Relationship between religion and science

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Heretics by the Church in some instances. Copernicus and his work challenged the view held by the Catholic Church and the common scientific view at the time, yet according to scholar J. L. Heilbron, the Roman Catholic Church sometimes provided financial support to the Copernicans. In doing so, the Church did support and promote scientific research when the goals in question were in alignment with those of the faith, so long as the findings were in line with the rhetoric of the Church. A case example is the Catholic need for an accurate calendar. Calendar reform was a touchy subject: civilians doubted the accuracy of the mathematics and were upset that the process unfairly selected curators of the reform. The Roman Catholic Church needed a precise date for the Easter Sabbath, and thus the Church was highly supportive of calendar reform. The need for the correct date of Easter was also the impetus of cathedral construction. Cathedrals essentially functioned as massive scale sun dials and, in some cases, camera obscuras. They were efficient scientific devices because they rose high enough for their naves to determine the summer and winter solstices. Heilbron contends that as far back as the twelfth century, the Roman Catholic Church was funding scientific discovery and the recovery of ancient Greek scientific texts. However, the Copernican revolution challenged the view held the Catholic Church and placed the Sun at the center of the

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life are mostly favorable towards science."; "Our review of three important issues on the public policy agenda in the United States suggest that although there is a potential for broad religiously based conflict over science, the scope of this conflict is limited. Only on one issue does a significant portion of the public deny strong consensus for religious reasons: evolution. The significance of this disagreement should not be understated, but it is decidedly unrepresentative of the broader set of scientific controversies and issues. As already noted, it is difficult to find any other major policy issues on which there are strong religious objections to scientific research. Religious concerns do arise in connection with a number of areas of life sciences research, such as the effort to develop medical therapies from embryonic stem cells. But these are not rooted in disputes about the truth of scientific research, and can be found across the spectrum of religious sentiment."; "According to the National Science Foundation, public attitudes about science are more favorable in the United States than in Europe, Russia, and Japan, despite great differences across these cultures in level of religiosity (National Science Foundation, 2008).

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30% answered "I do not know if there is a God and there is no way to find out." In the same study, 28% said they believed in God and 8% believed in a higher power that was not God. Ecklund stated that scientists were often able to consider themselves spiritual without religion or belief in god. Ecklund and Scheitle concluded, from their study, that the individuals from non-religious backgrounds disproportionately had self-selected into scientific professions and that the assumption that becoming a scientist necessarily leads to loss of religion is untenable since the study did not strongly support the idea that scientists had dropped religious identities due to their scientific training. Instead, factors such as upbringing, age, and family size were significant influences on religious identification since those who had religious upbringing were more likely to be religious and those who had a non-religious upbringing were more likely to not be religious. The authors also found little difference in religiosity between social and natural scientists.

949:'s accounts. It was in the 19th century that relationship between science and religion became an actual formal topic of discourse, while before this no one had pitted science against religion or vice versa, though occasional complex interactions had been expressed before the 19th century. Most contemporary historians of science now reject the conflict thesis in its original form and no longer support it. Instead, it has been superseded by subsequent historical research which has resulted in a more nuanced understanding. Historian of science, Gary Ferngren, has stated: "Although popular images of controversy continue to exemplify the supposed hostility of Christianity to new scientific theories, studies have shown that Christianity has often nurtured and encouraged scientific endeavour, while at other times the two have co-existed without either tension or attempts at harmonization. If Galileo and the Scopes trial come to mind as examples of conflict, they were the exceptions rather than the rule." 919:

and argues that since significant portions of scientists are religious and the proportion of Americans believing in evolution is much higher, it implies that both are indeed compatible. Elsewhere, Miller has argued that when scientists make claims on science and theism or atheism, they are not arguing scientifically at all and are stepping beyond the scope of science into discourses of meaning and purpose. What he finds particularly odd and unjustified is in how atheists often come to invoke scientific authority on their non-scientific philosophical conclusions like there being no point or no meaning to the universe as the only viable option when the scientific method and science never have had any way of addressing questions of meaning or God in the first place. Furthermore, he notes that since evolution made the brain and since the brain can handle both religion and science, there is no natural incompatibility between the concepts at the biological level.

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saw no conflict between their own personal religious beliefs and science while the majority of those without a religious affiliation (76%) perceived science and religion to be in conflict. The study noted that people who are not affiliated with any religion, also known as "religiously unaffiliated", often have supernatural beliefs and spiritual practices despite them not being affiliated with any religion and also that "just one-in-six religiously unaffiliated adults (16%) say their own religious beliefs conflict with science." Furthermore, the study observed, "The share of all adults who perceive a conflict between science and their own religious beliefs has declined somewhat in recent years, from 36% in 2009 to 30% in 2014. Among those who are affiliated with a religion, the share of people who say there is a conflict between science and their personal religious beliefs dropped from 41% to 34% during this period."

2913:, "while large majorities of Americans respect science and scientists, they are not always willing to accept scientific findings that squarely contradict their religious beliefs." The Pew Forum states that specific factual disagreements are "not common today", though 40% to 50% of Americans do not accept the evolution of humans and other living things, with the "strongest opposition" coming from evangelical Christians at 65% saying life did not evolve. 51% of the population believes humans and other living things evolved: 26% through natural selection only, 21% somehow guided, 4% do not know. In the U.S., biological evolution is the only concrete example of conflict where a significant portion of the American public denies scientific consensus for religious reasons. In terms of advanced industrialized nations, the United States is the most religious. 1564:, Thomas Goldstein, and Ted Davis have reviewed the popular notion that medieval Christianity was a negative influence in the development of civilization and science. In their views, not only did the monks save and cultivate the remnants of ancient civilization during the barbarian invasions, but the medieval church promoted learning and science through its sponsorship of many universities which, under its leadership, grew rapidly in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries. Saint Thomas Aquinas, the Church's "model theologian", not only argued that reason is in harmony with faith, he even recognized that reason can contribute to understanding revelation, and so encouraged intellectual development. He was not unlike other medieval theologians who sought out reason in the effort to defend his faith. Some modern scholars, such as 2792:(AAAS) were "much less religious than the general public," with 51% believing in some form of deity or higher power. Specifically, 33% of those polled believe in God, 18% believe in a universal spirit or higher power, and 41% did not believe in either God or a higher power. 48% say they have a religious affiliation, equal to the number who say they are not affiliated with any religious tradition. 17% were atheists, 11% were agnostics, 20% were nothing in particular, 8% were Jewish, 10% were Catholic, 16% were Protestant, 4% were Evangelical, 10% were other religion. The survey also found younger scientists to be "substantially more likely than their older counterparts to say they believe in God". Among the surveyed fields, chemists were the most likely to say they believe in God. 673:

religion is the age-old endeavor of mankind to become clearly and completely conscious of these values and goals and constantly to strengthen and extend their effect. If one conceives of religion and science according to these definitions then a conflict between them appears impossible. For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary. Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action: it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts. According to this interpretation the well-known conflicts between religion and science in the past must all be ascribed to a misapprehension of the situation which has been described.

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30% do not believe in a god but believe in a higher power, 13% do not know if there is a god, and 12% do not believe in a god. 49% believe in the efficacy of prayer, 90% strongly agree or somewhat agree with approving degrees in Ayurvedic medicine. Furthermore, the term "secularism" is understood to have diverse and simultaneous meanings among Indian scientists: 93% believe it to be tolerance of religions and philosophies, 83% see it as involving separation of church and state, 53% see it as not identifying with religious traditions, 40% see it as absence of religious beliefs, and 20% see it as atheism. Accordingly, 75% of Indian scientists had a "secular" outlook in terms of being tolerant of other religions.

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of Muslim worship and their vast empire that much science and philosophy was created. People needed to know in which direction they needed to pray toward to face Mecca. Many historians through time have asserted that all modern science originates from ancient Greek scholarship; but scholars like Martin Bernal have claimed that most ancient Greek scholarship relied heavily on the work of scholars from ancient Egypt and the Levant. Ancient Egypt was the foundational site of the Hermetic School, which believed that the sun represented an invisible God. Amongst other things, Islamic civilization was key because it documented and recorded Greek scholarship.

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practice of science in the Muslim world, as Islamic scientists had to confront the western approach to scientific learning, which was based on a different philosophy of nature. From the time of this initial upheaval of the Islamic scientific tradition to the present day, Muslim scientists and scholars have developed a spectrum of viewpoints on the place of scientific learning within the context of Islam, none of which are universally accepted or practiced. However, most maintain the view that the acquisition of knowledge and scientific pursuit in general is not in disaccord with Islamic thought and religious belief.

1545:(354–430) and Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) held that scriptures can have multiple interpretations on certain areas where the matters were far beyond their reach, therefore one should leave room for future findings to shed light on the meanings. The "Handmaiden" tradition, which saw secular studies of the universe as a very important and helpful part of arriving at a better understanding of scripture, was adopted throughout Christian history from early on. Also the sense that God created the world as a self operating system is what motivated many Christians throughout the Middle Ages to investigate nature. 2890:

and religion and only 11% of religious people belong to religions openly rejecting evolution. The fact that the gap between personal and official beliefs of their religions is so large suggests that part of the problem, might be defused by people learning more about their own religious doctrine and the science it endorses, thereby bridging this belief gap. The study concluded that "mainstream religion and mainstream science are neither attacking one another nor perceiving a conflict." Furthermore, they note that this conciliatory view is shared by most leading science organizations such as the

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leaders in science sometimes trump older scientific baggage and that leaders in theology do the same, so once theological intellectuals are taken into account, people who represent extreme positions like Ken Ham and Eugenie Scott will become irrelevant. Cynthia Tolman notes that religion does not have a method per se partly because religions emerge through time from diverse cultures, but when it comes to Christian theology and ultimate truths, she notes that people often rely on scripture, tradition, reason, and experience to test and gauge what they experience and what they should believe.

2547:, nature is not seen as a separate entity, but rather as an integral part of Islam's holistic outlook on God, humanity, and the world. The Islamic view of science and nature is continuous with that of religion and God. This link implies a sacred aspect to the pursuit of scientific knowledge by Muslims, as nature itself is viewed in the Qur'an as a compilation of signs pointing to the Divine. It was with this understanding that science was studied and understood in Islamic civilizations, specifically during the eighth to sixteenth centuries, prior to the colonization of the Muslim world. 518:"In matters that are obscure and far beyond our vision, even in such as we may find treated in Holy Scripture, different interpretations are sometimes possible without prejudice to the faith we have received. In such a case, we should not rush in headlong and so firmly take our stand on one side that, if further progress in the search of truth justly undermines this position, we too fall with it. That would be to battle not for the teaching of Holy Scripture but for our own, wishing its teaching to conform to ours, whereas we ought to wish ours to conform to that of Sacred Scripture." ( 976:

all this, Pope Urban VIII had personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in a book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism as physically proven since the scientific consensus at the time was that the evidence for heliocentrism was very weak. The Church had merely sided with the scientific consensus of the time. Pope Urban VIII asked that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic geocentric view in

2811:, noted in a study that doctors tend to be science-minded religious people. He helped author a study that "found that 76 percent of doctors believe in God and 59 percent believe in some sort of afterlife." Furthermore, "90 percent of doctors in the United States attend religious services at least occasionally, compared to 81 percent of all adults." He reasoned, "The responsibility to care for those who are suffering and the rewards of helping those in need resonate throughout most religious traditions.". A study from 2017 showed 65% of physicians believe in God. 1154:, both claimed that "the methods of science and religion have much in common." Schilling asserted that both fields—science and religion—have "a threefold structure—of experience, theoretical interpretation, and practical application." Coulson asserted that science, like religion, "advances by creative imagination" and not by "mere collecting of facts," while stating that religion should and does "involve critical reflection on experience not unlike that which goes on in science." Religious language and scientific language also show parallels (cf. 1955:

doctrines. Though he acknowledges that modern science emerged in a religious framework, that Christianity greatly elevated the importance of science by sanctioning and religiously legitimizing it in the medieval period, and that Christianity created a favorable social context for it to grow; he argues that direct Christian beliefs or doctrines were not primary sources of scientific pursuits by natural philosophers, nor was Christianity, in and of itself, exclusively or directly necessary in developing or practicing modern science.

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abandonment of that explanation. Religious faith, in contrast, does not depend on empirical evidence, is not necessarily modified in the face of conflicting evidence, and typically involves supernatural forces or entities. Because they are not a part of nature, supernatural entities cannot be investigated by science. In this sense, science and religion are separate and address aspects of human understanding in different ways. Attempts to put science and religion against each other create controversy where none needs to exist.

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cases. It was common to tolerate and encourage critical thinking about the nature of the world. The relation between Christianity and science is complex and cannot be simplified to either harmony or conflict, according to Lindberg. Lindberg reports that "the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led. There was no warfare between science and the church."

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scientists in the U.K. attend religious services on a regular basis and 32% of scientists in India do. In terms of the Indian scientists, 73% of scientists responded that there are basic truths in many religions, 27% said they believe in God and 38% expressed belief in a higher power of some kind. In terms of perceptions of conflict between science and religion, less than half of both U.K. scientists (38%) and Indian scientists (18%) perceived conflict between religion and science.

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religion and science are each responding to radically different questions; 3) Contact – an approach that looks for both dialogue and interaction, and possible "consonance" between science and religion, and especially for ways in which science shapes religious and theological understanding. 4) Confirmation – a somewhat quieter but extremely important perspective that highlights the ways in which, at a very deep level, religion supports and nourishes the entire scientific enterprise.

17512: 3117: 22852: 21079: 18984: 16627: 2437:) who showcase an increasing form of complexity (Axe-man, King, Plougher/Sage, wise Statesman, mighty Warrior). In fact, many Hindu gods are represented with features of animals as well as those of humans, leading many Hindus to easily accept evolutionary links between animals and humans. In India, the home country of Hindus, educated Hindus widely accept the theory of biological evolution. In a survey of 909 people, 77% of respondents in India agreed with 2906:

subtle epistemic or moral conflicts when scientists make counterclaims to religious tenets. Findings from the Pew Center note similar findings and also note that the majority of Americans (80–90%) show strong support for scientific research, agree that science makes society and individual's lives better, and 8 in 10 Americans would be happy if their children were to become scientists. Even strict creationists tend to have very favorable views on science.

1823:, spoke of the relationship this way: "The Bible itself speaks to us of the origin of the universe and its make-up, not in order to provide us with a scientific treatise, but in order to state the correct relationships of man with God and with the universe. Sacred Scripture wishes simply to declare that the world was created by God, and in order to teach this truth it expresses itself in the terms of the cosmology in use at the time of the writer". 3131: 2279:. For instance, it has been suggested that Wallace-Darwininan evolutionary thought was a part of Hindu thought centuries before modern times. The Shankara and the Sāmkhya did not have a problem with the theory of evolution, but instead, argued about the existence of God and what happened after death. These two distinct groups argued among each other's philosophies because of their texts, not the idea of evolution. With the publication of Darwin's 22827: 18974: 16637: 1612:, a period "characterized by dramatic revolutions in science" and the rise of Protestant challenges to the authority of the Catholic Church via individual liberty, the authority of Christian scriptures became strongly challenged. As science advanced, acceptance of a literal version of the Bible became "increasingly untenable" and some in that period presented ways of interpreting scripture according to its spirit on its authority and truth. 1878:

to be inaccurate. For instance, the claim that early Christians rejected scientific findings by the Greco-Romans is false, since the "handmaiden" view of secular studies was seen to shed light on theology. This view was widely adapted throughout the early medieval period and afterwards by theologians (such as Augustine) and ultimately resulted in fostering interest in knowledge about nature through time. Also, the claim that people of the

2227: 46: 2627:". For example, Ahmadi Muslims universally accept in principle the process of evolution, albeit divinely guided, and actively promote it. Over the course of several decades the movement has issued various publications in support of the scientific concepts behind the process of evolution, and frequently engages in promoting how religious scriptures, such as the Qur'an, supports the concept. For general purposes, the second 2184:. Given the close relationship that Confucianism shares with Buddhism, many of the same arguments used to reconcile Buddhism with science also readily translate to Confucianism. However, modern scholars have also attempted to define the relationship between science and Confucianism on Confucianism's own terms and the results have usually led to the conclusion that Confucianism and science are fundamentally compatible. 440:. Medieval Japan at first had a similar union between "imperial law" and universal or "Buddha law", but these later became independent sources of power. Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of "religion" since there was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to 527:

essential area of study in its own right and was considered necessary for almost every area of study. It was an independent field, separated from theology, and enjoyed a good deal of intellectual freedom as long as it was restricted to the natural world. In general, there was religious support for natural science by the late Middle Ages and a recognition that it was an important element of learning.

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that nearly one in five atheist scientists who are parents (17%) are part of religious congregations and have attended a religious service more than once in the past year. Some of the reasons for doing so are their scientific identity (wishing to expose their children to all sources of knowledge so they can make up their own minds), spousal influence, and desire for community.

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less positive explicit and implicit attitudes toward science. However, this relationship is inconsistent around the world, with positive, negative, and null correlations being observed in various countries. Our findings are inconsistent with the idea that science and religion are necessarily at odds, undermining common theories of scientific advancement undermining religion.

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natural sciences: 20% did not believe in God, 33% did not know if God existed, 44% believed God existed, and 4% believed in a higher power. Overall, out of the whole study: 10% were atheists, 13% were agnostic, 19% believe in a higher power, 4% believe in God some of the time, 17% had doubts but believed in God, 35% believed in God and had no doubts.

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the late Middle Ages the search for natural causes had come to typify the work of Christian natural philosophers. Although characteristically leaving the door open for the possibility of direct divine interventions, they frequently expressed contempt for soft-minded contemporaries who invoked miracles rather than searching for natural explanations.

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suggested that literal readings of the Genesis narratives of the Creation and Fall motivated and legitimated scientific activity in seventeenth-century England. For many of its seventeenth-century practitioners, science was imagined to be a means of restoring a human dominion over nature that had been lost as a consequence of the Fall.

760:"Not only is science corrosive to religion; religion is corrosive to science. It teaches people to be satisfied with trivial, supernatural non-explanations and blinds them to the wonderful real explanations that we have within our grasp. It teaches them to accept authority, revelation and faith instead of always insisting on evidence."— 9596:

survey shows that scientists are roughly half as likely as the general public to believe in God or a higher power. According to the poll, just over half of scientists (51%) believe in some form of deity or higher power; specifically, 33% of scientists say they believe in God, while 18% believe in a universal spirit or higher power.

820:, the age of the earth, cosmology, and human evolution nearly always cause Americans to flunk science literacy tests compared to other nations." However, Jon Miller, who studies science literacy across nations, states that Americans in general are slightly more scientifically literate than Europeans and the Japanese. According to 2723:

perspective on science and religion is an invention of the West" since such a view is not prevalent among most of scientists around the world. Instead of seeing religion and science as 'always in conflict' they rather view it through the lenses of various cultural dimensions to the relations between religion and science.

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century, and Newtonian mechanics in the 17th century. According to physicist Christopher Graney, Galileo's own observations did not actually support the Copernican view, but were more consistent with Tycho Brahe's hybrid model where that Earth did not move and everything else circled around it and the Sun.

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The Incompatibility Hypothesis (IH) is an ultimate-level hypothesis. IH explains the cause of the controversy science-versus-religion, its fundamental reason. IH addresses directly the inquiry: what elicits the controversy science versus religion? And it offers an educated answer: their intrinsic and

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Cross-cultural studies indicate that people tend to use both natural and supernatural explanations for explaining numerous things about the world such as illness, death, and origins. In other words, they do not think of natural and supernatural explanations as antagonistic or dichotomous, but instead

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According to the Religion Among Scientists in International Context (RASIC) study on 1,581 scientists from the United Kingdom and 1,763 scientists from India, along with 200 interviews: 65% of U.K. scientists identified as nonreligious and only 6% of Indian scientists identify as nonreligious, 12% of

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According to the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture's report on 1,100 scientists in India: 66% are Hindu, 14% did not report a religion, 10% are atheist/no religion, 3% are Muslim, 3% are Christian, 4% are Buddhist, Sikh or other. 39% have a belief in a god, 6% have belief in a god sometimes,

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Elaine Ecklund conducted a study from 2011 to 2014 involving the general US population, including rank and file scientists, in collaboration with the AAAS. The study noted that 76% of the scientists identified with a religious tradition. 85% of evangelical scientists had no doubts about the existence

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In terms of perceptions, most social and natural scientists from 21 American universities did not perceive conflict between science and religion, while 37% did. However, in the study, scientists who had experienced limited exposure to religion tended to perceive conflict. In the same study they found

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of 1,646 natural and social science professors at 21 US research universities found that, in terms of belief in God or a higher power, more than 60% expressed either disbelief or agnosticism and more than 30% expressed belief. More specifically, nearly 34% answered "I do not believe in God" and about

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in 1996, the results were very much the same with 39% believing God exists, 45% disbelieved, and 15% had doubts/did not know. In the same 1996 survey, for scientists in the fields of biology, mathematics, and physics/astronomy, belief in a god that is "in intellectual and affective communication with

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According to a global study on scientists, a significant portion of scientists around the world have religious identities, beliefs, and practices overall. Furthermore, the majority of scientists do not believe there is inherent conflict in being religious and a scientist and stated that "the conflict

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has published analytical philosophy connecting Christian doctrines of creation with empiricism. Historian William B. Ashworth has argued against the historical notion of distinctive mind-sets and the idea of Catholic and Protestant sciences. Historians James R. Jacob and Margaret C. Jacob have argued

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ventured, in interpreting the Psalms, to question the accepted belief that "the waters above the heavens" were contained in a vast receptacle upheld by a solid vault, he was bitterly denounced as heretical. Today, much of the scholarship in which the conflict thesis was originally based is considered

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he wrote, "My confidence in venturing into science lies in my basic belief that as in science, so in Buddhism, understanding the nature of reality is pursued by means of critical investigation." He also stated, "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be

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Drew Professor of the Humanities, from a historical perspective this points out that much of the current-day clashes occur between limited extremists—both religious and scientistic fundamentalists—over a very few topics, and that the movement of ideas back and forth between scientific and theological

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has written that the "science and religion" movement is, overall, composed mainly of theists who have a healthy respect for science and may be beneficial to the public understanding of science. She contends that the "Christian scholarship" movement is not a problem for science, but that the "Theistic

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and has nothing at all to do with personal detachment as found in many conceptions of the scientific method. Polanyi further asserted that all knowledge is personal and therefore the scientist must be performing a very personal if not necessarily subjective role when doing science. Polanyi added that

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Most historians today have moved away from a conflict model, which is based mainly on two historical episodes (Galileo and Darwin), toward compatibility theses (either the integration thesis or non-overlapping magisteria) or toward a "complexity" model, because religious figures were on both sides of

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is openly hostile to religion because he believes it actively debauches the scientific enterprise and education involving science. According to Dawkins, religion "subverts science and saps the intellect". He believes that when science teachers attempt to expound on evolution, there is hostility aimed

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It was in the 17th century that the concept of "religion" received its modern shape despite the fact that ancient texts like the Bible, the Quran, and other texts did not have a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these texts were written.

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The United States is perhaps the most religious out of the advanced industrial democracies."; "In fact, large majorities of the traditionally religious American nevertheless hold very positive views of science and scientists. Even people who accept a strict creationist view, regarding the origins of

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contemporary scientific developments such as the use of genetically modified organisms, biotechnological cloning, and nuclear power. Interestingly, again the United States displays distinctive attitudes compared with similar European nations, showing greater faith in both God and scientific progress.

