Law - Knowledge

3544: 1950: 4002: 1178: 1700: 3331: 1000: 2480: 1541: 3193: 4474: 4844:«In one of his elaborate orations in the United States Senate Mr. Charles Sumner spoke of "the generous presumption of the common law in favor of the innocence of an accused person;" yet it must be admitted that such a presumption cannot be found in Anglo-Saxon law, where sometimes the presumption seems to have been the other way. And in a very recent case in the Supreme Court of the United States, the case of Coffin, 156 U. S. 432, it is pointed out that this presumption was fully established in the Roman law, and was preserved in the canon law.» 67: 4040: 4629:, who sought to make clear the differences and connections between positive law, which lawyers learn and apply, and other forms of 'law' or social norms that regulate everyday life, generally preventing conflicts from reaching lawyers and courts. Contemporary research in the sociology of law is concerned with the way that law develops outside discrete state jurisdictions, being produced through social interaction in social arenas, and acquiring a diversity of sources of authority in national and transnational communal networks. 2691: 2359: 2981: 16982: 13767: 4689: 1384: 16946: 15055: 13781: 3161: 2582: 15065: 16971: 4633: 3872: 3652: 1560: 1137:. Hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary (rules of conduct) and secondary ones (rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules). Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication (to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (allowing laws to be varied) and the rule of recognition (allowing laws to be identified as valid). Two of Hart's students continued the debate: In his book 2755: 16958: 4581:, where a noisy sweetmaker and a quiet doctor were neighbours and went to court to see who should have to move. Coase said that regardless of whether the judge ruled that the sweetmaker had to stop using his machinery, or that the doctor had to put up with it, they could strike a mutually beneficial bargain about who moves that reaches the same outcome of resource distribution. Only the existence of 4022:

is held by people known as beneficiaries. Trustees owe duties to their beneficiaries to take good care of the entrusted property. Another example of a trustee's duty might be to invest property wisely or sell it. This is especially the case for pension funds, the most important form of trust, where investors are trustees for people's savings until retirement. But trusts can also be set up for

4296: 1615:, was chosen to adjudicate. Decisions were not published in any systematic way, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised. Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the State, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today. From 529 to 534 AD the 2190:, which is present in common law legal systems, especially in the US, and argumentative theories that occur in both systems. The latter are different rules (directives) of legal interpretation such as directives of linguistic interpretation, teleological interpretation or systemic interpretation as well as more specific rules, for instance, 5163: 3726:) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred. When contracts are invalidated for some reason (e.g. a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract) the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car. 8765: 8310: 3979:, is that it is a right good against the world. Obligations, like contracts and torts, are conceptualised as rights good between individuals. The idea of property raises many further philosophical and political issues. Locke argued that our "lives, liberties and estates" are our property because we own our bodies and 3388:, and the state may do nothing except that which is authorised by law. Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People (wheresoever allowed) may potentially have prerogative to legally challenge (or sue) an agency, local council, public service, or government ministry for 4021:

than rigid rules. Whereas neither the common law nor civil law systems allow people to split the ownership from the control of one piece of property, equity allows this through an arrangement known as a trust. Trustees control property whereas the beneficial, or equitable, ownership of trust property

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as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially "self help"; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by other states. However, a few bodies, such as the WTO,

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in each house. Normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions. If a country has an entrenched constitution, a special majority for changes to the constitution may be required, making changes to the law more difficult. A government usually leads the

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But what, after all, is a law? When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action. On this view, we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws, since

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defined his "scientific" approach to law, identifying the "legal rational form" as a type of domination, not attributable to personal authority but to the authority of abstract norms. Formal legal rationality was his term for the key characteristic of the kind of coherent and calculable law that was

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deals with all regulations and technical standards applicable to the safe operation of aircraft, and is an essential part both of pilots' training and pilot's operations. It is framed by national civil aviation acts (or laws), themselves mostly aligned with the recommendations or mandatory standards

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at the expense of private law rights. Due to rapid industrialisation, today China is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination. Furthermore, after negotiations

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said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word "law" and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned. It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word "law" (e.g. "let's forget about generalities and get

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solution. The idea is that law and regulation are not as important or effective at helping people as lawyers and government planners believe. Coase and others like him wanted a change of approach, to put the burden of proof for positive effects on a government that was intervening in the market, by

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Many Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession, but some still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts. In China and other developing countries there are not sufficient professionally

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Writing in the early 20th century, Max Weber believed that a definitive feature of a developed state had come to be its bureaucratic support. Weber wrote that the typical characteristics of modern bureaucracy are that officials define its mission, the scope of work is bound by rules, and management

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elements of Sharia law. Since the mid-1940s, efforts have been made, in country after country, to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions. In modern times, the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law

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Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment. It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically

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It is a real unity of them all in one and the same person, made by covenant of every man with every man, in such manner as if every man should say to every man: I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou givest up, thy

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of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at "a certain place" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country. A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and

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in a court proceeding emanates from this corollary—in England the function of barrister or advocate is distinguished from legal counselor. As the European Court of Human Rights has stated, the law should be adequately accessible to everyone and people should be able to foresee how the law affects

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lay a basic framework for free trade and commerce across the world's oceans and seas, where outside of a country's zone of control. Shipping companies operate through ordinary principles of commercial law, generalised for a global market. Admiralty law also encompasses specialised issues such as

2555:. One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another. The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review. This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action. 1867:

also survives in some church communities. Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability, because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments. Nonetheless, most religious jurisdictions rely on further human elaboration to provide for thorough and

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are key areas for inquiry in this knowledge field. In the United States, the field is usually called law and society studies; in Europe, it is more often referred to as socio-legal studies. At first, jurists and legal philosophers were suspicious of sociology of law. Kelsen attacked one of its

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Civil law jurisdictions treat contracts differently in a number of respects, with a more interventionist role for the state in both the formation and enforcement of contracts. Compared to common law jurisdictions, civil law systems incorporate more mandatory terms into contracts, allow greater

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Codes became the most influential. In contrast to English common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. EU law is codified in treaties, but

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and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state. Modern military, policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as Locke or Montesquieu could not have foreseen. The custom and practice of the legal

2457:, such as China, the courts are often regarded as parts of the executive, or subservient to the legislature; governmental institutions and actors exert thus various forms of influence on the judiciary. In Muslim countries, courts often examine whether state laws adhere to the Sharia: the 2655:

Although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda. In presidential systems, the executive often has the power to veto legislation. Most executives in both systems are responsible for

5156: 3779:. Having consumed half of it, Donoghue poured the remainder into a tumbler. The decomposing remains of a snail floated out. She claimed to have suffered from shock, fell ill with gastroenteritis and sued the manufacturer for carelessly allowing the drink to be contaminated. The 2212:

noted that the "basic pattern of legal reasoning is reasoning by example"—that is, reasoning by comparing outcomes in cases resolving similar legal questions. In a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding procedural efforts taken by a debt collection company to avoid errors, Justice

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wrote of international law, "one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women, and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support, to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms."

3069:, non-governmental organisations, neighbourhoods, churches, and religious associations. There is no clear legal definition of the civil society, and of the institutions it includes. Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions (such as the 7138:(1927) 43; "Equity is a roguish thing. For law we have a measure... equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is longer or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure a Chancellor's foot." 3974:

This case is used to support the view of property in common law jurisdictions, that the person who can show the best claim to a piece of property, against any contesting party, is the owner. By contrast, the classic civil law approach to property, propounded by

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was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws. The Law Merchant, a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property. As

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As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law worldwide. It also forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and has played an important role in the creation of the idea of a common European culture (Stein,

2652:. In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet. Under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable. 2567:

process, which can be formed from Members of Parliament (e.g. the UK or Germany). However, in a presidential system, the government is usually formed by an executive and his or her appointed cabinet officials (e.g. the United States or Brazil).

1629:. As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before." The Justinian Code remained in force in the East until the fall of the 1741:

systems, legislative statutes are typically more detailed, and judicial decisions are shorter and less detailed, because the adjudicator is only writing to decide the single case, rather than to set out reasoning that will guide future courts.

873:; nor whether the prince is above the law, since he is a member of the State; nor whether the law can be unjust, since no one is unjust to himself; nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws, since they are but registers of our wills. 1459:

also adopted the common law system. The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences. Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing parts of the

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is a relatively new field dealing with aspects of international law regarding human activities in Earth orbit and outer space. While at first addressing space relations of countries via treaties, increasingly it is addressing areas such as

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Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well. The state, usually with the help of police, takes the lead in prosecution, which is why in common law countries cases are cited as

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The liability for negligence is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the

1159:. Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning. In his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to 2868:. Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures (e.g. successfully passing a qualifying examination), are required by law to have a special qualification (a legal education earning the student a 3760:

under civil law systems. To have acted tortiously, one must have breached a duty to another person, or infringed some pre-existing legal right. A simple example might be unintentionally hitting someone with a ball. Under the law of

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are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact: juries cannot change legal rules. Some developed countries still condone capital punishment for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be

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concept of "civil society" dates back to Hobbes and Locke. Locke saw civil society as people who have "a common established law and judicature to appeal to, with authority to decide controversies between them." German philosopher

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Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part

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supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses, making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing. Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the

1835:, from around 1760, was the first scholar to collect, describe, and teach the common law. But merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked. 3688:

Consideration indicates the fact that all parties to a contract have exchanged something of value. Some common law systems, including Australia, are moving away from the idea of consideration as a requirement. The idea of

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during the late 12th century, when Henry appointed judges that had authority to create an institutionalised and unified system of law common to the country. The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when

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that as society becomes more complex, the body of civil law concerned primarily with restitution and compensation grows at the expense of criminal laws and penal sanctions. Other notable early legal sociologists included

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ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel, he should be considered the rightful keeper ("finders keepers") until the original owner is found. In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of

3182: 3396:(law, ordinance, policy order). Such challenge vets the ability of actionable authority under the law, and that the government entity observed required procedure. The first specialist administrative court was the 1544:

Colour-coded map of the legal systems around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and mixed legal systems. Common law systems are shaded pink, and civil law systems are shaded blue/turquoise.

2798:). Like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive. One of the earliest references to the concept was made by 11591: 3713:

of contracts. They also do not require consideration for a contract to be binding. In France, an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a "meeting of the minds" or a "concurrence of wills".

1088:. Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with "normativity", meaning we ought to obey it. While laws are positive "is" statements (e.g. the fine for reversing on a highway 14154: 13924: 3038:. In post-modern theory, civil society is necessarily a source of law, by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be. As Australian barrister and author 10113: 15556: 15020: 3952:'s boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones. He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued. The goldsmith's apprentice looked at it, sneakily removed the stones, told the boy it was worth three 4360:

became popular and took management of services away from public law, private companies doing the jobs previously controlled by government have been bound by varying degrees of social responsibility.

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and that he would buy it. The boy said he would prefer the jewel back, so the apprentice gave it to him, but without the stones. The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice's attempt to cheat him.

2406:. For most European countries the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg can overrule national law, when EU law is relevant. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg allows citizens of the 14483: 14388: 3112: 3065:

the law becomes to the people. The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets, profit-oriented firms, families, trade unions, hospitals, universities, schools, charities,

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As time went on, many felt that the common law was overly systematised and inflexible, and increasing numbers of citizens petitioned the King to override the common law. On the King's behalf, the

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a precondition for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state. Weber saw this law as having developed in parallel with the growth of capitalism. Another leading sociologist,

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Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or

3274: 3796:'s question, Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. 8180: 6175:. 1a2ae, 90.4. Translated by J G Dawson. Ed d'Entreves. (Basil Blackwell). Latin: "nihil est aliud qau edam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune, ab eo qi curam communitatis habet, promulgata". 4997:

According to Malloy, Smith established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others".(

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was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated. Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the

3626: 2826:" aside, public services such as schooling, health care, policing or public transport are considered a crucial state function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power. 6626: 3303:. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. As the 1529:, typical of modern law, result in the sharing of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law. The third type of legal system is religious law, based on 14508: 13909: 8500: 6942: 15672: 15030: 2551:

system (as in Australia, Germany or the United States) or different voting configuration in a unitary system (as in France). In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a

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In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems. Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined. The numerous

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Farah, Paolo (August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism".

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because he did not accept the primacy of abstract normative principles over concrete political positions and decisions. Therefore, Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception (

6477: 3765:, the most common form of tort, the injured party could potentially claim compensation for their injuries from the party responsible. The principles of negligence are illustrated by 2935:

who provides on-demand legal research through a library, a commercial service or freelance work. Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely.

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refers to states that cannot implement or enforce policies; their police and military no longer control security and order and society moves into anarchy, the absence of government.

14944: 7324: 4612:. It is a transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study focused on the theorisation and empirical study of legal practices and experiences as social phenomena. The institutions of 977:

argues that law is a rational ordering of things, which concern the common good, that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community. This definition has both

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trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost-effective. His second major article,

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belong to someone), but the boy's possessory interest was considered better, because it could be shown to be first in time. Possession may be nine-tenths of the law, but not all.

3417:, councils, or committees deal with policy and procedures facilitating elections. These rules settle disputes or enable the translation of the will of the people into functioning 2806:

The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly; here the offices, clerks, secretaries, inspectors and

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set minimum standards on the amounts of capital banks must hold, and rules about best practice for investment. This is to insure against the risk of economic crises, such as the

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Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut; Glasius, Marlies (2003). "Global Civil Society in an Era of Regressive Globalisation". In Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut; Glasius, Marlies (eds.).

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A corollary of the rule of law is the existence of a legal profession sufficiently autonomous to invoke the authority of the independent judiciary; the right to assistance of a

6879: 14378: 9223: 3853:, which occurs, for example, when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician's reputation. More infamous are economic torts, which form the basis of 2128:

and custom. The constitutions of certain Muslim states, such as Egypt and Afghanistan, recognise Islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia.

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on the other hand, as the King's keeper of conscience, could overrule the judge-made law if he thought it equitable to do so. This meant equity came to operate more through

4110: 14393: 14288: 3308: 2091:, judges, a fully articulated legal code, principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. 14478: 5257: 4608:

The sociology of law examines the interaction of law with society and overlaps with jurisprudence, philosophy of law, social theory and more specialised subjects such as

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compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralised. In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the

14180: 7971:(1669), 1 Mod. Rep. 3, 86 Eng. Rep. 684, where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layperson, "If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you." 3087:

All legal systems deal with the same basic issues, but jurisdictions categorise and identify their legal topics in different ways. A common distinction is that between "

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Although many scholars argue that "the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred", and that this distinction has become mere "folklore" (Bergkamp,

1533:. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards. The 1415:(c. 100–300 AD) were foundational treatises in India, and comprise texts considered authoritative legal guidance. Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and 15722: 15667: 15454: 15204: 14779: 13944: 4500:

presented a philosophical foundation for explaining the relationship between law and economics. The discipline arose partly out of a critique of trade unions and U.S.

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which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns

7618: 2605:, as with Britain, Italy, Germany, India, and Japan, the executive is known as the cabinet, and composed of members of the legislature. The executive is led by the 15601: 15421: 15291: 14984: 14889: 10641:

Haggard, Stephan; Shugart, Matthew Soberg (2001). "Institutions and Public Policy in Presidential Systems". In Haggard, Stephan; McCubbins, Mathew Daniel (eds.).

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Fox, Jonathan; Sandler, Shmuel (1 April 2005). "Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies".

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a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting

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codified and consolidated Roman law up until that point, so that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before. This became known as the

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Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as "the other source of law"; hence, scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of "written law" (

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Roeber, A. G. (October 2001). "What the Law Requires Is Written on Their Hearts: Noachic and Natural Law among German-Speakers in Early Modern North America".

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McAuliffe, Karen (21 February 2013). "Precedent at the Court of Justice of the European Union: The Linguistic Aspect". In Michael Freeman; Fiona Smith (eds.).

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Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law. This usually entails exploring

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and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control. The first modern police were probably those in 17th-century Paris, in the court of

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The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence. Normative jurisprudence asks "what should law be?", while analytic jurisprudence asks "what is law?"

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by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a

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is formed. The more people are involved with, concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and

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prevent people from committing a crime in the first place. Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of

14383: 14333: 14099: 13989: 11183: 9257: 7587: 4940:, 719) comments on the League of Nations' failure: "It was wrong to say that the League failed. It was rather the member states who had failed the League." 4786: 4410:) of the turn of the 20th century. It is used to control businesses who attempt to use their economic influence to distort market prices at the expense of 9770: 7048: 15321: 15281: 14949: 14924: 14839: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14313: 14079: 14044: 14029: 14014: 13969: 13904: 11849: 10885: 4106: 3335: 2706:

While military organisations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a standing police force is a relatively modern concept. For example,

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Rottleuthner, Hubert (1984). "Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts. Die Kontroverse zwischen Hans Kelsen und Eugen Ehrlich (1915/17)".

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with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes. Coase used the example of a

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concept" that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their Anglo-American constitutional traditions.

1047:, the founder of a purely rationalistic system of natural law, argued that law arises from both a social impulse—as Aristotle had indicated—and reason. 14453: 14368: 14343: 14034: 7840: 2231:, to legal questions. The use of statistical methods in court cases and law review articles has grown massively in importance in the last few decades. 18866: 15566: 15479: 15411: 15336: 14979: 14864: 14616: 14353: 14323: 14134: 14109: 13954: 13934: 13899: 13884: 11156: 2318: 15449: 6056:

Williams, Glanville. International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Meaning of the Word "Law". Revised version published in Laslett (Editor),

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Equity is a body of rules that developed in England separately from the "common law". The common law was administered by judges and barristers. The

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were polar opposites, within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. The modern dipole state–civil society was reproduced in the theories of

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the constitution and all other laws. But in common law countries, where matters are not constitutional, the judiciary may also create law under the

1487:'s communists who won control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by 15717: 15271: 15149: 14869: 14849: 14433: 14358: 14338: 14206: 14197: 14188: 14119: 14074: 14004: 13999: 13949: 13869: 10824: 8331: 6642: 1733:(Latin for "to stand by decisions") means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts to assure that similar cases reach similar results. In 8488: 6934: 3562:

Examples of crimes include murder, assault, fraud and theft. In exceptional circumstances defences can apply to specific acts, such as killing in

1665:, modernised their legal codes. Both these codes heavily influenced not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe, but also the 1570:

Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are, primarily,

15692: 15276: 14834: 14749: 14303: 14129: 14064: 14019: 13979: 13874: 5498: 4249: 12475: 8541: 1326:, Roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when medieval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts to the 17020: 15606: 15596: 15586: 14959: 14919: 14874: 14423: 14184: 14104: 13994: 13974: 13964: 13879: 11966: 3206:

can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations.

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The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Edited with Introduction by Talcott Parsons – Translated in English by A. M. Henderson)

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E.g. in England these seven subjects, with EU law substituted for international law, make up a "qualifying law degree". For criticism, see

3543: 3385: 3374: 3311:, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. 2810:

are not appointed to benefit the public interest, indeed the public interest appears to have been established so that offices might exist.

2613:

of the legislature. Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.

12390: 8112: 7722: 5630: 2344:, whilst civil society is a term used to refer to the social institutions, communities and partnerships that form law's political basis. 1734: 1420: 8618: 7802: 6588: 17810: 17451: 10489: 9336: 2182:

There are distinguished methods of legal reasoning (applying the law) and methods of interpreting (construing) the law. The former are

12422: 5827: 5295: 2295:

between the political, legislature and executive bodies. Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the

931:

One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour. In

16325: 11436: 10437:

Fine, Tony F. (2001). "The Globalization of Legal Education in the United States". In Drolshammer, Jens I.; Pfeifer, Michael (eds.).

7981: 6868: 4917: 4485: 4450: 2830:

is composed of career experts who manage top down, communicating through writing and binding public servants' discretion with rules.

2282: 907:

suggested that no such definition could be produced. McCoubrey and White said that the question "what is law?" has no simple answer.

574: 9351: 6846: 1716: 17995: 13748: 12367: 9143: 8739: 7086: 2438:

A judiciary is theoretically bound by the constitution, just as all other government bodies are. In most countries judges may only

8016: 7744: 7649: 6912: 1272:. However, Athens had no legal science or single word for "law", relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law ( 18603: 17905: 15528: 15101: 14969: 14513: 11308: 11066: 7806: 6282: 5094: 4001: 2733: 2424: 2374:

A judiciary is a number of judges mediating disputes to determine outcome. Most countries have systems of appeal courts, with an

1391:

is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words.

1237:, by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as 18024: 13846: 10936: 6352: 6085: 6015: 5247: 3930:

and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property,

3070: 2060: 1949: 1831:

have always played an important part, both to collect overarching principles from dispersed case law, and to argue for change.

1765:, the law varied shire-to-shire based on disparate tribal customs. The concept of a "common law" developed during the reign of 904: 493: 10220:

Curtin, Deirdre; Wessel, Ramses A. (2005). "A Survey of the Content of Good Governance for some International Organisations".

8969: 8013:"Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité : la Préfecture de Police au Service des Citoyens" 7437: 1177: 1015:

answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience".

