266:). However, there is a subtle distinction between them. Whereas human-made law regards law from the position of its origins (i.e. who it was that posited it), positive law regards law from the position of its legitimacy. Positive law is law by the will of whoever made it, and thus there can equally be divine positive law as there is man-made positive law. Positive Law theory stems from the powers that have enacted it. This type of law is necessary as it is manmade or enacted by the state to protect the rights of the individuals, the governed, to resolve civil disputes and lastly to maintain order and safety in the society. More literally translated,
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both espoused the notion of an ultimate sovereign. Where
Thomism (and indeed Mackenzie) divided sovereignty into the spiritual (God) and the temporal (Mackenzie's "supreme power in the state"), both Hobbes and Austin sought a single, undivided, sovereign as the ultimate source of the law. The problem
324:
Thomas
Aquinas has little difficulty with the idea of both divine positive law and human positive law, since he places no requirements upon the person who posits law that exclude either humans or the divine. However, for other philosophers the idea of both divine and human positive law has proven to
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law, which is "recognized by reason alone, without the aid of revelation". The third, the positive law of independent states, is the law posited by "the supreme power in the state". It is, in other words, man-made positive law. The fourth, the law of nations, regulates "independent states in their
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that this causes is that a temporal sovereign cannot exist if humans are subject to a divine positive law, but if divine positive law does not apply to all humans then God cannot be sovereign either. Hobbes and Austin's answer to this is to deny the existence of divine
212:, which comprises inherent rights, conferred not by act of legislation but by "God, nature, or reason". Positive law is also described as the law that applies at a certain time (present or past) and at a certain place, consisting of
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Various philosophers have put forward theories contrasting the value of positive law and natural law. The normative theory of law, as put forth by the Brno school, gave pre-eminence to positive law because of its rational nature.
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as far as it is binding. More specifically, positive law may be characterized as "law actually and specifically enacted or adopted by proper authority for the government of an organized jural society."
201:) are human-made laws that oblige or specify an action. Positive law also describes the establishment of specific rights for an individual or group. Etymologically, the name derives from the verb
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to demarcate specifically human law, the term and concept are not well suited to do so. All of divine law is positive in source, and much of it is positive in content...."
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316:. The first, divine positive law, "concerns the duties of religion" and is derived from revelation. He contrasted it with divine
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law. The temporal authority is sovereign, and responsible for translating divine natural law into human positive law.
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philosophers usually favor natural law over legal positivism. Positive law, to French philosopher
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433:(1861â1959), French jurist who introduced notion of "free scientific research" in positive law.
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Heckel, Johannes; Heckel, Martin; Krodel, Gottfried G. (2010). "The Divine
Positive Law".
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Studies in Roman law: with comparative views of the laws of France, England, and
Scotland
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James
Bernard Murphy explains: "although our philosophers often seek to use the term
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divided the law into four parts, with two types of positive law: divine positive law,
290:(if the law be divinely given, dispensation can be granted by divine authority)" and "
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Lex charitatis: a juristic disquisition on law in the theology of Martin Luther
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law, and to invest sovereignty in humans, who are, however, subject to divine
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Si autem lex sit divinitus posita, auctoritate divina dispensatio fieri potest
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674:. Emory University studies in law and religion. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
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Acts Amid
Precepts: The Logical Structure of Thomas Aquinas's Moral Theology
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729:. History of Political Ideas. Vol. 2. University of Missouri Press.
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This term is also sometimes used to refer to the legal philosophy
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Concluding
Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
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The philosophy of positive law: foundations of jurisprudence
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Thomas himself writes of divine positive law where he says "
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also acknowledged the idea of divine positive law, as did
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725:(1997). "Saint Thomas Aquinas". In Sandoz, Ellis (ed.).
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A Treatise
Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
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312:, the positive law of independent states, and the
519:"SCG (Hanover House edn 1955â57) bk 3, ch 125.10"
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237:Man-made law § Lex humana versus lex posita
543:SCG (Hanover House edn 1955â57) bk 4, ch 34(17)
224:
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2004:
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208:The concept of positive law is distinct from
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651:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
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2011:
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642:(5th ed.). West Publishing Co. 1979.
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294:(But the Law was established by God)".
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1992:
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16:Laws that oblige or specify an action
2943:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
2863:The World as Will and Representation
727:The collected works of Eric Voegelin
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3491:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
698:. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and sons.
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369:, as distinct from the schools of
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19:For the school of thought, see
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703:Murphy, James Bernard (2005).
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321:intercourse with each other".
1:
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2978:Philosophy of space and time
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2853:The Phenomenology of Spirit
647:Flannery, Kevin L. (2001).
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707:. Yale University Press.
