Bazaar - Knowledge

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other market streets branch off (e.g. in Isfahan or Tehran), while others are large rectangular zones with a grid-like network of parallel and intersecting streets (e.g. as in Tabriz). The streets are lined with structures of one or two storeys that contain spaces for shops. The streets are typically roofed with brick vaults, pierced by skylights to allow for light and air circulation. The shops are often adjacent or connected to the workshops where the goods are also produced, so that manufacturing and retail are often concentrated in the same areas, though some production (especially of textiles) was also distributed in other parts of the city. Like the bazaars further west, there were also many

3950: 4068: 3935: 570: 3663: 4102: 3973: 4087: 654: 716:, the formal city. This was especially true in Central Asia, though there were exceptions in some regions where the bazaar was grouped with the citadel and the city's Friday mosque inside the city walls. After the 11th century, the growing importance of the suburbs and the commercial districts resulted in most of them being enclosed within newly expanded city walls. From the 10th century onward, the bazaar became the financial center of a city and was heavily patronized and developed by ruling elites. The grouping of a bazaar, citadel, and Friday mosque also became more common. 3504: 390: 3523: 3920: 863: 3897: 720: 59: 4117: 762: 3703:, also famed for its poetry competitions in addition to its storytelling activities. Temporary souks tended to become known for specific types of produce. For example, Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes. Political, economic and social changes have left only the small seasonal souks outside villages and small towns, primarily selling livestock and agricultural products. 6193: 200: 7105: 7118: 281: 3472:, depending on the city or historical period. It usually hosted the most prestigious and profitable trades such as jewelry, perfumes, and textiles. In order to protect these goods, the entrances to this area could be closed and locked at night or in times of danger. The other recurring element is the presence of courtyard buildings entered via a single large doorway. Often translated into English as a 557:, places where a caravan or caravans arrived and remained for rest and refreshments. Since this might be infrequent, souks often extended beyond buying and selling goods to include major festivals involving various cultural and social activities. Any bazaar may serve a social function as being a place for people to meet in, in addition to its commercial function. 3445:

and close to the heart of the city. In much of the Middle East and North Africa, the bazaar is a network of interconnected spaces, including streets and buildings, with diverse architectural forms. Its boundaries are not sharply defined and can vary according to circumstance, as the bazaar is closely

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Persia (550–330 BCE), documents indicate that crafts were sold in markets close to Persepolis. A network of bazaars had sprung up alongside ancient caravan trade routes. Bazaars located along these trade routes, formed networks, linking major cities with each other and in which goods, culture, people

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Scholar Mohammad Gharipour has pointed out that in spite of the centrality of bazaars in Persian history, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence. Historical records document the concept of a bazaar existing in Iran as early as 3000 BCE, where some large cities contained

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featuring a series of 15 engraved plates of Dacca featuring scenes of markets, commerce, buildings and streetscapes. European society generally frowned on nude painting – but harems, concubines and slave markets, presented as quasi-documentary works, satisfied European desires for pornographic art.

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Many of these works were lavishly illustrated with engravings of every day scenes of Oriental lifestyles, including scenes of market places and market trade. Artists focused on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets, caravans and snake charmers. Islamic architecture also became favorite subject

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Although there is great variety among the bazaars of this region, there are three recurring elements, in addition to the general network of market streets. One element is the individual shops or booths that line each side of a market street. The shops are usually small spaces open to the street and

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In the Middle East, the bazaar is considered to be "the beating heart of the city and a symbol of Islamic architecture and culture of high significance." Today, bazaars are popular sites for tourists and some of these ancient bazaars have been listed as world heritage sites or national monuments on

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In tribal areas, where seasonal souks operated, neutrality from tribal conflicts was usually declared for the period of operation of a souk to permit the unhampered exchange of surplus goods. Some of the seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular

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Though each neighbourhood within the city would have a local souk selling food and other essentials, the main bazaar was one of the central structures of a large city, selling durable goods, luxuries and providing services such as money exchange. Workshops where goods for sale are produced (in the

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in Iran was an important period for the development of urbanization and commerce. In Sassanid Iran, the bazaar was usually the heart of a town or city, where it spread outwards and affected the development of other neighbourhoods. The bazaar usually contained, or was adjoined by, an open-air plaza

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In pre-Islamic Arabia, two types of souks existed: permanent urban markets and temporary seasonal markets. The temporary seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce. Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was

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In Iran and Central Asia, the permanent bazaar is likewise in the centre of a city and had common architectural elements. These bazaars acted as financial centers of the city and were traditionally overseen by the state. Some Iranian bazaars are organized around one long market street from which

