:Raisa Gorbacheva 4805:Sergey Surovikin 4790: 4770: 4763: 4748: 4738:Viktor Karpukhin 4687: 4684:am, effective 20 4683: 4679: 4643:Soviet Air Force 4640: 4624: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4551: 4547: 4531: 4501: 4470: 4371:CPSU Secretariat 4330: 4284: 4279:Viktor Karpukhin 4256: 4196:transistor radio 4189:Voice of America 4162: 4159:Starting at 6:00 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4105:Monday 19 August 4046:, Prime Minister 4040:, Vice President 4000:Lefortovo Prison 3990: 3982: 3977:Anatoly Lukyanov 3974: 3967: 3943: 3939: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3896: 3891:New Union Treaty 3880: 3847:Kazakh President 3837: 3820: 3800: 3717:Moscow Programme 3706: 3641: 3626:, and military. 3616:New Union Treaty 3574: 3428:New Union Treaty 3404:Soviet President 3368: 3361: 3354: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3319:Soviet republics 3159:New Union Treaty 2960:Olympic boycotts 2778:We will bury you 2764:De-Stalinization 2681:Battle of Berlin 2605:Collectivization 2486:World revolution 2463: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2418:Nikolay Kruchina 2386:Yuriy Shukhevych 2384: 2383: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2364:Dzhokhar Dudayev 2362: 2361: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2342:Abulfaz Elchibey 2340: 2339: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2316: 2308:Valentin Kuptsov 2306: 2305: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2272: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2173: 2163: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2140: 2139: 2127: 2126: 2114: 2113: 2103: 2102: 2090: 2089: 2077: 2076: 2068:Nikolay Dementey 2066: 2065: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2024: 2023: 2010: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1843:Nikolay Kruchina 1841: 1840: 1833: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1775: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1699: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1680: 1670: 1669: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1378: 1377: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1303: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1096: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1059: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1037: 1036: 1026: 1025: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1002: 992: 991: 990: 981: 980: 970: 969: 959: 958: 948: 947: 935: 934: 933: 928: 927: 918:Unitate-Edinstvo 916: 915: 904: 903: 892: 891: 880: 879: 869: 868: 851: 850: 849: 844: 843: 842: 835: 831: 829: 828: 820: 816: 814: 813: 806: 802: 800: 799: 792: 788: 786: 785: 778: 774: 772: 771: 764: 760: 758: 757: 750: 746: 744: 743: 736: 732: 730: 729: 722: 718: 716: 715: 698: 694: 692: 691: 684: 680: 678: 677: 665: 664: 663: 652: 651: 650: 644: 640: 638: 637: 626: 625: 624: 614: 613: 612: 600: 599: 598: 587: 586: 585: 579: 575: 573: 572: 561: 560: 559: 552: 548: 546: 545: 539: 538: 537: 530: 526: 524: 523: 499: 489: 479: 467: 465: 464: 459: 458: 457: 445: 444: 443: 428: 418: 408: 398: 388: 387: 386: 376: 375: 374: 360: 359: 335: 324:Soviet President 277:New Union Treaty 235: 226: 225: 169: 139: 138: 114: 108: 81:Google Translate 66: 62: 45: 44: 37: 21: 15862: 15861: 15857: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15787: 15786: 15785: 15780: 15744: 15705:Nikolay Yeltsin 15693: 15619: 15580: 15509: 15442: 15329: 15293: 15279: 15274: 15244: 15239: 15226: 15192: 15056: 15052:Ethiopia (2019) 15032:Zimbabwe (2017) 15002:Yemen (2014–15) 14992:Thailand (2014) 14900: 14896:Honduras (2009) 14856:Thailand (2006) 14731:Paraguay (2000) 14714: 14705:Pakistan (1999) 14680:Cambodia (1997) 14650:Paraguay (1996) 14625:Cambodia (1994) 14505:Thailand (1991) 14483: 14458: 14448: 14418: 14413: 14397: 14358:Democratization 14348:Decommunization 14331: 14267:Helsinki Summit 14207:April 9 tragedy 14179: 14169: 14098: 14007: 13955: 13946: 13940: 13828: 13822: 13690: 13684: 13637: 13631: 13587:Mathieu Kérékou 13534: 13528: 13460: 13436:Reagan Doctrine 13411:Active measures 13403: 13397: 13388:Totalitarianism 13325: 13319: 13314: 13284: 13279: 13251: 13192: 13186: 13177:War of Dagestan 12951: 12924:August Uprising 12793: 12787: 12776:Boxer Rebellion 12744:Amur Annexation 12545: 12539: 12443: 12437: 12418:War of Dagestan 12398:August Uprising 12352: 12274: 12224: 12205: 12150: 12086: 12081: 12068: 12060: 12058:Primary sources 12052:Wayback Machine 12033: 12013:Wayback Machine 12000:Wayback Machine 11983:Wayback Machine 11959:Wayback Machine 11942:Wayback Machine 11924:Wayback Machine 11907:Wayback Machine 11887: 11869:Russian History 11864: 11855:Wayback Machine 11838:Wayback Machine 11821:Wayback Machine 11797:Wayback Machine 11772: 11767: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11739: 11735: 11729:Wayback Machine 11721:Vladimir Socor 11720: 11716: 11710:Wayback Machine 11701: 11697: 11688: 11684: 11678:Wayback Machine 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11630: 11628: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11604: 11602: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11574: 11572: 11564:Tampa Bay Times 11557: 11556: 11552: 11542: 11540: 11497: 11493: 11483: 11481: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11457: 11455: 11440:10.1355/CS14-3D 11420: 11416: 11406: 11404: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11374: 11372: 11345: 11341: 11331: 11329: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11299: 11297: 11282: 11281: 11277: 11267: 11265: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11235: 11233: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11201: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11153: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11094: 11090: 11080: 11078: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11014: 11007: 10997: 10995: 10980: 10976: 10966: 10964: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10917: 10916: 10909: 10899: 10897: 10862: 10858: 10852:Kyriakodis 1991 10850: 10846: 10836: 10834: 10821: 10820: 10816: 10806: 10804: 10789: 10782: 10772: 10770: 10755: 10754: 10739: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10676: 10674: 10659: 10655: 10645: 10643: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10598: 10597: 10593: 10583: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10567: 10557: 10555: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10531: 10529: 10520: 10519: 10515: 10505: 10503: 10494: 10493: 10489: 10484: 10475: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10447: 