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When did people first begin to speak about science and religion, using that precise terminology? As should now be apparent, this could not have been before the nineteenth century. When we consult written works for actual occurrences of the conjunction "science and religion" or "religion and science"

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So familiar are the concepts 'science' and 'religion,' and so central to Western culture have been the activities and achievements that are usually labeled 'religious' and 'scientific,' that it is natural to assume that they have been enduring features of the cultural landscape of the West. But this

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A 2011 study on a national sample of US college students examined whether these students viewed the science / religion relationship as reflecting primarily conflict, collaboration, or independence. The study concluded that the majority of undergraduates in both the natural and social sciences do not

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A 2009 study from the Pew Research Center on Americans perceptions of science, showed a broad consensus that most Americans, including most religious Americans, hold scientific research and scientists themselves in high regard. The study showed that 84% of Americans say they view science as having a

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The 2013 MIT Survey on Science, Religion and Origins examined the views of religious people in America on origins science topics like evolution, the Big Bang, and perceptions of conflicts between science and religion. It found that a large majority of religious people see no conflict between science

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directs attention towards science, time and again, rather than evoking prejudice against it. The Quran has never advised against studying science, lest the reader should become a non-believer; because it has no such fear or concern. The Holy Quran is not worried that if people will learn the laws of

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and the five cosmic phases. Sometimes the missionary exploits proved dangerous for the Westerners. Jesuit missionaries and scholars Ferdinand Vervbiest and Adam Schall were punished after using scientific methods to determine the exact time of the 1664 eclipse. However, the European mission eastward

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writes that although there is some truth in the "Galileo's condemnation" story but through exaggerations, it has now become "a modern myth perpetuated by those wishing to see warfare between science and religion who were allegedly persecuted by an atavistic and dogma-bound ecclesiastical authority".

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consists of those scholars who involve themselves with what has been called the "religion-and-science dialogue" or the "religion-and-science field." The community belongs to neither the scientific nor the religious community, but is said to be a third overlapping community of interested and involved

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worlds did not have conceptions resembling the modern understandings of "science" or of "religion", certain elements of modern ideas on the subject recur throughout history. The pair-structured phrases "religion and science" and "science and religion" first emerged in the literature during the 19th

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However, previous studies have mainly examined American samples; therefore, generalizations about antagonism between religion and science may be unwarranted...Results show that, within the United States, religiosity is consistently associated with lower interest in science topics and activities and

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religious beliefs." and "Indeed, the secular postindustrial societies, exemplified by the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, prove most skeptical toward the impact of science and technology, and this is in accordance with the countries where the strongest public disquiet has been expressed about certain

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The series of myths that Draper and White spread about science and religion are known today in the literature as the conflict thesis. Thanks to the dedicated and committed research of a band of specialists operating since the 1980s at least, the conflict thesis has now been thoroughly debunked. One

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Throughout these pages we shall observe that there are at least four distinct ways in which science and religion can be related to each other: 1) Conflict – the conviction that science and religion are fundamentally irreconcilable; 2) Contrast – the claim that there can be no genuine conflict since

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Indeed, prior to about the middle of the nineteenth century, the trope "science and religion" was virtually nonexistent.".."In fact, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed the creation of what one commentator called "whole libraries" devoted to reconciling religion and science.

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A study was made in collaboration with the AAAS collecting data on the general public from 2011 to 2014, with the focus on evangelicals and evangelical scientists. Even though evangelicals make up only 26% of the US population, the study found that nearly 70 percent of all evangelical Christians do

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According to a 2015 Pew Research Center Study on the public perceptions on science, people's perceptions on conflict with science have more to do with their perceptions of other people's beliefs than their own personal beliefs. For instance, the majority of people with a religious affiliation (68%)

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During the thirteenth century, the Caliphate system in the Islamic Empire fell, and scientific discovery thrived. The Islamic Civilization has a long history of scientific advancement; and their theological practices catalyzed a great deal of scientific discovery. In fact, it was due to necessities

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in Latin, Simplicio in Italian), the name "Simplicio" in Italian also has the connotation of "simpleton". Unfortunately for his relationship with the Pope, Galileo put the words of Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by

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Accordingly, a religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance and loftiness of those superpersonal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation. They exist with the same necessity and matter-of-factness as he himself. In this sense

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The concepts of "science" and "religion" are a recent invention: "religion" emerged in the 17th century in the midst of colonization, globalization and as a consequence of the Protestant reformation. "Science" emerged in the 19th century in the midst of attempts to narrowly define those who studied

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A survey of scientists who are members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press in May and June 2009, finds that members of this group are, on the whole, much less religious than the general public.1 Indeed, the

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While some historians had always regarded the Draper-White thesis as oversimplifying and distorting a complex relationship, in the late twentieth century it underwent a more systematic reevaluation. The result is the growing recognition among historians of science that the relationship of religion

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Long before the birth of modern science and the appearance of "scientists" in the nineteenth century, the study of nature in the West was carried out by Christian scholars known as natural philosophers, who typically expressed a preference for natural explanations over divine mysteries." & "By

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In a 2024 Pew research center report, only 35% of "nones" (atheist, agnostics, and nothing in particular on religious affiliation); believe that the natural world is all there is, while the majority of nones (63%) believe there are spiritual things beyond the world; and the majority of nones (56%)

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until it could be corrected. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the center of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions. However, before

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argue for compatibility since they do not agree that science is incompatible with religion and vice versa. They argue that science provides many opportunities to look for and find God in nature and to reflect on their beliefs. According to Kenneth Miller, he disagrees with Jerry Coyne's assessment

885:

According to Renny Thomas' study on Indian scientists, atheistic scientists in India called themselves atheists even while accepting that their lifestyle is very much a part of tradition and religion. Thus, they differ from Western atheists in that for them following the lifestyle of a religion is

660:

largely held conventional and orthodox religious views, and a number of them were prominent Churchmen. While theological issues that had the potential to be divisive were typically excluded from formal discussions of the early Society, many of its fellows nonetheless believed that their scientific

503:

i, 18). The first is, to hold the truth of Scripture without wavering. The second is that since Holy Scripture can be explained in a multiplicity of senses, one should adhere to a particular explanation, only in such measure as to be ready to abandon it, if it be proved with certainty to be false;

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argued that there are methodological issues in the study, including ambiguity in the questions such using a personal definition of God instead of broader definitions of God. A study with simplified wording to include impersonal or non-interventionist ideas of God concluded that 40% of "prominent

1954:

have written theological surveys, which also cover additional interactions occurring in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Philosopher of Religion, Richard Jones, has written a philosophical critique of the "dependency thesis" which assumes that modern science emerged from Christian sources and

1921:

is another who has argued that a biblical worldview was significant for the development of modern science. Harrison contends that Protestant approaches to the book of scripture had significant, if largely unintended, consequences for the interpretation of the book of nature. Harrison has also

1575:

David C. Lindberg states that the widespread popular belief that the Middle Ages was a time of ignorance and superstition due to the Christian church is a "caricature". According to Lindberg, while there are some portions of the classical tradition which suggest this view, these were exceptional

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Other lines of research on perceptions of science among the American public conclude that most religious groups see no general epistemological conflict with science and they have no differences with nonreligious groups in the propensity of seeking out scientific knowledge, although there may be

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Karl Giberson argues that when discussing compatibility, some scientific intellectuals often ignore the viewpoints of intellectual leaders in theology and instead argue against less informed masses, thereby, defining religion by non-intellectuals and slanting the debate unjustly. He argues that

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In medieval universities, the faculty for natural philosophy and theology were separate, and discussions pertaining to theological issues were often not allowed to be undertaken by the faculty of philosophy. Natural philosophy, as taught in the arts faculties of the universities, was seen as an

378:

The 19th century also experienced the concept of "science" receiving its modern shape with new titles emerging such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics", and "physicist", among other technical fields and titles; institutions and communities were founded, and unprecedented applications to and

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Most creationists are simply people who choose to believe that God created the world-either as described in Scripture or through evolution. Creation scientists, by contrast, strive to use legitimate scientific means both to argue against evolutionary theory and to prove the creation account as

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Religious beliefs of US professors were examined using a nationally representative sample of more than 1,400 professors. They found that in the social sciences: 23% did not believe in God, 16% did not know if God existed, 43% believed God existed, and 16% believed in a higher power. Out of the

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write: "there was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge sphericity and even know its approximate circumference." From the fall of Rome to the time of Columbus, all major scholars and many vernacular writers interested in the physical shape of the earth held a

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towards them by parents who are skeptical because they believe it conflicts with their own religious beliefs, and that even in some textbooks have had the word 'evolution' systematically removed. He has worked to argue the negative effects that he believes religion has on education of science.

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With the decline of Islamic Civilizations in the late Middle Ages and the rise of Europe, the Islamic scientific tradition shifted into a new period. Institutions that had existed for centuries in the Muslim world looked to the new scientific institutions of European powers. This changed the

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is the way to obtain correct knowledge. The scientific level of understanding focuses on how things work and from where they originate, while Hinduism strives to understand the ultimate purposes for the existence of living things. To obtain and broaden the knowledge of the world for spiritual

1615:

After the Black Death in Europe, there occurred a generalized decrease in faith in the Catholic Church. The "Natural Sciences" during the Medieval Era focused largely on scientific arguments. The Copernicans, who were generally a small group of privately sponsored individuals, who were deemed

988:

The actual evidences that finally proved heliocentrism came centuries after Galileo: the stellar aberration of light by James Bradley in the 18th century, the orbital motions of binary stars by William Herschel in the 19th century, the accurate measurement of the stellar parallax in the 19th

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Concerning specific topics like creationism, it is not an exclusively American phenomenon. A poll on adult Europeans revealed that 40% believed in naturalistic evolution, 21% in theistic evolution, 20% in special creation, and 19% are undecided; with the highest concentrations of young earth

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went to Rome to try to persuade Catholic Church authorities not to ban Copernicus' ideas. In the end, a decree of the Congregation of the Index was issued, declaring that the ideas that the Sun stood still and that the Earth moved were "false" and "altogether contrary to Holy Scripture", and

2365:, is described as performing the act of 'creation', or more specifically of 'propagating life within the universe' with the other two deities being responsible for 'preservation' and 'destruction' (of the universe) respectively. In this respect some Hindu schools do not treat the scriptural 1035:

Science and religion are based on different aspects of human experience. In science, explanations must be based on evidence drawn from examining the natural world. Scientifically based observations or experiments that conflict with an explanation eventually must lead to modification or even

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In terms of belief in God among elite scientists, such as "great scientists" in the "American Men of Science" or members of the National Academies of Science; 53% disbelieved, 21% were agnostic, and 28% believed in 1914; 68% disbelieved, 17% were agnostic, and 15% believed in 1933; and 72%

1985:(1925). Numbers has also argued, "Despite the manifest shortcomings of the claim that Christianity gave birth to science—most glaringly, it ignores or minimizes the contributions of ancient Greeks and medieval Muslims—it too, refuses to succumb to the death it deserves." The sociologist 2263:

perfection, many refer to the Bhāgavata for guidance because it draws upon a scientific and theological dialogue. Hinduism offers methods to correct and transform itself in course of time. For instance, Hindu views on the development of life include a range of viewpoints in regards to

667:

supported the compatibility of some interpretations of religion with science. In "Science, Philosophy and Religion, A Symposium" published by the Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion in Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life, Inc., New York in 1941, Einstein stated:

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of God, compared to 35% of the whole scientific population. In terms of religion and science, 85% of evangelical scientists saw no conflict (73% collaboration, 12% independence), while 75% of the whole scientific population saw no conflict (40% collaboration, 35% independence).

9404:"Many scientists see themselves as having a spirituality not attached to a particular religious tradition. Some scientists who don't believe in God see themselves as very spiritual people. They have a way outside of themselves that they use to understand the meaning of life." 8639:, p. 788: "IBN AL-HAYXHAM, B. AL-HAYTHAM AL-BASRI, AL-MisRl, was identified towards the end of the 19th century with the ALHAZEN, AVENNATHAN and AVENETAN of mediaeval Latin texts. He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist." 2838:

Global studies which have pooled data on religion and science from 1981 to 2001, have noted that countries with greater faith in science also often have stronger religious beliefs, while less religious countries have more skepticism of the impact of science and technology.

1596:

A degree of concord between science and religion can be seen in religious belief and empirical science. The belief that God created the world and therefore humans, can lead to the view that he arranged for humans to know the world. This is underwritten by the doctrine of

794:, views on evolution and levels of religiosity in some countries, along with the existence of books explaining reconciliation between evolution and religion, indicate that people have trouble in believing both at the same time, thus implying incompatibility. According to 3586:

In the late Victorian period it was common to write about the 'warfare between science and religion' and to presume that the two bodies of culture must always have been in conflict. However, it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of

2151:

The Jesuits from Europe taught Western math and science to the Chinese bureaucrats in hopes of religious conversion. This process saw several challenges of both European and Chinese spiritual and scientific beliefs. The keynote text of Chinese scientific philosophy,

5287:"In fact religion and science are competitors for the truth about quite a number of things, including the origins of the universe, the nature of human beings, and the belief that the laws of nature can be locally and temporarily suspended- thus allowing for miracle" 419:

noted that what is called ancient religion today, would have been called "law" in antiquity. For example, there is no precise equivalent of "religion" in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. The

2868:

A study on people from Sweden concludes that though the Swedes are among the most non-religious, paranormal beliefs are prevalent among both the young and adult populations. This is likely due to a loss of confidence in institutions such as the Church and Science.

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the reaction to his book. However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the physical Copernican advocacy. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.

1314:

As a general view, this holds that while interactions are complex between influences of science, theology, politics, social, and economic concerns, the productive engagements between science and religion throughout history should be duly stressed as the norm.

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way of guiding "oughts". Habgood also stated that he believed that the reverse situation, where religion attempts to be descriptive, can also lead to inappropriately assigning properties to the natural world. A notable example is the now defunct belief in the

11609:– collection of documents (including the Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science) that seeks to help scientists frame their work within a philosophical and humanistic context, edited at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross (Rome, Italy) 2369:

literally and often the creation stories themselves do not go into specific detail, thus leaving open the possibility of incorporating at least some theories in support of evolution. Some Hindus find support for, or foreshadowing of evolutionary ideas in

2731:

According to a study from 2023 "30–39% of Western-European researchers identify with “some religious affiliation”. "30–37% of scientists identify as non-believers or atheists, and an additional 10–28% as agnostic (with wide geographical differences)".

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by one, the tales spun out in Conflict and Warfare have been shown to be either entirely false, horribly misunderstood, or deliberately misrepresented... There is a clear, evidence-based consensus among this group: the conflict thesis is utter bunk.

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and science has been much more positive than is sometimes thought."; "... while Brooke's view has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science, the traditional view remains strong elsewhere, not least in the popular mind.

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That estimate is confirmed by the data contained in figures 10.1 and 10.2, which reveal that what started as a trickle of books and articles addressing "science and religion" before 1850 became a torrent in the 1870s." (see Fig. 10.1 and 10.2)

2127:

The historical process of Confucianism has largely been antipathic towards scientific discovery. However the religio-philosophical system itself is more neutral on the subject than such an analysis might suggest. In his writings On Heaven,

1973:(1596–1650) insisted that he was discovering the "laws that God has put into nature." Later Newton would declare that the regulation of the solar system presupposed the "counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being." Historian 1012:" (NOMA), is that science and religion deal with fundamentally separate aspects of human experience and so, when each stays within its own domain, they co-exist peacefully. While Gould spoke of independence from the perspective of science, 8090:

Black, Alison Harley. "Man and Nature in the Philosophical Thought of Wang Fu-Chih." Publications on Asia of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, no. 41. Seattle: University of Washington Press,

124:

are complex social and cultural endeavors that may vary across cultures and change over time. Most scientific and technical innovations until the scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions. Ancient

4633:

A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as scientifically literate than European or Japanese adults, but the truth is that no major industrial nation in the world today has a sufficient number of scientifically literate

1714:, which prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution in all schools in the state. Later that year, a similar law was passed in Mississippi, and likewise, Arkansas in 1927. In 1968, these "anti-monkey" laws were struck down by the 10012:

Legare, Cristine H.; Evans, E. Margaret; Rosengren, Karl S.; Harris, Paul L. (May 2012). "The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations Across Cultures and Development: Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations".

1294:, heavily contests the linkage of naturalism with science, as conceived by Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett and like-minded thinkers; while Daniel Dennett thinks that Plantinga stretches science to an unacceptable extent. Philosopher 835:'s view, questions of incompatibility or otherwise are not answerable, since by accepting revelations one is abandoning rules of logic which are needed to identify if there are indeed contradictions between holding certain beliefs. 487:, it was maintained that the natural world must accord with this revealed truth. Any apparent contradiction would indicate either a misunderstanding of the natural world or a misunderstanding of revelation. The prominent scholastic 2921:

see conflict between science and religion. Another finding in the study was that it is more likely for students to move away from a conflict perspective to an independence or collaboration perspective than towards a conflict view.

2901:

According to Elaine Ecklund's 2018 study, the majority of religious groups see religion and science in collaboration or independent of each other, while the majority of groups without religion see science and religion in conflict.

2080:), during this period Great Britain experienced a concerted effort at reconciliation, championed by intellectually conservative scientists, supported by liberal theologians but opposed by younger scientists and secularists and 1398:, the son of the founder of the religion, stated that religion without science is superstition and that science without religion is materialism. He also admonished that true religion must conform to the conclusions of science. 403:(1687), whose title translates to "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", reflects the then-current use of the words "natural philosophy", akin to "systematic study of nature". Even in the 19th century, a treatise by 6584:

Plantinga's effort to stave off the conflict between theism and evolution is a failure... if the bar for rational belief is lowered to mere logical possibility, and the demand for positive evidence dropped, then no holds are

2051:

Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to study God's influence on the world and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

2666:

Between 1901 and 2000, 654 Nobel prize laureates belonged to 28 different religions. Most (65%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. Specifically on the science-related prizes,

1367:. Religions have also given key participation in development of modern universities and libraries; centers of learning & scholarship were coincident with religious institutions—whether pagan, Muslim, or Christian. 4437: 2917:

mostly positive impact on society. Among those who attend religious services at least once a week, the number is roughly the same at 80%. Furthermore, 70% of U.S. adults think scientists contribute "a lot" to society.

3379:

Recognizing that science and religion are essentially social practices always performed by people living in certain cultural and historical situations should alert us to the fact that religion and science change over

4461:

opposing approaches to assess reality, i.e. science by means of testing hypotheses, falsifying and/or testing predictions and replication of experiments; religion, in contrast, via belief in supernatural causality.

2055:

Some scholars have noted a direct tie between "particular aspects of traditional Christianity" and the rise of science. Other scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the

2460:. The Vedas offer an honor to the sun and moon, water and wind, and to the order in Nature that is universal. This naturalism is the beginning of what further becomes the connection between Hinduism and science. 1886:

was first propagated in the same period that originated the conflict thesis and is still very common in popular culture. Modern scholars regard this claim as mistaken, as the contemporary historians of science

4482: 1757:

attempts to reconcile Christian beliefs and science by accepting the scientific understanding of the age of the Earth and the process of evolution. It includes a range of beliefs, including views described as

808:

describes a hope that "the confrontation between science and formal religion will come to an end when the role played by science in the lives of all people is the same played by religion today." Geologist and

1605:, "Since human beings are said to be in the image of God in virtue of their having a nature that includes an intellect, such a nature is most in the image of God in virtue of being most able to imitate God". 2456:. The Hindu religion traces its beginnings to the Vedas. Everything that is established in the Hindu faith such as the gods and goddesses, doctrines, chants, spiritual insights, etc. flow from the poetry of 8277:

The Hindus were Spinozaites more than two thousand years before the existence of Spinoza; and Darwinians many centuries before our time, and before any word like 'evolution' existed in any language of the

5047:

The conflict thesis, at least in its simple form, is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science.

4882:

2253:

are also ancient scientific manuals and vice versa. In 1835, English was made the primary language for teaching in higher education in India, exposing Hindu scholars to Western secular ideas; this started

839:

holds that incompatibility exists because religion is not problematic to a certain point before it collapses into a number of excuses for keeping certain beliefs, in light of evolutionary implications.

537:

which immediately succeeded it. By 1630, ancient authority from classical literature and philosophy, as well as their necessity, started eroding, although scientists were still expected to be fluent in

3881: 8052:. It currently has about two thousand members, all of whom affirm the Apostles' Creed as part of joining the association, and most of whom hold Ph.D.s in the natural sciences. Their active journal is 10361: 1143:

the scientist often merely follows intuitions of "intellectual beauty, symmetry, and 'empirical agreement'". Polanyi held that science requires moral commitments similar to those found in religion.

8223: 10128:

Francis, Leslie J.; Greer, John E. (1 May 2001). "Shaping Adolescents' Attitudes towards Science and Religion in Northern Ireland: The role of scientism, creationism and denominational schools".

2898:

not view science and religion as being in conflict with each other (48% saw them as complementary and 21% saw them as independent) while 73% of the general US population saw no conflict either.

956:

An often cited example of conflict, that has been clarified by historical research in the 20th century, was the Galileo affair, whereby interpretations of the Bible were used to attack ideas by

661:

activities provided support for traditional religious belief. Clerical involvement in the Royal Society remained high until the mid-nineteenth century when science became more professionalized.

2555:, asserts that the very existence of science, as it is understood in the modern sense, is rooted in the scientific thought and knowledge that emerged in Islamic civilizations during this time. 2019:

on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental techniques and

2849:

Other cross-national studies have found no correlations supporting the contention that religiosity undermines interest in science topics or activities among the general populations globally.

3442: 2169:

did not only cause conflict. Joachim Bouvet, a theologian who held equal respect for both the Bible and the Book of Changes, was productive in his mission of spreading the Christian faith.

554:, allowing for the dissemination of the Bible in languages of the common people (languages other than Latin). This allowed more people to read and learn from the scripture, leading to the 8146:

Mary Evelyn Tucker "Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, and Humans (Religions of the World and Ecology)" Center for the Study of World Religions (15 August 1998)

1528:

may somehow be part of the process of creation. Habgood holds that Christians should not be surprised that suffering may be used creatively by God, given their faith in the symbol of the

11491: 980:, was often portrayed as an unlearned fool who lacked mathematical training. Although the preface of his book claims that the character is named after a famous Aristotelian philosopher ( 7570:

Cohen (1994) p. 313. Hooykaas puts it more poetically: "Metaphorically speaking, whereas the bodily ingredients of science may have been Greek, its vitamins and hormones were biblical."

3712:

Many religious denominations and individual religious leaders have issued statements acknowledging the occurrence of evolution and pointing out that evolution and faith do not conflict.

6968:

David C. Lindberg, "The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor", in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, ed.

1306:, by contrast, reviews the same book and writes that "those most needing to hear Plantinga's message may fail to give it a fair hearing for rhetorical rather than analytical reasons." 2691:

17% of the prizes in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine, and 23% in Physics. Atheists, Agnostics, and Freethinkers have won 7% of the prizes in Chemistry, 9% in Medicine, and 5% in Physics.

10605: 2970: 2861:

A study conducted on adolescents from Christian schools in Northern Ireland, noted a positive relationship between attitudes towards Christianity and science once attitudes towards

215:, suggesting that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually and politically throughout history. Some contemporary philosophers and scientists, such as 11434: 11320: 7424: 1865: 1342:. Even many 19th-century Christian communities welcomed scientists who claimed that science was not at all concerned with discovering the ultimate nature of reality. According to 9973:

McPhetres, Jonathon; Jong, Jonathan; Zuckerman, Miron (May 2021). "Religious Americans Have Less Positive Attitudes Toward Science, but This Does Not Extend to Other Cultures".

5020:...while Brooke's view has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science, the traditional view remains strong elsewhere, not least in the popular mind. 1318:

Scientific and theological perspectives often coexist peacefully. Christians and some non-Christian religions have historically integrated well with scientific ideas, as in the

731:: (1) conflict between the disciplines, (2) independence of the disciplines, (3) dialogue between the disciplines where they overlap and (4) integration of both into one field. 530:

The extent to which medieval science led directly to the new philosophy of the scientific revolution remains a subject for debate, but it certainly had a significant influence.

9868: 996:, still believes there is competition between science and religions in areas related to the origin of the universe, the nature of human beings and the possibility of miracles. 7810: 4444: 4443:. In Why Does Evolution Matter? The Importance of Understanding Evolution, edited by Gabriel Trueba. Newcastle UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 3–16. Archived from 2853:

see them as coexisting and complementary. The reconciliation of natural and supernatural explanations is normal and pervasive from a psychological standpoint across cultures.

2644:

nature its spell will break. The Quran has not prevented people from science, rather it states, "Say, 'Reflect on what is happening in the heavens and the earth.'" (Al Younus)

2156:(or Yi Jing) was initially mocked and disregarded by the Westerners. In return, Confucian scholars Dai Zhen and Ji Yun found the concept of phantoms laughable and ridiculous. 1910:' argument that a biblical world-view holds all the necessary antidotes for the hubris of Greek rationalism: a respect for manual labour, leading to more experimentation and 1710:. It has since developed a sizable religious following in the United States, with creation science ministries branching worldwide. In 1925, The State of Tennessee passed the 9646: 2873:

creationists in Switzerland (21%), Austria (20%), Germany (18%). Other countries such as Netherlands, Britain, and Australia have experienced growth in such views as well.