18012: 16227: 16212: 12499: 12379: 12323: 12312: 12223: 12201: 12161: 12133: 12114: 12086: 12054: 12028: 12009: 11807: 11745: 11714: 11695: 11673: 11654: 11626: 11549: 11530: 11507: 11485: 11394: 11338: 11296: 11264: 11172: 11146: 11100: 11076: 11052: 11033: 11014: 10991: 10966: 10910: 10871: 10852: 10804: 10785: 10687: 10669: 10650: 10631: 10609: 10590: 10571: 10536: 10517: 10469: 10446: 10427: 10402: 10330: 10308: 10286: 10267: 10248: 10229: 10210: 10188: 10166: 10044: 10025: 10006: 9987: 9899: 9877: 9856: 9837: 9818: 9799: 9705: 9686: 8935: 7558: 7206: 6471: 4086: 3508:, that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or 2458: 1023:, argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature. The concept of "natural law" emerged in ancient 201: 11024:

Kaiser, Dagmar (2005). "Leistungsstōrungen". In Staudinger, Julius von; Martinek, Michael; Beckmann, Roland Michael (eds.).

9936: 4965: 4161:

covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation.

3540:), and negligence. Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment. 3245:. Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts (e.g. the 3160: 2672:. The election of a different executive is therefore capable of revolutionising an entire country's approach to government. 1363:

grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Law Merchant was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes. The

16222: 16193: 16150: 15774: 14694: 8376:

Zaleski, Pawel (2008). "Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality".

8187: 7681: 1268:, from about the 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry, excluding women and 567: 14069: 9655: 9426: 5329: 3299:—seek to follow a similar model. In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and the 18713: 18623: 15707: 11417: 9931: 7606: 5212: 4746: 4090: 3682: 3015: 2799: 2620:

is apart from the executive, and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation. Examples include the

2391: 18738: 7238: 3673:(agreements must be kept). In common law jurisdictions, three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary: 17013: 7385: 4186:

sprang from the law of trusts, on the principle of separating ownership of property and control. The law of the modern

2379: 1464:, but mostly the German Civil Code. This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late 19th century. 911:

said that the meaning of the word "law" depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, "

8230: 1908:

or Five Books of Moses. This contains the basic code of Jewish law, which some Israeli communities choose to use. The

1699: 1403:

represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice. The

16165: 14539: 14438: 14258: 13174: 12732: 12631: 11944: 10144: 8204: 6723: 6698: 6636: 6582: 6193: 6044: 5934: 5858: 5755: 5473: 3234: 1724: 1641:

used to interpret their own laws. Civil law codifications based closely on Roman law, alongside some influences from

12180:. Washington DC: Center for the Study of Voluntary Organisations and Services, Georgetown University. Archived from 11916: 11448: 9071: 9044: 3833:

Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property. Under a

1260:

dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small

18683: 17133: 16962: 13288: 13157: 10546: 8457: 4481: 2889: 2484: 2252: 2065: 1416: 1327: 12000:

Sherif, Adel Omar (2005). "Constitutions of Arab Countries and the Position of Sharia". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

11106: 8425: 1147:

attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue. Dworkin argues that law is an "

17639: 17490: 16898: 16270: 16118: 13743: 13090: 12991: 9372: 8686: 8656: 4702: 4143:

concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation-state that is not their own and to acquire or lose

3196: 2170:. Academic opinion is divided on whether it is a separate system from civil law, given major deviations based on 1817: 1008: 942: 16986: 11222: 9767: 9254: 4827:) or custom. Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation (Georgiadis, 1637:

and Germanic customary law until the Justinian Code was rediscovered in the 11th century, which scholars at the

18840: 18693: 17579: 16855: 16509: 16350: 16145: 15229: 13250: 12884: 11610: 9677:

Akhlaghi, Behrooz (2005). "Iranian Commercial Law and the New Investment Law FIPPA". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

7056: 5575: 5466:

Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present

4191: 4094: 4064: 3246: 2963: 2645: 2206: 1785:

had five. This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a systematised process of developing common law.

1516: 634: 458: 11872: 10893: 5191:

Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava

4553:(1937), argued that the reason for the existence of firms (companies, partnerships, etc.) is the existence of 4267:

aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services. These are legal rights (

3330: 1051:

believed a moral imperative requires laws "be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature".

18880: 18753: 17975: 17006: 16462: 16318: 14989: 14328: 12603: 10814: 8572: 8063: 4639:, who began his career as a lawyer, and is regarded as one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law 4055:

is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker, employer and trade union. This involves

3894:, refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry or intangible rights, such as 3812: 3002: 2167: 1973: 1813: 1782: 9209: 7832: 3057:

allow people to gather, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the basis of a

2916:

trained people to staff the existing judicial systems, and, accordingly, formal standards are more relaxed.

2814:

Cynicism over "officialdom" is still common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to

1155:, on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart's "soft social thesis" approach in 18912: 18778: 18773: 18467: 17505: 17138: 16803: 16713: 14532: 14251: 13410: 12889: 12216:

Economy and Society, Volume I (Translated and edited by Claus Wittich, Ephraim Fischoff, and Guenther Roth)

8973: 4986: 4098: 3630: 3214: 3138: 2695: 2625: 2129: 1476: 994: 696:

has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities.

7780: 6571:

Clarke, M. A.; Hooley, R. J. A.; Munday, R. J. C.; Sealy, L. S.; Tettenborn, A. M.; Turner, P. G. (2017).

2058:. The Eastern Catholic Churches, which developed different disciplines and practices, are governed by the 1719:

legal systems, decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as "law" on equal footing with legislative

18793: 18788: 18573: 16355: 16176: 15521: 15094: 13405: 10775: 9997:

Campbell, Tom D. (1993). "The Contribution of Legal Studies". In Robert E. Goodin; Philip Pettit (eds.).

8801: 8328: 7836: 3719: 3532:

is enough. Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense (

3525: 3381: 3242: 3226: 2736:. The military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the government or the courts. The term 2629: 2523: 2419: 2277: 2132:, and is governed on the basis of Islamic law. Iran has also witnessed a reiteration of Islamic law into 1995: 1924: 1774:

was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws. This "great charter" or

967:

defined law as "the prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious." In his

17: 10818: 3617:. Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to 17458: 17118: 13839: 13380: 12879: 11954: 11819: 11441:"Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7" 9978:

Brody, David C.; Acker, James R.; Logan, Wayne A. (2001). "Introduction to the Study of Criminal Law".

7301: 4563: 4513: 4283: 4078: 3976: 3115:. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and 2432: 2402: 2387: 2011: 1673:

legal traditions. Today, countries that have civil law systems range from Russia and Turkey to most of

525: 432: 17775: 10694:

Harris, Ron (September 1994). "The Bubble Act: Its Passage and Its Effects on Business Organization".

9920:. New York, Chicago, Commerce Clearing House, Loose leaf Service division of the Corporation Trust Co. 9051: 5490: 4194:, passed in the United Kingdom, which provided investors with a simple registration procedure to gain 2822:. In fact private companies, especially large ones, also have bureaucracies. Negative perceptions of " 2140:

has been the call to restore the Sharia, which has generated a vast amount of literature and affected

1661: 1368: 17822: 17765: 17350: 16617: 16345: 16280: 16232: 15495: 15366: 15179: 14443: 13463: 12467: 11184:"Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral: Beyond Reason and Postmodernism – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought" 9790:

Auby, Jean-Bernard (2002). "Administrative Law in France". In Stroink, F.A.M.; Seerden, René (eds.).

9250: 8538: 8038: 7679:

Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7

7197:

Ferrari, Silvio (2012). "Chapter 4: Canon Law as a Religious Legal System". In Huxley, Andrew (ed.).

5965: 5521: 4342: 4304: 4264: 3980: 3857:

in some countries by making trade unions liable for strikes, when statute does not provide immunity.

3622: 3442: 3398: 3358: 3304: 3295:. Given the trend of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the 2447: 1520: 1377: 1306:, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under 1269: 999: 964: 194: 11958: 4870:

About "cabinet accountability" in both presidential and parliamentary systems, see Shugart–Haggard,

3879:, one of the world's first ever speculations and crashes, led to strict regulation on share trading. 18663: 16950: 16798: 16788: 16585: 16311: 16265: 15914: 15767: 14711: 14687: 14563: 14398: 13258: 13240: 8810: 6036: 4540: 4402:

doctrine. Modern competition law derives from the U.S. anti-cartel and anti-monopoly statutes (the

4369: 4123:

concern the rules that courts must follow as a trial and appeals proceed. Both concern a citizen's

4059:

regulation, and the right to strike. Individual employment law refers to workplace rights, such as

3957: 3953: 3577: 3515: 3446: 3346: 3292: 3257: 3238: 3210: 3152: 3104: 2819: 2479: 2413:

Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be

2396: 2199: 2077: 2042: 1745:

Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the

1738: 1554: 1500: 903:

There have been several attempts to produce "a universally acceptable definition of law". In 1972,

898: 779: 756: 673: 520: 478: 282: 275: 13592: 12521: 5431:"Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia" 5430: 3250:

have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions.

1537:

that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.

692:, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, 18643: 18563: 17980: 17569: 17480: 16981: 16760: 16648: 16543: 15591: 15376: 13633: 13420: 12909: 12894: 12443: 11932: 11664:

Rasekh, Mohammad (2005). "Are Islamism and Republicanism Compatible?". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

5970: 5351:

Berman, Harold J. (1983). "Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective".

4300: 4239: 3634: 3572: 3438: 2997: 2924: 2885: 2726:, although the Paris Prefecture of Police claim they were the world's first uniformed policemen. 2610: 2528:

in Paris. By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out

2383: 2309: 2007: 1928: 1479:

retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between

1468: 367: 297: 148: 112: 18377: 12560: 12181: 9956: 7166: 1808:. At first, equity was often criticised as erratic. Over time, courts of equity developed solid 1603:

in the 6th century, which were rediscovered by 11th century Italy. Roman law in the days of the

17970: 17950: 17800: 17470: 17098: 16870: 16590: 16418: 16053: 15514: 15469: 15286: 15087: 13688: 13673: 9757: 8872: 4958: 4721: 4613: 4590: 4549: 4235: 3062: 3058: 3050: 2576: 2507: 2439: 2287: 2046: 1998:, for the government of a Christian organisation or church and its members. It is the internal 1964: 1148: 1092:€500); law tells us what we "should" do. Thus, each legal system can be hypothesised to have a 38: 17837: 16291: 12402: 12398: 11321: 8109: 7803:"Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court)" 5747: 1007:

Definitions of law often raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality.

18124: 18079: 17890: 17485: 16793: 16783: 16745: 16718: 16680: 16653: 16563: 16472: 16391: 16381: 16129: 13832: 13792: 13385: 13063: 12874: 11904: 11218: 10381: 8603: 7810: 6572: 5986: 4883:

In these cases sovereignty is eroded, and often warlords acquire excessive powers (Fukuyama,

4674: 4217: 4124: 4056: 3776: 3563: 3555: 3505: 3039: 3031: 2989: 2873: 2759: 2661: 2443: 2083:

Roman Catholic canon law is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements:

1955: 1771: 1638: 1540: 1475:

in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law. Today

1388: 1289: 1020: 760: 503: 442: 17940: 12074: 10483: 6905:"Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems" 6463: 2136:

after 1979. During the last few decades, one of the fundamental features of the movement of

1027:

concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of

18633: 18513: 18282: 18089: 17930: 17857: 17549: 17510: 17495: 17029: 16740: 16580: 16553: 16548: 16445: 16285: 16260: 16217: 14555: 14274: 13513: 12859: 12391:"The ideal of good government in Luigi Einaudi's Thought and Life: Between Law and Freedom" 10222:

Good Governance and the European Union: Reflections on Concepts, Institutions and Substance

9177: 5819: 5284: 4953: 4532:, and are hostile to state regulation or what they see as restrictions on the operation of 4509: 4338: 3767: 3710: 3674: 3403: 3082: 2897: 2637: 2621: 2602: 2586: 2503: 2450:, whereby the unelected judiciary may not overturn law passed by a democratic legislature. 2363: 2292: 2171: 2133: 2084: 1650: 1625: 508: 187: 31: 18104: 7989: 4914: 4275:) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, literary and artistic fields. 2198:. There are also many other arguments and cannons of interpretation which altogether make 8: 18823: 18703: 18673: 18593: 18119: 18059: 17380: 17300: 16920: 16914: 16840: 16755: 16700: 16575: 16440: 16386: 16204: 16170: 16135: 15949: 15760: 15393: 15009: 14904: 14680: 14637: 14094: 13668: 12808: 12725: 11464: 6824: 5491:"Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex" 4771: 4417: 3890:, sometimes called 'real estate', refers to ownership of land and things attached to it. 3669: 3660: 3300: 3265: 3192: 2723: 2649: 2641: 2633: 2563: 2519: 1985: 1766: 1068: 912: 880: 665: 437: 336: 313: 217: 17867: 12418: 8717: 7078: 2927:

as a sole practitioner, in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal

2325:

took the separation of powers further by having two additional branches of government—a

1607:

and Empire was heavily procedural, and lacked a professional legal class. Instead a lay

18835: 18830: 18813: 18808: 18277: 17785: 17722: 16865: 16430: 16155: 16123: 15924: 15909: 15581: 15351: 14829: 14824: 14719: 14473: 14293: 13919: 13483: 13142: 12996: 12981: 12959: 12703: 12683: 12636: 12626: 12343: 12291: 12283: 12101: 11836: 11795: 11783: 11775: 11583: 11518: 11373: 11206: 11160: 10978: 10956: 10759: 10732: 10719: 10711: 10560: 10414: 10369: 10105: 10070: 9952: 9732: 9273: 9194: 9135: 9107: 7751: 7641: 7523: 7082: 6904: 6240: 6223: 5940: 5899: 5800: 5711: 5694: 5670: 5653: 5549: 5541: 5411: 5376: 5368: 5122: 5075: 4577: 4473: 4399: 4308: 4120: 3944: 3497: 3426: 3325: 3321: 3280: 3269: 3222: 3148: 3108: 2959: 2815: 2606: 2224: 2137: 2124: 2015: 1932: 1832: 1634: 1575: 1495: 1443:

legal tradition, along with Islamic law, were both supplanted by common law when India

1293: 1253:

and translated into various languages, including English, Italian, German, and French.

1133: 1121: 1084: 933: 908: 724: 720: 677: 555: 473: 468: 253: 18267: 11445:

The Spirit of Laws (translated in English by Thomas Nugent, revised by J. V. Prichard)

6274: 4670: 4039: 2856:

is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a

1923:

to use religious laws only if they choose. Canon law is only in use by members of the

1409:, probably compiled around 100 AD (although it contains older material), and the 18798: 18743: 18583: 18372: 18034: 17960: 17935: 17737: 17539: 16835: 16830: 16818: 16813: 16685: 16675: 16595: 16538: 16482: 16020: 16003: 15929: 15919: 15871: 15261: 15241: 15144: 15064: 14819: 14769: 14739: 14729: 14159: 13468: 13390: 13228: 12971: 12966: 12919: 12844: 12838: 12678: 12596: 12394: 12375: 12308: 12295: 12219: 12197: 12157: 12129: 12110: 12082: 12075: 12024: 12005: 11940: 11803: 11787: 11741: 11710: 11691: 11669: 11650: 11622: 11615: 11545: 11526: 11503: 11481: 11390: 11365: 11334: 11292: 11260: 11214: 11168: 11142: 11125: 11096: 11072: 11048: 11029: 11010: 11003: 10987: 10962: 10906: 10867: 10848: 10800: 10781: 10763: 10723: 10683: 10665: 10646: 10627: 10605: 10586: 10567: 10532: 10513: 10465: 10457: 10442: 10423: 10398: 10377: 10373: 10326: 10304: 10282: 10263: 10244: 10225: 10206: 10184: 10162: 10140: 10109: 10040: 10021: 10002: 9983: 9914: 9895: 9873: 9852: 9833: 9814: 9795: 9701: 9682: 9127: 7554: 7381: 7202: 6719: 6694: 6632: 6578: 6467: 6189: 6040: 5930: 5891: 5854: 5792: 5751: 5716: 5675: 5469: 5380: 5204: 5114: 5067: 4933: 4761: 4582: 4468: 4427: 4421: 4195: 4164: 4006: 3891: 3850: 3727: 3667:

Contract law concerns enforceable promises, and can be summed up in the Latin phrase

3614: 3450: 3284: 3230: 3203: 3132: 3054: 3046: 2423:, the United States Supreme Court nullified many state statutes that had established 2414: 2407: 2322: 2300: 2106: 2027: 2019: 1855:

Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts. Examples include the Jewish

1805: 1591: 1526: 1432: 1323: 1285: 1265: 1245:. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British 1242: 1186: 861: 637:

to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a

463: 427: 401: 331: 263: 175: 122: 86: 81: 17852: 12437: 11377: 11284: 11210: 10296: 8184: 6344: 5553: 4649: 3730:

law, rather than contract law, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner.

3361:, have no such document. A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the 1346:) were compiled for guidance. In medieval England, royal courts developed a body of 919:" were contexts where the word "law" had two different and irreconcilable meanings. 18917: 18803: 18733: 18503: 18422: 18417: 18342: 18317: 18262: 18252: 18242: 18212: 18192: 18182: 18049: 18044: 18002: 17945: 17742: 17425: 17420: 17395: 17340: 17315: 16850: 16695: 16670: 16477: 16467: 16457: 16087: 15551: 15459: 15256: 15035: 14914: 14909: 14789: 14626: 14571: 13473: 13440: 12939: 12803: 12798: 12763: 12335: 12275: 11864: 11828: 11767: 11755: 11587: 11575: 11404: 11357: 11317: 11198: 10751: 10703: 10619: 10505: 10361: 10198: 10176: 10154: 10097: 10066: 9724: 9119: 8977: 8729: 7546: 7515: 7445: 6836: 6459: 6215: 5974: 5922: 5883: 5743: 5706: 5665: 5622: 5533: 5403: 5360: 5194: 5152: 5106: 5059: 4666: 4603: 4567:(1960), argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would 4554: 4411: 4102: 4082: 4023: 4018: 3963: 3915: 3876: 3702: 3567: 3478: 3462: 3434: 3253: 3144: 2985: 2943: 2869: 2839: 2707: 2669: 2665: 2548: 2462: 2330: 2268: 1850: 1809: 1630: 1616: 1596: 1456: 1452: 1222: 1213:

speech, social equality and impartiality. By the 22nd century BC, the ancient

1064: 1060: 1024: 978: 783: 602: 127: 66: 18407: 12491: 12039: 9867: 8932: 6022:. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975. p. 39. 5944: 5874:

Pound, Roscoe (1914). "The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines".

5734:

Gordley, James (16 November 2006). Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard (eds.).

3837:

claim the noise could be stopped. Torts can also involve intentional acts such as

1124:), which denied that legal norms could encompass all of the political experience. 1071:, who rejected the principle of equality, and believed that law emanates from the 1067:; that real law is entirely separate from "morality". Kant was also criticised by 786:. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and 18860: 18533: 18452: 18412: 18382: 18367: 18332: 18327: 18297: 18272: 18257: 18232: 18217: 18152: 18129: 18114: 18099: 18084: 17955: 17910: 17895: 17885: 17707: 17702: 17559: 17554: 17534: 17522: 16860: 16627: 16622: 16435: 16092: 16082: 16041: 15993: 15844: 15817: 15464: 15381: 15331: 15306: 15164: 14929: 14884: 14854: 14754: 14606: 14591: 14418: 14298: 13959: 13722: 13695: 13683: 13663: 13597: 13575: 13555: 13550: 13530: 13395: 13375: 13370: 13273: 13233: 12944: 12869: 12793: 12778: 12698: 12529: 10771: 10132: 10078: 10054: 9926: 9792:

Administrative Law of the European Union, its Member States and the United States

9774: 9261: 9048: 8939: 8891: 8545: 8432: 8335: 8191: 8116: 7685: 7592: 7173: 7148: 4969: 4962: 4921: 4658: 4558: 4517: 4383: 4349: 4334: 4320: 4199: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4116: 4014: 3895: 3826: 3819: 3701:

latitude for courts to interpret and revise contract terms and impose a stronger

3474: 3389: 3342: 3006: 2857: 2853: 2767: 2454: 2263:, representative parliaments, an accountable executive, the military and police, 2217:

cautioned that "legal reasoning is not a mechanical or strictly linear process".

2214: 2183: 2159: 2141: 2003: 1789: 1762: 1750: 1704: 1674: 1564: 1512: 1480: 1364: 1139: 1105: 1037: 1028: 969: 955: 685: 669: 598: 515: 422: 406: 346: 7678: 7550: 2690: 2378:

as the ultimate judicial authority. In the United States, this authority is the

2037:

The Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the

18850: 18758: 18748: 18477: 18352: 18337: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18247: 18222: 18177: 18157: 18019: 17990: 17965: 17920: 17900: 17862: 17817: 17697: 17687: 17544: 17375: 17188: 16975: 16823: 16735: 16730: 16487: 16408: 16403: 16334: 15975: 15959: 15616: 15537: 15371: 15361: 15311: 15224: 15219: 15209: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15169: 15154: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 14954: 14734: 14724: 14621: 14596: 14576: 14428: 14089: 14059: 14049: 14039: 13894: 13799: 13607: 13525: 13114: 13080: 13031: 13016: 12788: 12693: 12673: 12663: 11771: 11724: 11478:

The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory

11408: 10479: 10318: 9666: 9422: 5851:

Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research

4781: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4662: 4505: 4477: 4435: 4431: 4254: 4225: 4205: 4130: 3939: 3923: 3842: 3838: 3780: 3715: 3706: 3618: 3610: 3551: 3547: 3454: 3354: 3288: 3027: 2932: 2893: 2881: 2657: 2598: 2552: 2358: 2296: 2209: 2116: 2031: 2026:

varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a

1999: 1746: 1604: 1587: 1534: 1448: 1261: 1250: 1246: 1234: 1144: 1052: 1032: 1012: 1003:

Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the 20th century.