10445: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10421: 10419: 10418:on 13 July 2010 10406: 10405: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10351: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10334: 10325: 10324: 10320: 10310: 10308: 10289: 10285: 10275: 10273: 10264: 10263: 10259: 10249: 10247: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10212: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10181: 10171: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10138: 10136: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10112: 10110: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10070: 10060: 10058: 10043: 10039: 10033:Wayback Machine 10023: 10019: 10010: 10008: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9982: 9980: 9967: 9966: 9962: 9952: 9950: 9932: 9928: 9918: 9916: 9907: 9906: 9902: 9892: 9890: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9866: 9864: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9840: 9838: 9829: 9828: 9824: 9818:Wayback Machine 9809:Лукьянов А. И. 9808: 9801: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9759: 9757: 9748: 9747: 9743: 9733: 9731: 9716: 9712: 9702: 9700: 9685: 9681: 9671: 9669: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9645:17 August 2009. 9634: 9632: 9623: 9621: 9617: 9607: 9605: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9575: 9573: 9560: 9559: 9555: 9545: 9543: 9530: 9529: 9525: 9517: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9459: 9458: 9451: 9445:Wayback Machine 9434: 9433: 9426: 9416: 9414: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9394:Kyriakodis 1991 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9356:Wayback Machine 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334:Kyriakodis 1991 9332: 9328: 9318: 9316: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9259:10.2307/2499653 9239: 9235: 9229:Kyriakodis 1991 9227: 9223: 9213: 9211: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9145: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9116: 9115: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9081: 9080: 9076: 9066: 9064: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9044:Wayback Machine 9033: 9032: 9028: 9018: 9016: 9007: 9006: 9002: 8996:Wayback Machine 8986: 8982: 8955:Krasnaya Zvezda 8927: 8923: 8917:Kyriakodis 1991 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8860: 8859: 8846: 8841:Wayback Machine 8828: 8824: 8814: 8812: 8799: 8798: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8753:Wayback Machine 8742: 8727: 8721:Wayback Machine 8707: 8706: 8695: 8689:Kyriakodis 1991 8687: 8683: 8673: 8671: 8662: 8661: 8657: 8640: 8636: 8604: 8597: 8591:Wayback Machine 8580: 8579: 8500: 8486:Wayback Machine 8477: 8473: 8467:Kyriakodis 1991 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8434: 8418: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8356:Russian History 8349: 8348: 8344: 8338:Wayback Machine 8327: 8326: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8290: 8289: 8278: 8269: 8265: 8247:Yevgenia Albats 8245: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8226:Wayback Machine 8217: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8182:Wayback Machine 8170: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8111: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8036: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8004: 7991: 7990: 7983: 7977:Wayback Machine 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7882: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7820: 7769: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7728: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7699: 7695: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7629: 7615:Princeton, N.J. 7605: 7564: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7512: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7450:Politics portal 7448: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7380:August 1991 by 7377: 7374:Sergei Loznitsa 7330:Sergey Medvedev 7300:Sergey Snezhkin 7290: 7238: 7213:Valentin Pavlov 7203: 7179: 7177: 7157: 7155: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7097: 7095: 7075: 7073: 7054: 7052: 7047:Muammar Gaddafi 7035: 7033: 6996: 6994: 6948: 6946: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6878: 6876: 6852: 6850: 6830: 6828: 6802: 6800: 6781: 6779: 6764: 6750: 6717:, in charge of 6699: 6697: 6653: 6651: 6611: 6609: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6555: 6553: 6491:Deng Xiaoping's 6475: 6471: 6453: 6451: 6426: 6424: 6386: 6384: 6320: 6318: 6294: 6258: 6256: 6240: 6238: 6199: 6197: 6169: 6167: 6147: 6145: 6068: 6034: 6032: 6016: 5995: 5993: 5974: 5972: 5966:Misoji Sakamoto 5944: 5942: 5936: 5904: 5902: 5870: 5869:suggested on 20 5848: 5846: 5826: 5824: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5779: 5775: 5772:'s insistence. 5762: 5749: 5738: 5721: 5705: 5690: 5677: 5672: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5614: 5608:successor state 5578: 5535: 5531: 5519: 5492:Leonid Kravchuk 5483: 5464: 5452: 5448: 5427:September, the 5424: 5420: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5377: 5328:September, the 5325: 5313: 5298: 5277:Valentin Pavlov 5268: 5261: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5230: 5218: 5207: 5197: 5188: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5141: 5134: 5132:End of the CPSU 5112: 5085: 5070: 5062: 5050: 5040:Vnukovo Airport 5035: 5016: 4986: 4979:Supreme Council 4971: 4960: 4952: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4847: 4840: 4788: 4785: 4768: 4761: 4758:Supreme Council 4746: 4742:Alexander Lebed 4730:Internal Troops 4694:people's deputy 4685: 4681: 4677: 4666:Nikolai Kalinin 4638: 4622: 4608: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4555:Leonid Brezhnev 4549: 4545: 4542: 4529: 4516:Viktor Samsonov 4499: 4493:Nizhny Novgorod 4483:of Estonia and 4468: 4328: 4290:Anatoly Sobchak 4287:Leningrad Mayor 4282: 4271:KGB Alpha Group 4263:Vnukovo Airport 4254: 4215:airborne troops 4160: 4157: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4044:Valentin Pavlov 4038:Gennady Yanayev 4014: 4008: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3965: 3941: 3937: 3913: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3878: 3875: 3835: 3818: 3798: 3747:Gennady Yanayev 3743:Valentin Pavlov 3707:December 1990, 3704: 3693: 3688: 3639: 3572: 3528:union republics 3490: 3424:loss of control 3412:Gennady Yanayev 3372: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3206: 3198: 3197: 3119:April 9 tragedy 2998: 2987: 2986: 2834: 2823: 2822: 2759:Khrushchev Thaw 2739: 2728: 2727: 2708:Berlin Blockade 2595: 2584: 