1914:, and a supreme God that left nature open to emulation and manipulation. It supports the idea early modern science rose due to a combination of Greek and biblical thought. 113:. Since then the relationship between science and religion has been characterized in terms of "conflict", "harmony", "complexity", and "mutual independence", among others. 2846:'s finding that America has more favorable public attitudes towards science than Europe, Russia, and Japan despite differences in levels of religiosity in these cultures. 1020:. Stace felt that science and religion, when each is viewed in its own domain, are both consistent and complete. They originate from different perceptions of reality, as 5302: 1104:'s axioms, such as, "there is only one straight line between two points", are in fact arbitrary. Therefore, science, which relies on arbitrary axioms, can never refute 7561:"Finally, and most importantly, Hooykaas does not of course claim that the Scientific Revolution was exclusively the work of Protestant scholars." Cohen (1994) p. 313 4489: 2148:

would rely on Buddhist/Daoist skepticism to denounce all science as a subjective pursuit limited by humanity's fundamental ignorance of the true nature of the world.

1833:, affirms his opinion that "science and religion, with their distinctive approaches to understanding reality, can enter into an intense dialogue fruitful for both". 5320: 22054: 11639:(four topics: the nature of individual human beings, the origin of the human species, thirdly the origin of life on Earth, and finally the origin of the universe) 2285:, many Hindus were eager to connect their scriptures to Darwinism, finding similarities between Brahma's creation, Vishnu's incarnations, and evolution theories. 2773: 8943: 1733:

Most scientists have rejected creation science for several reasons, including that its claims do not refer to natural causes and cannot be tested. In 1987, the

1199:

scientists, priests, clergymen, theologians and engaged non-professionals. Institutions interested in the intersection between science and religion include the

11549: 4712: 3878: 1873:

matters were even worse. The interpretations of Scripture by Luther and Calvin became as sacred to their followers as the Scripture itself. For instance, when

11632:

We'd be better off without religion? Panellists: Christopher Hitchens, Nigel Spivey, Richard Dawkins, rabbi Juliet Neuberger, AC Grayling and Roger Scruton.

7410: 1415:

and science have been regarded as compatible by numerous authors. Some philosophic and psychological teachings found in Buddhism share points in common with

1869:

from the 19th century, a biblical world view affected negatively the progress of science through time. Dickinson also argues that immediately following the

22860: 10369: 8717: 6438:

Schilling, H. K. (6 June 1958). "A Human Enterprise: Science as lived by its practitioners bears but little resemblance to science as described in print".

1796:, stating that faith and scientific findings regarding human evolution are not in conflict, though humans are regarded as a special creation, and that the 1351:

thought has been more usual. To Principe, this perspective would point to the fundamentally common respect for written learning in religious traditions of

10093:

Legare, Cristine H.; Visala, Aku (2011). "Between Religion and Science: Integrating Psychological and Philosophical Accounts of Explanatory Coexistence".

11331: 10560:

Scheitle, Christopher P. (2011). "U.S. College students' perception of religion and science: Conflict, collaboration, or independence? A research note".

2891: 2789: 2043:

as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. Merton explained that the connection between

13074: 4815: 4549: 1723: 30: 475:

played a major role in the institutionalization, systematization, and expansion of reason. Christianity accepted reason within the ambit of faith. In

21620: 13155: 1719: 3419:

The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450

1906:

argued for a biblical Protestant, but not excluding Catholicism, influence on the early development of modern science. He presented Dutch historian

22870: 22865: 17900: 17548: 15580: 10331: 7636: 9574: 7265:

The legislative history demonstrates that the term "creation science," as contemplated by the state legislature, embraces this religious teaching.

16673: 15429: 9300:

Brown, C. Mackenzie (September 2003). "The Conflict Between Religion and Science in Light of the Patterns of Religious Belief Among Scientists".

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has argued that there is superficial conflict but deep concord between science and religion, and that there is deep conflict between science and

9435:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Scheitle, Christopher P. (May 2007). "Religion among Academic Scientists: Distinctions, Disciplines, and Demographics".

6597: 186: 16486: 11488: 9045: 3910: 3519: 1044:, both science and religion represent distinct ways of approaching experience and these differences are sources of debate. He views science as 11310:

Sollereder, B., & McGrath, A. (Eds.). (2022). Emerging Voices in Science and Theology: Contributions by Young Women (1st ed.). Routledge.

2505:

cannot be the cause of a material entity like the universe. According to Jain belief, it is not possible to create matter out of nothing. The

2295:

prescribes a particular method to analyze knowledge. According to Samkhya, all knowledge is possible through three means of valid knowledge –

7918: 7438:

Lindberg, David (2009). "Myth 1: That the Rise of Christianity was Responsible for the Demise of Ancient Science". In Numbers, Ronald (ed.).

4083:

Thomas, Hugh M. (14 August 2014). "English Secular Clerics and the Growth of European Intellectual Life in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance".

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In the US, people who had no religious affiliation were no more likely than the religious population to have New Age beliefs and practices.

2744:

and 42% believed God existed, 42% disbelieved, and 17% had doubts/did not know; however, when the study was replicated 80 years later using

1762:, which accepts some findings of modern science but also upholds classical religious teachings about God and creation in Christian context. 1226:

science" movement, which proposes abandoning methodological materialism, does cause problems in understanding of the nature of science. The

727:

The kinds of interactions that might arise between science and religion have been categorized by theologian, Anglican priest, and physicist

22047: 16438: 13791: 10612: 10562: 5169: 3090: 3058: 1200: 400: 10294: 4945:

Harrison, Peter (2015). "That religion has typically impeded the progress of science". In Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.).

1969:

of nature, they were not glibly choosing that metaphor. Laws were the result of legislation by an intelligent deity. Thus the philosopher

19020: 10242: 8080:

challenge to Chu Hsi" Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University: Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1982.

8054: 11317: 1056:, in the way that religion does, it may lead to improperly ascribing properties to the natural world as happened among the followers of 19863: 15474: 15401: 12599: 11700: 11466: 10058:

Aizenkot, Dana (11 September 2020). "Meaning-Making to Child Loss: The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations of Death".

4469:

the comprehension and acceptance of scientific evidence. The authors consider the 3Ds + S to be cognitive effects of illusory thinking.

3048: 2808: 1204: 639: 941:, which holds that religion and science have been in conflict continuously throughout history, was popularized in the 19th century by 20141: 11678: 11144: 9876: 2221: 651: 15725: 6776: 5176:, after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says "this of course is untrue" 18958: 16729: 15565: 15439: 15424: 10786: 10546: 9529: 8417: 5230: 2249:) is a linguistic paradox. Hindu scholastic activities and ancient Indian scientific advancements were so interconnected that many 1808:

component of human origins. Catholic schools have included all manners of scientific study in their curriculum for many centuries.

1650:

has been at the center of some controversy between Christianity and science. Christians who accept a literal interpretation of the

11532: 7169:

Plavcan, J. Michael (2007). "The Invisible Bible: The Logic of Creation Science". In Petto, Andrew J.; Godfrey, Laurie R. (eds.).

375:) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues, never as doctrines, practices, or actual sources of knowledge. 22855: 22040: 21844: 16958: 10920: 9657: 7334: 6926: 5372: 2144:

argued against technical investigation and specialization proposed by Chen Liang. After contact with the West, scholars such as

1929:

holds that "a belief in divine creation" was central to an emergence of science in seventeenth-century England. The philosopher

17941: 11388: 4488:. In Religion and Ethics, edited by Gloria Simpson and Spencer Payne, New York: NOVA Publishers. pp. 73–98. Archived from 1633: 20778: 13359: 11401:

Watson, Simon R. (2019). "God in Creation: A Consideration of Natural Selection as the Sacrificial Means of a Free Creation".

5412: 4675: 2176:, attempts to modernize Confucianism and reconcile it with scientific understanding were attempted by many scholars including 17129: 15585: 11348: 11305: 11206: 11097: 11076: 10988: 10807: 10218: 9953: 9915: 9380: 8875: 8475: 8455: 8262: 8172: 8058:. Across the Atlantic, the Society of Ordained Scientists and Christians in Science are similar affiliation in Great Britain. 7873: 7819: 7517: 7474: 7447: 7373: 7317: 7227: 7178: 6909: 6884: 6808: 6758: 6733: 6662: 6550: 5346: 5092: 4985: 4875: 4846: 4798: 4361: 4321: 4100: 4060: 4028: 3969: 3844: 3778: 3753: 3687: 3616: 3495: 3455:

Ronald Numbers (2011). "Science without God: Natural Laws and Christian Beliefs". In Gordon, Bruce; Dembski, William (eds.).

3372: 3347: 3315: 3287: 2680: 2603: 2579: 743: 643: 6842: 387:

in 1834 and it was applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature. From the ancient world, starting with

21116: 17541: 16050: 13069: 10894: 3063: 2473:

Jainism classifies life into two main divisions those who are static by nature (sthavar) and those who are mobile (trasa).

17: 9331: 1253:. Since that time it has grown into a serious academic field, with academic chairs in the subject area, and two dedicated 22548: 22262: 16951: 16666: 16168: 15449: 15050: 9944:

Keeter, Scott; Smith, Gregory; Masci, David (2011). "Religious Belief and Attitudes about Science in the United States".

8925: 7898: 7139: 7028: 7007: 6534: 5509: 5367: 2197: 2081: 10243:"Religion and Science: Highly Religious Americans are less likely than others to see Conflict between Faith and Science" 6578:(September 2012). "Review of Alvin Plantinga (2011), Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion and Naturalism". 5574: 22812: 19347: 17833: 17816: 16701: 16378: 16108: 15990: 15444: 14029: 11963: 11636: 11112: 10934: 10487: 10312:

Alper, Gregory A. Smith, Patricia Tevington, Justin Nortey, Michael Rotolo, Asta Kallo and Becka A. (24 January 2024).

8113: 7962: 5214: 3426: 3401: 3217: 3095: 2632: 1792:. For example, regarding scientific study such as that of evolution, the church's unofficial position is an example of 1734: 1715: 859: 20404: 9547:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Lee, Kristen Schultz (December 2011). "Atheists and Agnostics Negotiate Religion and Family".

5484: 4410: 1841: 22257: 22250: 22233: 22112: 22102: 22084: 21804: 21788: 21644: 20429: 18360: 17312: 17307: 17260: 16941: 16428: 15254: 12484: 11546: 11536: 11443: 11379: 11291: 11277: 11248: 11231: 11152: 11132: 11058: 11029: 11005: 10955: 10753: 10732: 10705: 10691: 10660: 10400: 9284: 9029: 9001: 8947: 8021: 7786: 7719: 7621: 7549: 7508:

Cormack, Leslie (2009). "Myth 3: That Medieval Christians Taught that the Earth was Flat". In Numbers, Ronald (ed.).

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Schloss, Jeffrey P. (2006). "Evolutionary theory and religious belief". In Clayton, Philip; Simpson, Zachary (eds.).

6956: 6258:(1990). "Guest Comment: Preserving and cherishing the Earth—An appeal for joint commitment in science and religion". 5601: 5067: 5040: 5013: 4956: 4925: 4396: 4294: 4151: 3806: 3579: 3464: 3249: 3178: 2668: 1738: 1727: 1073:(geocentric) planetary model that held sway until changes in scientific and religious thinking were brought about by 11643: 11371:

The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time

7888:

Some scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution:

1482:(c. 185–254) regarded it much more favorably and required his students to read nearly every work available to them. 635: 542:, the international language of Europe's intellectuals. With the sheer success of science and the steady advance of 22484: 20961: 16481: 14039: 9493:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Park, Jerry Z. (2009). "Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists?".

9100:"Creating a foundation for origin of life outreach: How scientists relate to their field, the public, and religion" 8899: 7268: 3905: 865:' view is that all scientists should be atheists, and that science should never accommodate any religious beliefs. 3024: 2076:

argues that in contrast to the conflicts between science and religion in the U.S. in the 1920s (most famously the

2023:; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious 1381: 22904: 22593: 21796: 21184: 20991: 19013: 18987: 18645: 18558: 17534: 17322: 16443: 16338: 15464: 15459: 15415: 15045: 13889: 13133: 12118: 10520: 10209:

Numbers, Ronald (2009). "Myth 24: That Creationism is a Uniquely American Phenomenon". In Numbers, Ronald (ed.).

9625: 8976: 8846: 8049: 3533: 3085: 2100: 2089: 157:, whether religious or non-religious in nature, has held different views of science over time. Many 21st-century 20599: 17757: 11631: 11521:

A collection of video interviews with prominent scientists about topics relating science and religion (requires

8721: 7282:"Schools Without Rules: Private schools' curriculum downplays slavery, says humans and dinosaurs lived together" 5258:"Galileo backed Copernicus despite data: Stars viewed through early telescopes suggested that Earth stood still" 4557: 3669: 3598: 1784:

position on the relationship between science and religion is one of harmony, and has maintained the teaching of

306:

may sometimes be influenced by religious beliefs such as in the United States, where some reject the concept of

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Roberts, Jon (2011). "10. Science and Religion". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).

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Roberts, Jon (2011). "10. Science and Religion". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).

3038: 1771: 1536:

has examined consonance and dissonance between modern physics, evolutionary biology, and Christian theology.

504:

lest Holy Scripture be exposed to the ridicule of unbelievers, and obstacles be placed to their believing." (

11637:

Dialogue with Professor Richard Dawkins, Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams and Professor Anthony Kenny

10996:, Margaret Osler, and Jitse M. van der Meer, editors. "Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions," 8471: 7134: 7002: 6475:

Seife, C. (23 February 2001). "Papal Science: Science and Religion Advance Together at Pontifical Academy".

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asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and

4823: 22919: 22780: 22610: 22538: 22238: 22167: 21652: 21538: 21250: 20996: 20901: 20549: 19266: 18912: 17182: 17175: 16506: 16308: 13521: 12251: 11500: 8069:

Cua, Antonio S. "The Quasi-Empirical Aspect of Hsün-tzu's Philosophy of Human Nature." PEW 28 (1978), 3–19.

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Davis, Edward B. (2003). "Christianity, History Of Science And Religion". In Van Huyssteen, Wentzel (ed.).

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For the Glory of God : The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science Volume 1

4553: 4311: 2614: 2084:. These attempts at reconciliation fell apart in the 1930s due to increased social tensions, moves towards 1930: 1360: 1028: 872:

claims that since religion makes claims that are supernatural, both science and religion are incompatible.

315: 14545: 11140:

The Lab, the Temple, and the Market: Reflections at the Intersection of Science, Religion, and Development

8338: 22914: 21852: 21684: 21501: 20800: 20514: 19143: 18324: 18281: 17811: 17801: 17034: 17009: 16994: 16516: 16228: 16223: 15995: 14518: 14479: 14034: 13948: 13516: 11868: 11483: 8013: 6714:

Dalai Lama. (2005) "The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality" Broadway.

5155:, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the 3567: 3053: 3034: 2843: 2489: 2031:(English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a 1775: 1699: 1269: 1041: 14550: 14540: 11618:(online version of the dictionary edited in Rome by Urbaniana University Press and Città Nuova Editrice) 10924: 9582: 6703:

Hamilton, Jon. (2005) "The Links Between the Dalai Lama and Neuroscience" www.NPR.org, 11 November 2005

6529: 2658: 22588: 21812: 21708: 21692: 21676: 21476: 20667: 20336: 19642: 19418: 19006: 18286: 17951: 17916: 17712: 15294: 15239: 14935: 13675: 13182: 11863: 11805: 11560: 11386: 11158: 11021: 9060: 8043: 7778: 7711: 7652: 7361: 5325: 4899: 3237: 3164: 2453: 1918: 1671: 1416: 1085: 1009: 444:

demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this Western idea.

275: 19052: 13263: 7023: 5635:. University of St Andrews, University of Glasgow, University of Aberdeen, and University of Edinburgh 174: 22838: 22795: 22790: 22765: 22680: 22670: 22665: 21892: 21444: 21429: 21260: 20873: 19085: 19075: 18505: 17966: 17207: 17187: 17095: 17091: 17014: 16706: 16541: 16330: 16188: 15640: 14528: 14307: 13938: 13568: 13113: 12245: 11997: 11834: 11789: 9682:

Gross, Neil; Simmons, Solon (2009). "The religiosity of American college and university professors".

7775:

For the glory of God: how monotheism led to reformations, science, witch-hunts and the end of slavery

7365: 7355: 6650: 5031:

Quotation from Colin A. Russell in "The Conflict Thesis" the first essay of "Gary Ferngren (editor).

4646: 3105: 2990: 2833: 1419:. For example, Buddhism encourages the impartial investigation of nature (an activity referred to as 1135: 647: 546:, the individual scientist gained prestige. Along with the inventions of this period, especially the 14646: 10769: 9922:

Instead, as is clearly shown in Figure 3.3, societies with greater faith in science also often have

3917: 3730: 3656: 1429:)—the principal object of study being oneself. Buddhism and science both show a strong emphasis on 1391: 22675: 22578: 22225: 22172: 21981: 21828: 21545: 21439: 21434: 21109: 20976: 20539: 19789: 19629: 19626: 19352: 19186: 19171: 18623: 18553: 18374: 18139: 18068: 18063: 17762: 17212: 16852: 16837: 16826: 16803: 16045: 16005: 15960: 15750: 15740: 15545: 15299: 15124: 15060: 15030: 14920: 14685: 14594: 14562: 14523: 14435: 13332: 12579: 12515: 11985: 11970: 11664: 10799: 8362:"Science and spirituality: Any Points of Contact? The Teachings of U.G. Krishnamurti: A Case Study" 7831:

Gregory, Andrew (1998), Handout for course 'The Scientific Revolution' at The Scientific Revolution

5875:

Kobe, Donald H. (1998). "Copernicus and Martin Luther: An encounter between science and religion".

4388: 2684: 2672: 2480:

proved that plants have life. In the Jain philosophy the plant lives are termed as 'Vanaspatikaya'

2345:

The accounts of the emergence of life within the universe vary in description, but classically the

2281: 2193: 1553: 1465: 1347: 235:

claim that "it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science."

13022: 10272: 9907: 9728:

Curlin, Farr A.; Lantos, John D.; Roach, Chad J.; Sellergren, Sarah A.; Chin, Marshall H. (2005).

8195:

Gosling, David L. (2011). "Darwin and the Hindu Tradition: 'Does What Goes Around Come Around?'".

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espoused a proto-scientific world view. However, during the Han Synthesis the more anti-empirical

2099:

organizations promoting a harmony between science and Christianity were founded, most notably the

367:" first emerged. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin roots of both science ( 22695: 22523: 22474: 21955: 21668: 21471: 21449: 21194: 20554: 20495: 20448: 20306: 20269: 19637: 19552: 19542: 19466: 19332: 19304: 18820: 18535: 18475: 18467: 18164: 18159: 17946: 17931: 17796: 17450: 17197: 17192: 17165: 17100: 17054: 17049: 16984: 16877: 16496: 16433: 16383: 16343: 16288: 15923: 15918: 15808: 15755: 15645: 15575: 15371: 15182: 15097: 14302: 14280: 14079: 13901: 13426: 13064: 12991: 12675: 12046: 11846: 11755: 11180: 10964: 10443:

Baker, Joseph O. (2012). "Public Perceptions of Incompatibility Between 'Science and Religion'".

7739: 5520: 5257: 4624: 3991:. Speech presented at "Science and Religion in the Middle Ages," in Harvard University, Cambridge 2501:

holds that a cause and its effect are always identical in nature and an immaterial entity like a

1577: 1499: 1287: 858:

to students should decrease their self-importance in the universe, as well as their religiosity.

701: 591: 484: 11594: 8704: 8290:

Gosling, David (September 2012). "Science and the Hindu Tradition: Compatibility or Conflict?".

8160: 6704: 5912:

Haught, John F.; Selk, Eugene E. (1996). "Science and Religion: From Conflict to Conversation".

4144:

Of Popes and Unicorns : Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World

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I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became my belief that for gaining access to the

1489:

appear quite different from later attempts at reconciliation with the newer scientific ideas of

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Wienand, Karl; Kampschulte, Lorenz; M. Heckl, Wolfgang; Williams, Margaret (24 February 2024).

5207:

Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of his Birth 1473–1973

4192:

Frank Turner, 'The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension',

3000: 2699: 2676: 1978: 1870: 1707: 1663: 1089: 1017: 875: 788: 678: 441: 428:", sometimes translated as "religion", also means law or duty. Throughout classical India, the 364: 323: 102: 10250: 9846: 9372: 9272: 7920:

Science, Religion, and A.D. White: Seeking Peace in the "Warfare Between Science and Theology"

7746:, pp. 4, 138 n. 3 where Numbers specifically raises his concerns with regards to the works of 7201: 7157: 6218:

Powell, Harry D. (1991). "Making sense of experience: Common ground in science and religion".

5659:"Beyond Barbour or Back to Basics? The Future of Science-and-Religion and the Quest for Unity" 5469: 4790: 4353: 1128:

that arise from cultural traditions, which is similar to the secular perspective on religion.

22802: 22770: 22745: 22630: 22583: 22479: 22457: 22447: 22432: 22372: 22359: 22332: 22197: 22162: 22119: 21876: 21496: 21481: 21385: 20924: 20863: 20843: 20677: 20589: 20569: 20559: 20192: 20041: 19674: 19606: 19514: 19481: 19309: 19289: 19095: 18952: 18907: 18845: 18835: 18174: 18038: 17883: 17873: 17858: 17806: 17255: 17250: 17202: 17170: 17160: 17119: 16899: 16776: 16682: 16604: 16549: 16466: 16418: 16393: 16193: 16015: 16010: 15878: 15868: 15690: 15366: 15309: 15129: 15075: 14496: 14474: 14393: 14334: 14000: 13439: 13290: 12442: 12041: 11953: 11512: 10760:

For the Glory of God: The Role of Christianity in the Rise and Development of Modern Science.

9608: 9253: 7683: 7671: 7339: 5128: 5120: 4599: 4526: 4233:

Easterbrook, G. (15 August 1997). "Scientific Community: Science and God: A Warming Trend?".

2985: 2958: 2804: 2769: 2108: 2057: 2044: 1951: 1926: 1897: 1820: 1759: 1628: 1352: 1185:"Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality."— 981: 844: 700:. Prominent scientists advocating religious belief include Nobel Prize–winning physicist and 583: 13310: 13258: 9899: 9785:

Robinson, Kristin A.; Cheng, Meng-Ru; Hansen, Patrick D.; Gray, Richard J. (February 2017).

9364: 6850:

book review of J.L.Heilbron's work, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories

4782: 2590:

and closeness to God, there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge.

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reported that "Some private schools in Florida that rely on public funding teach students"

1609: 1539: 1494: 1407: 1343: 1263: 1213: 946: 831:, compatibility or incompatibility is a theological concern, not a scientific concern. In 709: 603: 197: 37: 18585: 13374: 12278: 10963:

Philip Clayton(ed.), Zachary Simpson (associate-ed.) Hardcover 2006, paperback July 2008.

9022:

Secularity and Science : What Scientists Around the World Really Think About Religion

7722:, p. 19. See also Peter Harrison, "Newtonian Science, Miracles, and the Laws of Nature", 7495: 5191: 4918:

Of Popes and Unicorns: Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World

4768:"Excerpts of Statements by Scientists Who See No Conflict Between Their Faith and Science" 3340:

From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science

2336:, the Hindu school of logic, accepts all these 3 means and in addition accepts one more – 1387: 742:. More typologies that categorize this relationship can be found among the works of other 8: 22710: 22700: 22558: 22528: 22452: 22437: 22397: 22392: 22317: 22202: 22023: 21860: 21308: 21291: 21245: 21235: 21102: 21082: 21037: 21027: 20986: 20934: 20919: 20848: 20828: 20810: 20642: 20609: 20470: 20457: 20264: 20061: 19972: 19927: 19833: 19719: 19532: 19380: 18927: 18628: 18500: 18379: 18048: 17971: 17961: 17838: 17722: 17717: 17297: 16979: 16872: 16847: 16832: 16761: 16599: 16574: 16554: 16531: 16458: 16408: 16388: 16303: 16293: 16248: 16208: 16163: 16158: 16148: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16118: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16060: 15970: 15945: 15823: 15813: 15775: 15745: 15730: 15715: 15705: 15695: 15660: 15655: 15605: 15550: 15525: 15469: 15326: 15314: 15202: 15197: 15187: 15055: 14856: 14769: 14714: 14690: 14577: 14462: 14420: 14215: 14064: 13692: 13484: 13364: 13150: 12947: 12832: 12760: 12650: 12571: 12398: 12051: 11875: 11721: 11540: 11522: 11170: 10838: 10362:"Nearly 70 percent of evangelicals do not view religion and science as being in conflict" 10280: 9900: 9621: 9578: 9418: 8561: 8535: 8498: 8447: 6598:"Themelios | Review: Where The Conflict Really Lies Science Religion And Naturalism" 3670:

National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2008).