974: 946: 945:

said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction";

920: 752: 704:

principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including

488: 10755: 10707: 6935:"The Economist explains: What is the difference between common and civil law?" 6841: 5321: 5186: 1912:

is a code of Jewish law that summarizes some of the Talmud's interpretations.

1792:

started giving judgments to do what was equitable in a case. From the time of

18901: 18783: 18613: 18523: 18472: 18442: 18432: 18362: 18357: 18347: 18207: 18197: 18187: 18162: 18029: 18007: 17925: 17832: 17805: 17790: 17732: 17415: 16926: 16882: 16845: 16775: 16750: 16660: 16558: 16504: 16499: 16198: 15611: 15474: 15416: 15356: 15346: 15326: 15316: 15301: 15296: 15246: 15214: 15199: 15174: 15110: 15058: 14999: 14934: 14899: 14814: 14764: 14744: 14601: 14581: 14373: 14363: 14308: 14124: 13855: 13653: 13612: 13498: 13478: 13450: 13400: 13365: 13339: 13334: 13327: 13278: 13218: 13058: 13048: 13006: 12929: 12924: 12854: 12813: 12737: 11617:

Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

11467:(1887). "Zweite Abhandlung: "Schuld", "schlechtes Gewissen" und Verwandtes". 11361: 11062: 10881: 10340: 9131: 7378:

he Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts

7246: 6663:

For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources, see Olivelle,

6256: 6206:

Taylor, T. W. (January 1896). "The Conception of Morality in Jurisprudence".

5978: 5895: 5796: 5720: 5679: 5208: 5118: 5071: 4857:, 11–12). About the notion of "judicial independence" in China, see Findlay, 4626: 4621: 4529: 4361: 4357: 4324: 4272: 4245: 4213: 4209: 4187: 4152: 3949: 3931: 3887: 3678: 3597: 3466: 3458: 3430: 3350: 3296: 3229:, such as the United Nations (which was established after the failure of the 3023: 2975: 2946:

and legislation. Law practice also involves drafting documents such as court

2905: 2787: 2617: 2533: 2492: 2375: 2304: 2272: 2195: 2174:

ideology, such as subordinating the judiciary to the executive ruling party.

2153: 2038: 1901: 1872:

has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation,

1844: 1754: 1729: 1720: 1678: 1642: 1491: 1428: 1343: 1307: 1257: 1202: 1172: 1128: 1072: 1048: 938: 916: 857: 771: 693: 540: 530: 341: 171: 107: 91: 15739: 12040:"The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law: Is Restitution a Right or a Remedy" 11982:

Schermers, Henry G.; Blokker, Niels M. (1995). "Supervision and Sanctions".

11868: 10922:"Economic Ideas and the Labour Market – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought" 7364:

Studies in the Civil Law, and its Relation to the Law of England and America

2589:

meetings are composed of representatives of each country's executive branch.

18907: 18763: 18447: 18437: 18427: 18292: 18287: 18227: 18202: 18172: 18167: 18074: 18069: 17915: 17795: 17529: 17465: 17335: 17325: 17320: 17239: 17229: 17173: 17063: 16725: 16665: 16413: 16371: 16253: 16248: 16160: 16025: 16013: 15797: 15576: 15386: 15341: 15266: 15236: 15040: 14894: 14809: 14784: 14774: 14759: 14586: 14348: 14054: 14009: 13939: 13785: 13535: 13503: 13458: 13196: 13191: 13162: 13075: 13053: 13021: 12954: 12934: 12828: 12768: 12758: 12710: 12668: 12646: 12589: 12096: 11369: 11238: 11086:

Karkatsoulis, Panagioti (2004). "Civil Society and New Public Management".

10886:"Chapter XVII: Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth" 10390: 6092:. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975. 5626: 4617: 4544: 4525: 4445: 4395: 4391: 4230: 4074: 4068: 4060: 3992: 3911: 3866: 3805: 3490: 3410: 3362: 3261: 3218: 3183:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

2980: 2877: 2763: 2737: 2715: 2711: 2699: 2544: 2537: 2465:

ensures the compatibility of the legislation with the "criteria of Islam".

2326: 2163: 2112: 2088: 2050: 1801: 1694: 1666: 1583: 1488: 1472: 1405: 1396: 1355: 1315: 1303: 1198: 1113: 1044: 870: 728: 709: 661:

in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.

638: 535: 386: 243: 162: 117: 50: 9063: 9041: 8734: 6009: 4716: 4258: 3800:

This became the basis for the four principles of negligence, namely that:

3718:

has a special approach to contracts, which ties into property law. Their '

2966:

techniques) are also important to legal practice, depending on the field.

27:

System of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority

18462: 18457: 18392: 18387: 18237: 18109: 18064: 18054: 17847: 17842: 17780: 17717: 17500: 17475: 17400: 17360: 17330: 17305: 17285: 17264: 17244: 17224: 17214: 17183: 17048: 16877: 16765: 16690: 16607: 16526: 16519: 16376: 16102: 16070: 16031: 15876: 15802: 15068: 14844: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14703: 14611: 14318: 13707: 13648: 13638: 13435: 13430: 13268: 13169: 13085: 13044: 13011: 12976: 12899: 12823: 12773: 12688: 11579: 11440: 10840: 10365: 9909: 8465: 7670: 7134: 5959: 4910: 4609: 4533: 4521: 4489: 4407: 4403: 4183: 4144: 4133:

involves which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built.

3906: 3772: 3749: 3697:, can be used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations. 3651: 3119:

are regarded as the "traditional core subjects", although there are many

3096: 3092: 2951: 2865: 2861: 2749: 2488: 2474: 2367: 2314: 2264: 2259:

The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent

2220: 2191: 1916: 1793: 1776: 1708: 1670: 1620: 1600: 1595:. Modern civil law systems essentially derive from legal codes issued by 1571: 1444: 1400: 1360: 1339: 1333: 1311: 1117: 1079: 1016: 982: 803: 732: 606: 550: 545: 498: 376: 356: 292: 258: 233: 224: 153: 12366: 11329:

Mattei, Ugo (1997). "The Distinction between Common Law and Civil Law".

11202: 10715: 6825:"Civil Law and Common Law: Two Different Paths Leading to the Same Goal" 5804: 5415: 2880:

degree. Higher academic degrees may also be pursued. Examples include a

2410:

member states to bring cases relating to human rights issues before it.

1383: 18845: 18653: 18553: 18402: 18322: 18094: 17985: 17827: 17770: 17747: 17712: 17661: 17651: 17619: 17564: 17390: 17370: 17295: 17259: 17163: 17148: 17073: 16998: 16931: 16770: 16612: 16570: 16514: 16063: 15988: 15954: 15881: 15866: 15854: 15822: 15783: 14524: 14243: 13771: 13700: 13580: 13518: 13263: 13184: 13179: 13137: 13119: 13107: 13068: 12914: 12904: 12864: 12849: 12833: 12783: 12720: 12715: 12347: 12287: 12246: 12124:

Tamanaha, Brian Z. (2004). "Locke, Montesquieu the Federalist Papers".

11840: 11779: 11683: 11247: 11233: 10258:

Dicey, Albert Venn (2005). "Parliamentary Sovereignty and Federalism".

9761: 9736: 8898: 7541:

Smith, G. B. (1988). "Socialist Legality and the Soviet Legal System".

6227: 5926: 5903: 5545: 5372: 5199: 5126: 5079: 4776: 4694: 4568: 4497: 4484:

professor and the most cited legal scholar, until 2014 ran a blog with

4328: 4221: 4158: 4052: 3854: 3784: 3762: 3510: 3470: 3166: 3095:, and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and " 3088: 2955: 2939: 2719: 2581: 2228: 2069: 1905: 1888:. This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as 1758: 1690: 1655: 1608: 1484: 1461: 1411: 1351: 1152: 1131:

attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fictions in

1093: 1056: 960: 775: 764: 716: 697: 681: 626: 618: 11645:

Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1997). "Rule of Law and Constitutionalism".

10277:

Dörmann, Knut; Doswald-Beck, Louise; Kolb, Robert (2003). "Appendix".

10083:"The Problem of Social Cost (this online version excludes some parts)" 9139: 7527: 7213:

Divine law... is eternal and cannot be changed by any human authority.

2900:). There are few titles of respect to signify famous lawyers, such as 1586:. Codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the 605:

and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group

18543: 18482: 18039: 17682: 17609: 17594: 17515: 17435: 17430: 17355: 17310: 17290: 17269: 17254: 17234: 17219: 17083: 17043: 16705: 16602: 16531: 16425: 16398: 16047: 16036: 15998: 15891: 13678: 13643: 13585: 13560: 13425: 13322: 13310: 13295: 13283: 13211: 13129: 13102: 12986: 12254: 12233: 12211: 12194:

Re-Examining Progressive Halakhah edited by Walter Jacob, Moshe Zemer

11042: 9744: 5576:"The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law" 5407: 5050:

Gibbs, Jack P. (1968). "Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions".

4766: 4644: 4636: 4501: 4439: 4387: 4373: 4353: 4278: 4268: 3996: 3935: 3783:

decided that the manufacturer was liable for Mrs Donoghue's illness.

3656: 3418: 3116: 3035: 2845: 2729: 2594: 2558:

To pass legislation, a majority of the members of a legislature must

2532:

wishes. Although countries like Israel, Greece, Sweden and China are

2511: 2353: 2336: 2073: 2054: 1944: 1885: 1864: 1646: 1530: 1436: 1347: 1299: 1230: 1226: 1182: 1160: 813: 736: 689: 650: 622: 483: 396: 391: 381: 270: 143: 13766: 12339: 12279: 12238: 11832: 11561:"The Role of the State in Contract Law: The Common-Civil Law Divide" 10203:

Law, Culture and Society: Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory

9728: 7714: 6716:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

6219: 5887: 5610: 5537: 5364: 5110: 5063: 4688: 3386:

the individual can do anything except that which is forbidden by law

18818: 18397: 18134: 17727: 17692: 17666: 17646: 17599: 17410: 17365: 17249: 17153: 17143: 17108: 17078: 16075: 15964: 15886: 15832: 15807: 13727: 13712: 13415: 13300: 13097: 12641: 11068:

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Translated by Mary Gregor)

10101: 9749: 9123: 7519: 4853:

E.g., the court president is a political appointee (Jensen–Heller,

4572: 3967:

in the jewel (a technical concept, meaning evidence that something

3927: 3904:

is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right

3883: 3871: 3846: 3834: 3690: 3646: 3593: 3520: 3501: 3370: 2947: 2920: 2823: 2685: 1920: 1440: 1427:

was established by the Muslim sultanates and empires, most notably

1319: 1218: 1210: 1206: 925: 763:; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in 740: 646: 630: 322: 287: 16970: 16303: 9715:

Anderson, J.N.D. (January 1956). "Law Reform in the Middle East".

8604:"The EU as a Model for the African Union: the Limits of Imitation" 7029: 4632: 2593:

The executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political

2543:

In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller

1559: 18855: 18768: 17656: 17624: 17614: 17385: 17345: 17178: 17103: 17088: 17068: 16452: 16058: 16008: 15982: 15859: 15812: 15506: 13617: 13565: 13545: 13493: 13305: 13223: 13039: 13001: 12949: 9847:

Beale, Hugh; Tallon, Denis (2002). "English Law: Consideration".

8314:, Chap. VII, Of Political or Civil_Society. Chapter 7, section 87 7506:

Quigley, J. (1989). "Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition".

7199:

Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law

4736: 4316: 3919: 3366: 2928: 2901: 2896:.), and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment ( 2540:, meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses. 2341: 2187: 2120: 1909: 1856: 1579: 1190: 950: 787: 748: 658: 654: 610: 238: 15079: 13824: 13811: 12522:

DRAGNET: Search of free legal databases from New York Law School

12002:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

11705:

Redfem, Alan (2004). "Regulation of International Arbitration".

11666:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

10901:

Jakobs, Lesley A. (2004). "Retrieving Equality of Opportunity".

10742:

Hatzis, Aristides N. (November 2002). "The Nature of the Firm".

9679:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

8822: 8820: 8438: 8340: 7938: 7936: 7406: 7322: 7245:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from 5783:

Bor, Fredric L. (1974). "The nexus between philosophy and law".

3287:, i.e. an internationally accepted legal system, other than the 2762:

were powerful bureaucrats in imperial China (photograph shows a

2754: 2547:. The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a 2111:

Until the 18th century, Sharia law was practiced throughout the

1205:

law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, was based on the concept of

807: 17604: 17405: 17193: 17168: 17158: 17128: 17113: 16097: 15969: 15827: 13717: 13570: 13315: 13206: 13201: 13147: 12818: 11540:

Papachristou, T.K. (1999). "The Sociological Approach of Law".

11163:. In R. A. W. Rhodes; Sarah A. Binder; Bert A. Rockman (eds.). 10462:

Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law

7776: 7441: 7178: 6969: 6957: 5252: 4731: 4170: 4044: 3900: 3793: 3757: 3739: 3606: 3422: 3345:

of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the

3221:, practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the 3066: 2681: 2260: 2100: 1889: 1860: 1797: 1424: 642: 614: 14672: 11497:

Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the

11306:

Markovits, I. (December 2007). "The Death of Socialist Law?".

9811:

Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities

9631: 9224:

Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants

7113: 7101: 6060:(1956) p. 134 et seq. The original was published in (1945) 22 2664:

or other officials head a country's public offices, such as a

2223:

is the formal application of quantitative methods, especially

1804:

grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own

629:

jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding

17634: 17123: 17058: 15849: 15752: 13658: 13602: 13508: 13349: 13152: 12651: 12550: 9304: 8817: 8261: 8015:(in French). La Préfecture de Police de Paris. Archived from 7933: 7049:"The World Factbook – Field Listing – Legal system" 4365: 3393: 2496: 2023: 1991: 1897: 1874: 1869: 1238: 1214: 744: 701: 12540: 11913:

The Social Contract (translated in English by G. D. H. Cole)

10512:(First edition in English 2004 ed.). Editions Livanis. 9619: 9280: 8659:

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

5654:""Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction" 3111:, while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or 2640:(elected by popular vote). The other important model is the 2242:

right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner.

1959:, the fundamental collection of canon law for over 750 years 1863:—both of which translate as the "path to follow". Christian 963:

argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests.

17629: 17053: 13540: 13488: 13344: 12742: 12658: 12545: 12535: 9536: 9534: 4295: 3753: 3743: 3601: 3100: 2559: 2515: 2427:

schools, finding such statutes to be incompatible with the

1978: 1893: 1880: 735:

deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as

705: 11981: 11285:"Adam Smith and the Modern Discourse of Law and Economics" 9583: 9521: 9519: 9230: 9024: 9022: 7906: 7418: 4913:' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the 4242:

are examples of codified common law commercial principles.

3514:(guilty act). Second, the accused must have the requisite 2802:, a German author who lived in France. In 1765, he wrote: 2732:

famously argued that the state is that which controls the

1471:

gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the

17198: 16276:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

12576: 12571: 12555: 11476:

Ober, Josiah (1996). "The Nature of Athenian Democracy".

10183:. Edinburgh University Press/ Stanford University Press. 9453: 8161: 7896: 7894: 7855: 7719:

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law

7489: 7487: 7052: 7017: 6127: 6125: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4983:

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

3570:. Another example is in the 19th-century English case of 2909: 1800:

to be appointed as Lord Chancellor, a systematic body of

1241:, for the entire public to see; this became known as the 351: 12566: 11707:

Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration

11130:

Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law and Polity

10583:

A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights

10581:

Goldhaber, Michael D. (2007). "Europe's Supreme Court".

10260:

Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution

10016:

Churchill, Winston (1986). "Problems of War and Peace".

9781:

Arnold, Thurman W. (1935). "The Symbols of Government".

9531: 8126: 8124: 7923: 7921: 7460: 7325:"Apostolic Constitution Sacri Canones John Paul II 1990" 6804: 6492: 3775:(intended for the consumption of Donoghue) in a café in 3315: 759:

countries, particularly those with a separate system of

15902: 11237: 10975: 10602:

An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Private Law

10276: 10219: 9607: 9595: 9571: 9516: 9207:

e.g. concerning a British politician and the Iraq War,

9019: 8904: 8837: 8835: 7879: 7394: 7297: 6608: 6606: 6570: 6380: 6095: 4424:

and clauses to directives on airline baggage insurance.

4173:

focuses on the intersection of law and the biosciences.

2072:

during the medieval period through its preservation of

1197:

The history of law links closely to the development of

12581: 12303:

Wilson, William (2003). "Understanding Criminal Law".

12192:

Washofsky, Mark (2002). "Taking Precedent Seriously".

11986:. The Hague/London/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. 9465: 9292: 8910: 8401: 7891: 7867: 7484: 6516: 6142: 6140: 6122: 5014: 4430:

is increasingly important, especially in light of the

3380:

The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by

3213:

concerns relationships between sovereign nations. The

2446:. The UK, Finland and New Zealand assert the ideal of 2340:

profession is an important part of people's access to

1994:') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by 949:

describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve

12266:

Wehberg, Hans (October 1959). "Pacta Sunt Servanda".

11758:(January 1992). "The Justification of Bicameralism". 10622:; Hunt, Alan (2001) . "Max Weber and Eugen Ehrlich". 10600:

Gordley, James R.; von Mehren, Arthur Taylor (2006).

9566:

Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts

9441: 8149: 8121: 8086: 7918: 6691:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

5695:"Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response" 4390:

law, is an evolving field that traces as far back as

4208:

covers complex contract and property law. The law of

4167:

is the practice of law concerning business and money.

