Saadi Sultanate - Knowledge

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considered it a "tribute". He enjoyed peaceful relations with the Ottoman Empire afterwards and respected its sovereignty, but also played the Ottomans and European powers against each other and issued propaganda that undermined the Ottoman sultan's claim as leader of all Muslims. In 1587 Uluç died and a change in the Ottoman administration in Algiers limited the power of its governors. After this, tensions between the two states further decreased, while the Saadian government further stabilized and its independence became more entrenched. Al-Mansur even felt confident enough after 1587 to drop his regular payments to Murad III. Despite the evident limits of his rule, he officially proclaimed himself

3592: 4393: 3173: 3725:, became the most important opposition, especially under Muhammad al-Hajj, who ruled them between 1636 and 1668. He organized the Berbers of the region into a regular army which defeated a Saadian army sent by Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir to subdue them in 1638. In 1641 he also defeated Al-'Ayyashi with the help of Al-'Ayyashi's former allies, the Andalusians in Salé, who had turned against him. The Dala'iyya occupied the area but allowed the pirates to continue operating. That same year they also captured Fez. Thanks to these victories, they established a new Berber state across a large area, and even conducted foreign relations, especially with the 3363: 4245:, which became standard during the previous Marinid period, became even more widespread and ubiquitous as architectural decoration, usually along the lower walls of chambers. Under the Saadians the complexity of geometric patterns increased in part through the use of even finer (thinner) mosaic pieces for certain compositions, though in some cases this came at the expense of more colours. The zellij compositions in the Saadian Tombs are considered one of the best examples of this type. A panel constituting another fine example of this style, originating from the Badi Palace, is also preserved today in the collection of the 3043: 3012:, an uncle of Ahmad al-Wattasi who had taken refuge in Spain, as ruler and Ottoman vassal in what was the final attempt by the Wattasids to regain power. Meanwhile, Ahmad al-Araj and his son Zaydan had made themselves lords of the Tafilalt, and allied themselves with Abu Hassun. However, Muhammad al-Shaykh intercepted Abu Hassun's message to his potential allies in the Tafilalt that would have informed them of his victory in Fes. As a result, Al-Araj and his son, believing that their side had lost, surrendered to Al-Shaykh. The latter went on to defeat Abu Hassun at the 3694:, the mixed descendants of Moroccan soldiers and local inhabitants, who were nominally subject to Morocco until the early 19th century. The fragmentation and decline of strong central rule in the region also contributed to the decline of Timbuktu and the trans-Saharan trade routes, while European merchants increasingly diverted trade in the region through their own operations and networks. At the same time, the important sugar mills in the south of Morocco also declined and many of the mills outside the immediate vicinity of Taroudant stopped working. 3029:. Saadian forces also managed to occupy Tlemcen again in 1556 while the Ottomans were preoccupied with besieging the Spanish in Oran. In the summer of 1557 the Ottoman sultan sent another ambassador to Al-Shaykh demanding more forcefully that he accept Ottoman overlordship, which Al-Shaykh rejected with defiance and contempt. On October 23 of the same year, Muhammad al-Shaykh was assassinated – reportedly on the orders of the Ottoman sultan – by a Turkish member of his bodyguard, Salah ibn Kyahya, who had posed as an Ottoman deserter. 4122: 4284: 4275: 3714:(Al-Jadida). The Spanish persuaded Moulay Zaydan to rein him in and the sultan sent an army to stop him, at which point he fled north with his warriors. The Sous valley, meanwhile, had come under the leadership of 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Simlali in the town of Iligh since 1614. Abu Hassun fought with the forces of Moulay Zaydan's ally, Yahya ibn Abdullah al-Hahi, until the latter's death in 1626 left him uncontested in the Sous. He went on to conquer the Dra'a Valley and then as far Sijilmasa in the Tafilalt in 1631. 443: 1166: 3546:, around the northern curve of the Niger River. Dissension continued to undermine the Moroccan occupation afterwards but around the same time Nuhu was himself overthrown (in 1599) and the Dendi Kingdom fell into disorder for several years. While Saadian control of the region did not last long after Ahmad al-Mansur's death, the conquered region nonetheless sent a caravan of riches and supplies to Marrakesh every year during this period. It provided Al-Mansur's realm with abundant gold, slaves, and 3425:, the claimant to the Portuguese throne against the Spanish, but Al-Mansur was evasive in his responses. The exchanges were kept secret, allowing him to continue relations with Spain at the same time. In the last decade or so of his reign, however, Al-Mansur seemed to shift his views about an alliance with England. In 1595 he had been forced to suppress a dangerous rebellion in the north led by his nephew Al-Nasir, who had received some support from Spain. In 1600 Al-Mansur sent his Secretary 2873: 11083: 4015: 2938:

brother Ahmad al-Araj deteriorated into open conflict. By one account, Muhammad refused to share the booty from Agadir's capture with Ahmad. Muhammad had his brother imprisoned, then reached an agreement with him in 1542, before another open conflict between them in 1543 resulted in Muhammad's victory and Ahmad's exile to the Tafilalt. (Historian Jamil Abun-Nasr places the conflict between the brothers at a different time, in 1539–1540, shortly before Muhammad's victory at Agadir.)