2583: 2534: 2533:: Establishment 2523: 2522: 2501:Bolshevik Party 2496:Bolshevik split 2471: 2430: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2334: 2322: 2321: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2294:Leonid Kravchuk 2288: 2286: 2279: 2278: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2243: 2233: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2211: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2189: 2179: 2178: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2133: 2121: 2120: 2108: 2107: 2105:Qahhor Mahkamov 2097: 2096: 2084: 2083: 2071: 2070: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2031: 2030: 2018: 2012:Anatoly Sobchak 2004: 1997: 1987: 1980: 1970: 1963: 1953: 1946: 1945: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1916: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1896: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1847: 1835: 1834: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1759: 1758: 1749:Valentin Pavlov 1741: 1740: 1739: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1683: 1682: 1672:Gennady Yanayev 1664: 1662: 1652: 1649: 1637: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1612: 1610: 1596: 1594: 1583: 1581: 1570: 1568: 1557: 1555: 1544: 1542: 1531: 1529: 1518: 1516: 1505: 1503: 1492: 1490: 1478: 1476: 1464: 1462: 1451: 1449: 1438: 1436: 1425: 1423: 1412: 1410: 1399: 1397: 1386: 1384: 1372: 1361: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1336: 1334: 1323: 1321: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1277: 1275: 1264: 1262: 1251: 1249: 1235: 1233: 1222: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1197: 1195: 1184: 1182: 1170: 1168: 1156: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1131: 1129: 1118: 1116: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 988: 986: 985: 975: 974: 964: 963: 953: 952: 942: 941: 931: 929: 922: 910: 898: 886: 874: 871: 870: 866: 862: 847: 845: 840: 838: 837: 826: 824: 821: 811: 809: 807: 797: 795: 793: 783: 781: 779: 769: 767: 765: 755: 753: 751: 741: 739: 737: 727: 725: 723: 713: 711: 709: 689: 687: 685: 675: 673: 671: 661: 659: 658: 648: 646: 645: 635: 633: 631: 622: 620: 618: 610: 608: 606: 596: 594: 593: 583: 581: 580: 570: 568: 566: 557: 555: 553: 543: 541: 535: 533: 532: 521: 519: 516: 462: 460: 455: 453: 450: 441: 439: 400:Communist Party 384: 382: 372: 370: 354: 333: 291:Restoration of 256: 233: 220: 170: 156: 131: 130: 129: 112: 106: 69: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15860: 15850: 15849: 15844: 15842:1991 in Moscow 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15782: 15781: 15779: 15778: 15765: 15764: 15757: 15749: 15746: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15734: 15726: 15721:Naina Yeltsina 15718: 15710: 15701: 15699: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15691: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15642: 15635: 15627: 15625: 15621: 15620: 15618: 15617: 15610: 15603: 15596: 15588: 15586: 15582: 15581: 15579: 15578: 15573: 15563: 15558: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15517: 15515: 15511: 15510: 15508: 15507: 15506: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15470: 15469: 15468: 15458: 15452: 15450: 15444: 15443: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15339: 15337: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15301: 15299: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15273: 15272: 15265: 15258: 15250: 15241: 15240: 15238: 15237: 15214: 15206: 15204:or its attempt 15197: 15194: 15193: 15191: 15190: 15188:Bolivia (2024) 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15129: 15128: 15123: 15115: 15114: 15113: 15108: 15100: 15098:Tunisia (2021) 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15078:Myanmar (2021) 15075: 15070: 15064: 15062: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15007:Burundi (2015) 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14962:Eritrea (2013) 14959: 14954: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14942: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14908: 14906: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14751:Burundi (2001) 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14726:Ecuador (2000) 14722: 14720: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14660:Burundi (1996) 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14620:Liberia (1994) 14617: 14615:Lesotho (1994) 14612: 14607: 14602: 14600:Nigeria (1993) 14597: 14592: 14590:Burundi (1993) 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14560:Algeria (1992) 14557: 14552: 14551: 14550: 14545: 14537: 14536: 14535: 14530: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14500:Lesotho (1991) 14497: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14484: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14474: 14463: 14460: 14459: 14447: 14446: 14439: 14432: 14424: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14411: 14405: 14403: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14383:Post-communism 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14339: 14337: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14183: 14181: 14175: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14106: 14104: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14015: 14013: 14009: 14008: 14006: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13973:Czechoslovakia 13970: 13965: 13959: 13957: 13956:Eastern Europe 13948: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13832: 13830: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13803:Isaias Afwerki 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13783:Zianon Pazniak 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13694: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13641: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13562:Erich Honecker 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13538: 13536: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13474: 13468: 13466: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13407: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13396: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13343:Anti-communism 13340: 13335: 13329: 13327: 13321: 13320: 13313: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13290: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13260:Russian Winter 13256: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13202: 13196: 13194: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13087:Vlora incident 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12988: 12983: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12857: 