3942:. An example of a basic case of most property law is 3655:

The famous Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement to cure

2130:

Saudi Arabia recognises the Quran as its constitution

988: 10034: 9316: 8832: 8573:"Why the African Union wants to be more like the EU" 7750:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from 7715:"Chinese Constitutionalism: Five-Power Constitution" 7472: 7353:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984), pg. 70. 7218: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6670: 6603: 6504: 6392: 6158:

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "The Path of Law" (1897) 10

6067: 5264: 4684: 4585:

may prevent this. So the law ought to pre-empt what

3174:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union

1633:. Western Europe, meanwhile, relied on a mix of the 11990: 10527:Georgiadis, Apostolos S. (1997). "Sources of Law". 10458:"Constitutional Dissolution in the Weimar Republic" 10238: 9828:Bayles, Michael D. (1992). "A Critique of Austin". 8783: 7366:(Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1896), pg. 51. 7035: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6540: 6528: 6137: 4539:The most prominent economic analyst of law is 1991 4438:. Environmental protection also serves to penalise 4107:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

3771:. A friend of Donoghue ordered an opaque bottle of 3421:. Election law addresses issues who is entitled to 3336:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2034:; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. 1653:. Then, in the 19th century, both France, with the 1229:statements ("if … then ..."). Around 1760 BC, 1112:) instructing us to obey. Kelsen's major opponent, 1082:continued the positivist tradition in his book the 676:jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body 12438:Opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States 12100: 11959:"Zu welcher Classe von Rechten gehört der Besitz?" 11614: 11469:Zur Genealogie der Moral – Eine Streitschrift 11289:Adam Smith and the Philosophy of Law and Economics 11002: 10977: 10678:Hamilton, Michael S., and George W. Spiro (2008). 10559: 10413: 9913: 9390: 8249: 7591:, 130 S.Ct. 1605, 1614, 559 U.S. 573, 587 (2010), 6552: 6188:. Second Edition. Blackstone Press Limited. 1996. 6112: 6110: 5958: 4420:could include anything from regulations on unfair 2123:code in the 19th century being a first attempt at 2014:, and the individual national churches within the 1649:, continued to spread throughout Europe until the 1419:, and was cited across Southeast Asia. During the 715:The scope of law can be divided into two domains: 11523:The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe 10599: 9064:"§ 105 BGB Nichtigkeit der Willenserklärung" 7956:The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe 7184: 7119: 7107: 6975: 6963: 6628:Law and Language: Current Legal Issues, Volume 15 6404: 5957: 5621:(961). Social Science Research Network: 691–702. 5031: 4457: 2904:, to indicate barristers of greater dignity, and 1075:, and cannot be labeled as "moral" or "immoral". 18899: 12261:. The Free Press of Glencoe. ASIN B-000-LRHAX-2. 12237: 12214:(1978). "Bureaucracy and Political Leadership". 12145:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 11688:The Authority of Law, Essays on Law and Morality 11287:. In Paul Malloy, Robin; Evensky, Jerry (eds.). 10982:. In Jensen, Eric G.; Heller, Thomas C. (eds.). 9999:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy 6425:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 5921:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 18–19. 5853:. Berlin/Wisconsin: Galda and Wilch Publishing. 5227: 3625:. On the international field, 111 countries are 3558:in 1961, an example of a criminal law proceeding 3107:systems, contract and tort fall under a general 3005:distinguished the "state" from "civil society" ( 2660:, the military and police, and the bureaucracy. 1915:A number of countries are sharia jurisdictions. 1499:lasting fifteen years, in 2001 China joined the 770:Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into 12370:(1997). "The System of Intellectual Property". 11544:(in Greek). Athens: A.N. 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The most influential proponents, such as 3283:is the first and so far the only example of a 2333:to manage the employment of public officials. 633:, including arbitration agreements that adopt 17014: 16319: 16141:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 15768: 15744: 15522: 15095: 14688: 14540: 14259: 13840: 12597: 12556:British and Irish Legal Information Institute 11165:The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions 10415:"'Independence' and the Judiciary in the PRC" 9951: 7267: 6318:Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law 5919:Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory 5184: 4787:Translating "law" to other European languages 3353:, have a single codified constitution with a 3217:for public international law development are 2041:, predating the evolution of modern European 1439:and various scholars of Islam. In India, the 1063:problem. Bentham and Austin argued for law's 575: 195: 17520: 14661:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 12577:Southern African Legal Information Institute 11890: 11847: 11740:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 11539: 11085: 10660:Hallaq, Wael Bahjat (2005). "Introduction". 10618: 10545: 9637: 9625: 8617:(2). Miami – Florida European Union Center. 8444: 8346: 7833:"Jurisprudence, publications, documentation" 7412: 7380:. University of Chicago Press. p. 116. 6829:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 5917:Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas, eds. (1996). 5611:"Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science" 5248:"Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both" 4959:A.C. 532, 1932 S.C. (H.L.) 31, All ER Rep 1 3613:, state supervision (such as probation), or 3225:. Public international law can be formed by 37:"Legal" redirects here. For other uses, see 17456: 12572:Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute 12142: 11736:Richardson, W.E.J. (2004). "Introduction". 11516: 11435: 11124: 10976:Jensen, Eric G.; Heller, Thomas C. (2003). 10795:Hazard, Geoffrey C.; Dondi, Angelo (2004). 10794: 10549:(1975). "Characteristics of Modern Islam". 10057:(November 1937). "The Nature of the Firm". 10035:Clarke, Paul A. B.; Linzey, Andrew (1996). 9846: 9189: 9187: 8804:'s seminal treatise of 1763–1764 is titled 8722:International Journal of Constitutional Law 8486: 8278: 8276: 8267: 8167: 6693:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. 5916: 4085:. These are laid down in codes such as the 3787:took a distinctly moral approach and said: 3169:has original text related to this article: 2502:Prominent examples of legislatures are the 1421:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 1331: 892: 719:concerns government and society, including 597:is a set of rules that are created and are 17021: 17007: 16326: 16312: 15775: 15761: 15529: 15515: 15102: 15088: 14695: 14681: 14547: 14533: 14266: 14252: 13847: 13833: 12604: 12590: 11735: 11723: 11644: 11635: 11558: 10531:(in Greek). Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. 10526: 10391:"Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Law" 10239:Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli; Levine, Ross (2001). 10197: 10175: 10153: 10037:Dictionary of Ethics, Theology and Society 9601: 9589: 9577: 9525: 9337:Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew 9028: 8716:Chalmers, D.; Barroso, L. (7 April 2014). 7375: 6498: 5393: 3633:, which was established to try people for 3409:A sub-discipline of constitutional law is 2852:In order to maintain professionalism, the 2461:may invalidate such laws, and in Iran the 1868:detailed legal systems. For instance, the 582: 568: 202: 188: 12268:The American Journal of International Law 12191: 12156:. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. 11794: 11609: 11463: 11322:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849 11305: 11181: 11132:(in Greek). Athens: Editions Kazantzakis. 10604:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10580: 10015: 9665:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 8733: 8601: 7873: 7861: 7777:"The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom" 7493: 7323:Blessed John Paul II, Ap. Const. (1990). 7236: 6869:"Introduction to Civil Law Legal Systems" 6840: 6624: 5710: 5669: 5198: 5025: 4451:International Civil Aviation Organisation 4228:and sales law trace back to the medieval 2626:members of federal and state legislatures 1816:. In the 19th century in England, and in 17028: 14554: 14273: 13749:History of the American legal profession 12551:Australasian Legal Information Institute 12541:Commonwealth Legal Information Institute 12368:World Intellectual Property Organization 12151: 12123: 12023:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11903: 11517:Olson, David M.; Norton, Philip (1996). 11494: 11347: 11255:Luban, David (2001). "Law's Blindfold". 10954: 10929:Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal 10682:, 4th ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 10662:The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law 10504: 10295: 10241:Financial Structures and Economic Growth 9996: 9890:Bergkamp, Lucas (2001). "Introduction". 9889: 9808: 9785:. New Haven: Yale University Press: 379. 9714: 9676: 9540: 9286: 9184: 8970:"The States Parties to the Rome Statute" 8273: 7712: 7466: 7400: 6101: 6031:Mc Coubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. 5573: 5095:"Toward a Comparative Definition of Law" 4961:). See the original text of the case in 4631: 4472: 4294: 4286:, property, liability, and other issues. 4038: 4000: 3870: 3650: 3550:(standing in glass booth at left) being 3542: 3329: 3191: 3120: 2979: 2753: 2689: 2580: 2478: 2357: 1948: 1698: 1684: 1558: 1539: 1382: 1176: 998: 941:argued that law is a "system of rules"; 609:or by a single legislator, resulting in 18604:Reflections on the Revolution in France 12567:New Zealand Legal Information Institute 12265: 12102:"Early Horizons of Justice in the West" 12018: 11953: 11931: 11729:Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society 11519:"Legislatures in Democratic Transition" 11309:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 11273: 11257:Conflict of Interest in the Professions 11139:A Short History of Western Legal Theory 11000: 10864:Living Law: Reconsidering Eugen Ehrlich 10861: 10411: 10388: 10339: 10317: 10001:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. 9916:Modern Corporation and Private Property 9613: 9298: 8611:Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series 8375: 7745:"A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court" 7508:The American Journal of Comparative Law 7505: 7286:(Oxford University Press, 2015) pg. 13. 7284:Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. 7196: 7167:Book the First – Chapter the First 6822: 6713: 6577:. Oxford University Press. p. 14. 6522: 6449: 6422: 6261:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 6184:McCoubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. 6131: 5848: 5748:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024 5733: 5519: 5359:(1). Cambridge University Press: 3–43. 5151: 5099:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 4948: 4946: 4823:) or legislation, and "unwritten law" ( 4348:Regulation deals with the provision of 3524:(guilty mind). However, for so called " 2734:monopoly on the legitimate use of force 14: 18900: 12321: 12302: 12170: 11999: 11848:Rottleuthner, Hubert (December 1989). 11816: 11760:International Political Science Review 11704: 11663: 11647:The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System 11384: 11328: 11282: 11023: 10919: 10900: 10880: 10839: 10741: 10693: 10659: 10478: 9865: 9827: 9780: 9695: 9447: 9352:Nestlé v National Westminster Bank plc 9322: 9236: 9094:The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law 8916: 8841: 8570: 8536:The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System 8407: 8092: 7912: 7900: 7639: 7478: 7424: 7304:from the original on 28 September 2011 7289: 7270:Gender in History: Global Perspectives 7089:from the original on 10 September 2014 7023: 6688: 6612: 6452:"Egyptian Law, Saite to Roman Periods" 6398: 6342: 6205: 6073: 6016:Dennis Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Hampstead 5740:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law 5692: 5651: 5608: 5350: 5319: 5270: 5185:Núñez Vaquero, Álvaro (10 June 2013). 5037: 4029: 3886:law governs ownership and possession. 3705:, but are also more likely to enforce 3071:European Economic and Social Committee 2908:, to indicate a person who obtained a 2675: 2158:Socialist law is the legal systems in 2061:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches 1563:First page of the 1804 edition of the 635:alternative ways of resolving disputes 494:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 17002: 16307: 16228:National Endowment for the Humanities 16213:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 15756: 15743: 15510: 15083: 14676: 14528: 14247: 13828: 13815: 12585: 12502:from the original on 26 December 2005 12425:from the original on 10 November 2006 12388: 12372:Introduction to Intellectual Property 12354:from the original on 12 February 2020 12322:Willis, Hugh Evander (January 1926). 12253: 12232: 12210: 12143:Théodoridés, Aristide (1999). "law". 12095: 12072: 12037: 11850:"La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne" 11754: 11621:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11502:. 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Another example is the 1483:'s nationalists, who fled there, and 1193:, also revered as the god of justice. 668:, with their differences analysed in 16957: 16223:Moscow University for the Humanities 16194:Arts and Humanities Research Council 16151:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12561:Canadian Legal Information Institute 12060:from the original on 19 January 2012 11991:Sealy, L.S.; Hooley, R.J.A. (2003). 11475: 11451:from the original on 18 January 2009 11423:from the original on 6 December 2006 11061: 10730: 10455: 10436: 10354:Legal Issues of Economic Integration 10119:from the original on 4 November 2018 9869:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 9813:. The University of Michigan Press. 9789: 9663:Oxford Encyclopedia of Legal History 9074:from the original on 9 December 2006 8853:Dennis J. 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University of California Press. 11045:Global Civil Society Yearbook 2003 10827:from the original on 17 April 2021 10643:Presidents, Parliaments and Policy 10626:. Athens: Transaction Publishers. 10492:from the original on 17 April 2021 10071:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x 9872:. American Philosophical Society. 8718:"What Van Gend en Loos stands for" 8667:from the original on 21 March 2007 8503:from the original on 3 August 2020 8493:Northwestern University Law Review 7575:An Introduction to Legal Reasoning 7331:from the original on 24 March 2016 7295: 6591:from the original on 15 April 2021 5712:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x 5671:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x 5633:from the original on 28 April 2020 5520:Horwitz, Morton J. (1 June 1982). 5488: 5292:James Cook University Mayo Lecture 4589:happen, and be guided by the most 4319:involves regulations that concern 3256:, or private international law in 2018:. The way that such church law is 1761:). In medieval England during the 1727:. The "doctrine of precedent", or 1314:. Although codes were replaced by 1292:innovations in the development of 1078:In 1934, the Austrian philosopher 1055:and his student Austin, following 989:Connection to morality and justice 755:. This distinction is stronger in 25: 18929: 15109: 13854: 13816: 12733:Restitution and unjust enrichment 12546:Asian Legal Information Institute 12536:World Legal Information Institute 12515: 12389:Paolo, Silvestri (11 June 2014). 12174:Civil Society and Good Governance 11568:Yale Journal of International Law 10955:Jary, David; Jary, Julia (1995). 10553:(in Greek). Athens: Poreuthentes. 10420:Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia 10418:. In Jayasuriya, Kanishka (ed.). 9939:from the original on 26 June 2007 9783:American Political Science Review 9366:"A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon" 8602:Babarinde, Olufemi (April 2007). 7783:from the original on 24 July 2019 6915:from the original on 22 July 2016 6885:from the original on 18 June 2020 6272: 5817: 5326:Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court 5133:from the original on 19 July 2018 4654:The Division of Labour in Society 4376:are regulated industries in most 4356:is one example. Especially since 3818:the harm would not have occurred 3235:International Labour Organisation 3091:" (a term related closely to the 3073:) exclude the political parties. 2778:derives from the French word for 2115:in a non-codified form, with the 1990:'a straight measuring rod; a 18684:The Open Society and Its Enemies 16980: 16969: 16956: 16945: 16944: 15063: 15054: 15053: 14389:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 14155:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 13925:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13780: 13779: 13765: 12478:from the original on 2 July 2017 12147:. Routledge (UK). 0-415-18589-0. 12047:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 11333:. University of Michigan Press. 11095:(in Greek). Athens: I. Sideris. 10301:The Division of Labor in Society 9965:from the original on 5 July 2011 9546: 9503: 9490: 9477: 9429:from the original on 19 May 2010 9415: 9402: 9358: 9344: 9328: 9266: 9242: 9216: 9201: 9170: 9158: 9099: 9086: 9056: 9034: 9005: 8992: 8962: 8949: 8922: 8879: 8860: 8847: 8795: 8770: 8754: 8709: 8679: 8649: 8636: 8595: 8564: 8551: 8528: 8515: 8480: 8462:About the United Nations/History 8450: 8413: 8388: 8369: 8352: 8317: 8302: 8289: 8223: 8197: 8173: 8136: 8098: 8056: 8043: 8031: 8004: 7974: 7961: 7948: 7825: 7795: 7769: 7737: 7706: 7690: 7664: 7633: 7598: 7580: 7567: 7534: 7499: 7430: 7369: 7356: 7343: 7316: 7276: 7261: 7230: 6355:from the original on 9 June 2007 6285:from the original on 9 June 2007 6058:Philosophy, Politics and Society 5830:from the original on 2 July 2019 5609:Saiman, Chaim N. (6 July 2008). 5495:Hauser Global Law School Program 5246:Rubin, Basha (13 January 2015). 4991: 4975: 4927: 4903: 4890: 4877: 4864: 4847: 4838: 4687: 4482:University of Chicago Law School 4386:, known in the United States as 3159: 2969: 2890:Bar Professional Training Course 2177: 2147: 2066:canon law of the Catholic Church 1838: 1506: 1494:, which essentially prioritises 1209:and characterised by tradition, 645:encoded therein. The law shapes 65: 17491:Family as a model for the state 16899:List of social science journals 16271:Humanities in the United States 16119:American Journal of Archaeology 14702: 13744:History of the legal profession 11984:International Institutional Law 11649:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 10958:Collins Dictionary of Sociology 10780:. University of Chicago Press. 10696:The Journal of Economic History 10529:General Principles of Civil Law 10441:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9894:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9646: 9277:(1722) 93 ER 664, 1 Strange 505 8644:International Institutional Law 8523:International Institutional Law 7642:"The rise of statistics in law" 7190: 7155: 7141: 7125: 7071: 7041: 7036:Demirgüç-Kunt & Levine 2001 6927: 6897: 6861: 6816: 6707: 6682: 6657: 6618: 6564: 6443: 6431: 6416: 6367: 6336: 6323: 6310: 6297: 6266: 6250: 6234: 6199: 6178: 6165: 6152: 6079: 6050: 6025: 5993: 5951: 5910: 5867: 5842: 5811: 5776: 5727: 5686: 5645: 5602: 5567: 5513: 5482: 5464:Otto, Jan Michiel, ed. (2010). 5457: 5422: 5387: 5344: 5313: 5276: 4829:General Principles of Civil Law 4813: 4799: 4594:analysing the costs of action. 3860: 3640: 3484: 3197:United Nations Security Council 3076: 1757:, and the Canadian province of 18841:Separation of church and state 18739:Collectivism and individualism 18694:The Origins of Totalitarianism 16856:Science and technology studies 16146:Journal of Controversial Ideas 15782: 15557:Federated States of Micronesia 15021:British Indian Ocean Territory 12128:. Cambridge University Press. 12081:. Cambridge University Press. 12021:Cannibalism and the Common Law 11480:. Princeton University Press. 11191:Catholic University Law Review 11071:. Cambridge University Press. 10905:. Cambridge University Press. 10664:. Cambridge University Press. 10645:. Cambridge University Press. 10397:. Oxford University Press US. 10281:. Cambridge University Press. 9700:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 8944:Cannibalism and the Common Law 7545:. Palgrave. pp. 137–162. 7272:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 37. 6689:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 6245:The World's Legal Philosophies 5239: 5187:"Five Models of Legal Science" 5178: 5145: 5086: 5043: 4458:Intersection with other fields 4442:within domestic legal systems. 4192:Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 4095:European Court of Human Rights 3247:International Court of Justice 3233:to prevent World War II), the 2743: 2468: 2329:for auditing oversight and an 2207:United States Attorney General 1827:In developing the common law, 1517:List of national legal systems 459:Alternative dispute resolution 13: 1: 18881:Category:Political philosophy 18754:Critique of political economy 12109:. Stanford University Press. 12077:Roman Law in European History 11640:. Cambridge University Press. 11389:. London: Sweet and Maxwell. 11331:Comparative Law and Economics 11274:Mallory, J.P. (1997). "Law". 10986:. Stanford University Press. 10799:. Stanford University Press. 10562:Legal Traditions of the World 10551:Islam – A General Survey 10262:. 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Kluwer Law International. 10920:Jakoby, Stanford M. (2005). 10903:Pursuing Equal Opportunities 10585:. Rutgers University Press. 10347:. Transaction Books reprint. 10325:. Harvard University Press. 10090:Journal of Law and Economics 8974:International Criminal Court 8571:Gaffey, Conor (4 May 2016). 8539:International Criminal Court 6331:Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral 5652:Harlow, Carol (1 May 1980). 4987:National Labor Relations Act 4722:Resources in other libraries 4652:, wrote in his classic work 4597: 4462: 4434:and the potential danger of 3631:International Criminal Court 3552:tried and sentenced to death 3139:Sources of international law 2958:and trusts. Negotiation and 2696:South African Police Service 2570: 2347: 2045:and common law systems. The 1979: 1938: 1548: 1189:by the Mesopotamian sun god 995:Rule according to higher law 793: 641:, written or tacit, and the 7: 18789:Justification for the state 18574:Two Treatises of Government 12472:Online Etymology Dictionary 12107:Human Law and Human Justice 11955:Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 11915:(in French). Archived from 11731:. Harvard University Press. 11690:. Oxford University Press. 11638:The State and Civil Society 11283:Malloy, Robin Paul (1994). 11259:. Oxford University Press. 11244:Two Treatises of Government 11167:. Oxford University Press. 11141:. Oxford University Press. 11047:. Oxford University Press. 10862:Hertogh, Marc, ed. (2009). 10777:The Constitution of Liberty 10566:. Oxford University Press. 10485:The Red Lily (Le lys rouge) 10464:. Oxford University Press. 10161:. Oxford University Press. 8360:The State and Civil Society 8233:. Collins Dictionary. n.d. 8231:"American English: Esquire" 8207:. Collins Dictionary. n.d. 8068:Online Etymology Dictionary 7551:10.1007/978-1-349-19172-7_7 7237:Boudinhon, Auguste (1910). 