3599:

National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2008).

2953: 2785: 2518: 2205: 2173: 2104: 1655: 1533: 1486: 1456:

false," he says, "then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims."

1155: 1151: 1093: 1061: 1024:

points out, but meet each other, for example, in the feeling of amazement and in ethics.

942: 915: 802: 587: 468: 201: 98: 57: 19794: 10141: 9212: 9165: 8744: 8414: 6398: 6353: 6271: 6231: 6194: 6157: 6120: 6079: 6040: 5999: 5962: 5925: 5888: 5851: 5814: 5777: 5740: 5703: 5234: 3417:

Lindberg, David C. (2007). "1. Science Before the Greeks (On changes in science here)".

1395: 1302:

and fails to "stave off the conflict between theism and evolution." Cognitive scientist

533:

The Middle Ages laid ground for the developments that took place in science, during the

22755: 22625: 22427: 22327: 22322: 22107: 21945: 21935: 21736: 21612: 21486: 21407: 21371: 21179: 21032: 21001: 20981: 20929: 20911: 20886: 20881: 20833: 20820: 20787: 20682: 20584: 20519: 20475: 20419: 20259: 20088: 19982: 19890: 19694: 19573: 19564: 19527: 19522: 19428: 19423: 19400: 19319: 19133: 19060: 18917: 18875: 18785: 18750: 18525: 18490: 18392: 18334: 18296: 18291: 18127: 18117: 17921: 17893: 17843: 17634: 17594: 17445: 17400: 17287: 17110: 16931: 16766: 16756: 16579: 16559: 16526: 16423: 16413: 16358: 16353: 16283: 16263: 16253: 16238: 16233: 16213: 16183: 16178: 16153: 16143: 16075: 16040: 16025: 15930: 15903: 15893: 15853: 15838: 15833: 15785: 15780: 15720: 15675: 15635: 15530: 15517: 15304: 15229: 15102: 14925: 14599: 14557: 14398: 14366: 14341: 14268: 14248: 14069: 14017: 14005: 13983: 13575: 13533: 13406: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13042: 12826: 12802: 12181: 12105: 11853: 11799: 11418: 11365: 11224:

Divine Grace and Emerging Creation: Wesleyan Forays in Science and Theology of Creation

11016: 10873: 10587: 10468: 10416:

Evans, John (2011). "Epistemological and Moral Conflict Between Religion and Science".

10188: 10153: 10110: 10075: 9990: 9822: 9762: 9729: 9510: 9452: 9234: 9177: 9126: 9099: 9080: 9039: 8627:

Robert Briffault (1928). The Making of Humanity, pp. 190–202. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.

8415:

Similarities in concept of evolution of life on earth in Dashavatar and modern Geology.

8036: 7974:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities c. 1815 – c. 1914

7844: 7703: 7648: 7496:"Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science" 7254:

The Origin of Rights, Roger E. Salhany, Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver: Carswell pp. 32–34

6853: 6508: 6426: 6328: 5456: 5192:"Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science" 4749: 4346: 4266: 3718: 3698: 3644: 3627: 3560: 3513: 3193:

view is mistaken. 'science' and 'religion' are concepts of relatively recent coinage .

3100: 3073: 3010: 2217: 1962: 1793: 1754: 1718:

as unconstitutional, "because they established a religious doctrine violating both the

1703: 1542: 1356: 1147: 953:

each dispute and there was no overall aim by any party involved to discredit religion.

899: 851: 682: 615: 599: 579: 551: 512: 499:"In discussing questions of this kind two rules are to observed, as Augustine teaches ( 453: 392: 341: 259: 251: 178: 166: 97:") and of "religion" as distinct concepts in the preceding few centuries—partly due to 94: 18680: 18633: 13687: 13236: 12854: 12584: 11471: 6934: 5801:

Jammer, Max; Bernstein, Jeremy (2000). "Einstein and Religion: Physics and Theology".

5339:

Astrophysics and Creation – Perceiving the Universe Through Science and Participation.

4785:

Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution

4767: 4206: 3864: 2587: 1993:, argued in contrast that "Christian theology was essential for the rise of science." 1447:, mentions that empirical scientific evidence supersedes the traditional teachings of 53: 22843: 22826: 22807: 22442: 22377: 22347: 21910: 21726: 21602: 21070: 20971: 20966: 20951: 20891: 20853: 20838: 20795: 20366: 20326: 20244: 20172: 20155: 20133: 19761: 19736: 19547: 19367: 19110: 18977: 18973: 18855: 18840: 18510: 18457: 18437: 18339: 18329: 18256: 18085: 18075: 17868: 17656: 17576: 17504: 17277: 17134: 16924: 16889: 16783: 16722: 16636: 16630: 16564: 16521: 16511: 16501: 16491: 16398: 16318: 16278: 16203: 16173: 16065: 16020: 16000: 15975: 15950: 15913: 15898: 15873: 15848: 15760: 15710: 15665: 15650: 15630: 15620: 15595: 15535: 15479: 15244: 15020: 14616: 14587: 14511: 14506: 14467: 14405: 14361: 14346: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14258: 13993: 13879: 13645: 13615: 13595: 13416: 13211: 13192: 13187: 13123: 13086: 12807: 12722: 12645: 12543: 12533: 12501: 12489: 12457: 12434: 12416: 12312: 12167: 12075: 12061: 12024: 12012: 11841: 11760: 11712: 11648: 11439: 11422: 11375: 11354: 11344: 11301: 11287: 11273: 11244: 11227: 11202: 11148: 11128: 11108: 11093: 11072: 11054: 11025: 11001: 10984: 10951: 10930: 10877: 10842: 10821: 10813: 10803: 10749: 10728: 10718: 10701: 10687: 10656: 10591: 10579: 10575: 10460: 10429: 10396: 10325: 10214: 10192: 10157: 10079: 10040: 10026: 9994: 9949: 9911: 9814: 9806: 9767: 9749: 9647:"Religious Communities, Science, Scientists, and Perceptions: A Comprehensive Survey" 9560: 9506: 9376: 9365: 9280: 9238: 9226: 9131: 9084: 9076: 9025: 8997: 8881: 8871: 8700: 8451: 8268: 8258: 8208: 8168: 8109: 8017: 7977: 7958: 7955:

God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science

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God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science

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Philip Clayton(ed.), Zachary Simpson(associate-ed.). Hardcover 2006, paperback 2008.

5342: 5297: 5210: 5088: 5063: 5036: 5009: 4981: 4952: 4921: 4871: 4842: 4794: 4783: 4753: 4728:"Atheism and Unbelief among Indian Scientists: Towards an Anthropology of Atheism(s)" 4392: 4357: 4317: 4290: 4283: 4258: 4250: 4147: 4117: 4096: 4056: 4024: 3965: 3840: 3802: 3774: 3749: 3703: 3683: 3632: 3612: 3575: 3501: 3491: 3460: 3422: 3397: 3368: 3343: 3311: 3283: 3245: 3213: 3174: 3068: 3043: 2943: 2749:

humankind" was most popular among mathematicians (about 45%) and least popular among

2624: 2530: 2255: 1990: 1974: 1958: 1947: 1892: 1888: 1683: 1651: 1303: 1275: 1208: 1097: 1045: 1005: 971: 903: 728: 611: 429: 311: 271: 270:, have seen compatibility or interdependence between religion and science. Biologist 263: 154: 146: 138: 21751: 18480: 17375: 14099: 13697: 13347: 13091: 10472: 10114: 9826: 9745: 9514: 9181: 6933:). § The enduring originality of the thought of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Archived from 6430: 6406: 4270: 1970: 391:, to the 19th century, the practice of studying nature was commonly referred to as " 318:

has written that "the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious

29:"Science and Religion" redirects here. For the 1991 book by John Hedley Brooke, see 22760: 22735: 22635: 22496: 22491: 22272: 21915: 21836: 21820: 21700: 21265: 21174: 21022: 20956: 20946: 20647: 20594: 20544: 20524: 20485: 20480: 20321: 20249: 19967: 19878: 19769: 19741: 19726: 19689: 19395: 19375: 19342: 19247: 19209: 18880: 18743: 18713: 18703: 18698: 18595: 18580: 18226: 18122: 17956: 17776: 17747: 17686: 17624: 17475: 17430: 17410: 16946: 16936: 16919: 16589: 16471: 16368: 15980: 15940: 15888: 15883: 15800: 15770: 15680: 15570: 15434: 15386: 15381: 14945: 14910: 14883: 14641: 14626: 14501: 14425: 14275: 14253: 14161: 14022: 13801: 13764: 13620: 13605: 13553: 13337: 13317: 13285: 13280: 13251: 13246: 13170: 13160: 12979: 12943: 12935: 12906: 12819: 12739: 12734: 12697: 12687: 12613: 12551: 12393: 12230: 12080: 11738: 11588: 11410: 10865: 10793: 10778: 10765: 10648: 10571: 10452: 10425: 10180: 10145: 10102: 10067: 10030: 10022: 9982: 9798: 9757: 9741: 9691: 9556: 9502: 9456: 9444: 9309: 9216: 9169: 9121: 9111: 9072: 8696: 8204: 8048:

As to specifically Christian theists, an example of continue presence would be the

7397: 6930: 6512: 6484: 6447: 6402: 6357: 6316: 6312: 6275: 6235: 6198: 6161: 6124: 6083: 6044: 6003: 5966: 5929: 5892: 5855: 5818: 5781: 5744: 5707: 5670: 5554: 5265: 5049:" (p. 7, followed by a list of the basic reasons why the conflict thesis is wrong). 4739: 4697: 4242: 4088: 3693: 3675: 3622: 3604: 2980: 2628: 2548: 2371: 2366: 2292: 2250: 2209: 2036: 1797: 1743: 1659: 1557: 1475: 1254: 1231: 1227: 1176: 1167: 907: 801:, "whereas religion scorns the power of human comprehension, science respects it." 795: 716: 623: 492: 433: 169:

has been challenged. While the classification of the material world by the ancient

36:"Science and theology" redirects here. For the 1998 book by John Polkinghorne, see 21746: 14238: 10889: 10071: 7307: 6803:(Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 222. 6488: 6451: 6361: 5362: 2441:, and 85 per cent of God-believing people said they believe in evolution as well. 2140:

skepticism regarding the nature of reality. Likewise, during the Medieval period,

1172: 22775: 22620: 22598: 22367: 22282: 22267: 22032: 21930: 21925: 21506: 21461: 21296: 21270: 21214: 20728: 20697: 20662: 20627: 20505: 20356: 20254: 20212: 20123: 20111: 20096: 20071: 20046: 19816: 19684: 19679: 19596: 19581: 19254: 19138: 18887: 18870: 18825: 18815: 18760: 18733: 18670: 18665: 18650: 18575: 18311: 18301: 17936: 17926: 17727: 17604: 17465: 17425: 17347: 17302: 17139: 17044: 17029: 17004: 16818: 16798: 16640: 15269: 15249: 14739: 14631: 14621: 14290: 13958: 13749: 13729: 13660: 13625: 13558: 13342: 13268: 13241: 13216: 13165: 13138: 12926: 12869: 12640: 12157: 11958: 11884: 11824: 11779: 11748: 11584: 11553: 11504: 11495: 11370: 11324: 11268: 11258: 11236: 11219: 11197: 11174: 11163: 11139: 11123: 11048: 11039: 10960: 10943: 10885: 9397:"Natural scientists are less likely to believe in God than are social scientists" 9116: 8441: 8421: 8009: 7759: 7751: 7611: 7541: 7535: 7107: 7078:

Calendar: Humanity's Epic Struggle to Determine a True and Accurate Calendar Year

5545: 5516: 5465: 5164: 4946: 4692: 4527:"Does The Empirical Nature Of Science Contradict The Revelatory Nature Of Faith?" 4384: 4246: 4050: 3889: 3885: 3837:

A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century

3168: 3136: 2938: 2765:

Others have also observed some methodological issues which impacted the results.

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and Peter Guthrie Tait's, which helped define much of modern physics, was titled

384: 267: 228: 220: 216: 212: 85: 19868: 11090:

Neuroscience and the Soul: The Human Person in Philosophy, Science, and Theology

10346: 9059:

Ecklund, Elaine Howard; Park, Jerry Z.; Sorrell, Katherine L. (September 2011).

6311:(5332). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1589a–1593. 298:, propose an interconnection between science and religion, while others such as 22833: 22785: 22740: 22533: 22469: 22382: 22342: 22182: 22142: 21592: 21533: 21366: 21301: 21286: 21189: 20637: 20632: 20500: 20465: 20397: 20371: 20207: 20056: 19995: 19908: 19751: 19647: 19390: 19070: 18860: 18850: 18790: 18738: 18675: 18570: 18495: 18452: 18432: 18221: 18097: 18058: 17752: 17742: 17737: 17661: 17516: 17385: 17245: 16884: 16793: 15391: 15284: 15224: 14940: 14915: 14700: 14604: 14486: 14430: 14383: 13796: 13744: 13640: 13610: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13563: 13459: 13379: 13352: 13305: 13295: 12329: 11992: 11975: 11794: 11774: 11743: 11011: 10993: 10741: 9338: 8006:

Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-twentieth-century Britain

7801: 7640: 6575: 6483:(5508). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1472–1474. 6446:(3310). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1324–1327. 6393:(3304). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1004–1006. 6348:(3285). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1225–1229. 5727:

Brancazio, Peter J. (1994). "What is truth? A course in science and religion".

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Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-twentieth-century Britain

1874: 1830: 1789: 1781: 1602: 1590: 1331: 1295: 1121: 1021: 993: 836: 825: 810: 705: 547: 488: 461: 255: 232: 193: 170: 20078: 19853: 12594: 11624:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Steven Jay Gould, John Haldane and Hilary Rose ( 11284:

Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? The Relationship Between Science and Religion.

10869: 10184: 10149: 9802: 8718:"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 3505: 1977:

stated that this thesis "received a boost" from mathematician and philosopher

1234:" and the scientific community. This annual series continues and has included 22893: 22645: 22615: 22553: 22354: 22302: 22297: 22207: 21771: 21766: 21741: 21550: 21491: 21402: 21330: 21255: 20692: 20604: 20534: 20276: 20066: 20000: 19957: 19826: 19451: 19237: 19219: 18830: 18755: 18638: 18618: 18530: 18485: 17696: 17435: 17370: 17342: 17270: 16999: 16914: 15319: 14873: 14754: 14146: 14141: 14089: 13926: 13864: 13759: 13650: 13548: 13479: 13411: 13401: 13369: 13300: 13197: 13175: 13103: 12999: 12962: 12881: 12789: 12240: 12191: 11896: 11600: 11508: 11414: 11193: 10583: 10494: 10456: 9986: 9810: 9753: 9448: 8885: 8272: 7805: 7213: 7045:

Revolutionizing the sciences: European knowledge and its ambitions, 1500–1700

6496: 6459: 6414: 6369: 6324: 6287: 6247: 6210: 6173: 6136: 6095: 6058: 6015: 5978: 5941: 5904: 5867: 5830: 5793: 5756: 5719: 5578: 5536: 5512: 4744: 4727: 4580: 4254: 4241:(5328). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 890–893. 2975: 2758: 2393:

of man and animals. The sequence of avatars starts from an aquatic organism (

2116: 2028: 1997: 1623: 1549: 1517: 1440: 1421: 1319: 1235: 1222: 961: 805: 657: 619: 559: 196:

of the early 17th century, associated with the scientific revolution and the

110: 93:

century. This coincided with the refining of "science" (from the studies of "

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Larson, E. J.; Witham, L. (1997). "Scientists are still keeping the faith".

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2. Toshihiko Izutsu (1964). God and Man in the Koran. Weltansckauung. Tokyo.

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The Merton Thesis: Oetinger and German Pietism, a significant negative case,

3859: 2047:

and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the

1836: 1737:

ruled that creationism is religion, not science, and cannot be advocated in

1211:. Journals addressing the relationship between science and religion include 416: 153:

and medieval Christians who studied nature emphasized natural explanations.

22605: 22464: 22402: 22137: 21626: 21424: 21355: 21315: 21143: 20723: 20713: 20672: 20652: 20424: 20387: 20346: 20232: 20182: 19843: 19821: 19799: 19746: 19714: 19586: 19446: 19357: 19153: 18775: 18765: 18728: 18718: 18708: 18600: 18515: 18447: 18344: 18008: 17732: 17681: 17480: 17460: 17415: 17390: 17380: 17352: 17282: 17240: 17114: 17068: 17039: 17019: 15454: 15356: 15217: 14905: 14900: 14878: 14868: 14749: 14181: 14116: 14059: 14044: 14010: 13635: 13543: 12561: 12452: 12447: 12298: 12268: 12142: 12110: 11858: 11829: 11816: 11597:

The Victorian Web: Literature, History, and Culture in the Age of Victoria

10798:(Expanded ed., 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA: 10464: 10044: 9818: 9771: 9135: 8106:

China's Transition to Modernity : The New Classical Vision of Dai Zhen

7770: 7389: 6801:

Science and Religion, 400 BC to AD 1550 : from Aristotle to Copernicus

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In its traditional forms, the conflict thesis has been largely discredited.

3707: 3636: 3485: 2948: 2510: 2085: 2077: 1986: 1943: 1939: 1826: 1816: 1815:

is to teach us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go." In 1981, Pope

1805: 1617: 1565: 1561: 1509: 1505: 1323: 1267:. Articles are also sometimes found in mainstream science journals such as 1139: 911: 832: 798: 784: 772:

between evolution and religion is intrinsic to the incompatibility between

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The Culture of Science: How the Public Relates to Science Across the Globe

9230: 8929: 8865: 7643:, Volume 71, Issue 2, June 1980, 251–267; this is also noted on p. 366 of 6181:

Barbour, Ian G.; Selk, Eugene E. (1991). "Religion in an Age of Science".

5269: 4262: 3257:

in English publications, that is exactly what we discover (see figure 14).

1052:. He stated that if science and mathematics concentrate on what the world 379:

interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred. The term

22640: 22337: 22307: 22292: 22157: 22152: 21950: 21940: 21920: 21340: 21320: 21230: 21153: 20718: 20657: 20529: 20509: 20414: 20351: 20311: 20291: 20217: 20187: 19848: 19784: 19476: 19461: 19337: 19327: 19276: 19242: 19181: 18795: 18780: 18660: 18655: 18201: 18134: 18053: 18018: 17998: 17666: 17526: 17470: 17455: 17440: 17420: 17337: 17265: 17082: 17072: 17059: 17024: 16974: 16904: 16857: 16744: 16734: 15376: 15351: 15175: 15143: 15134: 15080: 15010: 14995: 14888: 14779: 14440: 14388: 14176: 13894: 13874: 13714: 13655: 13393: 13389: 13202: 12712: 12660: 12630: 12467: 12321: 12213: 12137: 12002: 11938: 11889: 11253: 11216:. Chicago, Ill.: Press of Hillison & Etten Co., 1904, t.p. 1918. 11034: 10679: 10669: 10652: 10035: 6777:"God's Action in Nature's World: Essays in Honour of Robert John Russell" 5602:"'Science and Religion', 'Christian Scholarship', and 'Theistic Science'" 5451: 5315: 4438:"The Incompatibility Hypothesis: Evolution versus Supernatural Causation" 4298: 2571: 2502: 2457: 2414: 2386: 2268: 2181: 2177: 2032: 2020: 2001: 1879: 1812: 1785: 1748: 1670:

that attempts to provide scientific support for a literal reading of the

1667: 1497:. Many early interpretations of evolution polarized themselves around a 1434: 1364: 1299: 1246: 1117: 1081: 1013: 821: 791: 776: 768:

According to Guillermo Paz-y-Miño-C and Avelina Espinosa, the historical

739: 735: 607: 543: 534: 476: 460:, has a considerable foundation in the works of the Arabs who translated 457: 404: 299: 287: 243: 150: 142: 89: 17587: 16651: 14695: 14636: 13739: 13145: 12974: 12523: 11311: 10762:

2 Volumes. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2011 and 2012.

8778:

Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

8771:"Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" 8136:. Singapore: Department of Mathematics: University of Singapore. 117543. 4166:

Peter Harrison, 'Religion, the Royal Society, and the Rise of Science',

2258:. Hindu sages maintained that logical argument and rational proof using 2245:, the dividing line between objective sciences and spiritual knowledge ( 1504:

These ideas were significantly countered by later findings of universal

22573: 22568: 22513: 22177: 22147: 22129: 21761: 21756: 21731: 21511: 21335: 21199: 21148: 21125: 20564: 20392: 20341: 20331: 20202: 20106: 20051: 19858: 19838: 19704: 19471: 19385: 19214: 19161: 19125: 19029: 18723: 18520: 18442: 18427: 18216: 18186: 18149: 18107: 18102: 18033: 17671: 17357: 17086: 17077: 17064: 16808: 16771: 15342: 15337: 15212: 15207: 15170: 15148: 15005: 14985: 14980: 14821: 14811: 14774: 14378: 14156: 14104: 13844: 13489: 13469: 13027: 12952: 12891: 12655: 12635: 12556: 12208: 12176: 12147: 11926: 11921: 11906: 11482:– website about the historical relations between science and religion, 11429: 10524: 9419:"Scientists May Not Be Very Religious, but Science May Not Be to Blame" 8770: 6255: 5838:

Neuenschwander, Dwight E. (1998). "Science, religion, and skepticism".

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The Nature of Nature : Examining the Role of Naturalism in Science

2703: 2640: 2567: 2389:) is almost identical to the scientific explanation of the sequence of 2145: 2096: 2024: 2009: 2005: 1938:

intellectual transformations and influential English scientists (e.g.,

1911: 1883: 1801: 1711: 1471: 1444: 1426: 1239: 1186: 1057: 957: 780: 773: 555: 480: 437: 247: 182: 134: 77: 17511: 14186: 13047: 11564: 11479: 11397:. Toronto: Oxford University Press, Canadian Branch, 1967. x, , 269 p. 11298:

Science and Spirituality: Making Room for Faith in the Age of Science.

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The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and What's Behind It All

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Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland. "Utilitarian Confucianism : Chʻen Liang

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Protestantism had an important influence on science. According to the

1394:

asserts that true science and true religion can never be in conflict.

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Clash in Cambridge: Science and religion seem as antagonistic as ever

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God-of-the-Gaps Arguments in Light of Luther's Theology of the Cross.

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Rashed, Roshdi (2007). "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham".

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The Science Myth – God, society, the self and what we will never know

9472:"Essay Forum on the Religious Engagements of American Undergraduates" 9396: 9254:"Do Scientists Really Reject God?: New Poll Contradicts Earlier Ones" 9173: 7914: 3212:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 254, 258, 259, 260. 2910: 2862: 2750: 2740:

In 1916, 1,000 leading American scientists were randomly chosen from

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of the early universe, the chemical origins of life and biological

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from Greek to Islamic to Christian traditions which helped spark the

1125: 1049: 866: 855: 817: 539: 472: 388: 307: 279: 239: 158: 19804: 12744: 12273: 10642: 9530:"Some Atheist Scientists With Children Embrace Religious Traditions" 6279: 6239: 6202: 6165: 6128: 6087: 6049: 6024: 6007: 5970: 5933: 5896: 5859: 5822: 5748: 5711: 3421:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–3. 2226: 340:

nature. Originally what is now known as "science" was pioneered as "

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Crisp, Thomas. M., Steven L. Porter, and Gregg A. Ten Elshof, eds,

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The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design

9869:"Indian scientists significantly more religious than UK scientists" 7691: 7309:

The Language of God : A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief

5004:

Quotation from Ferngren's introduction at "Gary Ferngren (editor).