116:Methodological background
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3568:German historical school
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1418:Basic structure doctrine
1268:Natural and legal rights
1149:Public international law
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325:be a stumbling block.
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2833:Critique of Pure Reason
1598:Principle of typicality
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633:. The Lawbook Exchange.
564:, pp. 45, 51, 285.
93:Judicial interpretation
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3089:Critical legal studies
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2034:Abstract object theory
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615:, p. 155â156,214.
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1593:Principle of legality
1352:Delegated legislation
1052:Intellectual property
750:Summa contra Gentiles
629:Kelsen, Hans (2007).
391:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
283:Summa contra Gentiles
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3558:Deontological ethics
2938:Feminist metaphysics
1811:Barristers' chambers
1753:Legal representation
1691:Justice of the peace
1037:Financial regulation
254:) and positive law (
2783:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
2294:Linguistic modality
1846:Election commission
1558:Expressive function
1087:Landlordâtenant law
986:Consumer protection
3511:The Concept of Law
3501:Pure Theory of Law
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2963:Philosophy of mind
2227:Embodied cognition
2139:Scientific realism
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1671:Lawsuit/Litigation
1661:Dispute resolution
1466:Catholic canon law
1174:State of emergency
1137:Will and testament
861:Law of obligations
814:Constitutional law
804:Administrative law
548:2018-02-20 at the
491:, p. 227â228.
300:Juan de Torquemada
3771:Philosophy of law
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3481:The Spirit of Law
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1985:
1646:Constitutionalism
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1406:Act of parliament
1144:Product liability
1097:Legal archaeology
1022:Environmental law
1016:Entertainment law
856:International law
736:978-0-8262-1142-2
714:978-0-300-10788-3
690:Mackenzie, Thomas
681:978-0-8028-6445-1
658:978-0-567-08815-4
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276:rather than posit
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521:. Archived from
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2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2916:Related topics
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2883:Being and Time
2879:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2456:Metaphysicians
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2210:Causal closure
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Libertarianism
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Existentialism
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1952:
1949:Law portal
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Trial advocacy
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1315:Ballot measure
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1292:Legal treatise
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1258:Letters patent
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:Sources of law
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1194:Unenforced law
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
966:Commercial law
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
930:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
906:
905:
895:
890:
885:
884:
883:
878:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
832:
831:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
798:
794:
793:
786:
785:
778:
771:
763:
756:
755:
745:Thomas Aquinas
741:
735:
723:Voegelin, Eric
719:
713:
700:
686:
680:
663:
657:
644:
635:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:
605:
601:Mackenzie 1862
593:
589:Mackenzie 1862
581:
577:Mackenzie 1862
566:
554:
535:
510:
508:, p. 214.
493:
481:
466:
454:
452:, p. 392.
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
428:
423:
418:
413:
406:
403:
357:Main article:
354:
351:
314:law of nations
242:Thomas Aquinas
232:
223:
190:
189:
187:
186:
179:
172:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
82:
81:
77:
76:
75:
74:
69:
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3793:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Legal realism
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Legal history
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:Jurisprudence
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Phenomenology
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:Notable works
2713:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Phenomenalism
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Action theory
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Civil society
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Trier of fact
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Legal opinion
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Court-martial
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:Jurisprudence
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Statutory law
1515:
1513:
1512:Socialist law
1510:
1506:
1505:Byzantine law
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:Religious law
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1428:Legal systems
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:Statutory law
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Statutory law
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Transport law
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Legal fiction
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Financial law
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Corporate law
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
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952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
927:
921:
918:
916:
915:Statutory law
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
877:
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872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
799:
797:Core subjects
795:
791:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
761:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
732:
728:
724:
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710:
706:
701:
697:
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691:
687:
683:
677:
672:
671:
664:
660:
654:
650:
645:
641:
636:
632:
627:
626:
614:
609:
603:, p. 52.
602:
597:
591:, p. 45.
590:
585:
579:, p. 42.
578:
573:
571:
563:
558:
551:
547:
544:
539:
525:on 2017-12-11
524:
520:
514:
507:
502:
500:
498:
490:
489:Voegelin 1997
485:
479:, p. 73.