6631:. Oxford University Press. 6458:. Oxford University Press. 5468:. Leiden University Press. 5353:Journal of Law and Religion 4680: 4271:, trademarks, patents, and 3243:International Monetary Fund 3227:international organisations 2630:Queen of the United Kingdom 2420:Brown v. Board of Education 2278:Two Treatises of Government 2275:itself. John Locke, in his 2022:, interpreted and at times 1376:precedent laid down by the 1249:, and has since been fully 1127:Later in the 20th century, 1061:"is" and what "ought to be" 664:Legal systems vary between 613:; by the executive through 10: 18934: 17459:Bellum omnium contra omnes 13411:International legal theory 12890:International slavery laws 12885:International human rights 12880:International criminal law 12419:"House of Lords Judgments" 12038:Smith, Stephen A. (2003). 11995:. LexisNexis Butterworths. 11909:"Book II: Chapter 6 (Law)" 11820:William and Mary Quarterly 11772:10.1177/019251219201300107 11559:Pargendler, Maria (2018). 11495:Olivelle, Patrick (2005). 11026:Eckpfeiler Des Zivilrechts 10935:(1): 43–78. Archived from 10737:. Oxford University Press. 10558:Glenn, H. Patrick (2000). 10303:. The Free Press reprint. 10020:. Houghton Mifflin Books. 9654:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2009). 9511:The Problem of Social Cost 9498:The Problem of Social Cost 9485:The Problem of Social Cost 8205:"British English: Esquire" 7982:"History of Police Forces" 7943:Haggard & Shugart 2001 7376:A. Brundag, James (2010). 5785:Journal of Legal Education 4833:Taking Precedent Seriously 4601: 4564:The Problem of Social Cost 4466: 4200:separate legal personality 3990: 3977:Friedrich Carl von Savigny 3864: 3804:Stevenson owed Donoghue a 3737: 3644: 3488: 3319: 3260:countries, concerns which 3142: 3136: 3130: 3099:" (which covers contract, 3080: 2973: 2837: 2747: 2679: 2574: 2472: 2433:United States Constitution 2388:the Supreme Court of India 2351: 2168:People's Republic of China 2151: 2104: 2098: 2012:Oriental Orthodox Churches 1968: 1942: 1848: 1842: 1688: 1552: 1510: 1170: 1166: 992: 896: 855: 526:Peace and conflict studies 433:Mutual assured destruction 74:Foundations and Philosophy 36: 29: 18876: 18726: 18495: 18143: 17876: 17756: 17675: 17587: 17578: 17444: 17278: 17207: 17036: 16940: 16907: 16891: 16638: 16364: 16341: 16281:Outline of the humanities 16261:Criticism of mass culture 16241: 16233:National Humanities Medal 16186: 16111: 15942: 15790: 15750: 15745:Links to related articles 15648: 15625: 15544: 15488: 15440: 15402: 15117: 15049: 15008: 14968: 14710: 14635: 14562: 14489:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14407: 14281: 14168: 14143: 13862: 13822: 13759: 13736: 13626: 13464:Administration of justice 13449: 13358: 13249: 13128: 13030: 12751: 12619: 12563:(archived 4 October 2006) 11636:Pelczynski, A.Z. (1984). 10708:10.1017/S0022050700015059 9892:Liability and Environment 9260:22 September 2017 at the 9251:Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd 9106:Lee, R. W. (April 1918). 8806:On Crimes and Punishments 8190:16 September 2006 at the 8115:14 September 2014 at the 7713:Caldwell, Ernest (2016). 7243:The Catholic Encyclopedia 7201:. Routledge. p. 51. 6842:10.26686/vuwlr.v32i3.5873 6186:Textbook on Jurisprudence 6033:Textbook on Jurisprudence 5966:Oxford English Dictionary 5489:Raisch, Marylin Johnson. 5093:Akers, Ronald L. (1965). 4898:Liability and Environment 4717:Resources in your library 4620:, dispute processing and 4343:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4305:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4265:Intellectual property law 4043:A trade union protest by 3849:. A better known tort is 3518:to do a criminal act, or 3406:assumed power in France. 3309:Van Gend en Loos decision 3305:European Court of Justice 3113:international conventions 2898:being admitted to the bar 2510:in Washington, D.C., the 2448:parliamentary sovereignty 2205:Law professor and former 1582:passed by government—and 1521:Comparative legal history 1378:European Court of Justice 1221:had formulated the first 684:systems, judges may make 678:codifies and consolidates 136:Methodological background 18664:The Revolt of the Masses 16266:Educational essentialism 15903:Interdisciplinary fields 15708:Northern Mariana Islands 14770:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 14509:Turks and Caicos Islands 13910:Central African Republic 13241:Basic structure doctrine 13091:Natural and legal rights 12972:Public international law 12528:3 September 2013 at the 12171:Warren, Mark E. (1999). 12019:Simpson, A.W.B. (1984). 11933:Salazar, Philippe-Joseph 11182:Linarelli, John (2004). 11089:The State in Transitions 10845:The Concept of Injustice 10547:Giannoulatos, Anastasios 10389:Feinman, Jay M. (2006). 9884:Roman ars boni et aequi. 9626:Gurvitch & Hunt 2001 9423:"The Becker-Posner Blog" 8938:28 February 2005 at the 8855:Textbook of Criminal Law 8811:Dei delitti e delle pene 8419:Kaldor–Anheier–Glasius, 7986:History.com Encyclopedia 7807:Bundesverfassungsgericht 7152:(1818) 2 Swans. 402, 414 6911:. University of Ottawa. 6823:Pejovic, Caslav (2001). 6345:"The Pure Theory of Law" 6305:Zur Genealogie der Moral 6208:The Philosophical Review 6086:Baron Lloyd of Hampstead 6037:Blackstone Press Limited 6005:Book II: Chapter 6 (Law) 5285:"The Judge as Law-maker" 5162:. A. Williams & Co. 5052:Law & Society Review 4968:16 February 2007 at the 4792: 4303:trading floor after the 4147:. Both also involve the 3958:Lord Chief Justice Pratt 3752:are grouped together as 3293:World Trade Organization 3275:New York Convention 1958 3239:World Trade Organisation 3211:Public international law 3153:Public international law 3011:bürgerliche Gesellschaft 2710:'s system of travelling 2485:House of Representatives 2397:Bundesverfassungsgericht 2200:statutory interpretation 2078:presumption of innocence 1996:ecclesiastical authority 1878:(reasoning by analogy), 1659:, and Germany, with the 1555:Civil law (legal system) 1501:World Trade Organization 1031:through the writings of 899:Analytical jurisprudence 893:Analytical jurisprudence 521:Non-aggression principle 479:Conflict style inventory 283:Nonviolent Communication 18644:The Communist Manifesto 17570:Tyranny of the majority 17481:Consent of the governed 16544:international relations 15673:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15031:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13421:Principle of typicality 12895:International trade law 12611: 12152:VerSteeg, Russ (2002). 11869:10.3406/dreso.1989.1026 11800:Crimes Against Humanity 11709:. Sweet & Maxwell. 10984:Beyond Common Knowledge 10756:10.1023/A:1020749518104 10139:. Beaux Arts Editions. 9830:Hart's Legal Philosophy 9696:Albrow, Martin (1970). 9047:11 January 2007 at the 8930:R v Dudley and Stephens 8396:Crimes Against Humanity 8268:Hazard & Dondi 2004 8168:Hazard & Dondi 2004 8110:Bureaucratic Management 7684:3 February 2007 at the 7605:Heise, Michael (1999). 7349:Friedman, Lawrence M., 6876:Federal Judicial Center 6456:Oxford Handbooks Online 6343:Marmor, Andrei (1934). 5971:Oxford University Press 5283:Mason, Anthony (1996). 4301:New York Stock Exchange 4284:space commercialisation 4240:Uniform Commercial Code 3983:with our surroundings. 3808:to provide safe drinks; 3635:crimes against humanity 3573:R v Dudley and Stephens 3506:beyond reasonable doubt 2886:Master of Legal Studies 2319:Five Power Constitution 2008:Eastern Orthodox Church 1929:Eastern Orthodox Church 1820:, the two systems were 1662:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 1469:traditional Chinese law 1350:which later became the 878:Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 838:while its plural meant 833:something laid or fixed 824: 818: 808: 368:International relations 298:Speaking truth to power 113:Judicial interpretation 17521: 17471:Clash of civilizations 17457: 16871:Quantum social science 16054:Liberal arts education 15160:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14439:British Virgin Islands 14275:Law of North America 12240:Politics as a Vocation 11963:Das Recht des Besitzes 11905:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 11362:10.1093/medlaw/3.3.251 11161:"Public Bureaucracies" 11001:Johnson, Alan (1995). 10456:Finn, John E. (1991). 10412:Findlay, Marc (1999). 10279:Elements of War Crimes 9866:Berger, Adolf (1953). 9809:Barzilai, Gad (2003). 9773:8 October 2008 at the 9758:Frederic George Kenyon 9656:"Lawyers: Islamic Law" 9554:Fundamental Principles 8895:, 392 U.S. 514 (1968). 8876:, 370 U.S. 660 (1962). 8873:Robinson v. California 8766:Chapter 9, section 124 8431:17 August 2007 at the 8039:Politics as a Vocation 5979:10.1093/OED/4864419306 5849:Banakar, Reza (2003). 5627:10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023 4640: 4550:The Nature of the Firm 4493: 4312: 4236:Sale of Goods Act 1979 4048: 4010: 3880: 3798: 3664: 3559: 3338: 3200: 3059:deliberative democracy 3051:freedom of association 3010: 2993: 2812: 2771: 2703: 2590: 2577:Executive (government) 2499: 2371: 2288:The Spirit of the Laws 2244: 2047:1983 Code of Canon Law 1960: 1712: 1567: 1545: 1435:, compiled by emperor 1392: 1332: 1330:, giving birth to the 1194: 1109: 1004: 875: 39:Legal (disambiguation) 17486:Divine right of kings 16908:Other categorizations 16761:International studies 16746:History of technology 16681:Communication studies 16564:public administration 16130:History of Humanities 15651:and other territories 14556:Law of South America 14379:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14070:São Tomé and Príncipe 13930:Republic of the Congo 13416:Principle of legality 13175:Delegated legislation 12875:Intellectual property 12324:"A Definition of Law" 12307:. Pearson Education. 12073:Stein, Peter (1999). 11437:Montesquieu, Baron de 11385:McGhee, John (2000). 11028:. Walter de Gruyter. 10731:Hart, H.L.A. (1961). 10039:. London: Routledge. 9766:See original text in 9751:Athenian Constitution 9717:International Affairs 9564:, 109, Rottleuthner, 9410:Intellectual Property 8689:Flaminio Costa v ENEL 7779:. The Supreme Court. 7611:Pepperdine Law Review 6714:Jackson, Roy (2010). 5826:. Liberty Fund, Inc. 5699:The Modern Law Review 5658:The Modern Law Review 5580:Journal of Public Law 5320:Devins, Neal (2008). 4915:Notice to Law Schools 4675:William Graham Sumner 4635: 4496:In the 18th century, 4476: 4298: 4125:right to a fair trial 4057:collective bargaining 4042: 4004: 3874: 3789: 3720:abstraction principle 3654: 3556:Israeli Supreme Court 3546: 3473:, and issues such as 3469:, election disputes, 3415:Elections commissions 3333: 3195: 3137:Further information: 3040:Geoffrey Robertson QC 3032:Alexis de Tocqueville 2990:civil rights movement 2983: 2874:Bachelor of Civil Law 2804: 2757: 2693: 2584: 2536:, most countries are 2482: 2444:doctrine of precedent 2400:; and in France, the 2361: 2299:, in contrast to the 2239: 2105:Further information: 2076:doctrine such as the 1956:Corpus Juris Canonici 1952: 1702: 1685:Common law and equity 1639:University of Bologna 1562: 1543: 1389:Constitution of India 1386: 1225:, which consisted of 1180: 1021:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1002: 965:Oliver Wendell Holmes 869:they are acts of the 866: 761:administrative courts 443:Nuclear proliferation 18634:Democracy in America 18013:political philosophy 17996:political philosophy 17811:political philosophy 17640:political philosophy 17550:Separation of powers 17511:Night-watchman state 17496:Monopoly on violence 17030:Political philosophy 16741:Historical sociology 16286:Renaissance humanism 16218:Master of Humanities 14945:United Arab Emirates 13634:Barristers' chambers 13576:Legal representation 13514:Justice of the peace 12860:Financial regulation 12405:on 25 February 2022. 12154:Law in Ancient Egypt 11580:10.2139/ssrn.2848886 11465:Nietzsche, Friedrich 11137:Kelly, J.M. (1992). 10896:on 27 November 2010. 10366:10.54648/LEIE2006016 9541:Jary & Jary 1995 9378:on 10 September 2008 9178:Donoghue v Stevenson 9013:Austotel v Franklins 8957:Criminal Legislation 8870:, p. 205 about 8544:23 July 2011 at the 8421:Global Civil Society 8334:1 April 2007 at the 6878:. INPROL. May 2009. 6439:Law in ancient Egypt 6423:Théodoridés. "law". 6171:Aquinas, St Thomas. 5396:Comparative Politics 4985:; c.f. in the U.S., 4954:Donoghue v Stevenson 4920:20 June 2009 at the 4872:Presidential Systems 4859:Judiciary in the PRC 4559:Rational individuals 4339:financial regulation 3768:Donoghue v Stevenson 3711:specific performance 3695:culpa in contrahendo 3675:offer and acceptance 3600:) v ...". Also, lay 3083:List of areas of law 3022:Hegel believed that 2998:Classical republican 2988:during the American 2638:President of Austria 2622:President of Germany 2603:parliamentary system 2504:Houses of Parliament 2429:Fourteenth Amendment 2382:; in Australia, the 2364:Israel Supreme Court 2293:separation of powers 2283:Baron de Montesquieu 1753:, the U.S. state of 1626:Corpus Juris Civilis 1578:in constitutions or 1451:. Malaysia, Brunei, 1264:city-state, ancient 1157:The Authority of Law 822:. The singular form 509:Paradox of tolerance 32:Law (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 18913:Main topic articles 18824:Right-wing politics 18704:A Theory of Justice 18674:The Road to Serfdom 18594:The Social Contract 17301:Christian democracy 16921:Geisteswissenschaft 16915:Behavioral sciences 16841:Political sociology 16756:Information science 16701:Development studies 16205:Geisteswissenschaft 16171:Teaching Philosophy 15950:Abductive reasoning 15403:States with limited 14972:limited recognition 14394:Trinidad and Tobago 14289:Antigua and Barbuda 14145:States with limited 13669:Election commission 13381:Expressive function 12910:Landlord–tenant law 12809:Consumer protection 12328:Virginia Law Review 12187:on 29 October 2008. 11919:on 22 February 2008 11878:on 28 November 2006 11796:Robertson, Geoffrey 11611:Patterson, James T. 11525:. Frank Cass (UK). 11499:Manava-Dharmasastra 11203:10.2139/ssrn.421040 10680:The Dynamics of Law 9953:Blackstone, William 9925:Bix, Brian (2022). 9851:. Hart Publishing. 9462:, pp. 386–405. 9289:, pp. 251–274. 9239:, pp. 610–627. 9108:"Torts and Delicts" 9016:(1989) 16 NSWLR 582 9000:Pacta Sunt Servanda 8762:The Second Treatise 8735:10.1093/icon/mou003 8642:Schermers–Blokker, 8521:Schermers-Blokker, 8468:on 18 February 2010 8458:"History of the UN" 8447:, pp. 282–283. 8349:, pp. 277–278. 8144:Economy and Society 7992:on 29 December 2006 7969:Tuberville v Savage 7915:, pp. 115–116. 7813:on 21 November 2006 7427:, pp. 157–158. 7415:, pp. 274–275. 7362:William Wirt Howe, 7172:5 July 2011 at the 7059:on 26 December 2018 7026:, pp. 253–263. 6813:, pp. 263–304. 6389:, pp. 170–171. 6001:The Social Contract 5969:(Online ed.). 5820:"Law and Economics" 4772:Public interest law 4614:social construction 4202:of the corporation. 4151:and the problem of 4099:U.S. Bill of Rights 4093:(which founded the 4030:Further disciplines 4024:charitable purposes 3724:Abstraktionsprinzip 3670:pacta sunt servanda 3661:unilateral contract 3402:set up in 1799, as 3301:European Parliament 3121:further disciplines 2676:Military and police 2642:presidential system 2564:bill (proposed law) 2525:Assemblée nationale 2520:Parlamento Italiano 2483:The Chamber of the 2425:racially segregated 2162:such as the former 1812:, especially under 1069:Friedrich Nietzsche 953:in his text titled 913:early customary law 881:The Social Contract 438:Nuclear disarmament 337:Conflict escalation 314:Conflict management 218:Conflict resolution 18836:Political violence 18831:Political theology 18814:Left-wing politics 18809:Political spectrum 16976:Society portal 16463:auxiliary sciences 16292:Studia Humanitatis 14329:Dominican Republic 13627:Legal institutions 13494:Lawsuit/Litigation 13484:Dispute resolution 13289:Catholic canon law 12997:State of emergency 12960:Will and testament 12684:Law of obligations 12637:Constitutional law 12627:Administrative law 12448:Law.com Dictionary 12421:. House of Lords. 12196:. Berghahn Books. 12126:On the Rule of Law 11350:Medical Law Review 11126:Kazantzakis, Nikos 10734:The Concept of Law 10224:. Intersentia nv. 9274:Armory v Delamirie 9198:(1879) 11 Ch D 852 9195:Sturges v Bridgman 9042:§ 311 Abs. II 8946:, 212–217, 229–237 8885:See e.g. Feinman, 8778:On the Rule of Law 7675:The Spirit of Laws 7588:Jerman v. Carlisle 7083:Fordham University 6665:Manu's Code of Law 6307:, Second Essay, 11 6275:"Legal Positivism" 6241:Fritz Berolzheimer 6160:Harvard Law Review 6035:. Second Edition. 5945:10.3998/mpub.10283 5927:10.3998/mpub.10283 5876:Harvard Law Review 5429:Cox, Noel (2001). 5200:10.4000/revus.2449 4641: 4578:Sturges v Bridgman 4512:and the so-called 4494: 4488:winning economist 4400:restraint of trade 4313: 4309:banking regulation 4291:Law and regulation 4121:criminal procedure 4049: 4011: 3945:Armory v Delamirie 3881: 3875:A painting of the 3703:duty of good faith 3665: 3560: 3498:criminal procedure 3427:voter registration 3357:. A few, like the 3339: 3326:Constitutional law 3322:Administrative law 3307:noted in its 1963 3281:European Union law 3223:Geneva Conventions 3201: 3149:European Union law 3109:law of obligations 3103:and property). In 2994: 2962:skills (including 2960:dispute resolution 2816:private enterprise 2772: 2704: 2607:head of government 2591: 2500: 2417:. For example, in 2394:; in Germany, the 2372: 2362:Six judges of the 2291:, advocated for a 2267:organisation, the 2235:Legal institutions 2138:Islamic resurgence 2016:Anglican Communion 2002:law governing the 1961: 1933:Anglican Communion 1833:William Blackstone 1713: 1568: 1546: 1496:administrative law 1393: 1233:further developed 1195: 1134:The Concept of Law 1122:state of emergency 1085:Pure Theory of Law 1005: 934:The Concept of Law 909:Glanville Williams 725:administrative law 721:constitutional law 556:Track II diplomacy 504:Prisoner's dilemma 474:Conflict continuum 469:Conflict avoidance 254:Dispute resolution 18895: 18894: 18889: 18888: 18799:Philosophy of law 18744:Conflict theories 18584:The Spirit of Law 18491: 18490: 17540:Original position 16996: 16995: 16836:Political economy 16831:Political ecology 16686:Community studies 16676:Cognitive science 16639:Interdisciplinary 16539:Political science 16301: 16300: 16021:General knowledge 16004:Cultural literacy 15938: 15937: 15872:Religious studies 15808:Classical studies 15737: 15736: 15731: 15730: 15723:Wallis and Futuna 15668:Clipperton Island 15626:Associated states 15504: 15503: 15077: 15076: 15014:other territories 14670: 14669: 14642:other territories 14522: 14521: 14411:other territories 14241: 14240: 14172:other territories 13945:Equatorial Guinea 13809: 13808: 13469:Constitutionalism 13391:Law and economics 13229:Act of parliament 12967:Product liability 12920:Legal archaeology 12845:Environmental law 12839:Entertainment law 12679:International law 12381:978-90-411-0938-5 12314:978-0-582-47301-0 12225:978-0-520-03500-3 12203:978-1-57181-404-3 12163:978-0-89089-978-6 12135:978-0-521-60465-9 12116:978-0-8047-0215-7 12088:978-0-521-64372-6 12030:978-0-226-75942-5 12011:978-3-16-148787-3 11809:978-0-14-102463-9 11756:Riker, William H. 11747:978-0-567-08158-2 11716:978-0-421-86240-1 11697:978-0-19-825493-5 11675:978-3-16-148787-3 11656:978-90-411-0933-0 11628:978-0-19-515632-4 11551:978-960-15-0106-2 11532:978-0-7146-4261-1 11509:978-0-19-517146-4 11487:978-0-691-00190-6 11405:Mises, Ludwig von 11396:978-0-421-85260-0 11340:978-0-472-06649-0 11298:978-0-7923-2796-7 11266:978-0-19-512863-5 11174:978-0-19-927569-4 11159:(November 2006). 11148:978-0-19-876244-7 11112:on 17 August 2007 11102:978-960-08-0333-4 11078:978-0-521-62695-8 11054:978-0-19-926655-5 11035:978-3-8059-1019-4 11016:978-1-55786-116-0 10993:978-0-8047-4803-2 10968:978-0-00-470804-1 10961:. HarperCollins. 10912:978-0-521-53021-7 10873:978-1-84113-898-5 10854:978-0-415-52441-4 10806:978-0-8047-4882-7 10787:978-0-226-32084-7 10688:978-0-7656-2086-6 10671:978-0-521-00580-7 10652:978-0-521-77485-7 10633:978-0-7658-0704-5 10620:Gurvitch, Georges 10611:978-0-521-68185-8 10592:978-0-8135-3983-6 10573:978-0-19-876575-2 10538:978-960-232-715-9 10519:978-960-14-1159-0 10506:Fukuyama, Francis 10471:978-0-19-505738-6 10448:978-90-411-1620-8 10429:978-0-415-19742-7 10404:978-0-19-517957-6 10332:978-0-674-51836-0 10310:978-0-684-83638-6 10288:978-0-521-81852-0 10269:978-1-4021-8555-7 10250:978-0-262-54179-4 10231:978-90-5095-381-8 10212:978-0-7546-2511-7 10199:Cotterrell, Roger 10190:978-0-7486-1339-7 10177:Cotterrell, Roger 10168:978-0-406-51770-8 10155:Cotterrell, Roger 10046:978-0-415-06212-1 10027:978-0-395-41058-5 10018:The Hinge of Fate 10008:978-0-631-19951-9 9989:978-0-8342-1083-7 9901:978-90-411-1645-1 9879:978-0-87169-432-4 9858:978-1-84113-237-2 9839:978-0-7923-1981-8 9820:978-0-472-11315-6 9801:978-90-5095-251-4 9707:978-0-333-11262-5 9688:978-3-16-148787-3 9672:on 26 March 2009. 9640:, pp. 81–82. 9638:Papachristou 1999 9040:e.g. in Germany, 8857:(London: 2012), 2 8445:Karkatsoulis 2004 8347:Karkatsoulis 2004 8270:, pp. 22–23. 7888:, pp. 37–82. 7837:Cour de cassation 7560:978-0-333-45919-5 7448:on 30 August 2006 7413:Giannoulatos 1975 7300:. CanonLaw.info. 7208:978-1-136-13250-6 6645:on 1 January 2020 6473:978-0-19-993539-0 5985:(Subscription or 5435:Deakin Law Review 5153:Spooner, Lysander 4999:Law and Economics 4938:The Hinge of Fate 4934:Winston Churchill 4831:, 19; Washofsky, 4762:Political science 4703:Library resources 4583:transaction costs 4555:transaction costs 4510:Oliver Williamson 4469:Law and economics 4428:Environmental law 4422:contractual terms 4307:, before tougher 4218:bills of exchange 4196:limited liability 4165:Transactional law 4065:health and safety 4007:Court of Chancery 3987:Equity and trusts 3916:rental agreements 3896:stocks and shares 3892:Personal property 3815:his duty of care; 3734:Torts and delicts 3728:Unjust enrichment 3659:was held to be a 3615:community service 3479:electoral silence 3451:electronic voting 3392:of the offending 3285:supranational law 3231:League of Nations 3204:International law 3133:International law 3127:International law 3055:individual rights 3047:Freedom of speech 2944:legal periodicals 2774:The etymology of 2658:foreign relations 2634:hereditary office 2408:Council of Europe 2403:Cour de Cassation 2390:; in the UK, the 2366:sitting at their 2323:Republic of China 2107:Sources of Sharia 1989: 1977: 1829:academic writings 1806:Court of Chancery 1527:legal transplants 1433:Fatawa-e-Alamgiri 1372:develops through 1324:Early Middle Ages 1286:Ancient Greek law 1276:), human decree ( 862:Philosophy of law 852:Philosophy of law 812:, comes from the 780:economic analysis 688:case law through 592: 591: 464:Anti-war movement 428:Nuclear blackmail 332:Communal violence 212: 211: 176:judicial opinions 123:Law and economics 16:(Redirected from 18925: 18804:Political ethics 18794:Machiavellianism 18734:Authoritarianism 18719: 18709: 18699: 18689: 18679: 18669: 18659: 18649: 18639: 18629: 18619: 18609: 18599: 18589: 18579: 18569: 18559: 18549: 18539: 18529: 18519: 18509: 17585: 17584: 17526: 17462: 17452:Balance of power 17426:Social democracy 17421:Social Darwinism 17396:Multiculturalism 17341:Environmentalism 17316:Communitarianism 17023: 17016: 17009: 17000: 16999: 16984: 16974: 16973: 16960: 16959: 16948: 16947: 16851:Regional science 16696:Cultural studies 16671:Business studies 16328: 16321: 16314: 16305: 16304: 16088:Self-realization 15900: 15899: 15777: 15770: 15763: 15754: 15753: 15741: 15740: 15713:Pitcairn Islands 15683:French Polynesia 15663:Christmas Island 15592:Papua New Guinea 15572:Marshall Islands 15545:Sovereign states 15531: 15524: 15517: 15508: 15507: 15441:Dependencies and 15377:Northern Ireland 15118:Sovereign states 15104: 15097: 15090: 15081: 15080: 15067: 15057: 15056: 15026:Christmas Island 14712:Sovereign states 14697: 14690: 14683: 14674: 14673: 14662: 14650:Falkland Islands 14564:Sovereign states 14549: 14542: 14535: 14526: 14525: 14479:Saint Barthélemy 14409:Dependencies and 14282:Sovereign states 14268: 14261: 14254: 14245: 14244: 14233: 14232:(United Kingdom) 14228:Tristan da Cunha 14224:Ascension Island 14216: 14203: 14194: 14170:Dependencies and 13863:Sovereign states 13849: 13842: 13835: 13826: 13825: 13813: 13812: 13784: 13783: 13782: 13770: 13769: 13593:Question of fact 13474:Criminal justice 12804:Construction law 12799:Conflict of laws 12764:Agricultural law 12606: 12599: 12592: 12583: 12582: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12406: 12401:. Archived from 12385: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12318: 12299: 12262: 12250: 12244: 12229: 12207: 12188: 12186: 12179: 12167: 12148: 12139: 12120: 12104: 12092: 12080: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12059: 12053:(2): 1037–1062. 