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Europeans often saw Orientals as the opposite of Western civilization; the peoples could be threatening- they were "despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational." At the same time, the Orient was seen as exotic, mysterious, a place of fables and

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occupied by merchants. They are typically equipped with large shutters which can be closed and locked when the shopkeeper is away. Another element is a more secure market area, usually centrally located and consisting of streets that were covered or roofed. This complex is variably known as a

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was the official in charge of regulating and policing the bazaar and other aspects of urban life. They monitored things such as weights and measures, pricing, cleanliness, noise, and traffic circulation, as well as being responsible for other issues of public morality. They also investigated

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Weekly markets have continued to function throughout the Arab world. Most of them are named from the day of the week on which they are held. They usually have open spaces specifically designated for their use inside cities. Examples of surviving markets are the Wednesday Market in

272:, but it refers to an outdoor market held at regular intervals, not a permanent structure containing shops. English place names usually translate "çarşı" (shopping district in a downtown or downtown itself) as "bazaar" when they refer to an area with covered streets or passages. 561:

known for its spices and perfumes. In spite of the centrality of the Middle East in the history of souks, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence. However, documentary sources point to permanent marketplaces in cities from as early as 550 BCE.

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A temporary, seasonal souk is held at a set time that might be yearly, monthly or weekly. The oldest souks were set up annually, and were typically general festivals held outside cities. For example, Souk Ukadh was held yearly in pre-Islamic times in an area between

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was a notable American example of a 19th-century artist and author in the Orientalism genre. His parents were wealthy tea and spice merchants who were able to fund his travels and interest in painting. In 1895 Weeks wrote and illustrated a book of travels titled

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types of produce such as Suq Hijr in Bahrain, noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes. In spite of the centrality of the Middle Eastern market place, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence.

624:, not much is known about the early history of bazaars and it remains a topic of ongoing research. Most of the surviving urban commercial structures in the Islamic world date from the 16th century or later, though some preserved urban 4048: 602:

in 622 CE. He designated an open, unbuilt space as the market area and forbade both the construction of permanent structures and the levying of taxes in this area. Eight years later, he is said to have appointed a market inspector

3362:, the texitle souk, the spice souk, the leather souk, the booksellers' souk, etc. This promotes competition among sellers and helps buyers easily compare prices. Merchants specialized in each trade were also organized into 709:

During the Islamic period in Iran, bazaars developed along the same lines as those of the Sassanid period. Up to the 11th century, the bazaar developed more commonly in the suburbs outside the city walls that enclosed the

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culture led to the publication of many books about daily life in Middle Eastern countries. Souks, bazaars and the trappings of trade feature prominently in paintings and engravings, works of fiction and travel writing.

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Although these works were purportedly non-fiction, they were notoriously unreliable. Many of these accounts provided detailed descriptions of market places, trading and commerce. Examples of travel writing include:

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Many English visitors to the Orient wrote narratives around their travels. British Romantic literature in the Orientalism tradition has its origins in the early eighteenth century, with the first translations of

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matter. Some of these works were propaganda designed to justify European imperialism in the East, however many artists relied heavily on their everyday experiences for inspiration in their artworks. For example,

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Bazaars or souks are traditionally divided into specialized sections dealing in specific types of product, each usually housed in a few narrow streets and named after the product it specializes in such as the

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During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans conquered and excavated parts of North Africa and the Levant. These regions now make up what is called the Middle East, but in the past were known as the

539:, noted that in Egypt, roles were reversed compared with other cultures and Egyptian women frequented the market and carried on trade, while the men remain at home weaving cloth. He also described 3654:

or caravanserai buildings elsewhere, with a courtyard enclosed by two storeys. The ground floor was usually used for storage and for stabling horses, while the upper floor housed merchants.

2073: 3949: 706:. In some cities, such as Cairo and Aleppo, the main bazaar was initially focused along one important street and then progressively grew and branched off into the surrounding streets. 143:

Although the lack of archaeological evidence has limited detailed studies of the evolution of bazaars, the earliest evidence for the existence of bazaars or souks dates to around 3000

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life; in the Middle East, souks tend to be found in a city's old quarter. Bazaars and souks are often important tourist attractions. A number of bazaar districts have been listed as

3991: 747:. The revenues generated by these buildings were typically earmarked to support the upkeep of religious complexes sponsored by these same patrons, through the legal framework of a 174:

Shopping at a bazaar or market-place remains a central feature of daily life in many Middle-Eastern and South Asian cities and towns and the bazaar remains the beating heart of

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In North American and Europe, the English word "bazaar" can denote more generically a shop or market selling miscellaneous items. It can also refer in particular to a sale or

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Historically, bazaars were also held outside cities at locations where incoming caravans stopped and merchants displayed their goods for sale. Bazaars were established at

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and information could be exchanged. Sources from around the same era also indicate that ancient Greeks regulated trade in areas at the center of their cities around

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Other notable painters in the Orientalist genre who included scenes of street life and market-based trade in their work are Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904),

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s (caravanserais) built in the area. They acted as warehouses, production centers, wholesale centers, hostels for merchants, and offices for conducting business.