12852: 12850:Sochi conflict 12847: 12842: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12820: 12819: 12818: 12808: 12803: 12797: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12773: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12708: 12707: 12702: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12571: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12447: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12226: 12225: 12204: 12203: 12196: 12189: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12169: 12159: 12147: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12115: 12110: 12104: 12098: 12092: 12085: 12084:External links 12082: 12080: 12079: 12072: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12037: 12031: 12019:Ziemele, Ineta 12015: 12002: 11989:Peace Research 11985: 11968: 11961: 11944: 11927: 11915:(1993): 53–72 11909: 11896:World Politics 11892: 11857: 11840: 11823: 11806: 11803:Soviet Economy 11799: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11771: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11745:(in Russian). 11733: 11714: 11695: 11682: 11664: 11638: 11612: 11582: 11550: 11511:(4): 814–845. 11491: 11465: 11434:(3): 257–268. 11414: 11382: 11359:(2): 553–576. 11339: 11307: 11275: 11243: 11211: 11178: 11147: 11088: 11059: 11028:(4): 691–713. 11005: 10974: 10936: 10907: 10856: 10854:, p. 337. 10844: 10814: 10780: 10737: 10722: 10684: 10653: 10623: 10591: 10565: 10539: 10513: 10487: 10473: 10455: 10429: 10396: 10370: 10344: 10318: 10283: 10257: 10231: 10205: 10179: 10146: 10120: 10094: 10068: 10037: 10017: 9990: 9960: 9941:(in Latvian). 9926: 9900: 9874: 9848: 9822: 9799: 9767: 9741: 9710: 9679: 9647: 9615: 9583: 9553: 9523: 9508: 9482: 9449: 9424: 9398: 9396:, p. 341. 9386: 9359: 9338: 9326: 9300: 9253:(4): 810–838. 9233: 9231:, p. 334. 9221: 9184:Peace Research 9170: 9153:Slate Magazine 9139: 9128:on 22 May 2011 9100: 9074: 9048: 9026: 9000: 8980: 8921: 8919:, p. 338. 8909: 8883: 8844: 8822: 8792: 8760: 8725: 8693: 8691:, p. 280. 8681: 8655: 8634: 8632:, pp. 513–514. 8622:Gardners Books 8595: 8498: 8488:scan from the 8471: 8469:, p. 328. 8459: 8432: 8393: 8342: 8313: 8276: 8274:, pp. 276–277. 8263: 8261:, pp. 276–293. 8239: 8230: 8211: 8185: 8164: 8160:Ziemele (2005) 8152: 8148:Ziemele (2005) 8140: 8136:Ziemele (2005) 8128: 8110:978-8185842813 8109: 8089: 8053: 8035:978-8171565153 8034: 8014: 7981: 7949: 7923: 7897: 7871: 7845: 7767: 7751: 7734:news.bbc.co.uk 7718: 7711: 7693: 7678: 7654: 7627: 7562: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7506: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7478:State collapse 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7439: 7425: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7393: 7385: 7361: 7345: 7327: 7315: 7312:Šarūnas Bartas 7303: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7266: 7248: 7242: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7210: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7175: 7172:Manfred Wörner 7153: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7093: 7071: 7068:Corazon Aquino 7050: 7030: 7008:Saddam Hussein 6991: 6959:Prime Minister 6944: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6889:Prime Minister 6874: 6848: 6845:Soviet economy 6826: 6808:Czechoslovakia 6798: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6695: 6649: 6607: 6604:Special Period 6574: 6550: 6514:and improving 6449: 6421: 6381: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6279:, head of the 6269:Prime Minister 6254: 6236: 6195: 6165: 6143: 6126: 6125: 6065:Soviet peoples 6053:U.S. President 6030: 6006:Prime Minister 6002:United Kingdom 5991: 5970: 5955:Prime Minister 5940: 5939:December 1991. 5900: 5892:Soviet embassy 5875:Lloyd Axworthy 5862:Brian Mulroney 5859:Prime Minister 5844: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5777: 5766:Lev Ponomaryov 5761: 5758: 5737: 5734: 5689: 5686: 5682:price controls 5642: 5639: 5600:Russian Empire 5585:that it would 5583:United Nations 5568:European Union 5522:December, the 5321:was arrested. 5305:announced its 5288:Verkhovna Rada 5263: 5262: 5221: 5219: 5212: 5196: 5193: 5133: 5130: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5022:22 August 1991 5015: 5012: 4977:That day, the 4784: 4781: 4607: 4604: 4574:five-year plan 4541: 4538: 4534:Andrei Kozyrev 4338:general strike 4244:United Nations 4156: 4153: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4052:, head of the 4047: 4041: 4010:Main article: 4007: 4004: 3874: 3871: 3855:electronic bug 3803:Supreme Soviet 3784:January Events 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3659:Eastern Europe 3624:foreign policy 3489: 3486: 3420:reform program 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3268:Related topics 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3149:The Barricades 3146: 3144:January Events 3141: 3139:Dushanbe riots 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3035: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2908:Wars in Africa 2905: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2891:Yom Kippur War 2888: 2887: 2886: 2884:Fall of Saigon 2881: 2876: 2874:Operation Menu 2871: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2508:Russian Empire 2505: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2353:Zianon Pazniak 2332: 2319:Alfrēds Rubiks 2297: 2296: 2220:Ivars Godmanis 2176:Edgar Savisaar 2155: 2015: 2014: 1853: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1633: 1607: 1605: 1592: 1590:United Kingdom 1579: 1566: 1553: 1540: 1527: 1514: 1501: 1488: 1473: 1460: 1447: 1434: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1382: 1370: 1357: 1355:Czechoslovakia 1345: 1332: 1319: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1273: 1246: 1244: 1231: 1218: 1206: 1193: 1180: 1165: 1152: 1140: 1127: 1114: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 996: 940: 939: 920: 908: 896: 884: 861: 860: 859: 856: 855: 700: 506: 505: 504: 503: 493: 483: 481:Supreme Soviet 436: 435: 434: 433: 432: 422: 402: 392: 380: 349: 348: 344: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 327: 320: 311: 305: 300: 289: 279: 273: 262: 258: 257: 244: 242: 238: 237: 230: 222: 221: 219: 218: 208: 202: 195: 182: 174: 162: 161: 144: 143: 133: 132: 128: 127: 120: 109: 87: 84: 73: 70: 51: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15859: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15777: 15776: 15767: 15766: 15763: 15762: 15758: 15756: 15755: 15751: 15750: 15747: 15738: 15737:Elena Okulova 15735: 15730: 15727: 15722: 15719: 15714: 15711: 15706: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15696: 