12044: 12034: 12015: 12004:. Mohr Siebeck. 11996: 11987: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11950: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11900: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11877: 11871:. Archived from 11857:Droit et Société 11854: 11844: 11823:. Third Series. 11813: 11791: 11751: 11738:Hammurabi's Laws 11732: 11720: 11701: 11679: 11668:. Mohr Siebeck. 11660: 11641: 11632: 11620: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11596: 11565: 11555: 11542:Sociology of Law 11536: 11513: 11491: 11472: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11422: 11415: 11400: 11381: 11344: 11325: 11302: 11279: 11270: 11251: 11241: 11229: 11228:on 9 March 2019. 11227: 11221:. Archived from 11188: 11178: 11152: 11133: 11128:(1998) . "Law". 11121: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11105:. Archived from 11094: 11082: 11058: 11039: 11020: 11008: 10997: 10981: 10972: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10941: 10926: 10916: 10897: 10892:. Archived from 10877: 10858: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10810: 10791: 10772:Hayek, Friedrich 10767: 10738: 10727: 10675: 10656: 10637: 10624:Sociology of Law 10615: 10596: 10577: 10565: 10554: 10542: 10523: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10475: 10452: 10433: 10417: 10408: 10385: 10348: 10336: 10314: 10292: 10273: 10254: 10235: 10216: 10194: 10172: 10150: 10133:Cohen, Morris L. 10128: 10126: 10124: 10118: 10087: 10081:(October 1960). 10079:Coase, Ronald H. 10074: 10055:Coase, Ronald H. 10050: 10031: 10012: 9993: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9921: 9919: 9905: 9886: 9862: 9843: 9824: 9805: 9786: 9765: 9756:. Translated by 9755: 9740: 9711: 9692: 9681:. Mohr Siebeck. 9673: 9671: 9660: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9560:, Rottleuthner, 9550: 9544: 9538: 9529: 9523: 9514: 9507: 9501: 9494: 9488: 9481: 9475: 9474:, pp. 1–44. 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9419: 9413: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9377: 9370: 9362: 9356: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9270: 9264: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9205: 9199: 9191: 9182: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9112:Yale Law Journal 9103: 9097: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9060: 9054: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9017: 9009: 9003: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8976:. Archived from 8966: 8960: 8953: 8947: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8889:, 260–261 about 8883: 8877: 8864: 8858: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8830: 8824: 8815: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8774: 8768: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8737: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8653: 8647: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8623: 8608: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8568: 8562: 8555: 8549: 8532: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8464:. Archived from 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8373: 8367: 8362:, 1–13; Warren, 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8321: 8315: 8306: 8300: 8293: 8287: 8280: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8201: 8195: 8194:Case no. 6538/74 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8119: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8060: 8054: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7988:. Archived from 7978: 7972: 7965: 7959: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7931: 7925: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7809:. Archived from 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7710: 7704: 7694: 7688: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7602: 7596: 7584: 7578: 7573:Edward H. Levi, 7571: 7565: 7564: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7444:. Archived from 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7373: 7367: 7360: 7354: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7296:Peters, Edward. 7293: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7249:on 31 March 2019 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7159: 7153: 7145: 7139: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7055:. Archived from 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6941:. 17 July 2013. 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6884: 6873: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6844: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6641:. Archived from 6622: 6616: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6270: 6264: 6254: 6248: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6203: 6197: 6182: 6176: 6173:Summa Theologica 6169: 6163: 6156: 6150: 6149:, pp. 3–36. 6144: 6135: 6129: 6120: 6114: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6054: 6048: 6029: 6023: 6013: 6007: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5982: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5714: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5673: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5532:(6): 1423–1428. 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5408:10.2307/20072892 5391: 5385: 5384: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5300: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5202: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4979: 4973: 4950: 4941: 4931: 4925: 4907: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4825:ius non-scriptum 4817: 4811: 4803: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4667:Georges Gurvitch 4604:Sociology of law 4412:consumer welfare 4398:and the English 4394:decrees against 4178:Law and commerce 4103:Treaty of Lisbon 4083:human rights law 3877:South Sea Bubble 3825:his act was the 3538:dolus eventualis 3526:strict liability 3516:malicious intent 3463:election systems 3435:campaign finance 3413:. It along with 3254:Conflict of laws 3163: 3145:Conflict of laws 2986:Washington, D.C. 2954:, contracts, or 2940:case-law reports 2933:legal researcher 2870:Bachelor of Laws 2840:Legal profession 2834:Legal profession 2708:Medieval England 2694:Officers of the 2670:defence ministry 2666:foreign ministry 2522:in Rome and the 2463:Guardian Council 2455:communist states 2415:unconstitutional 2331:Examination Yuan 2269:legal profession 2255: 2172:Marxist–Leninist 2160:communist states 2134:its legal system 1984: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1884:(consensus) and 1851:Law and religion 1818:1937 in the U.S. 1631:Byzantine Empire 1354:. A Europe-wide 1337: 1288:contained major 1203:Ancient Egyptian 1185:is revealed the 1102: 1099: 1096: 1025:Greek philosophy 885: 847: 844: 841: 837: 834: 831: 827: 821: 811: 584: 577: 570: 214: 213: 204: 197: 190: 128:Sociology of law 69: 46: 45: 21: 18933: 18932: 18928: 18927: 18926: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18898: 18897: 18896: 18891: 18890: 18885: 18872: 18861:Totalitarianism 18722: 18717: 18707: 18697: 18687: 18677: 18667: 18657: 18647: 18637: 18627: 18617: 18607: 18597: 18587: 18577: 18567: 18557: 18547: 18537: 18534:Treatise on Law 18527: 18517: 18507: 18487: 18145: 18139: 17878: 17872: 17758: 17752: 17671: 17574: 17560:State of nature 17555:Social contract 17535:Ordered liberty 17523:Noblesse oblige 17440: 17274: 17203: 17032: 17027: 16997: 16992: 16968: 16936: 16903: 16887: 16861:Science studies 16645:Administration 16634: 16360: 16337: 16335:Social sciences 16332: 16302: 16297: 16237: 16182: 16107: 16093:Self-reflection 16083:Moral character 16042:Human condition 15994:Critical theory 15934: 15898: 15845:Performing arts 15786: 15781: 15746: 15738: 15733: 15732: 15727: 15650: 15644: 15627: 15621: 15602:Solomon Islands 15540: 15538:Law of Oceania 15535: 15505: 15500: 15484: 15442: 15436: 15422:Northern Cyprus 15404: 15398: 15292:North Macedonia 15113: 15108: 15078: 15073: 15045: 15013: 15004: 14985:Northern Cyprus 14971: 14964: 14706: 14701: 14671: 14666: 14660: 14643: 14641: 14631: 14558: 14553: 14523: 14518: 14412: 14410: 14403: 14277: 14272: 14242: 14237: 14236: 14231: 14214: 14201: 14192: 14173: 14171: 14164: 14148: 14146: 14139: 13858: 13853: 13818: 13810: 13805: 13778: 13764: 13755: 13732: 13723:Political party 13696:Legal education 13684:Law enforcement 13664:Court of equity 13622: 13598:Question of law 13551:Practice of law 13531:Judicial review 13445: 13396:Legal formalism 13376:Comparative law 13371:Contract theory 13354: 13274:Legal pluralism 13245: 13234:Act of Congress 13158:Executive order 13124: 13026: 12945:Nationality law 12870:Immigration law 12794:Competition law 12747: 12615: 12610: 12530:Wayback Machine 12518: 12505: 12503: 12490: 12481: 12479: 12466: 12457: 12455: 12442: 12428: 12426: 12417: 12414: 12412:Further reading 12409: 12382: 12357: 12355: 12340:10.2307/1065717 12315: 12280:10.2307/2195750 12226: 12204: 12184: 12177: 12164: 12136: 12117: 12089: 12063: 12061: 12057: 12042: 12031: 12012: 11972: 11970: 11947: 11922: 11920: 11881: 11879: 11875: 11852: 11833:10.2307/2674504 11810: 11748: 11717: 11698: 11676: 11657: 11629: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11563: 11552: 11533: 11510: 11488: 11454: 11452: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11413: 11397: 11341: 11299: 11267: 11225: 11186: 11175: 11149: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11103: 11092: 11079: 11055: 11036: 11017: 10994: 10969: 10945: 10943: 10942:on 14 June 2007 10939: 10924: 10913: 10874: 10855: 10830: 10828: 10807: 10788: 10672: 10653: 10634: 10612: 10593: 10574: 10539: 10520: 10495: 10493: 10480:France, Anatole 10472: 10449: 10430: 10405: 10333: 10319:Dworkin, Ronald 10311: 10297:Durkheim, Émile 10289: 10270: 10251: 10232: 10213: 10191: 10169: 10147: 10122: 10120: 10116: 10085: 10065:(16): 386–405. 10047: 10028: 10009: 9990: 9968: 9966: 9942: 9940: 9902: 9880: 9859: 9840: 9821: 9802: 9794:. Intersentia. 9775:Wayback Machine 9768:Perseus program 9729:10.2307/2607811 9708: 9689: 9669: 9658: 9649: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9602:Cotterrell 1999 9600: 9596: 9590:Rheinstein 1954 9588: 9584: 9578:Cotterrell 2006 9576: 9572: 9551: 9547: 9539: 9532: 9526:Cotterrell 1992 9524: 9517: 9508: 9504: 9495: 9491: 9482: 9478: 9470: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9407: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9345: 9334: 9333: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9309: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9267: 9262:Wayback Machine 9247: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9217: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9185: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9104: 9100: 9091: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9049:Wayback Machine 9039: 9035: 9029:Pargendler 2018 9027: 9020: 9010: 9006: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8980:on 23 June 2011 8968: 8967: 8963: 8954: 8950: 8942:, see Simpson, 8940:Wayback Machine 8927: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8892:Powell v. Texas 8884: 8880: 8865: 8861: 8852: 8848: 8840: 8833: 8825: 8818: 8802:Cesare Beccaria 8800: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8775: 8771: 8759: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8606: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8569: 8565: 8556: 8552: 8546:Wayback Machine 8533: 8529: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8433:Wayback Machine 8418: 8414: 8410:, pp. 5–6. 8406: 8402: 8393: 8389: 8374: 8370: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8336:Wayback Machine 8322: 8318: 8311:Second Treatise 8307: 8303: 8294: 8290: 8281: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8192:Wayback Machine 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8122: 8117:Wayback Machine 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8048: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8011: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7966: 7962: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7864:, pp. 1–2. 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7816: 7814: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7711: 7707: 7696:Thomas Hobbes, 7695: 7691: 7686:Wayback Machine 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7603: 7599: 7585: 7581: 7577:(2013), p. 1-2. 7572: 7568: 7561: 7543:Soviet Politics 7539: 7535: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7451: 7449: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7357: 7348: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7294: 7290: 7282:Raymond Wacks, 7281: 7277: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7174:Wayback Machine 7160: 7156: 7149:Gee v Pritchard 7146: 7142: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513:, pp. 5–6. 6509: 6505: 6499:Richardson 2004 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6474: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6328: 6324: 6315: 6311: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6273:Green, Leslie. 6271: 6267: 6263:, 42 (par. 434) 6255: 6251: 6239: 6235: 6220:10.2307/2176104 6204: 6200: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6166: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6055: 6051: 6030: 6026: 6014: 6010: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5956: 5952: 5937: 5915: 5911: 5888:10.2307/1325958 5872: 5868: 5861: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5818:Rubin, Paul H. 5816: 5812: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5758: 5732: 5728: 5691: 5687: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5538:10.2307/3311976 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5427: 5423: 5392: 5388: 5365:10.2307/1051071 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5111:10.2307/1141239 5091: 5087: 5064:10.2307/3052897 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4980: 4976: 4970:Wayback Machine 4951: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4922:Wayback Machine 4908: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4869: 4865: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4693: 4686: 4683: 4673:in Europe, and 4671:Leon Petrażycki 4659:Hugo Sinzheimer 4606: 4600: 4518:Milton Friedman 4471: 4465: 4460: 4384:Competition law 4352:and utilities. 4350:public services 4321:value added tax 4190:began with the 4149:right of asylum 4141:nationality law 4137:Immigration law 4117:Civil procedure 4047:while on strike 4035:Law and society 4032: 4015:Lord Chancellor 3999: 3991:Main articles: 3989: 3869: 3863: 3827:proximate cause 3822:his breach; and 3746: 3738:Main articles: 3736: 3707:penalty clauses 3649: 3643: 3493: 3487: 3475:electoral fraud 3455:voting machines 3390:judicial review 3343:civil liberties 3328: 3320:Main articles: 3318: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3178: 3164: 3155: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3085: 3079: 3053:and many other 2978: 2972: 2858:bar association 2854:practice of law 2842: 2836: 2768:mandarin square 2752: 2746: 2712:criminal courts 2688: 2680:Main articles: 2678: 2644:, found in the 2579: 2573: 2553:house of review 2518:in Moscow, the 2514:in Berlin, the 2506:in London, the 2477: 2471: 2356: 2350: 2257: 2247:Thomas Hobbes, 2246: 2237: 2184:legal syllogism 2180: 2156: 2150: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2068:influenced the 2004:Catholic Church 1947: 1941: 1925:Catholic Church 1853: 1847: 1841: 1794:Sir Thomas More 1790:Lord Chancellor 1763:Norman conquest 1749:(except Malta, 1705:John of England 1697: 1689:Main articles: 1687: 1635:Theodosian Code 1592:Codex Hammurabi 1565:Napoleonic Code 1557: 1551: 1523: 1513:Comparative law 1511:Main articles: 1509: 1481:Chiang Kai-shek 1270:enslaved people 1243:Codex Hammurabi 1175: 1169: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1038:Treatise on Law 1029:Western culture 1017:Natural lawyers 997: 991: 970:Treatise on Law 905:Baron Hampstead 901: 895: 887: 877: 864: 856:Main articles: 854: 845: 842: 839: 835: 832: 829: 796: 767:jurisdictions. 670:comparative law 588: 516:Liaison officer 423:Nuclear warfare 407:Multilateralism 347:Just war theory 208: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18931: 18921: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18893: 18892: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18877: 18874: 18873: 18871: 18870: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18851:Social justice 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18827: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18759:Egalitarianism 18756: 18751: 18749:Contractualism 18746: 18741: 18736: 18730: 18728: 18724: 18723: 18721: 18720: 18710: 18700: 18690: 18680: 18670: 18660: 18650: 18640: 18630: 18620: 18610: 18600: 18590: 18580: 18570: 18560: 18550: 18540: 18530: 18520: 18510: 18499: 18497: 18493: 18492: 18489: 18488: 18486: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18149: 18147: 18141: 18140: 18138: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18016: 18015: 18005: 18000: 17999: 17998: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17882: 17880: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17814: 17813: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17762: 17760: 17754: 17753: 17751: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17679: 17677: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17643: 17642: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17591: 17589: 17582: 17576: 17575: 17573: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17545:Overton window 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17454: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17376:Libertarianism 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17282: 17280: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17211: 17209: 17205: 17204: 17202: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17040: 17038: 17034: 17033: 17026: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17003: 16994: 16993: 16991: 16990: 16978: 16966: 16954: 16941: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16917: 16911: 16909: 16905: 16904: 16902: 16901: 16895: 16893: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16874: 16873: 16868: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16827: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16804:social science 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16736:Global studies 16733: 16731:Gender studies 16728: 16723: 16722: 16721: 16716: 16714:social science 16710:Environmental 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16657: 16656: 16651: 16642: 16640: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16600: 16599: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16524: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16423: 16422: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16409:macroeconomics 16406: 16404:microeconomics 16396: 16395: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16368: 16366: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16331: 16330: 16323: 16316: 16308: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16257: 16256: 16245: 16243: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16209: 16208: 16196: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16180: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16126: 16121: 16115: 16113: 16109: 16108: 16106: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16068: 16067: 16066: 16061: 16051: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15979: 15976:Belles-lettres 15972: 15967: 15962: 15960:Antipositivism 15957: 15952: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15939: 15936: 15935: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15906: 15904: 15897: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15842: 15837: 15836: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15794: 15792: 15788: 15787: 15780: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15757: 15751: 15748: 15747: 15735: 15734: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15703:Norfolk Island 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15658:American Samoa 15654: 15652: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15637: 15631: 15629: 15628:of New Zealand 15623: 15622: 15620: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15541: 15534: 15533: 15526: 15519: 15511: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15496:European Union 15492: 15490: 15489:Other entities 15486: 15485: 15483: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15446: 15444: 15443:other entities 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15408: 15406: 15400: 15399: 15397: 15396: 15391: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15367:United Kingdom 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15180:Czech Republic 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15114: 15107: 15106: 15099: 15092: 15084: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15071: 15061: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15017: 15015: 15006: 15005: 15003: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14976: 14974: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14716: 14714: 14708: 14707: 14700: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14677: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14657: 14652: 14646: 14644: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14568: 14566: 14560: 14559: 14552: 14551: 14544: 14537: 14529: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14499:Sint Eustatius 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14444:Cayman Islands 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14415: 14413: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14278: 14271: 14270: 14263: 14256: 14248: 14239: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14217: 14204: 14195: 14181:Canary Islands 14177: 14176: 14174: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14162: 14157: 14151: 14149: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13866: 13864: 13860: 13859: 13856:Law of Africa 13852: 13851: 13844: 13837: 13829: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13803: 13796: 13789: 13775: 13772:Law portal 13760: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13740: 13738: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13704: 13703: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13608:Trial advocacy 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13516: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13455: 13453: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13320: 13319: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13292: 13291: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13255: 13253: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13145: 13140: 13138:Ballot measure 13134: 13132: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13122: 13117: 13115:Legal treatise 13112: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13095: 13094: 13093: 13083: 13081:Letters patent 13078: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13042: 13036: 13034: 13032:Sources of law 13028: 13027: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13017:Unenforced law 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12957: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12789:Commercial law 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12701: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12655: 12654: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12623: 12621: 12617: 12616: 12609: 12608: 12601: 12594: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12517: 12516:External links 12514: 12513: 12512: 12488: 12464: 12440: 12435: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12407: 12386: 12380: 12364: 12334:(3): 203–214. 