478:
477:Flannery 2001
473:
471:
463:
458:
451:
446:
442:
432:
431:François Gény
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
402:
400:
399:H. L. A. Hart
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
376:
375:legal realism
372:
368:
367:
360:
350:
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
328:
327:Thomas Hobbes
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
301:
297:
296:Martin Luther
293:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
270:
264:
263:ius positivum
258:
252:
247:
243:
238:
231:
227:
222:
219:
215:
214:statutory law
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
195:Positive laws
185:
180:
178:
173:
171:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
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135:
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127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
115:
114:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:Jurisprudence
86:
85:
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83:
79:
78:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
3686:Usul al-Fiqh
3684:
3667:
3663:Legal system
3640:
3633:
3531:Law's Empire
3529:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3459:
3134:Philosophers
3076:Legal theory
2933:Epistemology
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2743:NyÄya SĆ«tras
2741:
2731:
2721:
2703:
2619:Wittgenstein
2564:Schopenhauer
2443:
2434:Unobservable
2284:Intelligence
2214:
2154:Subjectivism
2149:Spiritualism
2064:Essentialism
2044:Anti-realism
1975:
1968:
1954:
1940:
1713:Jurisdiction
1681:Legal remedy
1636:Adjudication
1536:Legal theory
1374:Ratification
1369:Promulgation
1340:Proclamation
1320:Codification
1253:Human rights
1241:Divine right
1231:Constitution
1199:Women in law
1117:Military law
1112:Marriage law
1107:Maritime law
1006:Election law
946:Aviation law
936:Abortion law
888:Property law
824:Criminal law
748:
726:
704:
694:
669:
648:
639:
630:
608:
596:
584:
557:
538:
527:. Retrieved
523:the original
513:
484:
457:
445:
416:Man-made law
379:
364:
362:
346:
344:
339:
335:
323:
317:
304:
291:
287:
281:
280:law. In the
277:
273:
246:man-made law
240:
229:
225:
207:
202:
194:
193:
143:Legal debate
129:Prescriptive
98:Positive law
97:
80:Legal theory
3608:Paternalism
3603:Natural law
3465:(c. 355 BC)
3312:Montesquieu
3104:Legal norms
2763:Metaphysics
2747:(c. 200 BC)
2737:(c. 350 BC)
2727:(c. 350 BC)
2614:Collingwood
2519:Malebranche
2267:Information
2195:Anima mundi
2174:Type theory
2129:Physicalism
2094:Materialism
2049:Determinism
2020:Metaphysics
1885:Legislature
1816:Bureaucracy
1613:Rule of man
1608:Rule of law
1583:Libertarian
1446:Chinese law
1347:Legislation
1297:Regulations
1285:Law reports
1263:Natural law
1159:Reparations
1154:Refugee law
1077:Jurimetrics
1018:(Media law)
956:Banking law
951:Amnesty law
929:Disciplines
866:Private law
613:Murphy 2005
506:Murphy 2005
450:Kelsen 2007
421:Natural law
395:Hans Kelsen
387:libertarian
371:natural law
331:John Austin
310:natural law
210:natural law
199:ius positum
134:Jurimetrics
3755:Categories
3715:Law portal
3342:PetraĆŒycki
3332:Pashukanis
3327:Olivecrona
3262:HÀgerström
3177:Blackstone
2823:Monadology
2757:(c. 80 BC)
2464:Parmenides
2349:Perception
2247:Experience
2134:Relativism
2109:Naturalism
2059:Enactivism
1878:Law school
1758:Prosecutor
1696:Magistrate
1483:Jewish law
1441:Common law
1362:Rulemaking
1357:Regulation
1307:Law making
1246:Divine law
1222:Legal code
1169:Sports law
1092:Law of war
1042:Health law
1027:Family law
1011:Energy law
961:Bankruptcy
898:Punishment
893:Public law
622:References
529:2017-02-25
462:Black 1979
269:lex posita
257:lex posita
251:lex humana
244:conflated
235:See also:
230:lex posita
226:Lex humana
67:Philosophy
62:Definition
3475:(c. 1270)
3357:Pufendorf
3292:Llewellyn
3152:Aristotle
2983:Teleology
2948:Mereology
2928:Cosmology
2787:(c. 1000)
2684:Plantinga
2674:Armstrong
2624:Heidegger
2599:Whitehead
2584:Nietzsche
2504:Descartes
2474:Aristotle
2429:Universal
2359:Principle
2329:Necessity
2289:Intention
2242:Existence
2205:Causality
2144:Solipsism
2074:Free will
1856:Judiciary
1851:Executive
1826:The bench
1763:Solicitor
1738:Barrister
1618:Sociology
1603:Pseudolaw
1543:Anarchist
1500:Roman law
1488:Parsi law
1473:Hindu law
1461:Canon law
1436:Civil law
1389:Concordat
1280:Precedent
1189:Trust law
1164:Space law
1001:Drugs law
871:Procedure
809:Civil law
124:Normative
3705:Category
3627:Concepts
3593:Legalism
3545:Theories
3432:Voegelin
3402:Scaevola
3362:Radbruch
3337:Perelman
3322:Nussbaum
3267:Jellinek
3232:Habermas
3227:Gurvitch
3197:Durkheim
3167:Beccaria
3001:Category
2923:Axiology
2777:(c.â270)
2705:more ...