15690: 15689: 15685: 15683: 15682: 15678: 15676: 15675: 15671: 15669: 15668: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15657: 15655: 15654: 15650: 15648: 15647: 15643: 15641: 15640: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15622: 15616: 15615: 15611: 15609: 15608: 15604: 15602: 15601: 15597: 15595: 15594: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15583: 15577: 15574: 15571: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15556: 15555:Yekaterinburg 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15514:Commemoration 15512: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15483: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15463: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15449: 15445: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15433:List of trips 15431: 15428: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15403:Privatization 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15336: 15332: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15296: 15289: 15286: 15285: 15282: 15278: 15277:Boris Yeltsin 15271: 15266: 15264: 15259: 15257: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15236: 15225: 15224: 15220: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15207: 15205: 15203: 15199: 15198: 15195: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15148:Gambia (2022) 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15103: 15102:Sudan (2021) 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15093:Guinea (2021) 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15017:Turkey (2016) 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14997:Gambia (2014) 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14937: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14903: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14886:Guinea (2008) 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14717: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14690:Zambia (1997) 14688: 14686: 14685:Turkey (1997) 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14645:Guinea (1996) 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14610:Gambia (1994) 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14580:Russia (1993) 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14486: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14461: 14456: 14452: 14445: 14440: 14438: 14433: 14431: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14388:Yugoslav Wars 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14378:Neo-Stalinism 14376: 14374: 14373:Neo-Sovietism 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14257:Black January 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14176: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13952: 13949: 13943: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13825: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13808:Ronald Reagan 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13788:Zhelyu Zhelev 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13768:Boris Yeltsin 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13748:Joachim Gauck 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13687: 13681: 13680:Strike action 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13634: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13622:Todor Zhivkov 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13612:Deng Xiaoping 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13441:Soviet Empire 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13402:International 13400: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13322: 13318: 13311: 13306: 13304: 13299: 13297: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13226: 13225:2022 invasion 13223: 13221: 13220:War in Donbas 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13189: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13057:Ili Rebellion 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12955: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12821: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12790: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12695:Caucasian War 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12542: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12349: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12234: 12231: 12227: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12202: 12197: 12195: 12190: 12188: 12183: 12182: 12179: 12173: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12157: 12153: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12123:The issue of 12122: 12120: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12108: 12105: 12102: 12099: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12077: 12073: 12066: 12062: 12061: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12032:90-04-14295-9 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11863: 11858: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11822: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11787: 11786:Slavic Review 11783: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11773: 11752: 11748: 11747:Novaya Gazeta 11744: 11737: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11718: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11699: 11692: 11686: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11586: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11554: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11495: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11418: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11386: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11311: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11279: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11247: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11215: 11199: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11182: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11151: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11108:(133): 1–26. 11107: 11103: 11099: 11092: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11063: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11012: 11010: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10912: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10876:(1–2): 1–55. 