12319: 12313: 12300: 12274:(4): 775–786. 12263: 12251: 12230: 12224: 12208: 12202: 12189: 12168: 12162: 12149: 12140: 12134: 12121: 12115: 12093: 12087: 12070: 12035: 12029: 12016: 12010: 11997: 11993:Commercial Law 11988: 11979: 11951: 11945: 11929: 11901: 11888: 11845: 11827:(4): 883–912. 11814: 11808: 11792: 11766:(1): 101–116. 11752: 11746: 11733: 11725:Rheinstein, M. 11721: 11715: 11702: 11696: 11680: 11674: 11661: 11655: 11642: 11633: 11627: 11607: 11574:(1): 143–189. 11556: 11550: 11537: 11531: 11514: 11508: 11492: 11486: 11473: 11461: 11433: 11401: 11395: 11387:Snell's Equity 11382: 11356:(3): 251–274. 11345: 11339: 11326: 11303: 11297: 11280: 11271: 11265: 11252: 11230: 11179: 11173: 11153: 11147: 11134: 11122: 11101: 11083: 11077: 11063:Kant, Immanuel 11059: 11053: 11040: 11034: 11021: 11015: 11009:. Blackwells. 10998: 10992: 10979:"Introduction" 10973: 10967: 10952: 10917: 10911: 10898: 10882:Hobbes, Thomas 10878: 10872: 10859: 10853: 10837: 10811: 10805: 10792: 10786: 10768: 10750:(3): 253–263. 10739: 10728: 10702:(3): 610–627. 10691: 10676: 10670: 10657: 10651: 10638: 10632: 10616: 10610: 10597: 10591: 10578: 10572: 10555: 10543: 10537: 10524: 10518: 10510:State-Building 10502: 10476: 10470: 10453: 10447: 10434: 10428: 10409: 10403: 10386: 10360:(3): 263–304. 10349: 10341:Ehrlich, Eugen 10337: 10331: 10315: 10309: 10293: 10287: 10274: 10268: 10255: 10249: 10236: 10230: 10217: 10211: 10195: 10189: 10173: 10167: 10151: 10145: 10129: 10102:10.1086/466560 10075: 10051: 10045: 10032: 10026: 10013: 10007: 9994: 9988: 9975: 9949: 9922: 9906: 9900: 9887: 9878: 9863: 9857: 9844: 9838: 9825: 9819: 9806: 9800: 9787: 9778: 9741: 9712: 9706: 9693: 9687: 9674: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9630: 9628:, p. 142. 9618: 9616:, p. 156. 9606: 9594: 9592:, p. 336. 9582: 9570: 9545: 9543:, p. 636. 9530: 9515: 9502: 9489: 9476: 9464: 9452: 9440: 9414: 9401: 9389: 9357: 9343: 9327: 9315: 9313:, Section 123. 9303: 9291: 9279: 9265: 9241: 9229: 9215: 9200: 9183: 9169: 9165:Bolton v Stone 9157: 9124:10.2307/786478 9118:(6): 721–730. 9098: 9085: 9055: 9033: 9018: 9004: 8991: 8961: 8948: 8921: 8919:, p. 333. 8909: 8907:, p. 491. 8897: 8878: 8859: 8846: 8831: 8816: 8794: 8782: 8769: 8753: 8728:(1): 105–134. 8708: 8678: 8648: 8635: 8594: 8563: 8550: 8527: 8514: 8479: 8449: 8437: 8412: 8400: 8387: 8368: 8351: 8339: 8316: 8301: 8288: 8272: 8260: 8248: 8222: 8196: 8172: 8160: 8158:, p. 371. 8148: 8135: 8133:, p. 367. 8120: 8097: 8085: 8055: 8042: 8030: 8003: 7973: 7960: 7947: 7932: 7930:, p. 101. 7917: 7905: 7903:, p. 158. 7890: 7878: 7874:Patterson 2001 7866: 7862:Goldhaber 2007 7854: 7824: 7794: 7768: 7757:on 6 July 2017 7736: 7705: 7689: 7663: 7632: 7617:(4): 807–834. 7597: 7579: 7566: 7559: 7533: 7520:10.2307/840224 7514:(4): 781–808. 7498: 7494:Markovits 2007 7483: 7471: 7469:, p. 127. 7459: 7438:"Saudi Arabia" 7429: 7417: 7405: 7393: 7387:978-0226077598 7386: 7368: 7355: 7342: 7315: 7288: 7275: 7260: 7229: 7227:, p. 159. 7217: 7207: 7189: 7177: 7154: 7140: 7133:Table Talk of 7124: 7112: 7100: 7070: 7040: 7038:, p. 204. 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6926: 6896: 6860: 6815: 6803: 6801:, p. 309. 6791: 6789:, p. 307. 6779: 6777:, p. 305. 6767: 6765:, p. 304. 6755: 6753:, p. 287. 6743: 6741:, p. 273. 6731: 6724: 6706: 6699: 6681: 6679:, p. 276. 6669: 6656: 6637: 6617: 6602: 6583: 6574:Commercial Law 6563: 6551: 6539: 6537:, p. 121. 6527: 6525:, p. 346. 6515: 6503: 6491: 6472: 6442: 6430: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6366: 6335: 6322: 6309: 6296: 6265: 6257:Kant, Immanuel 6249: 6233: 6198: 6177: 6164: 6151: 6136: 6134:, p. 410. 6121: 6106: 6104:, p. 184. 6094: 6078: 6066: 6049: 6024: 6008: 5992: 5950: 5935: 5909: 5882:(3): 195–234. 5866: 5859: 5841: 5810: 5791:(4): 539–543. 5775: 5756: 5726: 5705:(5): 558–583. 5685: 5664:(3): 241–265. 5644: 5601: 5566: 5512: 5481: 5474: 5456: 5421: 5386: 5343: 5312: 5275: 5273:, p. 525. 5263: 5238: 5226: 5177: 5144: 5105:(3): 301–306. 5085: 5058:(3): 429–446. 5042: 5030: 5026:Robertson 2006 5012: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4990: 4974: 4942: 4926: 4902: 4889: 4885:State-Building 4876: 4863: 4846: 4837: 4812: 4810:, 2, 104–107). 4797: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4782:Sources of law 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Outline of law 4754: 4752:Legal treatise 4749: 4744: 4742:Law dictionary 4739: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4682: 4679: 4663:Theodor Geiger 4650:Émile Durkheim 4602:Main article: 4599: 4596: 4514:Chicago School 4506:Richard Posner 4478:Richard Posner 4467:Main article: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4443: 4436:climate change 4432:Kyoto Protocol 4425: 4415: 4381: 4346: 4332: 4311:was introduced 4293: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4276: 4273:related rights 4262: 4259:maritime liens 4243: 4226:bankruptcy law 4206:Commercial law 4203: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4134: 4128: 4114: 4072: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4028: 3988: 3985: 3981:mix our labour 3940:commercial law 3865:Main article: 3862: 3859: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3781:House of Lords 3735: 3732: 3645:Main article: 3642: 3639: 3623:rehabilitation 3566:, or pleading 3548:Adolf Eichmann 3534:dolus directus 3489:Main article: 3486: 3483: 3465:and formulas, 3461:of elections, 3399:Conseil d'État 3359:United Kingdom 3355:bill of rights 3317: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3289:United Nations 3278: 3251: 3241:(WTO), or the 3179: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3131:Main article: 3128: 3125: 3078: 3075: 3067:debating clubs 2974:Main article: 2971: 2968: 2894:Doctor of Laws 2882:Master of Laws 2838:Main article: 2835: 2832: 2800:Baron de Grimm 2766:official with 2748:Main article: 2745: 2742: 2677: 2674: 2624:(appointed by 2575:Main article: 2572: 2569: 2545:constituencies 2473:Main article: 2470: 2467: 2352:Main article: 2349: 2346: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2210:Edward H. Levi 2179: 2176: 2152:Main article: 2149: 2146: 2142:world politics 2117:Ottoman Empire 2099:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2032:church council 2000:ecclesiastical 1943:Main article: 1940: 1937: 1843:Main article: 1840: 1837: 1747:British Empire 1723:and executive 1686: 1683: 1643:religious laws 1605:Roman Republic 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1508: 1505: 1449:British Empire 1290:constitutional 1280:) and custom ( 1251:transliterated 1247:Assyriologists 1235:Babylonian law 1231:King Hammurabi 1171:Main article: 1168: 1165: 1145:Ronald Dworkin 1053:Jeremy Bentham 1035:, notably his 1033:Thomas Aquinas 990: 987: 975:Thomas Aquinas 947:Ronald Dworkin 921:Thurman Arnold 897:Main article: 894: 891: 865: 853: 850: 802:, attested in 795: 792: 753:commercial law 590: 589: 587: 586: 579: 572: 564: 561: 560: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 512: 511: 506: 496: 491: 489:Family therapy 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 453: 452: 448: 447: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 417: 416: 412: 411: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 371: 370: 364: 363: 362: 361: 360: 359: 349: 344: 339: 334: 326: 325: 319: 318: 317: 316: 308: 307: 303: 302: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 279: 278: 276:Party-directed 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 246: 241: 236: 228: 227: 221: 220: 210: 209: 207: 206: 199: 192: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 166: 165: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 138: 137: 133: 132: 131: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 102: 101: 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 84: 76: 75: 71: 70: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18930: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18905: 18903: 18882: 18879: 18878: 18875: 18869: 18868: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18811: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18784:Jurisprudence 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18731: 18729: 18725: 18716: 18715: 18711: 18706: 18705: 18701: 18696: 18695: 18691: 18686: 18685: 18681: 18676: 18675: 18671: 18666: 18665: 18661: 18656: 18655: 18651: 18646: 18645: 18641: 18636: 18635: 18631: 18626: 18625: 18621: 18616: 18615: 18614:Rights of Man 18611: 18606: 18605: 18601: 18596: 18595: 18591: 18586: 18585: 18581: 18576: 18575: 18571: 18566: 18565: 18561: 18556: 18555: 18551: 18546: 18545: 18541: 18536: 18535: 18531: 18526: 18525: 18524:De re publica 18521: 18516: 18515: 18511: 18506: 18505: 18501: 18500: 18498: 18494: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18150: 18148: 18144:20th and 21st 18142: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18014: 18011: 18010: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17883: 17881: 17877:18th and 19th 17875: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17812: 17809: 17808: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17763: 17761: 17755: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17733:Nizam al-Mulk 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17674: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17641: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17577: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17525: 17524: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17443: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17416:Republicanism 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17283: 17281: 17277: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17210: 17206: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17041: 17039: 17035: 17031: 17024: 17019: 17017: 17012: 17010: 17005: 17004: 17001: 16989: 16988: 16983: 16979: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16965: 16964: 16955: 16953: 16952: 16943: 16942: 16939: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16927:Human science 16925: 16923: 16922: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16906: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16884: 16883:Vegan studies 16881: 16879: 16876: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16863: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16846:Public health 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16780:Philosophies 16779: 16777: 16776:Media studies 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16751:Human ecology 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16711: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16661:Anthrozoology 16659: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16646: 16644: 16643: 16641: 16637: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16601: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16586:developmental 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16569: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16559:public policy 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16525: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16510:legal systems 16508: 16506: 16505:legal history 16503: 16501: 16500:jurisprudence 16498: 16497: 16496: 16493: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16451: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16428: 16427: 16424: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16397: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16363: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16343: 16340: 16336: 16329: 16324: 16322: 16317: 16315: 16310: 16309: 16306: 16294: 16293: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16240: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16207: 16206: 16202: 16201: 16200: 16199:Human science 16197: 16195: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16185: 16179: 16178: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16131: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16110: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16049: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16015: 16012: 16011: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15984: 15980: 15978: 15977: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15941: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15915:Environmental 15913: 15911: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15901: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15847: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15819: 15818:Language arts 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15795: 15793: 15789: 15785: 15778: 15773: 15771: 15766: 15764: 15759: 15758: 15755: 15749: 15742: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15698:New Caledonia 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15678:Easter Island 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15653: 15647: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15630: 15624: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15549: 15547: 15543: 15539: 15532: 15527: 15525: 15520: 15518: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15487: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15455:Faroe Islands 15453: 15451: 15448: 15447: 15445: 15439: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15427:South Ossetia 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15401: 15395: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15252:Liechtenstein 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15111:Law in Europe 15105: 15100: 15098: 15093: 15091: 15086: 15085: 15082: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15060: 15052: 15051: 15048: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15018: 15016: 15011: 15007: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14995:South Ossetia 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14973: 14967: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14698: 14693: 14691: 14686: 14684: 14679: 14678: 14675: 14663: 14658: 14656: 14655:French Guiana 14653: 14651: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14639: 14634: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14550: 14545: 14543: 14538: 14536: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14406: 14400: 14399:United States 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14269: 14264: 14262: 14257: 14255: 14250: 14249: 14246: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14212: 14208: 14205: 14199: 14196: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14167: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14142: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13985:Guinea-Bissau 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13850: 13845: 13843: 13838: 13836: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13821: 13817:Law by region 13814: 13802: 13801: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13776: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13750: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13735: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13702: 13699: 13698: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13654:Civil society 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13625: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13613:Trier of fact 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13499:Legal opinion 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13479:Court-martial 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13451:Jurisprudence 13448: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13340:Statutory law 13338: 13336: 13335:Socialist law 13333: 13329: 13328:Byzantine law 13326: 13325: 13324: 13321: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13280: 13279:Religious law 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13251:Legal systems 13248: 13242: 13239: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13219:Statutory law 13217: 13213: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13127: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13096: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13049:Statutory law 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13007:Transport law 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12925:Legal fiction 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12855:Financial law 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12814:Corporate law 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12738:Statutory law 12736: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12620:Core subjects 12618: 12614: 12607: 12602: 12600: 12595: 12593: 12588: 12587: 12584: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12415: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12320: 12316: 12310: 12306: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12243: 12241: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12195: 12190: 12183: 12176: 12175: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12155: 12150: 12146: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12127: 12122: 12118: 12112: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12097:Stone, Julius 12094: 12090: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12071: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12041: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12022: 12017: 12013: 12007: 12003: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11985: 11980: 11968: 11965:(in German). 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11946:9781485133148 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11895:(in German). 11894: 11893:Rechtstheorie 11889: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11859:(in French). 11858: 11851: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11815: 11811: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11743: 11739: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11671: 11667: 11662: 11658: 11652: 11648: 11643: 11639: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11619: 11618: 11612: 11608: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11562: 11557: 11553: 11547: 11543: 11538: 11534: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11419: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11392: 11388: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11346: 11342: 11336: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11310: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11281: 11277: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11231: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11185: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11091: 11090: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11050: 11046: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11012: 11007: 11006: 10999: 10995: 10989: 10985: 10980: 10974: 10970: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10953: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10918: 10914: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10865: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10847:. Routledge. 10846: 10842: 10838: 10826: 10823:(in German). 10822: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10663: 10658: 10654: 10648: 10644: 10639: 10635: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10564: 10563: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10525: 10521: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422:. Routledge. 10421: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10261: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10243:. MIT Press. 10242: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10223: 10218: 10214: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10146:9780883633120 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9950: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9927:"John Austin" 9923: 9918: 9917: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9897: 9893: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9812: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9763: 9759: 9754: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9680: 9675: 9668: 9664: 9657: 9652: 9651: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9622: 9615: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9591: 9586: 9579: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9542: 9537: 9535: 9527: 9522: 9520: 9512: 9506: 9499: 9493: 9486: 9480: 9473: 9468: 9461: 9456: 9450:, p. 53. 9449: 9444: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9411: 9405: 9398: 9393: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9354: 9353: 9347: 9339: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9301:, p. 25. 9300: 9295: 9288: 9287:Matthews 1995 9283: 9276: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9233: 9226: 9225: 9219: 9212: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9190: 9188: 9180: 9179: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9089: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9023: 9015: 9014: 9008: 9001: 8995: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8958: 8952: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8933:14 QBD 273 DC 8931: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8863: 8856: 8850: 8843: 8838: 8836: 8828: 8823: 8821: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8798: 8792:, p. 75. 8791: 8786: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8690: 8682: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8652: 8645: 8639: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8554: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8531: 8524: 8518: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8446: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8364:Civil Society 8361: 8358:(Pelczynski, 8355: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8313: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8297:Civil Society 8292: 8285: 8279: 8277: 8269: 8264: 8257: 8252: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8095:, p. 16. 8094: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8064:"bureaucracy" 8059: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8019:on 6 May 2008 8018: 8014: 8007: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7970: 7964: 7957: 7951: 7945:, p. 71. 7944: 7939: 7937: 7929: 7924: 7922: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7835:(in French). 7834: 7828: 7812: 7808: 7805:(in German). 7804: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7753: 7746: 7740: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7467:Akhlaghi 2005 7463: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7403:, p. 43. 7402: 7401:Anderson 1956 7397: 7389: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7187:, p. 17. 7186: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7151: 7150: 7144: 7137: 7136: 7131:Pollock (ed) 7128: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7079:"Magna Carta" 7074: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7037: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7014:, p. 43. 7013: 7008: 7002:, p. 35. 7001: 6996: 6990:, p. 32. 6989: 6984: 6978:, p. 21. 6977: 6972: 6966:, p. 18. 6965: 6960: 6944: 6940: 6939:The Economist 6936: 6930: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6727: 6725:9781136950360 6721: 6718:. Routledge. 6717: 6710: 6702: 6700:9781783475728 6696: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6666: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6638:9780199673667 6634: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6615:, p. 71. 