4483:"The Everlasting Conflict Evolution-and-science versus Religiosity" 3679: 3608: 3130: 2575: 2506: 2422: 2354: 2276: 2242: 1935: 1687: 1513: 1448: 1412: 1339: 1335: 862: 571: 421: 352: 348: 126: 121: 81: 45: 11603:

Fifth International Conference, 29 – 31 August 1994, Dubna, Russia

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Dawn of Modern Science: From the Ancient Greeks to the Renaissance

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Articles Related to the Relationship Between Religion and Science

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Science and Mormonism: Correlations, Conflicts, and Conciliations

10347:"The MIT Survey on Science, Religion and Origins: the Belief Gap" 10204: 10202: 9730:"Religious characteristics of U.S. physicians: A national survey" 9711:"Survey on physicians' religious beliefs shows majority faithful" 8618:

3. Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence (A.I. Sabra)

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List of scholars on the relationship between religion and science

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disbelieved, 21% were agnostic, and 7% believed in 1998. However

2543:(the Oneness of God), as are all other branches of knowledge. In 2430: 2382: 2288: 2133: 2048: 2040: 2012: 1292:

Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism

1074: 1070: 965: 689: 117: 73: 69: 11607:

INTERS – Interdisciplinary Documentation on Religion and Science

11435:

The Marriage of Sense and Soul: Integrating Science and Religion

9943: 9412: 9410: 8038:

Genetic Turning Points: The Ethics of Human Genetic Intervention

7425:

A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom

5735:(10). American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT): 893–899. 5159:

left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio

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also believe there are some things that science cannot explain.

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between Protestantism and the scientific values. In his theory,

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A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom

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Nebuchadnezzar's Dream or The End of a Medieval Catholic Church

10488:"Religious Belief and Public Attitudes About Science in the US" 10295:"Most of the Religiously Unaffiliated Still Keep Belief in God" 10211:

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University of Chicago Press. 6774:Knight, Christopher C. (2008). 6612: 6590: 6551:"Philosopher sticks up for God" 6521: 6407:10.1126/science.127.3304.1004-a 6296: 5683: 5567: 5476: 5419:. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center 5404: 5331: 5309: 5291: 5249: 5223: 5198: 5183: 5133: 5110: 5101: 5052: 5025: 4998: 4965: 4938: 4909: 4830: 4807: 4774: 4770:. National Academy of Sciences. 4760: 4719: 4704: 4686: 4667: 4653: 4639: 4617: 4591: 4572: 4541: 4402: 4374: 4337: 4303: 4277: 4199: 4186: 4173: 4160: 4135: 4116:Szalay, Jessie (29 June 2016). 4012: 4003: 3994: 3964:. University of Chicago Press. 3940: 3899: 3871: 3853: 3828: 3815: 3663: 3477: 3448: 3282:. University of Chicago Press. 3086:American Scientific Affiliation 2519:steady state cosmological model 2101:American Scientific Affiliation 1459: 1386:A fundamental principle of the 1375: 999: 722: 692:include evolutionary biologist 511:where the referenced text from 479:, ideas articulated via divine 456:) in Western Europe during the 22064:Science and technology studies 21661:Critical History of Philosophy 21124: 19028: 16702:Analytic–synthetic distinction 15397:Separation of church and state 14055:Polytheistic reconstructionism 11595:Victorian Science and Religion 11475:: Science and Religion Project 10858:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 10676:. 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Vol. 24, no. 19. 9273:"Scientists, Unbelief among" 9117:10.1371/journal.pone.0282243 8745:"The 'first true scientist'" 8707:. Retrieved 22 October 2014. 7428:(Kindle Locations 1970–2132) 7306:Collins, Francis S. (2007). 7076:Duncan, David Ewing (1998). 5460:. In Barbour, Ian G. (ed.). 5457:"Science and Religion Today" 5209:. Springer. pp. 63–65. 4716:, Free Press, 2010, pp. 5–6. 4554:Council for Secular Humanism 4247:10.1126/science.277.5328.890 2615:Ahmadiyya views on evolution 2608: 1983:Science and the Modern World 1800:is required to explain both 1652:biblical account of creation 1361:Transmission of the Classics 1029:National Academy of Sciences 1004:A modern view, described by 889: 316:National Academy of Sciences 7: 21853:Conjectures and Refutations 21685:The Logic of Modern Physics 21502:Deductive-nomological model 20600:Contemporary utilitarianism 20515:Internalism and externalism 18325:Best of all possible worlds 18282:Eschatological verification 17839:Fine-tuning of the universe 17035:Hypothetico-deductive model 17010:Deductive-nomological model 16995:Constructivist epistemology 15255:National religiosity levels 14480:Nauruan Indigenous religion 14035:Hellenism (modern religion) 11503:– Discussion with atheists 11107:. 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Plantinga, in his book 648:List of Muslim scientists 250:throughout history, from 22173:Philosophy of technology 21829:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 21546:Structural functionalism 21472:Naturalism in literature 18554:Friedrich Schleiermacher 18140:Theories about religions 17942:Inconsistent revelations 16838:Intertheoretic reduction 16827:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 16804:Functional contextualism 15566:Central African Republic 12580:Vietnamese folk religion 11971:Charismatic Christianity 11415:10.1177/0008429819830356 11186:Johnston, Howard Agnew. 10800:Harvard University Press 10457:10.1177/0963662511434908 9987:10.1177/1948550620923239 9528:Ecklund, Elaine Howard. 9449:10.1525/sp.2007.54.2.289 8424:Dr. Nitish Priyadarshi, 8420:14 November 2017 at the 7990:Lindberg, David. (1992) 7953:(1986). "Introduction". 7864:(1986). "Introduction". 7354:Machamer, Peter (1998). 7312:. New York: Free Press. 7061:Heilbron, J. L. 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According to 485:law of non-contradiction 21956:Willard Van Orman Quine 21669:Idealism and Positivism 21261:Critique of metaphysics 21195:Sociological positivism 20555:Postanalytic philosophy 20496:Experimental philosophy 17323:Philosophers of science 17101:Scientific essentialism 17050:Model-dependent realism 16985:Constructive empiricism 16878:Evidence-based practice 15460:New religious movements 15098:Theories about religion 15051:Evolutionary psychology 14080:Modern Finnish paganism 12047:Independent Catholicism 11552:18 January 2012 at the 11181:D. Appleton and Company 11069:Evolution and the Fall, 10965:Oxford University Press 10748:. Paulist Press, 1995. 10723:Grayling, A.C. (2014). 10696:Chu, Dominique (2013), 9609:"Scientists and Belief" 9575:"Scientists and Belief" 9314:10.1111/1467-9744.00524 9275:. In Flynn, Tom (ed.). 8975:Shalev, Baruch (2005). 8904:The Review of Religions 8831:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 8827:Saliba, George (2014). 8401:Cvancara, A.M. (1995). 7840:Becker, George (1992), 7740:Oxford University Press 7080:. New York: Avon Books. 6832:Grant 2006, pp. 105–106 6823:Grant 2006, pp. 111–114 6638:. The Teaching Company. 6623:. The Teaching Company. 5600:Scott, Eugenie (1998). 5521:Oxford University Press 5070:. (Introduction, p. ix) 3487:Why I am not a Buddhist 3484:Thompson, Evan (2020). 3306:Nongbri, Brent (2013). 2742:American Men of Science 2513:have always existed (a 2291:, the oldest school of 2105:The Biologos Foundation 2082:conservative Christians 2072:, historian of biology 1062:normative moral science 702:United Church of Christ 592:Constantine the African 200:, led scholars such as 187:Middle Eastern scholars 22905:Philosophy of religion 22246:Sociology of knowledge 22001: 21970:Concepts in contention 21611: 21601: 21591: 21482:Objectivity in science 21380:Non-Euclidean geometry 21346:Methodological dualism 21307: 20688:Social constructionism 19700:Hellenistic philosophy 19116:Theoretical philosophy 19091:Philosophy of religion 19081:Philosophy of language 18418:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 17558:Philosophy of religion 17406:Alfred North Whitehead 17396:Charles Sanders Peirce 16109:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14095:Erzyan native religion 13944:Unitarian Universalism 13323:Native American Church 12091:Oneness Pentecostalism 11622:"Science and Religion" 11323:19 August 2019 at the 10926:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8851:ProQuest Ebook Central 8388:Rastogi, V.B. (1988). 8308:Sarma, Deepak (2011) " 7598:The Great Instauration 7422:Andrew Dickson White. 7186:described in Scripture 7135:"Religion and science" 7032:. Stanford University. 7003:"Religion and science" 6799:Grant, Edward (2006). 6600:. The Gospel Coalition 6538:. Stanford University. 6530:"Religion and science" 5491:. TED Conferences, LLC 5328:, Princeton, NJ, 1952. 4894:Brooke, J. H. (1991). 4417:. TED Conferences, LLC 4019:Grant, Edward (2001). 3835:Grant, Edward (2007). 3001:Psychology of religion 2700:Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi 2663: 2646: 2592: 2580:Renaissance scientists 2553:The Making of Humanity 2238: 1979:Alfred North Whitehead 1856: 1708:evidence for evolution 1664:scientific creationism 1638: 1540:Christian philosophers 1500:struggle for existence 1334:and mathematics under 1191: 1180: 1138:that protects against 1092:such as Lobachevsky's 1090:non-Euclidean geometry 1038: 1018:philosophy of religion 876:Evolutionary biologist 789:evolutionary biologist 765: 679:ethical non-naturalism 675: 524: 103:Protestant Reformation 61: 22910:Philosophy of science 22813:Transition management 22803:Technology assessment 22771:Regulation of science 22746:Evidence-based policy 22631:Sociotechnical system 22480:Traditional knowledge 22360:Psychology of science 22333:Mapping controversies 22239:shaping of technology 22198:Social constructivism 22163:Philosophy of science 22120:History of technology 21877:The Poverty of Theory 21497:Philosophy of science 21386:Uncertainty principle 21071:Philosophy portal 20590:Scientific skepticism 20570:Reformed epistemology 19096:Philosophy of science 18953:Faith and rationality 18908:Criticism of religion 18846:Robert Merrihew Adams 18836:Nicholas Wolterstorff 18039:Divine command theory 17505:Philosophy portal 17256:Hard and soft science 17251:Faith and rationality 17120:Scientific skepticism 16900:Scientific Revolution 16683:Philosophy of science 16429:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15726:São Tomé and Príncipe 15586:Republic of the Congo 13792:Aboriginal Australian 12443:Chinese folk religion 10366:Unconventional Wisdom 10249:. Pew. Archived from 9696:10.1093/socrel/srp026 9684:Sociology of Religion 8853:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8159:Kak, Subhash (2005). 7684:Christopher B. Kaiser 7409:Pope Francis (2015), 7340:Catholic Encyclopedia 6949:The Savior of Science 6649:Smith, Peter (1999). 6105:Religion vs. Science? 5270:10.1038/news.2010.105 5161:(Drake, 1953, p. 491) 5147:, for example. Drake 4816:"Methods in Religion" 4600:"Losing our religion" 4297:pp. 20–22, following 2986:Philosophy of science 2959:Faith and rationality 2805:University of Chicago 2784:A 2009 report by the 2770:Elaine Howard Ecklund 2698:According to scholar 2661: 2637: 2613:Further information: 2584: 2409:), to a dwarf human ( 2401:), to a land-animal ( 2229: 2109:Christians in Science 2058:Scientific Revolution 2045:religious affiliation 2000:there was a positive 1952:Christopher B. Kaiser 1844: 1821:Roman Catholic Church 1819:, then leader of the 1626: 1516:seems to be a mix of 1353:rabbinical literature 1183: 1175: 1033: 845:theoretical physicist 758: 670: 634:Further information: 584:Leo the Mathematician 566:Medieval Contributors 497: 434:penance through piety 415:In the 19th century, 101:of the sciences, the 48: 22900:Religion and science 22718:Women in engineering 22564:Financial technology 22544:Digital anthropology 22313:Criticism of science 22226:Actor–network theory 22188:Religion and science 22080:Economics of science 21885:The Scientific Image 21556:Structuration theory 21519:Qualitative research 21420:Criticism of science 21415:Critical rationalism 21351:Problem of induction 20491:Critical rationalism 20198:Edo neo-Confucianism 20042:Acintya bheda abheda 20021:Renaissance humanism 19732:School of the Sextii 19106:Practical philosophy 19101:Political philosophy 18943:Religious philosophy 18423:Pico della Mirandola 18388:Anselm of Canterbury 18320:Augustinian theodicy 18232:Religious skepticism 17565:Concepts in religion 17231:Criticism of science 17106:Scientific formalism 16990:Constructive realism 16895:Scientific pluralism 16868:Problem of induction 16051:United Arab Emirates 14842:Religious experience 14216:Historical religions 12600:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 11932:Schwenkfelder Church 11585:Science and Religion 11171:Huxley, Thomas Henry 10919:Vernet, J. (1996) . 10653:10.2307/j.ctv1ddczjt 9873:Rice University News 8161:"Hindu perspectives" 8104:Hu, Minghui (2017). 7645:Science and Religion 7269:Edwards v. Aguillard 7043:Dear, Peter (2001). 6621:Science and Religion 5510:Religion-and-Science 5413:"Torah and Geometry" 5395:Religion and Science 5237:on 28 September 2018 4826:on 4 September 2015. 4287:Science and Theology 4196:, 49 (1978) 356–376. 4170:, 6 (2008), 255–271. 4168:Theology and Science 3884:24 June 2011 at the 3030:Buddhism and science 2996:Religious skepticism 2478:Jagdish Chandra Bose 2397:), to an amphibian ( 2391:biological evolution 2017:experimental science 2004:between the rise of 1861:Andrew Dickson White 1688:scientific paradigms 1408:Buddhism and science 1344:Lawrence M. Principe 1330:scholars during the 1264:Theology and Science 1214:Theology and Science 992:British philosopher 947:Andrew Dickson White 715:, and climatologist 710:Human Genome Project 604:St. Albert the Great 556:Evangelical movement 198:Age of Enlightenment 38:Science and Theology 18:Science and religion 22920:History of religion 22559:Engineering studies 22529:Cyborg anthropology 22318:Demarcation problem 22203:Social epistemology 21861:One-Dimensional Man 21309:Geisteswissenschaft 21292:Confirmation holism 20062:Nimbarka Sampradaya 19973:Korean Confucianism 19720:Academic Skepticism 18928:History of religion 18629:Friedrich Nietzsche 18506:Gottfried W Leibniz 18501:Nicolas Malebranche 18433:King James VI and I 17713:Abrahamic religions 17298:Rhetoric of science 17236:Descriptive science 16980:Confirmation holism 16873:Scientific evidence 16833:Inductive reasoning 16762:Demarcation problem 16444:Trinidad and Tobago 16339:Antigua and Barbuda 15507:Religion by country 14568:Cult of Magna Mater 13070:Philippine Dayawism 12651:Nimbarka Sampradaya 12399:Chinese Manichaeism 12071:Jehovah's Witnesses 11876:Proto-Protestantism 11541:Scientific American 11272:, Routledge, 1996. 11243:, Templeton, 2003, 10839:Motilal Banarsidass 10606:"Nones on the Rise" 10372:on 16 November 2018 10318:Pew Research Center 10301:. 15 November 2012. 10299:Pew Research Center 10281:Pew Research Center 10277:"Nones" on the Rise 10247:Pew Research Center 10142:2001RSTEd..19...39J 9879:on 16 November 2018 9654:Elaine Ecklund Blog 9622:Pew Research Center 9579:Pew Research Center 9474:. Religion.ssrc.org 9417:Donovan, Patricia. 9344:on 11 December 2017 9213:1998Natur.394..313L 9166:1997Natur.386..435L 8448:Xlibris Corporation 7726:56 (1995), 531–553. 6677:Yong, Amos. (2005) 6399:1958Sci...127.1004H 6354:1957Sci...126.1225W 6272:1990AmJPh..58..615S 6232:1991AmJPh..59..679P 6195:1991AmJPh..59.1152B 6158:1992AmJPh..60..394O 6121:1992AmJPh..60..778D 6080:1992AmJPh..60..871P 6041:1993AmJPh..61..201P 6000:1994AmJPh..62..296S 5963:1996AmJPh..64..110V 5926:1996AmJPh..64.1532H 5889:1998AmJPh..66..190K 5852:1998AmJPh..66..273N 5815:2000AmJPh..68..676J 5778:2000AmJPh..68Q.785B 5741:1994AmJPh..62..893B 5704:1986AmJPh..54..312T 5575:"Ian Ramsey Centre" 5141:(1966, pp. 133–134) 4122:www.livescience.com 3558:Shapin, S. (1996). 2954:Demarcation problem 2786:Pew Research Center 2669:Christians have won 2329:– verbal testimony. 2206:Hindu units of time 2174:May Fourth Movement 2158:The Book of Changes 2154:The Book of Changes 1656:Darwinian evolution 1534:Robert John Russell 1487:Newtonian mechanics 1156:rhetoric of science 1152:Harold K. Schilling 1112:Parallels in method 1094:hyperbolic geometry 1080:In the view of the 943:John William Draper 916:Simon Conway Morris 803:Planetary scientist 588:Gerbert of Aurillac 202:John William Draper 99:professionalization 22915:History of science 22839:History of science 22756:Funding of science 22626:Skunkworks project 22323:Double hermeneutic 22108:History of science 21936:Hans-Georg Gadamer 21737:Alexander Bogdanov 21613:Positivismusstreit 21408:Post-behavioralism 21372:history of science 21224:Principal concepts 21180:Logical positivism 20683:Post-structuralism 20585:Scientific realism 20540:Quinean naturalism 20520:Logical positivism 20476:Analytical Marxism 19695:Peripatetic school 19607:Chinese naturalism 19134:Aesthetic response 19061:Applied philosophy 18938:Religious language 18918:Ethics in religion 18876:William Lane Craig 18751:Charles Hartshorne 18491:Desiderius Erasmus 18393:Augustine of Hippo 18335:Inconsistent triad 18297:Apophatic theology 18292:Logical positivism 18274:Religious language 17894:Watchmaker analogy 17859:Necessary existent 17635:Conceptions of God 17595:Intelligent design 17517:Science portal 17446:Carl Gustav Hempel 17401:Wilhelm Windelband 17288:Questionable cause 17111:Scientific realism 16932:Underdetermination 16767:Empirical evidence 16757:Creative synthesis 16379:Dominican Republic 15425:Abrahamic prophets 14519:Proto-Indo-Iranian 13043:Aliran Kepercayaan 12246:Non-denominational 12168:Modernist Salafism 11854:Oriental Orthodoxy 11628:, 25 January 2001) 11494:6 May 2012 at the 11480:"Faith and Reason" 11473:Counterbalance.org 11212:Nelson, Thomas L. 11167:(Cambridge, 2010). 10948:Ideas and Opinions 10833:Plott, C. (2000). 10768:and Larry Witham. 10758:Jones, Richard H. 8944:"Islam in Science" 8566:www.yugpradhan.com 8540:www.yugpradhan.com 8426:American Chronicle 7951:Numbers, Ronald L. 7947:Lindberg, David C. 7862:Numbers, Ronald L. 7858:Lindberg, David C. 7845:Sociological Forum 7704:John Hedley Brooke 7649:John Hedley Brooke 7583:(Cambridge, 1998). 7245:, pp. 399–431 7222:. Modern Library. 6937:on 19 August 2000. 6854:The New York Times 6555:The New York Times 5581:on 25 October 2010 5485:"Militant atheism" 5117:Finocchiaro (1997) 4980:. pp. ix, x. 4663:. 18 October 2010. 4411:"Militant atheism" 4385:Arthur R. Peacocke 4209:. Sacred-texts.com 3101:Intelligent design 3074:Quakers in science 3011:Theistic evolution 2706:, and 26% were of 2664: 2631:of the community, 2570:must be proved by 2405:), to a humanoid ( 2239: 2218:Indian mathematics 1963:John Hedley Brooke 1857: 1794:theistic evolution 1755:Theistic evolution 1704:Biblical inerrancy 1639: 1601:. In the words of 1543:Augustine of Hippo 1357:Christian theology 1181: 1148:Charles A. Coulson 900:George F. R. Ellis 783:and the belief in 683:ethical naturalism 616:Thomas Bradwardine 600:Robert Grosseteste 580:Bede the Venerable 552:Johannes Gutenberg 513:Augustine of Hippo 454:natural philosophy 393:natural philosophy 342:natural philosophy 252:Augustine of Hippo 167:Buddhist modernism 95:natural philosophy 84:. Even though the 62: 22887: 22886: 22881: 22880: 22808:Technology policy 22539:Dematerialization 22348:black swan events 22030: 22029: 22017: 22016: 22013: 22012: 21911:Theodor W. Adorno 21727:Richard Avenarius 21603:Werturteilsstreit 21564: 21563: 21512:Sense-data theory 21210:Polish positivism 21185:Positivist school 21092: 21091: 21054: 21053: 21050: 21049: 21046: 21045: 20752: 20751: 20748: 20747: 20744: 20743: 20471:Analytic feminism 20443: 20442: 20405:Kierkegaardianism 20367:Transcendentalism 20327:Neo-scholasticism 20173:Classical Realism 20150: 20149: 19922: 19921: 19737:Neopythagoreanism 19494: 19493: 19490: 19489: 19111:Social philosophy 18996: 18995: 18896: 18895: 18856:Peter van Inwagen 18841:Richard Swinburne 18786:George I Mavrodes 18646:Vladimir Solovyov 18586:Søren Kierkegaard 18511:William Wollaston 18458:William of Ockham 18438:Marcion of Sinope 18340:Irenaean theodicy 18330:Euthyphro dilemma 18257:Transcendentalism 18086:Womanist theology 18076:Feminist theology 17980: 17979: 17771: 17770: 17657:Divine simplicity 17577:Euthyphro dilemma 17524: 17523: 17366: 17365: 17278:Normative science 17135:Uniformitarianism 16890:Scientific method 16784:Explanatory power 16649: 16648: 16617: 16616: 16613: 16612: 15601:Equatorial Guinea 15497: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15036:Cognitive science 14655: 14654: 14588:Mysteries of Isis 14362:Frankish paganism 14205: 14204: 14201: 14200: 14197: 14196: 13949:White Brotherhood 13815: 13814: 13780: 13779: 13104:Sundanese Wiwitan 12921: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12646:Brahma Sampradaya 12608: 12607: 12411: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12389:Assianism/Uatsdin 12307: 12306: 12076:British Israelism 12062:Nontrinitarianism 12025:Plymouth Brethren 12020:Nondenominational 11954:Congregationalism 11842:Eastern Orthodoxy 11790:Reconstructionist 11350:978-0-02-865704-2 11306:978-0-521-75594-8 11207:978-1-59333-583-0 11183:, 1897, 372 pages 11121:Haisch, Bernard. 11098:978-0-8028-7450-4 11077:978-0-8028-7379-8 10989:978-0-8028-7370-5 10979:Barr, Stephen M. 10809:978-0-674-02339-0 10779:Larson, Edward J. 10766:Larson, Edward J. 10220:978-0-674-05741-8 10107:10.1159/000329135 10095:Human Development 10015:Child Development 9955:978-0-415-87369-7 9917:978-1-107-64837-1 9382:978-0-19-539298-2 9330:Ecklund, Elaine. 9207:(6691): 313–314. 9160:(6624): 435–436. 8950:on 11 August 2014 8877:978-0-8108-7821-1 8724:on 1 October 2014 8497:Hamilton, Fiona. 8457:978-1-4415-0729-7 8390:Organic Evolution 8264:978-81-7625-064-1 8174:978-0-02-865833-9 8132:Helmer, Alasken. 7875:978-0-520-05538-4 7820:978-1-4051-0595-8 7756:Eugene M. Klaaren 7748:Michael B. Foster 7744:Ronald L. Numbers 7664:John Dillenberger 7519:978-0-674-05741-8 7492:Ronald L. Numbers 7488:David C. Lindberg 7475:978-0-275-95904-3 7465:Jeffrey Russell. 7449:978-0-674-05741-8 7392:, Address to the 7375:978-0-521-58841-6 7319:978-1-4165-4274-2 7229:978-0-679-64288-6 7214:Larson, Edward J. 7180:978-0-393-33073-1 6947:Jaki, Stanley L. 6911:978-0-306-80637-7 6904:. Da Capo Press. 6886:978-0-226-48214-9 6856:. 24 October 1999 6848:D. Graham Burnett 6810:978-0-8018-8401-6 6760:978-0-8006-6273-8 6735:978-0-02-865704-2 6664:978-1-85168-184-6 6619:Principe (2006). 6107:, by Jay Orear". 5786:10.1119/1.1303729 5515:, pp. 562–576 in 5347:978-0-8245-2213-1 5298:Stephen Jay Gould 5190:Lindberg, David. 5094:978-0-7618-5566-8 4987:978-0-8018-7038-5 4877:978-0-8018-7038-5 4848:978-0-674-05741-8 4814:Tolman, Cynthia. 4800:978-0-06-093049-3 4710:Richard Dawkins, 4680:Sean Carroll Blog 4363:978-0-8091-3606-3 4323:978-1-4514-0985-7 4284:John Polkinghorne 4102:978-0-19-870256-6 4062:978-0-06-130583-2 4030:978-0-511-03262-2 3971:978-0-226-41234-4 3846:978-0-521-68957-1 3780:978-0-226-41234-4 3755:978-0-226-48214-9 3689:978-0-309-10586-6 3618:978-0-309-10586-6 3534:Science and Islam 3497:978-0-300-24870-8 3374:978-0-8028-2823-1 3349:978-0-226-08928-7 3317:978-0-300-15416-0 3289:978-0-226-18448-7 3148: 3147: 3069:Parson-naturalist 3044:Islam and science 2944:Continuity thesis 2683:, and 54% in all 2625:Islam and science 2531:Islam and science 2117:The Veritas Forum 1991:Baylor University 1975:Ronald L. Numbers 1959:Oxford University 1948:John Dillenberger 1927:Eugene M. Klaaren 1917:Oxford historian 1893:Ronald L. Numbers 1889:David C. Lindberg 1766:Roman Catholicism 1724:Fourth Amendments 1304:Justin L. Barrett 1255:academic journals 1209:Faraday Institute 1098:elliptic geometry 1006:Stephen Jay Gould 972:De Revolutionibus 904:Kenneth R. Miller 729:John Polkinghorne 612:William of Ockham 560:individual agency 312:natural selection 272:Stephen Jay Gould 264:Kenneth R. Miller 155:Confucian thought 147:scientific method 139:scientific method 16:(Redirected from 22927: 22854: 22853: 22829: 22781:Right to science 22761:Horizon scanning 22736:Academic freedom 22636:Technical change 22497:Women in science 22492:Unity of science 22273:Strong programme 22057: 22050: 22043: 22034: 22033: 22006: 21992: 21916:Gaston Bachelard 21837:Truth and Method 21821:World Hypotheses 21701:The Two Cultures 21616: 21606: 21596: 21581: 21580: 21570: 21569: 21312: 21266:Unity of science 21175:Legal positivism 21134: 21133: 21119: 21112: 21105: 21096: 21095: 21081: 21080: 21069: 21068: 21067: 20784: 20783: 20775: 20774: 20758: 20757: 20648:Frankfurt School 20595:Transactionalism 20545:Normative ethics 20525:Legal positivism 20501:Falsificationism 20486:Consequentialism 20481:Communitarianism 20454: 20453: 20322:New Confucianism 20161: 20160: 19968:Neo-Confucianism 19933: 19932: 19742:Second Sophistic 19727:Middle Platonism 19570: 19569: 19511: 19510: 19500: 19499: 19343:Epiphenomenalism 19210:Consequentialism 19144:Institutionalism 19049: 19048: 19038: 19037: 19023: 19016: 19009: 19000: 18999: 18986: 18985: 18976: 18881:Ali Akbar Rashad 18744:Reinhold Niebuhr 18704:Bertrand Russell 18699:George Santayana 18596:Albrecht Ritschl 18581:Ludwig Feuerbach 18371: 18370: 18367:(by date active) 18227:Process theology 17972:Russell's teapot 17782: 17781: 17777:Existence of God 17687:Process theology 17640: 17639: 17625:Theological veto 17588:religious belief 17551: 17544: 17537: 17528: 17527: 17515: 17514: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17476:Bas van Fraassen 17431:Hans Reichenbach 17411:Bertrand Russell 17328: 17327: 17154:Philosophy of... 16937:Unity of science 16730:Commensurability 16676: 16669: 16662: 16653: 16652: 16639: 16629: 16628: 16507:Papua New Guinea 16482:Marshall Islands 16309:Northern Ireland 15514: 15513: 15503: 15502: 15387:Secular theology 15382:Secular humanism 14672: 14671: 14661: 14660: 14536:Ancestral Pueblo 14211: 14210: 13830: 13829: 13507: 13506: 12932: 12931: 12688:Shaiva Siddhanta 12619: 12618: 12552:Korean shamanism 12431: 12430: 12422: 12421: 12318: 12317: 12231:Mahdawi movement 12101:Swedenborgianism 12081:Christadelphians 11727: 11726: 11718: 11717: 11709: 11708: 11696: 11695: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11645: 11644: 11614: 11589:Eastern Orthodox 11576: 11574: 11572: 11561:Young, Robert M. 11543:, September 2005 11426: 11389:Review excerpts: 11362: 11316:Spierer, Eugen. 11237:Oord, Thomas Jay 11220:Oord, Thomas Jay 11188:Scientific Faith 11118: 11064: 10940: 10921:"Ibn al-Haytham" 10915: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10886:Sardar, Ziauddin 10881: 10852: 10829: 10738: 10725:The God Argument 10666: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10617: 10610: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10527:on 22 April 2010 10517: 10502: 10501: 10500:on 19 June 2012. 10499: 10492: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10329: 10321: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10238: 10225: 10224: 10206: 10197: 10196: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10038: 10009: 10003: 10002: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9941: 9930: 9929: 9905: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9864: 9853: 9852: 9842: 9831: 9830: 9782: 9776: 9775: 9765: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9662: 9651: 9642: 9633: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9414: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9370: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9252:Scott, Eugenie. 9249: 9243: 9242: 9224: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9174:10.1038/386435a0 9149: 9140: 9139: 9129: 9119: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9043: 9035: 9017: 9008: 9007: 8989: 8980: 8973: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8928:. 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Archived from 4811: 4805: 4804: 4788: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4698:The God Delusion 4690: 4684: 4683: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4579:Porco, Carolyn. 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4556:. Archived from 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4522: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4495:on 6 August 2016 4494: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4457: 4455: 4450:on 6 August 2016 4449: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4351: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4307: 4301: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4230: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4046: 4035: 4034: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3923:on 23 March 2003 3922: 3916:. 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Merton 1852:L'Image du monde 1798:existence of God 1788:as set forth by 1744:Orlando Sentinel 1680:scientific facts 1660:Creation science 1476:Greek philosophy 1392:Baháʼí scripture 1320:ancient Egyptian 1232:natural theology 1228:Gifford Lectures 1168:Natural theology 1146:Two physicists, 1048:and religion as 908:Katharine Hayhoe 796:physical chemist 717:John T. Houghton 626:(c. 1401–1464). 624:Nicholas of Cusa 622:(c. 1320–1382), 610:(c. 1214–1294), 606:(c. 1200–1280), 602:(c. 1168–1253), 598:(c. 1080–1152), 594:(c. 1020–1087), 493:Summa Theologica 371:) and religion ( 304:scientific facts 210: 207: 151:Franciscan friar 50:God the Geometer 21: 22935: 22934: 22930: 22929: 22928: 22926: 22925: 22924: 22890: 22889: 22888: 22883: 22882: 22877: 22817: 22776:Research ethics 22722: 22621:Reverse salient 22515: 22508: 22284: 22277: 22268:Sociotechnology 22212: 22124: 22089: 22066: 22061: 22031: 22026: 22009: 21965: 21931:Paul Feyerabend 21926:Wilhelm Dilthey 21899: 21776: 21715: 21632: 21575: 21560: 21507:Ramsey sentence 21462:Instrumentalism 21391: 21369: 21367:paradigm shifts 21360: 21297:Critical theory 21275: 21271:Verificationism 21219: 21215:Russian Machism 21163: 21128: 21123: 21093: 21088: 21065: 21063: 21042: 21006: 20906: 20868: 20815: 20769: 20768: 20740: 20729:Russian cosmism 20702: 20698:Western Marxism 20663:New Historicism 20628:Critical theory 20614: 20610:Wittgensteinian 20506:Foundationalism 20439: 20376: 20357:Social contract 20213:Foundationalism 20146: 20128: 20112:Illuminationism 20097:Aristotelianism 20083: 20072:Vishishtadvaita 20025: 19977: 19918: 19885: 19756: 19685:Megarian school 19680:Eretrian school 19621: 19582:Agriculturalism 19559: 19505: 19486: 19433: 19405: 19362: 19314: 19271: 19255:Incompatibilism 19224: 19196: 19148: 19120: 19043: 19032: 19027: 18997: 18992: 18964: 18892: 18888:Alexander Pruss 18871:Jean-Luc Marion 18826:Alvin Plantinga 18821:Dewi Z Phillips 18808: 18806: 18800: 18771:Walter Kaufmann 18761:Frithjof Schuon 18734:Rudolf Bultmann 18691: 18685: 18681:Joseph Maréchal 18671:Pavel Florensky 18666:Sergei Bulgakov 18651:Ernst Troeltsch 18634:Harald Høffding 18611: 18605: 18576:William Whewell 18564:Georg W F Hegel 18559:Karl C F Krause 18546: 18540: 18536:Johann G Herder 18526:Baron d'Holbach 18476:Augustin Calmet 18462: 18378: 18366: 18365: 18362: 18354: 18312:Problem of evil 18306: 18302:Verificationism 18268: 17976: 17922:Atheist's Wager 17905: 17767: 17701: 17629: 17605:Problem of evil 17560: 17555: 17525: 17520: 17509: 17499: 17497: 17485: 17466:Paul Feyerabend 17426:Michael Polanyi 17362: 17348:Galileo Galilei 17317: 17303:Science studies 17219: 17149: 17140:Verificationism 17045:Instrumentalism 17030:Foundationalism 17005:Conventionalism 16963: 16799:Feminist method 16685: 16680: 16650: 16645: 16609: 16536: 16517:Solomon Islands 16453: 16325: 16229:North Macedonia 16070: 15795: 15508: 15489: 15450:Mass gatherings 15418: 15413: 15406: 15345: 15340: 15331: 15270:Religiocentrism 15250:National church 15118: 15115: 15107: 15022: 15015: 14952: 14874:Bodies of water 14666: 14651: 14436:Jamaican Maroon 14218: 14193: 14130: 13960: 13953: 13824: 13822: 13811: 13776: 13750:Trinidad Orisha 13535: 13528: 13501: 13494: 13421: 13384: 13360:Washat Dreamers 13115: 13108: 13004: 12986: 12913: 12887:Srilankan Vedda 12838: 12766: 12641:Sri Vaishnavism 12604: 12566: 12538: 12496: 12403: 12377: 12344: 12303: 12257: 12182:Twelver Shi'ism 12124: 11986:Neo-charismatic 11959:Presbyterianism 11811: 11703: 11690: 11685: 11650: 11642: 11612: 11570: 11568: 11554:Wayback Machine 11519:Meaning of Life 11513:Edge Foundation 11505:Richard Dawkins 11496:Wayback Machine 11453: 11448: 11366:Walsh, James J. 11351: 11325:Wayback Machine 11296:Ruse, Michael. 11282:Ruse, Michael. 11194:Lenaers, Roger. 11159:Harrison, Peter 11115: 11061: 11012:Brooke, John H. 10994:Brooke, John H. 10975: 10973:Further reading 10970: 10937: 10900: 10898: 10849: 10810: 10735: 10711:Drummond, Henry 10663: 10636: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10618:on 9 March 2013 10615: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10558: 10554: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10530: 10528: 10519: 10518: 10505: 10497: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10441: 10437: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10389: 10385: 10375: 10373: 10358: 10354: 10343: 10339: 10323: 10322: 10310: 10306: 10293: 10292: 10288: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10254: 10239: 10228: 10221: 10207: 10200: 10169: 10165: 10126: 10122: 10091: 10087: 10056: 10052: 10010: 10006: 9971: 9967: 9956: 9942: 9933: 9918: 9896: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9865: 9856: 9843: 9834: 9783: 9779: 9726: 9722: 9707: 9703: 9680: 9676: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9649: 9643: 9636: 9620: 9616: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9588: 9586: 9585:on 7 April 2011 9573: 9572: 9568: 9545: 9541: 9534:Huffington Post 9526: 9522: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9475: 9468: 9464: 9437:Social Problems 9433: 9426: 9415: 9408: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9328: 9321: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9269: 9265: 9250: 9246: 9193: 9189: 9150: 9143: 9110:(2): e0282243. 9096: 9092: 9057: 9053: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9018: 9011: 9004: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8963: 8953: 8951: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8909: 8907: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8878: 8862: 8858: 8843: 8836: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8695: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8663:, pp. 8–9. 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8514: 8510: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8450:. p. 136. 8438: 8431: 8422:Wayback Machine 8413: 8409: 8400: 8396: 8387: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8358: 8354: 8344: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8320: 8316: 8307: 8303: 8288: 8284: 8265: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8220: 8216: 8193: 8182: 8175: 8157: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8102: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8032: 8028: 8010:Peter J. Bowler 8004: 8000: 7984: 7965: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7904: 7902: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7855: 7851: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7802:Sztompka, Piotr 7800: 7793: 7769: 7765: 7760:Stanley L. Jaki 7752:Reijer Hooykaas 7734: 7730: 7702: 7698: 7682: 7678: 7662: 7658: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7591: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7542:H. Floris Cohen 7534: 7527: 7520: 7506: 7502: 7486:Quotation from 7485: 7481: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7436: 7432: 7421: 7417: 7408: 7404: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7352: 7348: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7211: 7207: 7196: 7192: 7181: 7167: 7163: 7152: 7148: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7089: 7085: 7074: 7070: 7059: 7052: 7041: 7037: 7024:"Enlightenment" 7020: 7016: 6999: 6995: 6990:. p. 8182. 6983: 6976: 6967: 6963: 6946: 6942: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6797: 6793: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6698: 6689: 6685: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6647: 6643: 6632: 6628: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6576:Boudry, Maarten 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6547: 6543: 6526: 6522: 6301: 6297: 6280:10.1119/1.16418 6240:10.1119/1.16767 6203:10.1119/1.16630 6166:10.1119/1.16889 6129:10.1119/1.17057 6088:10.1119/1.17004 6050:10.1119/1.17287 6008:10.1119/1.17567 5971:10.1119/1.18125 5934:10.1119/1.18441 5897:10.1119/1.18844 5860:10.1119/1.19024 5823:10.1119/1.19513 5749:10.1119/1.17735 5712:10.1119/1.14636 5688: 5684: 5655: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5534: 5527: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5481: 5477: 5452:Barbour, Ian G. 5449: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5409: 5405: 5393: 5380: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5336: 5332: 5314: 5310: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5277: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5203: 5199: 5188: 5184: 5165:Arthur Koestler 5138: 5134: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5081: 5074: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5030: 5026: 5017: 5003: 4999: 4988: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4928: 4914: 4910: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4835: 4831: 4820:Malboro College 4812: 4808: 4801: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4724: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4693:Richard Dawkins 4691: 4687: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4596: 4592: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4560:on 5 March 2016 4548:Atkins, Peter. 