10875: 10871: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10848: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10818: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10785: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10733: 10726: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10688: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10595: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10527: 10523: 10517: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10401: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10219: 10215: 10209: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10164: 10156: 10150: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10021: 10006: 10002: 10001: 9994: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9914: 9910: 9909:"КАЛИФ ЯНАЕВ" 9904: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9836: 9832: 9826: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9806: 9804: 9784: 9777: 9771: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9714: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9651: 9644: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9587: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9520: 9515: 9513: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9431: 9429: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9395: 9390: 9374: 9370: 9363: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9342: 9335: 9330: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9247:Slavic Review 9244: 9237: 9230: 9225: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9143: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9030: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8984: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8764: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8712:Novaya Gazeta 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8690: 8685: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8653:, pp. 276–277 8652: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8631: 8630:0-14-028487-7 8627: 8623: 8619: 8617: 8611: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8273: 8267: 8260: 8259:0-374-52738-5 8256: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8234: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8215: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8156: 8149: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8093: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8057: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8018: 8002: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7894: 7893:9788185842813 7890: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7714: 7712:9780742510289 7708: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7687: 7682: 7671: 7664: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7560:17 June 2009. 7559: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7529: 7523: 7513:Russian: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7440: 7437: 7431: 7426: 7423: 7412: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7245:Oleg Baklanov 7243: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7229:Dmitriy Yazov 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7131: 7130: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7051: 7048: 7043: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6945: 6942: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6911: 6910: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6841:Mátyás Szűrös 6838: 6827: 6824: 6823:Ukrainian SSR 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6796: 6795:Zhelyu Zhelev 6793: 6789: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6756: 6747: 6743: 6742:Kosovo battle 6738: 6737:Franjo Tuđman 6734: 6733:Ante Marković 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6650: 6647: 6646:Arduous March 6643: 6639: 6635: 6634:Pak Song-chol 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6608: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6586: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6484:Chinese media 6481: 6469: 6468:Chi Haotian's 6465: 6461: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6340:Boris Yeltsin 6337: 6333: 6328: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6225:Björn Engholm 6223:on schedule. 6222: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6196: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6123: 6122:Ronald Reagan 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6098:Richard Lugar 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6061:Air Force One 6057: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6041:United States 6031: 6028: 6023: 6014: 6011:met with his 6010: 6007: 6003: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5958:Toshiki Kaifu 5956: 5952: 5941: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5923:Jewish Agency 5920: 5916: 5912: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5883:Jean Chretien 5880: 5876: 5868: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5742: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5661:Boris Yeltsin 5658: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5528: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5488:Boris Yeltsin 5480: 5478: 5477:confederation 5472: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5451:September. On 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5259: 5256: 5248: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5222:This section 5220: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5163: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094:Boris Yeltsin 5091: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5057: 5054: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5032: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5008: 5005:(the unified 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4900: 4892: 4885: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4858:, and Deputy 4857: 4853: 4844: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787:At about 1:00 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773:Russian mafia 4765: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4706:Yelena Bonner 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4675: 4672:, declared a 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4641:pm. However, 4636: 4632: 4628: 4617: 4612: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4575: 4572:to alter the 4571: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4537: 4535: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4462:Baltic states 4459: 4455: 4454:North Ossetia 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4326: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4227:Ulysse Gosset 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165:Boris Yeltsin 4152: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4132: 4120: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4092:Gang of Eight 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4071:Oleg Baklanov 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923:Pavel Grachev 3920: 3911: 3902: 3897:August. On 15 3893:signing on 20 3892: 3888: 3887:Foros, Crimea 3884: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3843:Boris Yeltsin 3841: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3807:Gavriil Popov 3804: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3755:Valery Boldin 3752: 3751:Oleg Baklanov 3748: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3642:August 1991. 