6614: 6609: 6607: 6590: 6586: 6584:9780199692088 6580: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6549:, p. 39. 6548: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6501:, p. 11. 6500: 6495: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6426: 6419: 6413:, p. 37. 6412: 6407: 6401:, p. 21. 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6326: 6319: 6316:Kazantzakis, 6313: 6306: 6300: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6194:1-85431-582-X 6191: 6187: 6181: 6174: 6168: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6103: 6102:Campbell 1993 6098: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6076:, p. 36. 6075: 6070: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6045:1-85431-582-X 6042: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5936:9780472096251 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5860:1-931255-13-X 5856: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5763: 5759: 5757:9780199296064 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5475:9789087280574 5471: 5467: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5193:(19): 53–81. 5192: 5188: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5028:, p. 90. 5027: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4963:UK Law Online 4960: 4956: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4643:Around 1900, 4638: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4627:Eugen Ehrlich 4623: 4622:legal culture 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4530:privatisation 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4452: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358:privatisation 4355: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4325:corporate tax 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4246:Admiralty law 4244: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214:insurance law 4211: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950:chimney sweep 3947: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:Real property 3885: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679:consideration 3676: 3672: 3671: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528:" crimes, an 3527: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467:vote counting 3464: 3460: 3459:accessibility 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447:apportionment 3444: 3443:redistricting 3440: 3439:party funding 3436: 3432: 3431:ballot access 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384:, holds that 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:United States 3344: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297:African Union 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024:civil society 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2976:Civil society 2970:Civil society 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950:, persuasive 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2906:Doctor of law 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2818:motivated by 2817: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Ancient Greek 2785: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2646:United States 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618:head of state 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2494: 2493:National Diet 2490: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392:Supreme Court 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380:Supreme Court 2377: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2305:Thomas Hobbes 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2273:civil society 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2196:mischief rule 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178:Legal methods 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2154:Socialist law 2148:Socialist law 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:western world 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1965:Ancient Greek 1958: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:Old Testament 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1845:Religious law 1839:Religious law 1836: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1730:stare decisis 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1679:Latin America 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651:Enlightenment 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:codifications 1573: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507:Legal systems 1504: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1492:Socialist law 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Taiwanese law 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429:Mughal Empire 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:Theodosius II 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Old Testament 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1173:Legal history 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1129:H. L. A. Hart 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073:will to power 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:Immanuel Kant 1046: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1001: 996: 986: 984: 980: 976: 973: 971: 966: 962: 958: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:H. L. A. Hart 937: 935: 929: 927: 922: 918: 917:municipal law 914: 910: 906: 900: 890: 886: 883: 882: 874: 872: 863: 859: 858:Jurisprudence 849: 826: 820: 815: 810: 805: 801: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772:legal history 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:religious law 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:jurisdictions 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625:, usually in 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 585: 580: 578: 573: 571: 566: 565: 563: 562: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 541:Peacebuilding 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:Peace process 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 454: 450: 449: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 419: 418: 414: 413: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 373: 372: 369: 366: 365: 358: 355: 354: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 342:De-escalation 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 328: 327: 324: 321: 320: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 305: 304: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 277: 274: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264:Collaborative 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 215: 205: 200: 198: 193: 191: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 164: 161: 160: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 140: 139: 135: 134: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 108:Jurisprudence 106: 105: 104: 103: 99: 98: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 73: 72: 68: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18865: 18764:Elite theory 18712: 18702: 18692: 18682: 18672: 18662: 18652: 18642: 18632: 18622: 18612: 18602: 18592: 18582: 18572: 18562: 18552: 18542: 18532: 18522: 18512: 18502: 17801:Guicciardini 17757:Early modern 17580:Philosophers 17530:Open society 17466:Body politic 17336:Distributism 17326:Conservatism 17321:Confucianism 17240:Gerontocracy 17230:Dictatorship 17184:Sovereignty‎ 17174:Ruling class 17093: 17064:Emancipation 17049:Citizenship‎ 16985: 16961: 16949: 16919: 16726:Food studies 16666:Area studies 16494: 16419:mathematical 16414:econometrics 16372:Anthropology 16290: 16254:Philistinism 16249:Antihumanism 16203: 16175: 16161:Nova Religio 16128: 16046: 16026:Hermeneutics 15981: 15974: 15839: 15798:Anthropology 15649:Dependencies 15635:Cook Islands 15432:Transnistria 15394:Vatican City 15010:Dependencies 14940:Turkmenistan 14905:Saudi Arabia 14704:Law of Asia 14638:Dependencies 14504:Sint Maarten 14484:Saint Martin 14220:Saint Helena 14191: 14095:South Africa 14085:Sierra Leone 13890:Burkina Faso 13798: 13791: 13777: 13763: 13536:Jurisdiction 13504:Legal remedy 13459:Adjudication 13359:Legal theory 13197:Ratification 13192:Promulgation 13163:Proclamation 13143:Codification 13076:Human rights 13064:Divine right 13054:Constitution 13022:Women in law 12940:Military law 12935:Marriage law 12930:Maritime law 12829:Election law 12769:Aviation law 12759:Abortion law 12711:Property law 12647:Criminal law 12612: 12504:. Retrieved 12495: 12480:. Retrieved 12471: 12456:. Retrieved 12447: 12427:. Retrieved 12403:the original 12371: 12356:. Retrieved 12331: 12327: 12305:Criminal Law 12304: 12271: 12267: 12258: 12245:– via 12239: 12215: 12193: 12182:the original 12173: 12153: 12144: 12125: 12106: 12076: 12062:. Retrieved 12050: 12046: 12020: 12001: 11992: 11983: 11971:. Retrieved 11962: 11936: 11921:. Retrieved 11917:the original 11912: 11896: 11892: 11880:. Retrieved 11873:the original 11860: 11856: 11824: 11818: 11799: 11763: 11759: 11737: 11728: 11706: 11687: 11665: 11646: 11637: 11616: 11599:. Retrieved 11571: 11567: 11541: 11522: 11500: 11496: 11477: 11471:(in German). 11468: 11453:. Retrieved 11444: 11425:. Retrieved 11409: 11386: 11353: 11349: 11330: 11313: 11307: 11291:. Springer. 11288: 11275: 11256: 11246:– via 11243: 11223:the original 11194: 11190: 11164: 11138: 11129: 11114:. Retrieved 11107:the original 11088: 11067: 11044: 11025: 11004: 10983: 10957: 10944:. Retrieved 10937:the original 10932: 10928: 10902: 10894:the original 10889: 10863: 10844: 10841:Heinze, Eric 10829:. Retrieved 10819: 10815:Hegel, Georg 10797:Legal Ethics 10796: 10776: 10747: 10743: 10733: 10699: 10695: 10679: 10661: 10642: 10623: 10601: 10582: 10561: 10550: 10528: 10509: 10494:. Retrieved 10484: 10461: 10438: 10419: 10394: 10357: 10353: 10344: 10323:Law's Empire 10322: 10300: 10278: 10259: 10240: 10221: 10202: 10180: 10158: 10136: 10121:. Retrieved 10093: 10089: 10062: 10058: 10036: 10017: 9998: 9980:Criminal Law 9979: 9967:. Retrieved 9957: 9941:. Retrieved 9930: 9915: 9910:Berle, Adolf 9891: 9883: 9868: 9849:Contract Law 9848: 9832:. Springer. 9829: 9810: 9791: 9782: 9760:– via 9750: 9723:(1): 43–51. 9720: 9716: 9697: 9678: 9667:the original 9662: 9647:Bibliography 9633: 9621: 9614:Johnson 1995 9609: 9597: 9585: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9548: 9510: 9505: 9497: 9492: 9484: 9479: 9467: 9455: 9443: 9431:. Retrieved 9417: 9409: 9404: 9392: 9380:. 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Retrieved 6278: 6268: 6260: 6252: 6244: 6236: 6214:(1): 36–50. 6211: 6207: 6201: 6185: 6180: 6172: 6167: 6159: 6154: 6132:Dworkin 1986 6097: 6089: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6052: 6032: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6000: 5995: 5964: 5953: 5918: 5912: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5850: 5844: 5832:. Retrieved 5823: 5813: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5766:. Retrieved 5739: 5729: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5635:. Retrieved 5618: 5614: 5604: 5592:. Retrieved 5583: 5579: 5569: 5557:. Retrieved 5529: 5525: 5515: 5503:. Retrieved 5494: 5484: 5465: 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5438: 5434: 5424: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5334:. Retrieved 5325: 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5291: 5278: 5266: 5251: 5241: 5229: 5217:. Retrieved 5190: 5180: 5168:. Retrieved 5157: 5147: 5135:. 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In 663: 639:constitution 594: 593: 536:Peace treaty 387:Brinkmanship 248: 244:Conciliation 163:Legal debate 149:Prescriptive 118:Positive law 100:Legal theory 58: 43: 18638:(1835–1840) 18518:(c. 350 BC) 18508:(c. 375 BC) 18125:Tocqueville 18090:Saint-Simon 18055:Montesquieu 17906:Bolingbroke 17838:Machiavelli 17718:Ibn Khaldun 17683:Alpharabius 17676:Middle Ages 17501:Natural law 17476:Common good 17401:Nationalism 17361:Imperialism 17331:Corporatism 17306:Colonialism 17286:Agrarianism 17265:Technocracy 17245:Meritocracy 17225:Bureaucracy 17215:Aristocracy 16987:Wikiversity 16878:Social work 16766:Linguistics 16691:Criminology 16608:criminology 16591:personality 16549:comparative 16527:Linguistics 16520:private law 16377:archaeology 16103:Work of art 16071:Metaphysics 16032:Historicism 15877:Visual arts 15803:Archaeology 15791:Disciplines 15582:New Zealand 15470:Isle of Man 15405:recognition 15352:Switzerland 15287:Netherlands 15069:Asia portal 14970:States with 14890:Philippines 14830:South Korea 14825:North Korea 14720:Afghanistan 14474:Puerto Rico 14384:Saint Lucia 14334:El Salvador 14147:recognition 14100:South Sudan 13990:Ivory Coast 13708:Legislature 13639:Bureaucracy 13436:Rule of man 13431:Rule of law 13406:Libertarian 13269:Chinese law 13170:Legislation 13120:Regulations 13108:Law reports 13086:Natural law 12982:Reparations 12977:Refugee law 12900:Jurimetrics 12841:(Media law) 12779:Banking law 12774:Amnesty law 12752:Disciplines 12689:Private law 12458:10 February 12429:10 November 11882:10 February 11863:: 101–120. 11802:. Penguin. 11684:Raz, Joseph 11427:10 November 11410:Bureaucracy 11316:: 233–253. 11234:Locke, John 11197:: 413–457. 11116:2 September 10946:12 February 10496:11 February 10205:. Ashgate. 9955:(1765–69). 9556:, Hertogh, 9448:Jakoby 2005 9382:1 September 9323:McGhee 2000 9237:Harris 1994 9181:AC 532, 580 8984:10 February 8917:Kaiser 2005 8842:Wilson 2003 8701:1 September 8693:. Eur-Lex. 8663:. Eur-Lex. 8472:1 September 8408:Jakobs 2004 8394:Robertson, 8106:Bureaucracy 8093:Albrow 1970 8078:2 September 7996:10 December 7913:Rasekh 2005 7901:Sherif 2005 7847:11 February 7817:10 November 7787:12 November 7761:10 November 7671:Montesquieu 7646:ERIC POSNER 7625:18 December 7479:Hallaq 2005 7452:2 September 7425:Sherif 2005 7298:"Home Page" 7239:"Canon Law" 7135:John Selden 7093:10 November 7024:Hatzis 2002 6853:31 December 6613:Mattei 1997 6595:10 December 6399:Bayles 1992 6329:Linarelli, 6303:Nietzsche, 6289:10 December 6162:457 at 461. 6074:Arnold 1935 5834:31 December 5768:31 December 5742:: 752–774. 5505:31 December 5449:31 December 5336:31 December 5305:31 December 5271:Berger 1953 5219:31 December 5170:31 December 5038:Willis 1926 4981:In the UK, 4911:Peter Birks 4887:, 166–167). 4610:criminology 4575:case named 4541:Nobel Prize 4522:Gary Becker 4490:Gary Becker 4486:Nobel Prize 4408:Clayton Act 4404:Sherman Act 4335:Banking law 4238:and the US 4184:Company law 4145:citizenship 4127:or hearing. 3932:company law 3907:in personam 3773:ginger beer 3588:v ..." or " 3471:referendums 3419:democracies 3334:The French 3097:private law 2984:A march in 2866:law society 2862:bar council 2776:bureaucracy 2750:Bureaucracy 2744:Bureaucracy 2720:show trials 2636:), and the 2489:lower house 2475:Legislature 2469:Legislature 2315:Sun Yat-sen 2225:probability 2221:Jurimetrics 2192:golden rule 2024:adjudicated 1963:Canon law ( 1917:Israeli law 1777:Magna Carta 1725:regulations 1709:Magna Carta 1621:Justinian I 1601:Justinian I 1572:legislation 1467:Similarly, 1445:became part 1361:nationalism 1334:jus commune 1322:during the 1312:Justinian I 1118:rule of law 1080:Hans Kelsen 1013:utilitarian 1009:John Austin 943:John Austin 804:Old English 733:private law 619:regulations 607:legislature 599:enforceable 551:Rule of man 546:Peacemaking 499:Game theory 377:Appeasement 293:Negotiation 259:Rule of law 234:Arbitration 225:Nonviolence 154:Jurimetrics 18:Secular law 18902:Categories 18846:Separatism 18654:On Liberty 18554:The Prince 18283:Huntington 17786:Campanella 17713:al-Ghazali 17662:Thucydides 17620:Lactantius 17565:Statolatry 17391:Monarchism 17371:Liberalism 17296:Capitalism 17279:Ideologies 17260:Plutocracy 17208:Government 17164:Revolution 17149:Propaganda 17099:Legitimacy 17074:Government 16932:Humanities 16866:historical 16799:psychology 16771:Management 16613:demography 16571:Psychology 16554:philosophy 16515:public law 16446:integrated 16064:Quadrivium 15989:Creativity 15955:Aesthetics 15882:Filmmaking 15867:Philosophy 15823:Literature 15784:Humanities 15322:San Marino 15282:Montenegro 15262:Luxembourg 15242:Kazakhstan 15145:Azerbaijan 14950:Uzbekistan 14925:Tajikistan 14840:Kyrgyzstan 14820:Kazakhstan 14740:Bangladesh 14730:Azerbaijan 14469:Montserrat 14464:Martinique 14459:Guadeloupe 14314:Costa Rica 14202:(Portugal) 14160:Somaliland 14080:Seychelles 14045:Mozambique 14030:Mauritania 14015:Madagascar 13970:The Gambia 13905:Cape Verde 13701:Law school 13581:Prosecutor 13519:Magistrate 13306:Jewish law 13264:Common law 13185:Rulemaking 13180:Regulation 13130:Law making 13069:Divine law 13045:Legal code 12992:Sports law 12915:Law of war 12865:Health law 12850:Family law 12834:Energy law 12784:Bankruptcy 12721:Punishment 12716:Public law 12506:9 February 12482:9 February 12255:Weber, Max 12247:Wikisource 12234:Weber, Max 12212:Weber, Max 12064:9 February 11973:11 October 11923:8 November 11899:: 521–551. 11455:14 January 11248:Wikisource 11157:Kettl, Don 10123:4 November 9762:Wikisource 9558:Living Law 9513:, VIII, 23 9472:Coase 1960 9460:Coase 1937 9397:Berle 1932 9355:1 WLR 1260 9311:Locke 1689 9078:5 December 9068:dejure.org 8776:Tamanaha, 8671:19 January 8256:Ahmad 2009 8156:Kettl 2006 8131:Kettl 2006 8023:24 January 7967:See, e.g. 7928:Riker 1992 7886:Dicey 2005 7225:Glenn 2000 7063:13 October 7012:Stein 1999 7000:Stein 1999 6988:Stein 1999 6835:(3): 817. 6811:Farah 2006 6799:Glenn 2000 6787:Glenn 2000 6775:Glenn 2000 6763:Glenn 2000 6751:Glenn 2000 6739:Glenn 2000 6677:Glenn 2000 6559:Stein 1999 6547:Kelly 1992 6511:Kelly 1992 6437:VerSteeg, 6359:9 February 5999:Rousseau, 5989:required.) 5441:(2): 262. 5402:(3): 317. 5234:Cohen 1992 5009:References 4777:Social law 4695:Law portal 4625:founders, 4498:Adam Smith 4380:countries. 4329:income tax 4269:copyrights 4222:insolvency 4198:under the 4159:Family law 4105:makes the 4097:) and the 4053:Labour law 4019:principles 3964:possession 3898:. A right 3855:labour law 3851:defamation 3785:Lord Atkin 3763:negligence 3619:sentencing 3586:The People 3530:actus reus 3511:actus reus 3382:John Locke 3375:convention 3167:Wikisource 3143:See also: 3089:public law 3081:See also: 3063:legitimate 2808:intendants 2786:) and the 2611:confidence 2534:unicameral 2384:High Court 2376:apex court 2303:theory of 2301:absolutist 2229:statistics 2202:possible. 2095:Sharia law 2070:common law 2020:legislated 1906:Pentateuch 1849:See also: 1814:Lord Eldon 1810:principles 1717:common law 1691:Common law 1656:Code Civil 1609:magistrate 1588:Babylonian 1531:scriptures 1485:Mao Zedong 1412:Manusmriti 1365:Napoleonic 1352:common law 1211:rhetorical 1153:Joseph Raz 1098:basic norm 1065:positivism 1057:David Hume 993:See also: 985:elements. 983:naturalist 979:positivist 961:Joseph Raz 776:philosophy 765:common law 717:public law 698:Sharia law 682:common law 627:common law 402:Deterrence 87:Philosophy 82:Definition 18564:Leviathan 18544:Monarchia 18538:(c. 1274) 18373:Oakeshott 18318:Mansfield 18313:Luxemburg 18298:Kropotkin 18193:Bernstein 18146:centuries 18060:Nietzsche 18003:Jefferson 17931:Condorcet 17879:centuries 17858:Pufendorf 17723:Marsilius 17610:Confucius 17595:Aristotle 17588:Antiquity 17516:Noble lie 17436:Third Way 17431:Socialism 17356:Feudalism 17311:Communism 17291:Anarchism 17270:Theocracy 17255:Oligarchy 17235:Democracy 17220:Autocracy 17134:Pluralism 17119:Obedience 17084:Hierarchy 17044:Authority 16810:Planning 16789:economics 16706:Education 16603:Sociology 16581:cognitive 16532:semiotics 16483:political 16441:technical 16426:Geography 16399:Economics 16136:Humanitas 16048:Humanitas 16037:Historism 15999:Criticism 15892:Sculpture 15552:Australia 15460:Gibraltar 15257:Lithuania 15036:Hong Kong 14990:Palestine 14915:Sri Lanka 14910:Singapore 14790:Indonesia 14627:Venezuela 14572:Argentina 14454:Greenland 14369:Nicaragua 14344:Guatemala 14035:Mauritius 13679:Judiciary 13674:Executive 13649:The bench 13586:Solicitor 13561:Barrister 13441:Sociology 13426:Pseudolaw 13366:Anarchist 13323:Roman law 13311:Parsi law 13296:Hindu law 13284:Canon law 13259:Civil law 13212:Concordat 13103:Precedent 13012:Trust law 12987:Space law 12824:Drugs law 12694:Procedure 12632:Civil law 12358:3 January 12296:147466309 11788:154483653 11601:3 January 11407:(1962) . 11065:(1998) . 10890:Leviathan 10831:9 January 10764:142679220 10724:154429555 10374:153128973 10343:(2002) . 10110:222331226 10059:Economica 9745:Aristotle 9552:Ehrlich, 9213:EWHC 2786 9150:1 January 9132:0044-0094 8998:Wehberg, 8866:See e.g. 8790:Auby 2002 8746:1 January 8657:"C-26/62 8628:1 January 8587:1 January 8525:, 900–901 8507:3 January 8327:, 3, II, 7729:8 January 7698:Leviathan 7656:16 August 7593:Sotomayor 6949:1 January 6919:1 January 6909:JuriGlobe 6889:1 January 6649:1 January 6535:Ober 1996 6484:3 January 6387:Finn 1991 6247:, 115–116 5960:"law, n." 5896:0017-811X 5797:0022-2208 5721:1468-2230 5680:1468-2230 5637:3 January 5594:3 January 5559:3 January 5381:146933872 5209:1581-7652 5137:3 January 5119:0022-0205 5072:0023-9216 4874:, 67 etc. 4861:, 282–284 4767:Pseudolaw 4645:Max Weber 4637:Max Weber 4598:Sociology 4591:efficient 4502:antitrust 4463:Economics 4440:polluters 4388:antitrust 4370:telecomms 4354:Water law 4279:Space law 4234:. The UK 4153:stateless 3997:Trust law 3954:halfpence 3928:easements 3924:covenants 3912:mortgages 3657:influenza 3578:necessity 3258:civil law 3105:civil law 3036:Karl Marx 2948:pleadings 2846:barrister 2790:for word 2770:visible). 2760:mandarins 2730:Max Weber 2724:Louis XIV 2662:Ministers 2595:authority 2571:Executive 2538:bicameral 2512:Bundestag 2440:interpret 2354:Judiciary 2348:Judiciary 2337:Max Weber 2310:Leviathan 2249:Leviathan 2215:Sotomayor 2125:codifying 2074:Roman law 2055:sui juris 2043:civil law 1974:romanized 1945:Canon law 1939:Canon law 1921:litigants 1904:, in the 1886:precedent 1865:canon law 1772:King John 1755:Louisiana 1739:civil law 1647:canon law 1617:Byzantine 1597:Byzantine 1549:Civil law 1457:Hong Kong 1453:Singapore 1437:Aurangzeb 1417:pluralism 1348:precedent 1328:canon law 1300:Roman law 1294:democracy 1227:casuistic 1183:Hammurabi 1161:sociology 1110:Grundnorm 814:Old Norse 798:The word 794:Etymology 784:sociology 757:civil law 737:contracts 700:based on 690:precedent 674:civil law 651:economics 631:contracts 623:precedent 484:Democracy 397:Diplomacy 392:Ceasefire 382:Armistice 306:Workplace 271:Mediation 144:Normative 18819:Centrism 18514:Politics 18504:Republic 18473:Voegelin 18453:Spengler 18438:Shariati 18413:Rothbard 18368:Nussbaum 18268:Habermas 18243:Fukuyama 18233:Foucault 18158:Ambedkar 18135:Voltaire 18105:de Staël 18080:Rousseau 17961:Franklin 17936:Constant 17896:Beccaria 17728:Muhammad 17708:Gelasius 17693:Averroes 17667:Xenophon 17647:Polybius 17600:Chanakya 17445:Concepts 17411:Populism 17381:Localism 17366:Islamism 17351:Feminism 17250:Monarchy 17154:Property 17144:Progress 17109:Monopoly 17079:Hegemony 16951:Category 16819:regional 16814:land use 16649:business 16618:internet 16576:abnormal 16478:military 16468:economic 16458:cultural 16431:physical 16392:physical 16382:cultural 16187:Academia 16156:Leonardo 16124:Daedalus 16112:Journals 16076:Ontology 15965:The arts 15887:Painting 15833:Rhetoric 15567:Kiribati 15480:Svalbard 15465:Guernsey 15412:Abkhazia 15382:Scotland 15337:Slovenia 15332:Slovakia 15307:Portugal 15165:Bulgaria 15059:Category 14980:Abkhazia 14930:Thailand 14885:Pakistan 14865:Mongolia 14860:Maldives 14855:Malaysia 14755:Cambodia 14617:Suriname 14607:Paraguay 14592:Colombia 14419:Anguilla 14354:Honduras 14324:Dominica 14299:Barbados 14226: / 14222: / 14215:(France) 14209: / 14187: / 14183: / 14135:Zimbabwe 14110:Tanzania 13960:Ethiopia 13955:Eswatini 13935:Djibouti 13900:Cameroon 13885:Botswana 13786:Category 13728:Tribunal 13713:Military 13556:Attorney 13526:Judgment 13386:Feminist 13301:Jain law 13098:Case law 12819:Cyberlaw 12726:Corporal 12704:Criminal 12674:Evidence 12664:Doctrine 12642:Contract 12526:Archived 12500:Archived 12476:Archived 12452:Archived 12423:Archived 12352:Archived 12257:(1964). 12236:(1919). 12099:(1965). 12055:Archived 11967:Archived 11957:(1803). 11939:. 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