743:(14th to 20th centuries), the construction of commercial buildings in and around the bazaar was often sponsored by sultans, ruling elites, or by members of the 3857:(translated into English from the French in 1705–08). The popularity of this work inspired authors to develop a new genre, the Oriental tale. Samuel Johnson's 6273: 946: 679:

both built structures in the market of Medina and levied taxes there, while purpose-built markets were built in early Islamic cities further abroad such as

5663:"Social bazaar and commercial bazaar: comparative study of spatial role of Iranian bazaar in the historical cities in different socio-economical context" 4086: 4067: 3816:

who lived for several years in a traditional mansion in Cairo, painted highly detailed works showing realistic genre scenes of Middle Eastern life.

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Karimi, M., Moradi, E. and Mehr, R., "Bazaar, As a Symbol of Culture and the Architecture of Commercial Spaces in Iranian-Islamic Civilization,"

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Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.).

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Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.).

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Kuban, Doğan (2011). "Bazaar, Anatolia and the Balkans". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.).

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Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.).

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Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). "Introduction – The Culture and Politics of Commerce: Bazaars in the Islamic world". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.).

3500:. They could serve a variety of functions including an inn for travelers and merchants, a manufacturing center, a trade venue, or a warehouse. 5601: 5580: 5366:

Floor, Willem (2011). "Bazaar, Iran and Central Asia". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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complaints about cheating or the quality of goods. The equivalent official could be known by other titles in different regions, such as the

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The Oriental female wearing a veil was a particularly tempting subject because she was hidden from view, adding to her mysterious allure.

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Muhammad's prohibition against constructing permanent buildings and levying taxes in the market began to be disregarded as early as the

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s could be independent markets built outside the main bazaar area, such as those built as part of large religious complexes like the

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O'Meara, Simon (2011). "Bazaar, Arab lands". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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in Aleppo is the largest covered historic market in the world, with an approximate length of 13 kilometers. It is part of the

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In the cities that developed under the Ottoman Empire, there was generally one central bazaar area, known in Turkish as the

120:, where it referred to a town's public market district. The term bazaar is sometimes also used to refer collectively to the 2113: 4216:– a morning market, typically a wet market that trades from dawn until midday, found in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. 7014: 5836: 4869: 2729: 2491: 1655: 501:

districts dedicated to trade and commerce. Archeological data also suggests the existence of market districts in ancient

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Shopping at a souk or market place is part of daily life throughout much of the Middle East. Prices are commonly set by

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and were able to negotiate with the government on behalf of merchants or represent their interests when needed.

239:. The term spread from Persian into Arabic, now used throughout the Middle East and in the Indian subcontinent. 7085: 6766: 2171: 1285: 540: 292:

The word "souk" in the Arabic-speaking world is roughly equivalent to "bazaar". The Arabic word is a loan from

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in Islamic cities, an official in charge of overseeing public morality and regulating weights and measures.

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https://www.thenational.ae/business/travel-and-tourism/doha-s-sprawling-souk-enters-the-modern-age-1.420872

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Pourjafar, Mohammadreza; Amini, Masoome; Hatami Varzaneh, Elham; Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad (2014-03-01).

3561:('covered market'), is a famous example. Additionally, several types of market structures were common: the 3330: 3011: 872: 620:

Despite the importance of the bazaar to economic life and the prominence of marketplace terminology in the

5903:"Compararative Sustainability of Bazaar in Iranian Traditional Cities: Case Studies in Isfahan and Tabriz" 5862:

Les Mystères de l'Égypte Dévoilés, (French Edition) (originally published in 1865), Elibron Classics, 2006

3687:. While a busy market, it was more famous for its poetry competitions, judged by prominent poets such as 147:. Cities in the ancient Middle East appear to have contained commercial districts. Later, in the historic 6046: 4949:

Staff, Press Boulevard Company; Press, Oxford University; Staff, Oxford University Press (1999). "souk".

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Architecture and Urban Transformation of Historical Markets: Cases from the Middle East and North Africa

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commercial district, typically in the form of a local market street that is closed to vehicular traffic.