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4523: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4407: 4403: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4282: 4278: 4231: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4047: 4038: 4031: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3958: 3954: 3946:Neil McMullin. 3945: 3941: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3890:Solomon Zeitlin 3888:, p. 3, citing 3886:Wayback Machine 3876: 3872: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3742: 3738: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3690: 3668: 3664: 3652: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3619: 3597: 3593: 3582: 3556: 3549: 3531: 3527: 3511: 3510: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3390: 3386: 3375: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3336: 3325: 3318: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3276: 3263: 3252: 3238:Harrison, Peter 3235: 3231: 3220: 3206: 3199: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3165:Harrison, Peter 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3137:Religion portal 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 2939:Conflict thesis 2930: 2879: 2859: 2836: 2830: 2817: 2815:Other countries 2738: 2729: 2720: 2712:Jewish atheists 2656: 2651: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2533: 2527: 2515:static universe 2492: 2486: 2471: 2466: 2233:is regarded as 2224: 2202:Hindu cosmology 2190: 2125: 2074:Peter J. Bowler 2066: 1904:H. Floris Cohen 1847:spherical Earth 1839: 1778: 1768: 1676:Book of Genesis 1666:is a branch of 1644: 1587:Catholic Church 1508:. According to 1468: 1462: 1410: 1404: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1312: 1284:Alvin Plantinga 1192: 1170: 1164: 1132:Michael Polanyi 1114: 1002: 939:conflict thesis 935: 933:Conflict thesis 929: 927:Conflict thesis 896:Francis Collins 894:Others such as 892: 879:Richard Dawkins 870:Sean M. Carroll 848:Steven Weinberg 829:Lawrence Krauss 814:Donald Prothero 766: 762:Richard Dawkins 756: 754:Incompatibility 748:Arthur Peacocke 725: 713:Francis Collins 698:Steven Weinberg 694:Richard Dawkins 681:(contrasted to 665:Albert Einstein 654: 632: 596:Adelard of Bath 590:(c. 946–1003), 576:John Philoponus 568: 450: 385:William Whewell 365:World Religions 337: 332: 282:and aspects of 268:Francis Collins 260:Francisco Ayala 229:Donald Prothero 221:Lawrence Krauss 217:Richard Dawkins 213:conflict thesis 208: 56:, representing 54:Bible moralisée 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22933: 22923: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22885: 22884: 22879: 22878: 22876: 22875: 22874: 22873: 22868: 22863: 22848: 22847: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22822: 22819: 22818: 22816: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22799: 22798: 22793: 22786:Science policy 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22753: 22748: 22743: 22741:Digital divide 22738: 22732: 22730: 22724: 22723: 22721: 22720: 22715: 22714: 22713: 22708: 22703: 22698: 22693: 22685: 22684: 22683: 22678: 22673: 22668: 22663: 22657:Technological 22655: 22654: 22653: 22643: 22638: 22633: 22628: 22623: 22618: 22613: 22608: 22603: 22602: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22571: 22566: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22534:Design studies 22531: 22526: 22520: 22518: 22510: 22509: 22507: 22506: 22505: 22504: 22494: 22489: 22488: 22487: 22477: 22472: 22470:Scientometrics 22467: 22462: 22461: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22407: 22406: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22351: 22350: 22343:Paradigm shift 22340: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22289: 22287: 22279: 22278: 22276: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22254: 22253: 22243: 22242: 22241: 22236: 22228: 22222: 22220: 22214: 22213: 22211: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22183:Postpositivism 22180: 22175: 22170: 22165: 22160: 22155: 22150: 22145: 22143:Antipositivism 22140: 22134: 22132: 22126: 22125: 22123: 22122: 22117: 22116: 22115: 22113:and technology 22105: 22099: 22097: 22091: 22090: 22088: 22087: 22082: 22076: 22074: 22068: 22067: 22060: 22059: 22052: 22045: 22037: 22028: 22027: 22022: 22019: 22018: 22015: 22014: 22011: 22010: 22008: 22007: 21998: 21993: 21984: 21979: 21973: 21971: 21967: 21966: 21964: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21907: 21905: 21901: 21900: 21898: 21897: 21889: 21881: 21873: 21865: 21857: 21849: 21841: 21833: 21825: 21817: 21809: 21801: 21793: 21784: 21782: 21778: 21777: 21775: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21752:Émile Durkheim 21749: 21744: 21739: 21734: 21729: 21723: 21721: 21717: 21716: 21714: 21713: 21705: 21697: 21689: 21681: 21673: 21665: 21657: 21649: 21640: 21638: 21634: 21633: 21631: 21630: 21624: 21618: 21608: 21598: 21593:Methodenstreit 21587: 21585: 21577: 21576: 21566: 21565: 21562: 21561: 21559: 21558: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21534:Social science 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21515: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21494: 21489: 21487:Operationalism 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21453: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21422: 21417: 21412: 21411: 21410: 21399: 21397: 21396:Related topics 21393: 21392: 21390: 21389: 21383: 21376: 21374: 21362: 21361: 21359: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21304: 21302:Falsifiability 21299: 21294: 21289: 21287:Antipositivism 21283: 21281: 21277: 21276: 21274: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21227: 21225: 21221: 21220: 21218: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21190:Postpositivism 21187: 21182: 21177: 21171: 21169: 21165: 21164: 21162: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21140: 21138: 21130: 21129: 21122: 21121: 21114: 21107: 21099: 21090: 21089: 21087: 21086: 21074: 21059: 21056: 21055: 21052: 21051: 21048: 21047: 21044: 21043: 21041: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21014: 21012: 21008: 21007: 21005: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20944: 20939: 20938: 20937: 20927: 20922: 20916: 20914: 20908: 20907: 20905: 20904: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20878: 20876: 20874:Middle Eastern 20870: 20869: 20867: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20825: 20823: 20817: 20816: 20814: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20792: 20790: 20781: 20771: 20770: 20767: 20766: 20762: 20754: 20753: 20750: 20749: 20746: 20745: 20742: 20741: 20739: 20738: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20710: 20708: 20704: 20703: 20701: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20638:Existentialism 20635: 20633:Deconstruction 20630: 20624: 20622: 20616: 20615: 20613: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20466:Applied ethics 20462: 20460: 20451: 20445: 20444: 20441: 20440: 20438: 20437: 20432: 20430:Nietzscheanism 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20402: 20401: 20400: 20390: 20384: 20382: 20378: 20377: 20375: 20374: 20372:Utilitarianism 20369: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20274: 20273: 20272: 20270:Transcendental 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20237: 20236: 20235: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20208:Existentialism 20205: 20200: 20195: 20190: 20185: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20164: 20158: 20152: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20145: 20144: 20138: 20136: 20130: 20129: 20127: 20126: 20121: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20093: 20091: 20085: 20084: 20082: 20081: 20076: 20075: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20033: 20031: 20027: 20026: 20024: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19996:Augustinianism 19993: 19987: 19985: 19979: 19978: 19976: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19939: 19937: 19930: 19924: 19923: 19920: 19919: 19917: 19916: 19911: 19909:Zoroastrianism 19906: 19901: 19895: 19893: 19887: 19886: 19884: 19883: 19882: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19831: 19830: 19829: 19824: 19814: 19813: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19766: 19764: 19758: 19757: 19755: 19754: 19752:Church Fathers 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19723: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19666: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19634: 19632: 19623: 19622: 19620: 19619: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19578: 19576: 19567: 19561: 19560: 19558: 19557: 19556: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19525: 19519: 19517: 19507: 19506: 19496: 19495: 19492: 19491: 19488: 19487: 19485: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19443: 19441: 19435: 19434: 19432: 19431: 19426: 19421: 19415: 19413: 19407: 19406: 19404: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19372: 19370: 19364: 19363: 19361: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19324: 19322: 19316: 19315: 19313: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19281: 19279: 19273: 19272: 19270: 19269: 19267:Libertarianism 19264: 19263: 19262: 19252: 19251: 19250: 19240: 19234: 19232: 19226: 19225: 19223: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19206: 19204: 19198: 19197: 19195: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19158: 19156: 19150: 19149: 19147: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19130: 19128: 19122: 19121: 19119: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19071:Metaphilosophy 19068: 19063: 19057: 19055: 19045: 19044: 19034: 19033: 19026: 19025: 19018: 19011: 19003: 18994: 18993: 18991: 18990: 18980: 18969: 18966: 18965: 18963: 18962: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18904: 18902: 18901:Related topics 18898: 18897: 18894: 18893: 18891: 18890: 18884: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18861:Daniel Dennett 18858: 18853: 18851:Ravi Zacharias 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18816:William L Rowe 18812: 18810: 18802: 18801: 18799: 18798: 18793: 18791:William Alston 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18747: 18746: 18741: 18739:Gabriel Marcel 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18695: 18693: 18687: 18686: 18684: 18683: 18678: 18676:Ernst Cassirer 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18642: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18615: 18613: 18607: 18606: 18604: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18571:Thomas Carlyle 18567: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18550: 18548: 18542: 18541: 18539: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18496:Baruch Spinoza 18493: 18488: 18483: 18481:René Descartes 18478: 18472: 18470: 18464: 18463: 18461: 18460: 18455: 18453:Thomas Aquinas 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18384: 18382: 18368: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18353: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18316: 18314: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18278: 18276: 18270: 18269: 18267: 18266: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18222:Possibilianism 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18178: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18131: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18098:Fundamentalism 18095: 18090: 18089: 18088: 18083: 18073: 18072: 18071: 18066: 18059:Existentialism 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17990: 17988: 17982: 17981: 17978: 17977: 17975: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17952:Noncognitivism 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17913: 17911: 17907: 17906: 17904: 17903: 17901:Transcendental 17898: 17897: 17896: 17891: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17869:Pascal's wager 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17820: 17819: 17814: 17804: 17799: 17797:Christological 17794: 17788: 17786: 17779: 17773: 17772: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17709: 17707: 17703: 17702: 17700: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17643: 17637: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17591: 17590: 17579: 17574: 17568: 17566: 17562: 17561: 17554: 17553: 17546: 17539: 17531: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17507: 17495: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17484: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17451:W. V. O. Quine 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17386:Rudolf Steiner 17383: 17378: 17376:Henri Poincaré 17373: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17334: 17332: 17325: 17319: 17318: 17316: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17274: 17273: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17246:Exact sciences 17243: 17238: 17233: 17227: 17225: 17224:Related topics 17221: 17220: 17218: 17217: 17216: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17183:Social science 17180: 17179: 17178: 17176:Space and time 17168: 17163: 17157: 17155: 17151: 17150: 17148: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17089: 17080: 17075: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16971: 16969: 16965: 16964: 16962: 16961: 16956: 16955: 16954: 16949: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16928: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16885:Scientific law 16882: 16881: 16880: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16823: 16822: 16821: 16816: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16794:Falsifiability 16791: 16786: 16781: 16780: 16779: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16753: 16752: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16723:Mill's Methods 16715: 16704: 16699: 16693: 16691: 16687: 16686: 16679: 16678: 16671: 16664: 16656: 16647: 16646: 16644: 16643: 16633: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16615: 16614: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16546: 16544: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16463: 16461: 16455: 16454: 16452: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16335: 16333: 16327: 16326: 16324: 16323: 16322: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16299:United Kingdom 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16080: 16078: 16072: 16071: 16069: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15927: 15926: 15921: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15805: 15803: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15522: 15520: 15510: 15509: 15499: 15498: 15495: 15494: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15421: 15419: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15392:Secularization 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15372:Deconstruction 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15348: 15346: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15324: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15225:Fundamentalism 15222: 15221: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15179: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15158: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15132: 15127: 15121: 15119: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15027: 15025: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14962: 14960: 14954: 14953: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14892: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14798: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14703: 14701:Call to prayer 14698: 14693: 14688: 14686:Disaffiliation 14678: 14676: 14668: 14667: 14657: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14613: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14560: 14555: 14554: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14533: 14532: 14531: 14526: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14489: 14484: 14483: 14482: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14455: 14450: 14449: 14448: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14384:Greco-Buddhism 14381: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14344: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14316: 14315: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14288: 14278: 14273: 14272: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14235: 14234: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14207: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14138: 14136: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14126: 14114: 14109: 14108: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14026: 14025: 14015: 14014: 14013: 14008: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13991: 13981: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13965: 13963: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13929: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13836: 13834: 13827: 13817: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13788: 13786: 13782: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13745:Tambor de Mina 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13701: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13671: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13540: 13538: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13522:Guanche church 13513: 13511: 13504: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13431: 13429: 13427:Tibeto-Burmese 13423: 13422: 13420: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13398: 13396: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13340: 13335: 13333:Nuu-chah-nulth 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13255: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13242:Muscogee Creek 13239: 13234: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13131: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13106: 13101: 13099:Sumbese Marapu 13096: 13095: 13094: 13089: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13037: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13020: 13018:Batak Parmalim 13014: 13012: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12996: 12994: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12940: 12938: 12929: 12923: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12904: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12867: 12857: 12852: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12829: 12824: 12823: 12822: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12782: 12776: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12627: 12625: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12506: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12487: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12439: 12437: 12428: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12354: 12352: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12330:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 12326: 12324: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12255: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12217: 12216: 12206: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12134: 12132: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12122: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12067:Bible Students 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12037:Restorationism 12034: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11993:Evangelicalism 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11904: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11856: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11821: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11735: 11733: 11724: 11715: 11705: 11704: 11692: 11691: 11684: 11683: 11676: 11669: 11661: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11641: 11640: 11634: 11629: 11619: 11610: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11582: 11577: 11557: 11544: 11530: 11516: 11498: 11486: 11477: 11469: 11460: 11454: 11452: 11451:External links 11449: 11447: 11446: 11427: 11409:(2): 216–236. 11398: 11393:Waters, F. W. 11391: 11363: 11349: 11336: 11327: 11314: 11308: 11294: 11280: 11264: 11251: 11234: 11217: 11210: 11191: 11184: 11168: 11156: 11135: 11119: 11114:978-0190650629 11113: 11100: 11086: 11079: 11065: 11059: 11044: 11032: 11009: 10991: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10958: 10941: 10936:978-9004161214 10935: 10916: 10907: 10882: 10853: 10847: 10830: 10808: 10789: 10787:online version 10776: 10763: 10756: 10742:Haught, John F 10739: 10733: 10720: 10708: 10694: 10677: 10667: 10661: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10597: 10570:(1): 175–186. 10552: 10538: 10503: 10478: 10435: 10424:(4): 707–727. 10408: 10401: 10383: 10352: 10337: 10304: 10286: 10264: 10253:on 29 May 2016 10226: 10219: 10198: 10163: 10120: 10101:(3): 169–184. 10085: 10050: 10021:(3): 779–793. 10004: 9981:(4): 528–536. 9965: 9954: 9931: 9916: 9890: 9854: 9832: 9797:(1): 205–225. 9777: 9740:(7): 629–634. 9720: 9701: 9690:(2): 101–129. 9674: 9663:on 12 May 2016 9634: 9632:. 9 July 2009. 9614: 9600: 9566: 9555:(4): 728–743. 9539: 9520: 9501:(2): 276–292. 9485: 9462: 9443:(2): 289–307. 9424: 9406: 9402:. Physorg.com. 9388: 9381: 9355: 9319: 9308:(3): 603–632. 9292: 9285: 9263: 9244: 9187: 9141: 9090: 9071:(3): 552–569. 9051: 9030: 9009: 9002: 8981: 8961: 8935: 8932:on 9 May 2010. 8917: 8891: 8876: 8856: 8834: 8819: 8807: 8795: 8761: 8735: 8709: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8620: 8611: 8602: 8588: 8579: 8553: 8527: 8508: 8489: 8478:. 30 June 2009 8463: 8456: 8440:Kutty (2009). 8429: 8407: 8394: 8378: 8352: 8330: 8322:Samkhya Karika 8314: 8301: 8282: 8263: 8245: 8214: 8203:(2): 345–369. 8180: 8173: 8148: 8139: 8121: 8115:978-0295741802 8114: 8093: 8083: 8071: 8062: 8026: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7988: 7982: 7969: 7964:978-0520055384 7963: 7943: 7911: 7881: 7874: 7849: 7833: 7824: 7806:Ritzer, George 7791: 7763: 7728: 7696: 7676: 7656: 7629: 7622: 7613:God and Nature 7602: 7585: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7525: 7518: 7500: 7479: 7455: 7448: 7430: 7415: 7402: 7381: 7374: 7346: 7325: 7318: 7298: 7272: 7256: 7247: 7235: 7228: 7205: 7190: 7179: 7161: 7146: 7125: 7118: 7098: 7083: 7068: 7050: 7035: 7014: 6993: 6974: 6961: 6940: 6917: 6910: 6892: 6885: 6867: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6809: 6791: 6766: 6759: 6741: 6734: 6716: 6707: 6696: 6683: 6670: 6663: 6641: 6626: 6611: 6589: 6567: 6541: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6472: 6435: 6382: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6252: 6215: 6178: 6141: 6100: 6063: 6020: 5983: 5946: 5909: 5872: 5835: 5798: 5761: 5682: 5669:(1): 235–258. 5646: 5623: 5592: 5566: 5537:Hefner, Philip 5525: 5502: 5475: 5430: 5403: 5378: 5351: 5330: 5308: 5290: 5275: 5248: 5222: 5216:978-9401026185 5215: 5197: 5182: 5178:(1959, p. 483) 5149:(1978, p. 355) 5132: 5109: 5100: 5093: 5072: 5051: 5024: 4997: 4986: 4964: 4957: 4937: 4926: 4908: 4902:. p. 42. 4886: 4876: 4854: 4847: 4829: 4806: 4799: 4773: 4759: 4718: 4703: 4685: 4666: 4652: 4638: 4616: 4590: 4571: 4540: 4525:Coyne, Jerry. 4506: 4473: 4428: 4401: 4373: 4362: 4336: 4322: 4302: 4276: 4220: 4198: 4185: 4183:(London, 1667) 4179:Thomas Sprat, 4172: 4159: 4152: 4134: 4108: 4101: 4075: 4061: 4036: 4029: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3977: 3970: 3952: 3939: 3906:Kuroda, Toshio 3898: 3870: 3852: 3845: 3827: 3814: 3807: 3786: 3779: 3761: 3754: 3736: 3727:|journal= 3688: 3680:10.17226/11876 3662: 3653:|journal= 3617: 3609:10.17226/11876 3591: 3580: 3547: 3539:Jim Al-Khalili 3525: 3496: 3476: 3465: 3447: 3441:Clegg, Brian. 3434: 3428:978-0226482057 3427: 3409: 3403:978-0226317830 3402: 3384: 3373: 3355: 3348: 3323: 3316: 3295: 3288: 3261: 3250: 3229: 3219:978-0226317830 3218: 3197: 3179: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3126: 3123:Science portal 3110: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3032: 3027: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2878: 2875: 2858: 2855: 2829: 2828:General public 2826: 2816: 2813: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2708:Jewish descent 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2610: 2607: 2557:Ibn al-Haytham 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2488:Main article: 2485: 2482: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2342:(comparison). 2331: 2330: 2320: 2307: 2273:origin of life 2247:adhyatma vidya 2214:Hindu calendar 2189: 2186: 2124: 2121: 2065: 2062: 2041:German Pietism 1971:René Descartes 1931:Michael Foster 1919:Peter Harrison 1884:Earth was flat 1875:Georg Calixtus 1838: 1835: 1790:Thomas Aquinas 1782:Roman Catholic 1767: 1764: 1643: 1640: 1603:Thomas Aquinas 1558:David Lindberg 1464:Main article: 1461: 1458: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1332:Ottoman Empire 1311: 1308: 1296:Maarten Boudry 1182: 1163: 1160: 1122:Thomas S. Kuhn 1113: 1110: 1096:and Riemann's 1022:Arnold O. Benz 1001: 998: 994:A. C. Grayling 931:Main article: 928: 925: 891: 888: 837:Daniel Dennett 826:astrophysicist 811:paleontologist 757: 755: 752: 724: 721: 706:Charles Townes 631: 628: 586:(c. 790–869), 578:(c. 490–570), 574:(c. 477–524), 567: 564: 548:printing press 491:writes in the 489:Thomas Aquinas 449: 446: 336: 333: 331: 328: 256:Thomas Aquinas 233:Stephen Shapin 204:to postulate ( 194:Galileo affair 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22932: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22897: 22895: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22858: 22857: 22849: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22831: 22828: 22824: 22823: 22820: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22788: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22752: 22749: 22747: 22744: 22742: 22739: 22737: 22734: 22733: 22731: 22729: 22725: 22719: 22716: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22702: 22699: 22697: 22694: 22692: 22689: 22688: 22686: 22682: 22679: 22677: 22674: 22672: 22669: 22667: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22658: 22656: 22652: 22649: 22648: 22647: 22646:Technoscience 22644: 22642: 22639: 22637: 22634: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22622: 22619: 22617: 22616:Media studies 22614: 22612: 22609: 22607: 22604: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22554:Early adopter 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22527: 22525: 22524:Co-production 22522: 22521: 22519: 22517: 22511: 22503: 22500: 22499: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22486: 22483: 22482: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22410: 22408: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22373:communication 22371: 22369: 22366: 22365: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22355:Pseudoscience 22353: 22349: 22346: 22345: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22303:Boundary-work 22301: 22299: 22298:Bibliometrics 22296: 22294: 22291: 22290: 22288: 22286: 22280: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22252: 22249: 22248: 22247: 22244: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22231: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22223: 22221: 22219: 22215: 22209: 22208:Transhumanism 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22166: 22164: 22161: 22159: 22156: 22154: 22151: 22149: 22146: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22135: 22133: 22131: 22127: 22121: 22118: 22114: 22111: 22110: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22100: 22098: 22096: 22092: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22077: 22075: 22073: 22069: 22065: 22058: 22053: 22051: 22046: 22044: 22039: 22038: 22035: 22025: 22020: 22005: 22004: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21991: 21990: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21974: 21972: 21968: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21946:György Lukács 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21908: 21906: 21902: 21895: 21894: 21890: 21887: 21886: 21882: 21879: 21878: 21874: 21871: 21870: 21866: 21863: 21862: 21858: 21855: 21854: 21850: 21847: 21846: 21842: 21839: 21838: 21834: 21831: 21830: 21826: 21823: 21822: 21818: 21815: 21814: 21810: 21807: 21806: 21802: 21799: 21798: 21794: 21791: 21790: 21786: 21785: 21783: 21779: 21773: 21772:Vienna Circle 21770: 21768: 21767:Berlin Circle 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21747:Eugen Dühring 21745: 21743: 21742:Auguste Comte 21740: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21728: 21725: 21724: 21722: 21718: 21711: 21710: 21706: 21703: 21702: 21698: 21695: 21694: 21690: 21687: 21686: 21682: 21679: 21678: 21674: 21671: 21670: 21666: 21663: 21662: 21658: 21655: 21654: 21650: 21647: 21646: 21642: 21641: 21639: 21637:Contributions 21635: 21628: 21625: 21622: 21619: 21615: 21614: 21609: 21605: 21604: 21599: 21595: 21594: 21589: 21588: 21586: 21582: 21578: 21571: 21567: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21551:Structuralism 21549: 21547: 21544: 21540: 21537: 21536: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21499: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21492:Phenomenalism 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21427: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21409: 21406: 21405: 21404: 21403:Behavioralism 21401: 21400: 21398: 21394: 21387: 21384: 21381: 21378: 21377: 21375: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21331:Human science 21329: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21311: 21310: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21284: 21282: 21278: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21256:Pseudoscience 21254: 21252: 21251:Justification 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21228: 21226: 21222: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21172: 21170: 21166: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21141: 21139: 21135: 21131: 21127: 21120: 21115: 21113: 21108: 21106: 21101: 21100: 21097: 21085: 21084: 21075: 21073: 21072: 21061: 21060: 21057: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21015: 21013: 21011:Miscellaneous 21009: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20936: 20933: 20932: 20931: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20917: 20915: 20913: 20909: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20879: 20877: 20875: 20871: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20822: 20818: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20793: 20791: 20789: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20776: 20772: 20764: 20763: 20759: 20755: 20737: 20736: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20711: 20709: 20707:Miscellaneous 20705: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20693:Structuralism 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20678:Postmodernism 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20668:Phenomenology 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20625: 20623: 20621: 20617: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20605:Vienna Circle 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20535:Moral realism 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20463: 20461: 20459: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20446: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20399: 20396: 20395: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20385: 20383: 20379: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20337:Phenomenology 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20277:Individualism 20275: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20242: 20241: 20238: 20234: 20231: 20230: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20165: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20153: 20143: 20142:Judeo-Islamic 20140: 20139: 20137: 20135: 20131: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20119: 20118:ʿIlm al-Kalām 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20094: 20092: 20090: 20086: 20080: 20077: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20067:Shuddhadvaita 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20038: 20035: 20034: 20032: 20028: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 20001:Scholasticism 19999: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19989: 19988: 19986: 19984: 19980: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19940: 19938: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19925: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19896: 19894: 19892: 19888: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19836: 19835: 19832: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19815: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19772: 19771: 19768: 19767: 19765: 19763: 19759: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19640: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19624: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19579: 19577: 19575: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19562: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19530: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19520: 19518: 19516: 19512: 19508: 19501: 19497: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19452:Conceptualism 19450: 19448: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19440: 19436: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19416: 19414: 19412: 19408: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19381:Particularism 19379: 19377: 19374: 19373: 19371: 19369: 19365: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19348:Functionalism 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19333:Eliminativism 19331: 19329: 19326: 19325: 19323: 19321: 19317: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19282: 19280: 19278: 19274: 19268: 19265: 19261: 19258: 19257: 19256: 19253: 19249: 19246: 19245: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19238:Compatibilism 19236: 19235: 19233: 19231: 19227: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19207: 19205: 19203: 19199: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19177:Particularism 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19155: 19151: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19131: 19129: 19127: 19123: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19058: 19056: 19054: 19050: 19046: 19039: 19035: 19031: 19024: 19019: 19017: 19012: 19010: 19005: 19004: 19001: 18989: 18981: 18979: 18975: 18971: 18970: 