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608:supermajority 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592:Baltic states 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463:Boris Yeltsin 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309:Soviet Empire 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3124:Black January 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2977:Polish strike 2975: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2896:Prague Spring 2894: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2813:Space program 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2644:Moscow trials 2642: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2559:War communism 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2354: 2349: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2275:Heydar Aliyev 2270: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2252:Mircea Snegur 2248: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2221: 2216: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2153:Islam Karimov 2149: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2080:Doku Zavgayev 2075: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2046:Hasan Hasanov 2042: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1995:Pavel Grachev 1991: 1984: 1979: 1978:Gavriil Popov 1974: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1885: 1884:Boris Yeltsin 1880: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1844: 1839: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1793: 1788: 1787:Oleg Baklanov 1783: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1763: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1603:United States 1593: 1591: 1580: 1578: 1567: 1565: 1554: 1552: 1541: 1539: 1528: 1526: 1515: 1513: 1502: 1500: 1489: 1486: 1474: 1472: 1461: 1459: 1448: 1446: 1435: 1433: 1422: 1420: 1409: 1407: 1396: 1394: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1358: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1333: 1331: 1320: 1318: 1307: 1306: 1295: 1285: 1274: 1272: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1232: 1230: 1219: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1194: 1192: 1181: 1178: 1166: 1164: 1153: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1128: 1126: 1115: 1112: 1100: 1099: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1062: 1057: 1051: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1014: 997: 995: 984: 979: 973: 968: 962: 957: 951: 946: 938: 926: 921: 919: 914: 909: 907: 902: 897: 895: 890: 885: 883: 882:Intermovement 878: 873: 872: 865: 858: 857: 854: 836: 834: 819: 805: 791: 777: 763: 749: 735: 721: 707: 706: 701: 699: 697: 683: 669: 666: 656: 653: 643: 629: 628:North Ossetia 619: 617: 605: 604: 592: 591: 578: 565: 564: 551: 531: 529: 514: 513: 508: 507: 502: 498: 494: 492: 488: 484: 482: 478: 474: 473: 472: 471: 470: 449: 448: 437: 431: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 412: 411: 407: 403: 401: 397: 393: 391: 381: 379: 369: 368: 367: 366: 365: 361: 358: 351: 350: 345: 336:December 1991 331: 328: 325: 321: 319: 315: 312: 309: 306: 304: 301: 298: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 278: 274: 272: 268: 267: 266: 263: 260: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 240: 239: 231: 228: 227: 223: 217: 213: 209: 207: 203: 200: 196: 194: 193:national flag 190: 186: 185:Boris Yeltsin 183: 180: 176: 175: 173: 168: 163: 160: 154: 150: 145: 140: 137: 125: 121: 118: 110: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 74: 72: 71: 65: 63:(August 2022) 59: 57: 52:You can help 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 15768: 15759: 15752: 15686: 15679: 15672: 15665: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15630: 15612: 15605: 15598: 15591: 15503:Xerox affair 15482:Vote or lose 15362: 15216: 15208: 15200: 15163:Gabon (2023) 15158:Niger (2023) 15153:Sudan (2023) 15083:Niger (2021) 15047:Sudan (2019) 15042:Gabon (2019) 15037:Yemen (2018) 15027:Libya (2016) 14987:Libya (2014) 14982:Libya (2013) 14977:Egypt (2013) 14957:Sudan (2012) 14936:Mali (2012) 14922:Niger (2011) 14912:Niger (2010) 14876:Sudan (2008) 14836:Nepal (2005) 14816:Haiti (2004) 14811:Sudan (2004) 14756:Haiti (2001) 14700:Niger (1999) 14670:Qatar (1996) 14665:Niger (1996) 14635:Qatar (1995) 14585:Libya (1993) 14565:Sudan (1992) 14539:Peru (1992) 14515:Haiti (1991) 14509: 14336:Later events 14311: 14252:Malta Summit 14084:Turkmenistan 14012:Soviet Union 13998:Soviet Union 13978:East Germany 13798:Meles Zenawi 13753:Sali Berisha 13703:Václav Havel 13650:Human chains 13557:Károly Grósz 13487:Khozraschyot 13378:Nomenklatura 13353:Eastern Bloc 12976:World War II 12500:Smolensk War 12466:Livonian War 12402: 12165: 12124: 12118: 12075: 12064: 12040: 12022: 11988: 11971: 11964: 11947: 11930: 11912: 11895: 11885:the original 11872: 11868: 11843: 11826: 11809: 11802: 11785: 11770:Bibliography 11755:. 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Retrieved 7609: 7554:(in Russian) 7553: 7509: 7503:house arrest 7497: 7436:1990s portal 7387: 7363: 7353: 7347: 7337: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7082:South Africa 7024: 6987: 6898:in the most 6815:Václav Havel 6765: 6624:reported to 6599:Fidel Castro 6480:Dmitry Yazov 6474:5 and August 6418:Sali Berisha 6365:Turkmenistan 6355:independent 6304: 6186: 6128: 6027:Mr. Yakovlev 5960:ordered the 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5763: 5747: 5691: 5669:Yegor Gaidar 5650: 5612: 5576: 5556:Central Asia 5538:December in 5529: 5481: 5473: 5461:Turkmenistan 5380:August, the 5375: 5371:Ivan Silayev 5359: 5323: 5311: 5301:August, the 5296: 5290:adopted the 5285: 5281:Ivan Silayev 5266: 5251: 5242: 5231:Please help 5226:verification 5223: 5177:nationalized 5174: 5135: 5115:August, the 5110: 5079: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5033: 5025: 5007:paramilitary 4976: 4970:Around 10:00 4969: 4958: 4950: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4913: 4901: 4893: 4886: 4874: 4867: 4845: 4838: 4826:house arrest 4797:trolleybuses 4786: 4766: 4751: 4710: 4690: 4659: 4620: 4600:Russian SFSR 4592: 4567: 4543: 4497: 4485:Transnistria 4466: 4419: 4364: 4357: 4322: 4315:U.S. map of 4298:Ivan Silayev 4248: 4204: 4173:Radio Rossii 4158: 4151:helicopter. 