2659:Anscombe
2654:Strawson
2649:Davidson
2544:Berkeley
2484:Plotinus
2445:more ...
2384:Relation
2364:Property
2339:Ontology
2262:Identity
2183:Concepts
2114:Nihilism
2079:Idealism
2027:Theories
1963:Category
1905:Tribunal
1890:Military
1733:Attorney
1703:Judgment
1563:Feminist
1478:Jain law
1275:Case law
996:Cyberlaw
903:Corporal
881:Criminal
851:Evidence
841:Doctrine
819:Contract
692:(1862).
546:Archived
405:See also
347:positive
336:positive
272:is posit
218:case law
203:to posit
197:(Latin:
31:a series
29:Part of
3740:changes
3653:Justice
3407:Schmitt
3397:Savigny
3377:Reinach
3302:Maistre
3297:Luhmann
3272:Jhering
3222:Grotius
3207:Ehrlich
3202:Dworkin
3192:Cardozo
3172:Bentham
3162:Bastiat
3147:Aquinas
2773:Enneads
2767:(c. 50)
2733:Timaeus
2723:Sophist
2669:Dummett
2664:Deleuze
2604:Russell
2594:Bergson
2589:Meinong
2569:Bolzano
2529:Leibniz
2509:Spinoza
2494:Aquinas
2479:Proclus
2409:Thought
2399:Subject
2379:Reality
2374:Quality
2344:Pattern
2304:Meaning
2279:Insight
2237:Essence
2222:Concept
2124:Realism
2089:Liberty
2054:Dualism
1977:Outline
1914:History
1821:The bar
1795:Verdict
1743:Counsel
1723:Justice
1578:History
1401:Statute
1217:Charter
1179:Tax law
1127:Probate
340:natural
318:natural
228:versus
72:History
3635:Dharma
3535:(1986)
3525:(1980)
3515:(1961)
3505:(1934)
3495:(1820)
3485:(1748)
3437:Walzer
3417:SuĂĄrez
3382:Renner
3347:Posner
3317:MĂŒller
3282:Kelsen
3257:Hobbes
3237:Haller
3217:Fuller
3212:Finnis
3182:Bobbio
3157:Austin
2907:(1981)
2897:(1943)
2887:(1927)
2877:(1846)
2867:(1818)
2857:(1807)
2847:(1783)
2837:(1781)
2827:(1714)
2817:(1710)
2807:(1677)
2803:Ethics
2797:(1641)
2699:Parfit
2689:Kripke
2679:Putnam
2639:Sartre
2629:Carnap
2579:Peirce
2524:Newton
2499:SuĂĄrez
2489:Scotus
2369:Qualia
2334:Object
2324:Nature
2319:Motion
2299:Matter
2232:Entity
2104:Monism
1895:Police
1866:Agency
1748:Lawyer
1493:Sharia
1384:Treaty
1379:Repeal
1325:Decree
1236:Custom
1132:Estate
1082:Labour
846:Equity
733:
711:
678:
655:
216:, and
3452:Works
3442:Weber
3427:Unger
3422:Stahl
3412:Shang
3367:Rawls
3352:Pound
3287:Leoni
3252:Hegel
3142:Alexy
3066:Index
2953:Meta-
2694:Lewis
2644:Quine
2609:Moore
2574:Lotze
2559:Hegel
2534:Wolff
2514:Locke
2469:Plato
2439:Value
2419:Truth
1970:Index
1836:Court
1780:Trial
1686:Judge
1527:Yassa
1330:Edict
876:Civil
829:Crime
438:Notes
152:Legal
3461:Laws
3392:Rumi
3387:Ross
3307:Marx
3277:Kant
3247:Hart
3187:Bork
2634:Ryle
2554:Kant
2549:Hume
2539:Reid
2414:Time
2394:Soul
2389:Self
2314:Mind
2272:Data
2257:Idea
1718:Jury
1666:Fiqh
1522:Xeer
920:Tort
836:Deed
731:ISBN
709:ISBN
676:ISBN
653:ISBN
385:and
373:and
329:and
154:and
3372:Raz
3242:Han
790:Law
278:ive
260:or
39:Law
3757::
3669:Li
3642:Fa
1224:/
747:.
569:^
496:^
469:^
401:.
377:.
302:.
274:ed
205:.
33:on
3047:e
3040:t
3033:v
2012:e
2005:t
1998:v
782:e
775:t
768:v
753:.
739:.
717:.
684:.
661:.
552:.
532:.
464:.
248:(
183:e
176:t
169:v
23:.
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