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are often covered rows of stalls much like those seen elsewhere in the region, selling produce, spices,

6448: 4773: 3766:. A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period. 2781: 2662: 1729: 986: 793: 5239: 4871:

Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects

3808:(1827–1910) who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce. French painter 159:, and certain architectural forms, such as roofed streets and courtyard buildings known in English as 7157: 6041: 6031: 5452:

Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle

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A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period.

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visited Istanbul in the 17th century and painted pastels of Turkish domestic scenes. British painter

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was a solid stone building, typically rectangular and roofed by domes, with shops inside. Like the

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case of a merchant selling locally-made products) are typically located away from the souk itself.

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in Tunisia. This process seems to have accelerated during the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (

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New York, Laynfaroh, 2005; Meagher, J., "Orientalism in Nineteenth-Century Art," , Online:

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Notable artists in the Orientalist genre include: Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904),

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integrated with its urban surroundings and with other important institutions of the city.

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to conduct international trade, but no archeological evidence for them has been found. In

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is usually an elongated market structure or market street with shops lining its façades.

3503: 2939: 2929: 2854: 2543: 2486: 2476: 2446: 2411: 2391: 1205: 1011: 981: 918: 653: 529: 297: 5144:"Role of bazaars as a unifying factor in traditional cities of Iran: The Isfahan bazaar" 3841:(1827–1910), who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce. 3640:('Egyptian Market') in Istanbul is also one of the largest and best-known examples. The 1697: 6036: 2869: 2804: 2789: 2759: 2558: 2553: 2538: 2431: 2426: 2120: 2093: 1692: 1280: 1250: 1236: 789: 724: 151:, bazaars typically shared in common certain institutions, such as the position of the 5947: 4210:

that opens in the evening, typically held in the street in residential neighbourhoods.

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buildings. The ideas of Greek city planning were spread to the Middle East during the

163:. The exact details of their evolution and organization varied from region to region. 6806: 6218: 5832: 5687: 5662: 5641: 5430: 5405: 5371: 5335: 5310: 5282: 5199: 5165: 5115: 5063: 5036: 5010: 4983: 4956: 4904: 4875: 4848: 4725: 4672: 4645: 3878: 3830: 3797: 3776: 3045: 3026: 2572: 2533: 2481: 2471: 2461: 2436: 2421: 2384: 2015: 1399: 1143: 837: 657: 510: 5785: 5736: 4798: 2270: 7142: 6963: 6771: 6649: 6493: 6483: 6406: 6213: 5756: 5155: 4402: 4362: 4345: 4269: 4123: 3982: 3910: 3817: 3684: 3522: 3508: 3016: 3001: 2986: 2934: 2839: 2739: 2642: 2605: 2548: 2528: 2523: 2496: 2416: 2275: 2038: 1946: 1836: 1831: 1615: 1520: 1458: 1423: 1415: 1265: 1255: 1158: 991: 785: 736: 263: 129: 117: 4715: 4613: 4584: 3762:

beauty. This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as

3056: 389: 6938: 6756: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6468: 6228: 5811:"The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Age: Topic 4: Overview" 5681: 5635: 5540: 5276: 5193: 5109: 5084: 4950: 4719: 4426: 4289: 4005: 3874: 3430: 3293: 3166: 3021: 2949: 2914: 2814: 2704: 2610: 2451: 2255: 1981: 1846: 1712: 1702: 1665: 1431: 1098: 1041: 1031: 546: 521: 445: 409: 5220: 4692: 3723:

offers performance acts such as singing, music, acrobats and circus activities.

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The Rise of Oriental Travel: English Visitors to the Ottoman Empire, 1580–1720,

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Denoix, Sylvie; Depaule, Jean-Charles; Tuchscherer, Michel, eds. (1999).

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in other regions, it hosted the most important and luxurious trades. The

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Book I (The Babylonians), c. 440BC, translated by G.C. Macaulay, c. 1890

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International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering

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M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Market, covered".

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Permanent bazaars were established in urban zones, usually within the

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in Baghdad, built in 1359 as part of a larger architectural complex.

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New Worlds Reflected: Travel and Utopia in the Early Modern Period,

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New Worlds Reflected: Travel and Utopia in the Early Modern Period,

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M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Caravanserai".

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Meagher, J., "Orientalism in Nineteenth-Century Art," , Online:

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the basis of their historical, cultural or architectural value.

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and refers to marketplaces in the Middle East and North Africa.

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Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture

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Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the

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also shared responsibilities with other officials such as the

2001: 1821: 1717: 327:

refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract

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Iran Chamber Society on Architecture of the Bazaar at Isfahan

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Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia,

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