18967: 18961: 18960: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18905: 18903: 18899: 18889: 18886: 18885: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18831:Anthony Kenny 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18811: 18803: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18756:Mircea Eliade 18754: 18752: 18749: 18748: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18696: 18694: 18688: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18643: 18640: 18639:William James 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18619:Ernst Haeckel 18617: 18616: 18614: 18608: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18568: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18543: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18531:Immanuel Kant 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18486:Blaise Pascal 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18471: 18469: 18465: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18381: 18376: 18372: 18369: 18364: 18357: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18287:Language game 18285: 18283: 18280: 18279: 18277: 18275: 18271: 18265: 18264: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18162: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18078: 18077: 18074: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18061: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17989: 17987: 17983: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17957:Occam's razor 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17914: 17912: 17908: 17902: 17899: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17886: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17809: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17802:Consciousness 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17789: 17787: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17774: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17710: 17708: 17704: 17698: 17697:Unmoved mover 17695: 17693: 17692:Supreme Being 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17644: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17632: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17589: 17585: 17584: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17552: 17547: 17545: 17540: 17538: 17533: 17532: 17529: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17506: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17488: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17436:Rudolf Carnap 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17371:Auguste Comte 17369: 17368: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17343:Francis Bacon 17341: 17339: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17320: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17272: 17271:Pseudoscience 17269: 17268: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17228: 17226: 17222: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17185: 17184: 17181: 17177: 17174: 17173: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17152: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17130:Structuralism 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17093: 17092:Received view 17090: 17088: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 17000:Contextualism 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16966: 16960: 16957: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16751: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16713: 16709: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16688: 16684: 16677: 16672: 16670: 16665: 16663: 16658: 16657: 16654: 16642: 16638: 16634: 16632: 16624: 16623: 16620: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16547: 16545: 16543: 16542:South America 16539: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16464: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16450: 16449:United States 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16332: 16331:North America 16328: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16189:Liechtenstein 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16073: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15802: 15798: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15641:Guinea-Bissau 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15519: 15515: 15511: 15504: 15500: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15465:Organizations 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15409: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15328: 15325: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15307: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15295:Vegetarianism 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15240:Homosexuality 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15200: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15141: 15140: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15110: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15087: 15084: 15083: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15061:Neurotheology 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15024: 15018: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14963: 14961: 14959: 14955: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14867: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14782: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14755:Folk religion 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14683: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14662: 14658: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14578:Imperial cult 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14538: 14537: 14534: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14517: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14224: 14221: 14217: 14212: 14208: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14147:Discordianism 14145: 14143: 14142:Anthroposophy 14140: 14139: 14137: 14133: 14125: 14124: 14120: 14119: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14090:Mari religion 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14072: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14019: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13956: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13927:Neo-Theosophy 13925: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13865:New Acropolis 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13818: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13783: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13531: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13510:North African 13508: 13505: 13503: 13497: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13424: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13399: 13397: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13264:Kwakwakaʼwakw 13262: 13260: 13257: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13111: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12993: 12992:Austroasiatic 12989: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12964: 12963:Vattisen Yaly 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12924: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12882:Kirat Mundhum 12880: 12878: 12875: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12834: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12518: 12517: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12254: 12253: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12241:Milah Abraham 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11897:Protestantism 11895: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11682: 11677: 11675: 11670: 11668: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11653: 11646: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11514: 11510: 11509:Steven Pinker 11506: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11463:Test of Faith 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11445: 11444:0-7679-0343-9 11441: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11399: 11396: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11381: 11380:0-7661-3646-9 11377: 11373: 11372: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11342: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11293: 11292:0-521-63716-3 11289: 11285: 11281: 11279: 11278:0-415-91667-4 11275: 11271: 11270: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11249:1-932031-70-7 11246: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11232:1-60608-287-6 11229: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11153:0-88936-920-8 11150: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11134: 11133:1-57863-374-5 11130: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11106: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11060:9781409481614 11056: 11052: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11030:0-521-23961-3 11027: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11006:0-226-07565-6 11003: 10999: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10977: 10966: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10956:0-517-00393-7 10953: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10854: 10850: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10796: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10755: 10754:0-8091-3606-6 10751: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10734:9781408837436 10730: 10726: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10706:1-78279-047-0 10703: 10699: 10695: 10693: 10692:0-06-060938-9 10689: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10662:9780691015149 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10614: 10607: 10601: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10556: 10548: 10542: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10451:(3): 340–53. 10450: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10412: 10404: 10402:9780190650629 10398: 10394: 10387: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10356: 10348: 10341: 10333: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10308: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10222: 10216: 10212: 10205: 10203: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10167: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10037: 10036:2027.42/91141 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10001: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9928: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9894: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9850: 9849: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9618: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9429: 9420: 9413: 9411: 9398: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9359: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9324: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9286:9781591023913 9282: 9278: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9222:10.1038/28478 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9146: 9137: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9047: 9041: 9033: 9031:9780190926755 9027: 9023: 9016: 9014: 9005: 9003:9781317610366 8999: 8995: 8988: 8986: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8841: 8839: 8830: 8823: 8814: 8812: 8804: 8799: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8685:Ackerman 1991 8681: 8675:, p. 11. 8674: 8669: 8662: 8661:Topdemir 2007 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8583: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8434: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8153: 8143: 8135: 8128: 8126: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8098: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8066: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8030: 8023: 8022:0-226-06858-7 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7929: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7828: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7788: 7787:0-691-11436-6 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7721: 7720:0-521-23961-3 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7625: 7623:9780520056923 7619: 7615: 7614: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7567: 7558: 7552:, pp. 308–321 7551: 7550:0-226-11280-2 7547: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7302: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7260: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7119:9780199279272 7115: 7111: 7110: 7102: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7057: 7055: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6981: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6957:0-8028-4772-2 6954: 6950: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6829: 6820: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6711: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6615: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5634: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513:Philip Hefner 5511: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337:Arnold Benz: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5285:, p. 55: 5284: 5283:Grayling 2014 5279: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5145:(1966, p. 30) 5143:, and Seeger 5142: 5139:See Langford 5136: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5068:0-8018-7038-0 5065: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5041:0-8018-7038-0 5038: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5014:0-8018-7038-0 5011: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4958:9780674915473 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4927:9780190053093 4923: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870:. p. 7. 4869: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4399:, pp. xiii–xv 4398: 4397:0-268-01704-2 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4340: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4295:0-8006-3153-6 4292: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4155: 4153:9780190053093 4149: 4145: 4138: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3937:23.3–4 (1996) 3936: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3808:9780470673508 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3581:9780226750200 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490:. New Haven. 3489: 3488: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3466:9781935191285 3462: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3253: 3251:9780226184517 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3194: 3182: 3180:9780226184517 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3019:By tradition: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2976:Merton thesis 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2877:United States 2874: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759:Eugenie Scott 2754: 2753:(about 22%). 2752: 2747: 2743: 2736:United States 2733: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2689:Jews have won 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:five elements 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2374:, namely the 2373: 2368: 2367:creation myth 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:Royal Society 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998:Merton Thesis 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1859:According to 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739:public school 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1610:Enlightenment 1606: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1585:In 1992, the 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:J.L. Heilbron 1546: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520:, beauty and 1519: 1518:good and evil 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:Tenzin Gyatso 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1422:Dhamma-Vicaya 1418: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249:'s 1966 book 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1236:William James 1233: 1229: 1224: 1223:Eugenie Scott 1220: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116:According to 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 997: 995: 990: 986: 983: 979: 974: 973: 967: 963: 962:heliocentrism 959: 954: 950: 948: 944: 940: 934: 924: 920: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 887: 883: 880: 877: 873: 871: 868: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 846: 843:According to 841: 838: 834: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 812: 807: 806:Carolyn Porco 804: 800: 797: 793: 790: 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 764: 763: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 720: 718: 714: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 674: 669: 666: 662: 659: 658:Royal Society 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 630:Modern period 627: 625: 621: 620:Nicole Oresme 618:(1300–1349), 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 531: 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471:The works of 470: 469:compositions. 467: 463: 459: 455: 445: 443: 442:sign treaties 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 327: 325: 324:denominations 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 119: 114: 112: 111:globalization 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 32: 27: 19: 22861:Associations 22696:criticism of 22606:Leapfrogging 22589:linear model 22475:Team science 22465:Scientocracy 22388:Neo-colonial 22187: 22138:Anthropocene 21891: 21883: 21875: 21867: 21859: 21851: 21843: 21835: 21827: 21819: 21811: 21803: 21795: 21787: 21707: 21699: 21691: 21683: 21675: 21667: 21659: 21651: 21643: 21627:Science wars 21523: 21425:Epistemology 21356:Reflectivism 21316:Hermeneutics 21168:Declinations 21144:Antihumanism 21137:Perspectives 21076: 21062: 20733: 20724:Postcritique 20714:Kyoto School 20673:Posthumanism 20653:Hermeneutics 20508: / 20449:Contemporary 20425:Newtonianism 20388:Cartesianism 20347:Reductionism 20183:Conservatism 20178:Collectivism 20116: 19844:Sarvāstivadā 19822:Anekantavada 19747:Neoplatonism 19715:Epicureanism 19648:Pythagoreans 19587:Confucianism 19553:Contemporary 19543:Early modern 19447:Anti-realism 19401:Universalism 19358:Subjectivism 19154:Epistemology 18957: 18947: 18776:Martin Lings 18729:Emil Brunner 18719:Paul Tillich 18709:Martin Buber 18624:W K Clifford 18601:Afrikan Spir 18516:Thomas Chubb 18468:Early modern 18448:Adi Shankara 18361:Philosophers 18345:Natural evil 18261: 18237:Spiritualism 18212:Perennialism 18165:Metaphysical 18009:Antireligion 17884:Teleological 17807:Cosmological 17758:Baháʼí Faith 17723:Christianity 17682:Personal god 17481:Larry Laudan 17461:Imre Lakatos 17416:Otto Neurath 17391:Karl Pearson 17381:Pierre Duhem 17353:Isaac Newton 17292: 17283:Protoscience 17241:Epistemology 17115:Anti-realism 17113: / 17094: / 17085: / 17071: / 17069:Reductionism 17067: / 17040:Inductionism 17020:Evolutionism 16825: 16712:a posteriori 16711: 16707: 16046:Turkmenistan 16006:Saudi Arabia 15751:South Africa 15741:Sierra Leone 15546:Burkina Faso 15455:Names of God 15402:Unaffiliated 15357:Antireligion 15279: 15218:Universalism 15166:Assimilation 15031:Anthropology 14906:Supernatural 14901:Spirituality 14869:Sacred space 14857:Purification 14730:Denomination 14684: / 14492:Paleo-Balkan 14458:Mesopotamian 14298:Cook Islands 14269:Old Prussian 14182:UFO religion 14121: 14117:Zalmoxianism 14045:Neoshamanism 13902:Spiritualism 13785:Other ethnic 13674: 13500:Traditional 13460:Bongthingism 13348:Acoma Pueblo 13291:Mesoamerican 13010:Austronesian 12831: 12827:Neo-Buddhism 12759: 12755:Neo-Hinduism 12676:Swaminarayan 12514: 12463:Salvationist 12448:Confucianism 12299:Samaritanism 12269:Ali-Illahism 12250: 12117: 12111:Unitarianism 12052:Old Catholic 11859:Nestorianism 11817:Christianity 11804: 11770:Conservative 11625: 11613:(in Italian) 11569:. 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T. Stace 4604:Skepticblog 4299:Ian Barbour 2710:(including 2572:experiments 2503:creator God 2458:Vedic hymns 2415:Parashurama 2387:Dashavatara 2385:of Vishnu ( 2269:creationism 2182:Xiong Shili 2178:Feng Youlan 2033:correlation 2021:methodology 2002:correlation 1908:R. Hooykaas 1880:Middle Ages 1871:Reformation 1831:Laudato si' 1813:Holy Spirit 1786:natural law 1749:Creationism 1668:creationism 1608:During the 1524:, and that 1443:, the 14th 1435:materialism 1365:Renaissance 1310:Integration 1300:creationism 1247:Ian Barbour 1118:Ian Barbour 1082:Lubavitcher 1054:ought to be 1046:descriptive 1014:W. T. Stace 850:, teaching 822:cosmologist 792:Jerry Coyne 777:rationalism 740:John Haught 736:Ian Barbour 608:Roger Bacon 544:rationalism 535:Renaissance 508:1a, 68, 1) 477:Christendom 458:Middle Ages 405:Lord Kelvin 300:Ian Barbour 288:John Lennox 248:theologians 209: 1874 143:Roger Bacon 22894:Categories 22844:Technology 22796:science of 22791:history of 22676:revolution 22584:disruptive 22574:Innovation 22569:Hype cycle 22514:Technology 22485:ecological 22458:skepticism 22448:misconduct 22433:enterprise 22251:scientific 22178:Positivism 22148:Empiricism 22130:Philosophy 21762:Ernst Mach 21757:Ernst Laas 21732:A. J. Ayer 21720:Proponents 21539:Philosophy 21336:Humanities 21280:Antitheses 21149:Empiricism 21126:Positivism 21018:Amerindian 20925:Australian 20864:Vietnamese 20844:Indonesian 20393:Kantianism 20342:Positivism 20332:Pragmatism 20307:Naturalism 20287:Liberalism 20265:Subjective 20203:Empiricism 20107:Avicennism 20052:Bhedabheda 19936:East Asian 19859:Madhyamaka 19839:Abhidharma 19705:Pyrrhonism 19472:Nominalism 19467:Naturalism 19396:Skepticism 19386:Relativism 19376:Absolutism 19305:Naturalism 19215:Deontology 19187:Skepticism 19172:Naturalism 19162:Empiricism 19126:Aesthetics 19030:Philosophy 18766:J L Mackie 18724:Karl Barth 18521:David Hume 18443:Maimonides 18428:Heraclitus 18217:Polytheism 18187:Nondualism 18175:Humanistic 18160:Naturalism 18150:Monotheism 18108:Henotheism 18103:Gnosticism 18034:Demonology 17917:747 gambit 17834:Experience 17672:Misotheism 17358:David Hume 17331:Precursors 17213:Psychology 17193:Economics‎ 17087:Empiricism 17078:Pragmatism 17065:Positivism 17055:Naturalism 16925:scientific 16809:Hypothesis 16772:Experiment 16487:Micronesia 16364:Costa Rica 16259:San Marino 16219:Montenegro 16199:Luxembourg 16056:Uzbekistan 16031:Tajikistan 15936:Kyrgyzstan 15909:Kazakhstan 15859:East Timor 15829:Bangladesh 15819:Azerbaijan 15736:Seychelles 15701:Mozambique 15686:Mauritania 15671:Madagascar 15561:Cape Verde 15343:irreligion 15338:Secularism 15245:Minorities 15213:Toleration 15208:Syncretism 15193:Fanaticism 15183:Disability 15171:Missionary 15161:Conversion 15149:Ordination 15071:Psychology 15066:Philosophy 15006:Polytheism 14986:Monotheism 14981:Henotheism 14822:Orthopraxy 14812:Ordination 14775:Meditation 14770:Indigenous 14735:Entheogens 14720:Conversion 14546:Pueblo III 14463:Babylonian 14453:Melanesian 14379:Gnosticism 14264:Lithuanian 14157:Fourth Way 14011:Circassian 13989:Dievturība 13912:Tensegrity 13845:Falun Gong 13490:Sanamahism 13470:Donyi-Polo 13082:Polynesian 13028:Kaharingan 12953:Burkhanism 12892:Ravidassia 12870:Śvetāmbara 12656:Pushtimarg 12636:Krishnaism 12572:Vietnamese 12557:Cheondoism 12490:Yao Taoism 12426:East Asian 12192:Isma'ilism 12148:Maturidism 11927:Mennonites 11922:Hutterites 11907:Anabaptism 11800:Humanistic 10901:3 February 10848:8120805518 10818:2006043675 10531:16 January 9883:16 January 8803:Plott 2000 8784:(4): 53–55 7983:0521814561 7937:14 January 7915:Noll, Mark 7364:. p. 6634:Principe. 5553:(1): 3–7. 5423:8 February 5417:chabad.org 4127:3 November 4055:. Harper. 3860:Max Müller 3570:. p. 3506:1130904542 3152:References 3080:In the US: 2832:See also: 2751:physicists 2704:Christians 2654:Scientists 2641:Holy Quran 2602:See also: 2588:effulgence 2568:hypothesis 2497:theory of 2372:scriptures 2327:Āptavacana 2271:, and the 2192:See also: 2172:After the 2146:Wang Fuzhi 2097:ecumenical 2025:demography 2010:Protestant 2006:Puritanism 1912:empiricism 1802:monogenism 1770:See also: 1712:Butler Act 1578:Ted Peters 1495:relativity 1472:Tertullian 1445:Dalai Lama 1427:Pali Canon 1288:naturalism 1240:John Dewey 1187:Carl Sagan 1166:See also: 1058:Pythagoras 1027:The USA's 982:Simplicius 964:. By 1616 958:Copernicus 781:empiricism 774:scientific 481:revelation 417:Max Müller 240:scientists 183:Anaxagoras 78:philosophy 22751:Factor 10 22579:diffusion 22418:consensus 22413:community 22378:education 22218:Sociology 22193:Scientism 22072:Economics 22003:Verstehen 21989:Phronesis 21977:Knowledge 21961:Max Weber 21781:Criticism 21529:Sociology 21467:Modernism 21445:pluralism 21430:anarchism 21326:Historism 21246:Induction 21159:Scientism 20897:Pakistani 20859:Taiwanese 20806:Ethiopian 20779:By region 20765:By region 20580:Scientism 20575:Systemics 20435:Spinozism 20362:Socialism 20297:Modernism 20260:Objective 20168:Anarchism 20102:Averroism 19991:Christian 19943:Neotaoism 19914:Zurvanism 19904:Mithraism 19899:Mazdakism 19670:Cyrenaics 19597:Logicians 19230:Free will 19192:Solipsism 19139:Formalism 18866:Loyal Rue 18591:Karl Marx 18413:Gaudapada 18242:Shamanism 18207:Pantheism 18192:Nontheism 18170:Religious 18155:Mysticism 18128:Christian 18118:Religious 18069:Atheistic 18064:Christian 17947:Nonbelief 17932:Free will 17748:Mormonism 17572:Afterlife 17198:Geography 17166:Chemistry 17125:Scientism 16920:ladenness 16740:Construct 16718:Causality 16605:Venezuela 16550:Argentina 16467:Australia 16419:Nicaragua 16394:Guatemala 16194:Lithuania 16016:Sri Lanka 16011:Singapore 15991:Palestine 15879:Indonesia 15869:Hong Kong 15691:Mauritius 15412:Overviews 15367:Criticism 15315:Terrorism 15290:Theocracy 15235:Happiness 15203:Pluralism 15188:Education 15114:Religion 15086:Salvation 15076:Sociology 15021:Religious 15001:Pantheism 14991:Nontheism 14884:Mountains 14862:Sacrifice 14817:Orthodoxy 14807:Mythology 14802:Mysticism 14691:Behaviour 14600:Canaanite 14583:Mithraism 14551:Pueblo IV 14541:Pueblo II 14446:Mazdakism 14421:Hungarian 14394:Mysteries 14303:Dravidian 14085:Hungarian 14001:Caucasian 13972:Godianism 13932:Agni Yoga 13922:Theosophy 13885:Rastafari 13860:Modekngei 13840:Brahmoism 13833:Syncretic 13825:movements 13823:religious 13735:Quimbanda 13683:Candomblé 13676:Diasporic 13455:Bathouism 13445:Benzhuism 13365:Tsimshian 13311:Purépecha 13232:Longhouse 13207:Sun Dance 13151:Blackfoot 13065:Malaysian 13055:Kapitayan 12865:Digambara 12850:Ayyavazhi 12815:Vajrayana 12780:Theravada 12693:Ganapatya 12666:Ramanandi 12595:Hoahaoism 12473:Yiguandao 12368:Yarsanism 12363:Shabakism 12350:Yazdânism 12340:Zurvanism 12335:Mazdaznan 12294:Rastafari 12289:Mandaeism 12163:Wahhabism 12143:Ash'arism 12106:Tolstoyan 12096:Spiritual 12086:Mormonism 12057:Judaizers 12030:Quakerism 12008:Methodist 11998:Irvingism 11949:Calvinism 11902:Adventism 11885:Moravians 11722:Abrahamic 11571:31 August 11529:software) 11527:RealMedia 11423:202271434 10878:170934544 10592:145194313 10584:1468-5906 10193:144733731 10158:145735058 10080:225231409 9995:225696990 9811:1573-6571 9754:0884-8734 9239:204998837 9085:145466527 9040:cite book 8910:31 August 8886:779265251 8705:1703-7603 8697:Haq, Syed 8505:. London. 8503:The Times 8298:(3): 577. 8273:660004349 7905:28 August 7672:Doubleday 6651:"science" 6560:7 January 6497:0036-8075 6460:0036-8075 6415:0036-8075 6370:0036-8075 6333:155250302 6325:0036-8075 6288:0002-9505 6248:0002-9505 6211:0002-9505 6174:0002-9505 6137:0002-9505 6096:0002-9505 6059:0002-9505 6016:0002-9505 5979:0002-9505 5942:0002-9505 5905:0002-9505 5868:0002-9505 5831:0002-9505 5794:0002-9505 5757:0002-9505 5720:0002-9505 5639:14 August 5616:7 January 4754:171788110 4609:21 August 4467:(3Ds + S) 4255:0036-8075 3729:ignored ( 3719:cite book 3655:ignored ( 3645:cite book 3514:cite book 2911:Pew Forum 2863:scientism 2685:Economics 2679:, 62% in 2675:, 65% in 2673:Chemistry 2621:Ahmadiyya 2609:Ahmadiyya 2499:causality 2407:Narasimha 2353:, from a 2317:inference 2300:Pratyakṣa 2265:evolution 2231:Saraswati 1855:(c. 1246) 1806:spiritual 1696:evolution 1692:cosmology 1648:evolution 1634:Education 1599:imago dei 1570:worldview 1526:suffering 1491:evolution 1431:causality 1126:paradigms 1071:Ptolemaic 890:Criticism 867:Physicist 856:evolution 852:cosmology 818:evolution 473:Aristotle 389:Aristotle 381:scientist 308:evolution 280:knowledge 159:Buddhists 135:Christian 22871:Scholars 22866:Journals 22856:Category 22830:Portals 22711:transfer 22701:dynamics 22651:feminist 22453:priority 22438:literacy 22398:rhetoric 22364:Science 22328:Logology 22024:Category 21440:nihilism 21435:idealism 21365:Related 21241:Evidence 21083:Category 21038:Yugoslav 21028:Romanian 20935:Scottish 20920:American 20849:Japanese 20829:Buddhist 20811:Africana 20801:Egyptian 20643:Feminist 20565:Rawlsian 20560:Quietism 20458:Analytic 20410:Krausism 20317:Nihilism 20282:Kokugaku 20245:Absolute 20240:Idealism 20228:Humanism 20016:Occamism 19983:European 19928:Medieval 19874:Yogacara 19834:Buddhist 19827:Syādvāda 19710:Stoicism 19675:Cynicism 19663:Sophists 19658:Atomists 19653:Eleatics 19592:Legalism 19533:Medieval 19457:Idealism 19411:Ontology 19391:Nihilism 19295:Idealism 19053:Branches 19042:Branches 18988:Category 18933:Religion 18923:Exegesis 18408:Boethius 18403:Averroes 18398:Avicenna 18380:medieval 18350:Theodicy 18197:Pandeism 18113:Humanism 18081:Thealogy 18024:Dharmism 17994:Acosmism 17986:Theology 17854:Morality 17849:Miracles 17728:Hinduism 17718:Buddhism 17677:Pandeism 17652:Demiurge 17620:Theodicy 17493:Category 17145:Vitalism 16968:Theories 16942:Variable 16863:Paradigm 16750:function 16708:A priori 16697:Analysis 16690:Concepts 16631:Category 16595:Suriname 16585:Paraguay 16570:Colombia 16477:Kiribati 16404:Honduras 16374:Dominica 16349:Barbados 16314:Scotland 16274:Slovenia 16269:Slovakia 16244:Portugal 16114:Bulgaria 16036:Thailand 15986:Pakistan 15966:Mongolia 15961:Maldives 15956:Malaysia 15844:Cambodia 15791:Zimbabwe 15766:Tanzania 15616:Ethiopia 15611:Eswatini 15591:Djibouti 15556:Cameroon 15541:Botswana 15485:Timeline 15480:Scholars 15440:Founders 15305:Violence 15260:Politics 15130:Business 15093:Theology 14837:Prophecy 14827:Paganism 14715:Covenant 14682:Apostasy 14617:Scythian 14558:Rapa Nui 14512:Thracian 14507:Illyrian 14497:Albanian 14468:Sumerian 14411:Harappan 14347:Germanic 14342:Georgian 14335:Selk'nam 14320:Etruscan 14308:Egyptian 14286:Druidism 14249:Armenian 14172:Satanism 14152:Eckankar 14075:Estonian 14060:Romanian 14050:Ossetian 14030:Germanic 13979:Armenian 13968:African 13961:paganism 13890:Sant Mat 13880:Rajneesh 13855:Meivazhi 13850:Japanese 13807:Siberian 13740:Santería 13710:Convince 13576:Bushongo 13480:Kiratism 13407:Hmongism 13274:Wocekiye 13259:Jivaroan 13227:Iroquois 13222:Ho-Chunk 13183:Cherokee 13116:American 13087:Hawaiian 13000:Sarnaism 12970:Tungusic 12958:Tengrism 12948:Mongolic 12877:Sarnaism 12808:Nichiren 12785:Mahayana 12772:Buddhism 12750:Sant Mat 12740:Sauraism 12735:Smartism 12730:Shaktism 12723:Balinese 12708:Kaumaram 12703:Kapalika 12698:Kashmiri 12683:Shaivism 12623:Hinduism 12590:Caodaism 12534:Ryukyuan 12529:Tenrikyo 12524:Shugendō 12502:Japanese 12373:Yazidism 12358:Ishikism 12236:Quranism 12209:Khawarij 12158:Salafism 12153:Atharism 12042:Esoteric 12013:Holiness 12003:Lutheran 11964:Reformed 11944:Baptists 11917:Brethren 11881:Hussites 11869:Assyrian 11785:Haymanot 11739:Orthodox 11688:Religion 11563:(1985). 11550:Archived 11492:Archived 11384:WorldCat 11359:50906321 11321:Archived 11024:, 1991, 10888:(1998). 10826:69734583 10473:35333653 10465:23045885 10326:cite web 10115:53668380 10045:22417318 9924:stronger 9827:38793240 9819:27071796 9772:16050858 9515:27316976 9182:32101226 9136:36827404 9104:PLOS ONE 8749:BBC News 8418:Archived 8012:, 2001, 7789:, p. 123 7777:, 2003, 7742:, 2007, 7710:, 1991, 7694:, 1991). 7692:Eerdmans 7674:, 1960). 7651:, 1991, 7216:(2004). 6860:1 August 6505:11234068 6468:17742389 6431:56193337 6423:17809961 6378:17734927 5539:(2008). 5454:(1968). 5157:Dialogue 5022:" (p. x) 4564:22 March 4271:39722460 3882:Archived 3868:. p. 28. 3708:18178613 3637:18178613 3587:science. 3240:(2015). 3167:(2015). 2928:See also 2894:(AAAS). 2687:awards. 2681:Medicine 2576:evidence 2507:universe 2423:Balarama 2355:Trimurti 2277:Hinduism 2243:Hinduism 2188:Hinduism 1936:Anglican 1804:and the 1684:theories 1514:universe 1478:, while 1449:Buddhism 1413:Buddhism 1402:Buddhism 1340:Buddhism 1336:Hinduism 1162:Dialogue 863:PZ Myers 770:conflict 690:atheists 572:Boethius 422:Sanskrit 411:(1867). 399:'s book 369:scientia 353:Hinduism 349:Buddhism 149:, was a 122:religion 90:medieval 82:theology 22834:Science 22516:studies 22428:dissent 22368:citizen 22285:studies 22283:Science 22230:Social 22095:History 21904:Critics 21629:(1990s) 21623:(1980s) 21617:(1960s) 21597:(1890s) 21450:realism 21382:(1830s) 21370:in the 21033:Russian 21002:Spanish 20997:Slovene 20987:Maltese 20982:Italian 20962:Finland 20930:British 20912:Western 20902:Turkish 20887:Islamic 20882:Iranian 20834:Chinese 20821:Eastern 20788:African 20735:more... 20420:Marxism 20250:British 20193:Dualism 20089:Islamic 20047:Advaita 20037:Vedanta 20011:Scotism 20006:Thomism 19948:Tiantai 19891:Persian 19879:Tibetan 19869:Śūnyatā 19810:Cārvāka 19800:Ājīvika 19795:Mīmāṃsā 19775:Samkhya 19690:Academy 19643:Ionians 19617:Yangism 19574:Chinese 19565:Ancient 19528:Western 19523:Ancient 19482:Realism 19439:Reality 19429:Process 19310:Realism 19290:Dualism 19285:Atomism 19167:Fideism 18959:more... 18692:postwar 18375:Ancient 18263:more... 18182:New Age 18123:Secular 18093:Fideism 18044:Dualism 18014:Atheism 18004:Animism 17910:Against 17753:Sikhism 17743:Judaism 17738:Jainism 17647:Brahman 17600:Miracle 17203:History 17171:Physics 17161:Biology 16959:more... 16947:control 16843:Inquiry 16600:Uruguay 16575:Ecuador 16555:Bolivia 16532:Vanuatu 16459:Oceania 16409:Jamaica 16389:Grenada 16344:Bahamas 16304:England 16294:Ukraine 16249:Romania 16209:Moldova 16169:Ireland 16164:Iceland 16159:Hungary 16149:Germany 16139:Finland 16134:Estonia 16129:Denmark 16124:Czechia 16119:Croatia 16104:Belgium 16099:Belarus 16094:Austria 16089:Andorra 16084:Albania 16061:Vietnam 15971:Myanmar 15946:Lebanon 15864:Georgia 15824:Bahrain 15814:Armenia 15776:Tunisia 15746:Somalia 15731:Senegal 15716:Nigeria 15706:Namibia 15696:Morocco 15661:Liberia 15656:Lesotho 15606:Eritrea 15576:Comoros 15551:Burundi 15526:Algeria 15470:Outline 15435:Deities 15362:Atheism 15280:Science 15198:Freedom 15056:History 15023:studies 14976:Dualism 14966:Animism 14931:Worship 14911:Symbols 14852:Liturgy 14765:Goddess 14725:Deities 14706:Laicism 14696:Beliefs 14675:Aspects 14647:Zapotec 14642:Vainakh 14610:Yahwism 14595:Semitic 14524:Iranian 14426:Hurrian 14416:Hittite 14406:Guanche 14399:Orphism 14330:Fuegian 14325:Finnish 14313:Atenism 14259:Latvian 14244:Arabian 14187:Raëlism 14167:Jediism 14162:Goddess 14135:De novo 14023:Druidry 13917:Thelema 13870:New Age 13755:Umbanda 13646:Tumbuka 13631:Odinala 13616:Lugbara 13536:African 13502:African 13450:Bimoism 13440:Burmese 13286:Mapuche 13252:Wyandot 13212:Guarani 13193:Choctaw 13188:Chilote 13129:Alaskan 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