4133: 4121: 4113: 4096: 4088: 4059:Dmitry Yazov 4030: 4026: 4015: 3993: 3986: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3935: 3903: 3876: 3873:Commencement 3833: 3822: 3816: 3796: 3781: 3766: 3728:Dmitry Yazov 3694: 3652: 3644: 3585: 3564: 3537: 3520:Soviet Union 3511:nomenklatura 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3479: 3444: 3432:Soviet Union 3383: 3379: 3377: 3252: 2793:Wage reforms 2651:World War II 2397: 2273: 2209:Askar Akayev 2130:Igor Smirnov 2128: 2115: 2093:Stepan Topal 2091: 2078: 2025: 1943:Ivan Silayev 1868: 1862: 1848: 1772: 1711:Dmitry Yazov 1696: 1663: 822: 702: 682:Turkmenistan 670: 668:Transnistria 657: 630: 607: 601: 588: 554: 517: 509: 469:Russian SFSR 452: 451: 438: 430:Vympel Group 378:Taman Guards 362: 353: 352: 347:Belligerents 299:independence 287:Russian SFSR 264: 254:Soviet Union 250:Russian SFSR 171: 147:Part of the 136: 99:edit summary 90: 61: 53: 15570:Cholpon-Ata 15290:(1991–1999) 15217:Successful 15143:Peru (2022) 15088:Mali (2021) 15068:Mali (2020) 14972:Chad (2013) 14866:Fiji (2006) 14851:Chad (2006) 14841:Togo (2005) 14831:Peru (2005) 14806:Chad (2004) 14736:Fiji (2000) 14655:Iraq (1996) 14495:Mali (1991) 14312:August Coup 14165:South Yemen 14110:Afghanistan 13954:Central and 13947:by location 13851:Civic Forum 13738:Feng Congde 13713:Ion Iliescu 13698:Lech Wałęsa 13655:Magnitizdat 13617:Zhao Ziyang 13607:Heng Samrin 13567:Miloš Jakeš 13477:Perestroika 13082:Vietnam War 12952: [ 12811:World War I 12732:Crimean War 12665:Finnish War 12581:(1740–1748) 12570:(1733–1738) 12495:Ingrian War 12211:(including 11757:11 December 11631:10 November 11605:10 November 11543:14 November 11236:10 November 11171:10 November 11081:12 November 10949:thestar.com 10900:10 November 10837:14 February 10807:14 February 10773:10 November 10697:thestar.com 10677:14 February 10311:22 December 9635:25 December 9536:RIA Novosti 9493:. YouTube. 9122:old.russ.ru 8647:Subject 111 7970:pp. 108–109 7370:documentary 7334:Channel One 7259:Tula Oblast 7061:Philippines 6921:El Salvador 6892:Petre Roman 6866:Lech Wałęsa 6768:Warsaw Pact 6642:revisionist 6618:North Korea 6587:: On August 6508:Jiang Zemin 6327:Afghanistan 6213:Helmut Kohl 6134:Meanwhile, 6085:James Baker 5988:Roh Tae-woo 5981:South Korea 5610:was valid. 5245:August 2016 5146:progressive 4793:White House 4718:Alpha Group 4696:. Outside, 4651:Soviet Navy 4525:Kirov Plant 4325:White House 4223:Soviet Army 4181:Ekho Moskvy 4110:Early hours 4020:met in the 3931:martial law 3762:Oleg Shenin 3686:Preparation 3679:irredentism 3663:Warsaw Pact 3581:War of Laws 3516:nationalist 3499:perestroika 3384:August Coup 3164:August Coup 3134:War of Laws 3013:Perestroika 2864:Vietnam War 2854:Six-Day War 2639:Great Purge 2594:: Stalinism 2513:World War I 1551:South Korea 1512:New Zealand 1191:North Korea 1111:Afghanistan 1017:monarchists 703:Supporting 577:Byelorussia 510:Supporting 420:Alpha Group 265:Coup fails 206:White House 15791:Categories 15740:(daughter) 15732:(daughter) 15646:Tsar Boris 15335:Presidency 15305:Birthplace 15227:See also: 14477:since 2010 14472:by country 14455:self-coups 14353:Lustration 14227:Baltic Way 14178:Individual 14155:Mozambique 14094:Uzbekistan 14079:Tajikistan 14064:Kyrgyzstan 14059:Kazakhstan 14024:Azerbaijan 14003:Yugoslavia 13881:Solidarity 13841:Charter 77 13827:Opposition 13723:Wu'erkaixi 13689:Opposition 13636:Opposition 13627:Siad Barre 13572:Egon Krenz 13542:Ramiz Alia 13533:Government 13472:Uskoreniye 13404:background 13326:background 13117:Ogaden War 13067:Korean War 12986:Winter War 12855:Heimosodat 12442:Tsardom of 11775:See also: 11484:4 December 11458:9 November 11407:4 December 11375:9 November 11332:4 December 11300:9 November 11268:9 November 11204:4 December 11140:9 November 11052:9 November 10945:"archives" 10929:4 December 10693:"archives" 10011:24 October 9734:15 October 9703:15 October 9546:12 October 9501:4 December 8745:Kommersant 7864:4 December 7358:dramatizes 7235:Boris Pugo 7092:embarked." 6975:Jyoti Basu 6973:cofounder 6870:Solidarity 6706:Yugoslavia 6402:Ramiz Alia 6361:Uzbekistan 6357:Tajikistan 6348:Mujahideen 6210:Chancellor 6164:reversal." 6009:John Major 5932:David Levy 5710:State Duma 5645:See also: 5574:in 2004.) 5552:Azerbaijan 5486:December, 5469:referendum 5441:referendum 5433:Tajikistan 5393:Kyrgyzstan 5275:headed by 5199:See also: 4680:pm to 5:00 4616:Red Square 4489:Sverdlovsk 4251:Kazakhstan 4099:Soviet man 4065:Boris Pugo 3867:Oleg Lobov 3863:Sverdlovsk 3736:Boris Pugo 3675:revanchism 3673:to German 3636:Uzbekistan 3632:Kazakhstan 3488:Background 3402:, who was 3394:(CPSU) to 3388:hardliners 3299:Leadership 3226:Khrushchev 3179:referendum 3154:Referendum 3038:Baltic Way 2713:Korean War 2554:Red Terror 2481:Bolshevism 2470:Background 2403:Boris Pugo 1767:Boris Pugo 1619:Yugoslavia 1284:Montenegro 1258:Yugoslavia 864:Interfront 833:Nakhchivan 776:Kyrgyzstan 762:Kazakhstan 696:Uzbekistan 642:Tajikistan 550:Azerbaijan 216:Red Square 58:in Russian 15448:Elections 15223:self-coup 15202:Self-coup 15126:September 15106:September 14393:Pink tide 14187:Jeltoqsan 14103:Elsewhere 14054:Lithuania 13906:Rastokhez 13846:New Forum 13829:movements 13728:Chai Ling 13338:Communism 12737:Åland War 12705:Murid War 12544:18th–19th 11533:147158781 11130:154647616 10957:436460688 10890:159619768 10705:436458189 10584:16 August 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3794:(GKChP). 3788:Lithuania 3734:Chairman 3711:Chairman 3647:Dan Stone 3548:Lithuania 3538:In 1990, 3455:president 3289:Geography 3284:Education 3246:Gorbachev 3241:Chernenko 3129:Osh riots 3109:Jeltoqsan 2995:1982–1991 2831:1964–1982 2736:1953–1964 2615:Holodomor 2592:1927–1953 2531:1917–1927 2476:Communism 1317:Australia 906:Yedinstvo 804:Lithuania 705:republics 655:Tatarstan 512:republics 117:talk page 15716:(mother) 15708:(father) 15566:Monument 15478:campaign 15466:campaign 14548:November 14533:November 14528:February 14150:Mongolia 14145:Ethiopia 14130:Cambodia 14034:Chechnya 13968:Bulgaria 13743:Tank Man 13733:Wang Dan 13718:Liu Gang 13675:Samizdat 13670:Protests 13509:Glasnost 13492:500 Days 13416:Cold War 13324:Internal 13270:Cold War 13132:Gulf War 12488:and the 12361:Internal 12217:Imperial 12101:IRC logs 12048:Archived 12021:(2005). 12009:Archived 11996:Archived 11979:Archived 11955:Archived 11938:Archived 11920:Archived 11903:Archived 11851:Archived 11834:Archived 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