4103: 3612:, a son of Al-Ma'mun who now also claimed the throne, managed to hold it between 1606 and 1609. Al-Ma'mun himself, meanwhile, saw his position in Fes weaken and sought help from abroad. At first he solicited help from Tuscany but in the end he was forced to flee and seek refuge in Spain in March 1608. Moulay Zaydan, who had fled to the Sous after being expelled from Fes, retook Marrakesh in 1609 with the help of Ottoman, English, and Dutch weapons. 1097: 2807:. This arrival of European traders and colonisers alarmed the local population and caused the inhabitants of the Sous region to organize themselves politically. According to one recorded tradition, this impetus was made clear when the Portuguese took some tribal warriors captive and demanded that the local tribes choose a leader or representative with whom they could negotiate their release. Either way, in 1510 the Saadian chief 3588:(also known as Abu Faris). Over the next 25 years the Saadian realm was split between a region ruled from Marrakesh and a region ruled from Fes, with the Sous sometimes also ruled separately, all of which changed hands between factions multiple times. Saadian authority outside these main centers of power was greatly diminished, and the trans-Saharan caravans from the south were sent to Marrakesh less frequently. 3219: 2620:. After Al-Mansur's death in 1603, however, his sons fought a long internecine conflict for succession which divided the country and undermined the dynasty's power and prestige. While the Saadian realm was reunified at the end of the conflict in 1627, new factions in the region rose to challenge Saadian authority. The last Saadian sultan, Ahmad al-Abbas, was assassinated in 1659, bringing the dynasty to an end. 1111: 3192:, felt he had the most to lose from the increased Ottoman influence in the region. Sebastian endorsed Al-Mutawakkil's claim and in July 1578 he crossed over into northern Morocco with an army, accompanied by the deposed sultan. While Moroccan sources exaggerate the size of his army, there was no doubt that it was impressive, with the Portuguese king promoting his campaign to the rest of Europe as a 3375:

Spanish embassy in 1579, who brought him lavish gifts, and then reportedly trampled the symbol of Ottoman suzerainty before a Spanish embassy in 1581. He also suspected that the Ottomans were involved in the first rebellions against him in his early reign. As a result, he minted coins in his own name and had Friday prayers delivered in his name instead of in the name of

3472:(controlled by Europeans and also reliant on slaves). Finally, the invasion may have been a way for Al-Mansur to elevate his claim to being a universal Muslim ruler. Since expansion eastward into Ottoman territory had been unfruitful the only path left for Saadian expansion was to the south. This ambition may have been further encouraged by the embassies of 3073:, and Abd al-Mu'min – fled the country in fear of assassination and took refuge with the Ottomans. (Though it is possible that Ahmad only fled much later, depending on which historical sources are consulted.) Abdallah was able to have Abd al-Mu'min assassinated years later, circa 1572, but Abd al-Malik entered into the service of the Ottoman sultan. 3347:) and which he likely continued to work on until his death. In addition to the heavy taxation and the ransoms extorted from the Portuguese nobility, the wealth of al-Mansur's reign was also due to the Saadians' control of the sugar trade. Morocco was at that time a significant exporter of sugar towards Europe, along with other products such as 3323:, aided them in maintaining their legitimacy even in the face of this criticism. Al-Mansur also insisted on maintaining a highly efficient state administration and remained personally involved in the state's affairs. He was a patron of culture, sponsoring poets, musicians, scholars, and elaborate ceremonies for religious festivals such as the 4389:, began to be adapted to Maghrebi manuscripts starting in the 17th century. Nonetheless, while manuscript art of this period showed a greater openness to outside influences, the Andalusi-Maghrebi artistic traditions established since the Almohad period (12th-13th centuries) were essentially preserved and perpetuated until the 19th century. 3998:

during the reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, there were about 2000 of them in Marrakesh, the capital. Many of them worked on the sultan's construction projects or in the production of armaments, where European expertise was valued. Saadian expansionism across the Sahara and into the Niger River region also meant an influx of thousands of

3736:, the son of Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir, who inherited a reduced state from his father in 1655. As a child, he was placed under the tutelage of his mother's tribe, before being was assassinated and usurped by his maternal uncle in 1658 or 1659, bringing Saadian rule officially to an end. Eventually, a new Sharifian dynasty, the 3413:

that this would invite resentment from other Christian states. However, after Spain's annexation of Portugal in 1580 the Queen accorded more importance to securing cordial relations with the Saadian sultan and in 1581 she allowed English naval timber to be exported to Morocco in return for saltpeter. John Symcot, an agent of the

4318:, which continued well after the medieval (pre-16th century) era. The Saadian sultans were also responsible for compiling large libraries, a practice that became especially marked during the long and prosperous reign of Ahmad al-Mansur. Al-Mansur's increased relations with the Ottoman Empire, particularly during the reign of 3460:

reduced the flow of gold across the desert. Thus Al-Mansur may have sought to increase his access to gold through direct control of the gold mines in the south. Saadian interest in the sugar trade may have also been a motivation, as control of the trans-Saharan trade routes also allowed him to increase Morocco's access to

3686:(r. 1636–1655). By this time Saadian authority had greatly suffered. Moulay Zaydan had already relinquished direct control over the Sudan territories in 1618 when its governors ceased to be appointed from Marrakesh and were instead chosen by the local troops themselves. Thereafter the local Saadian regime became the 3387:(later known as Kılıç Ali Paşa), the Ottoman Grand Admiral in Algiers who hoped to have Morocco invaded and incorporated into Ottoman Algeria's sphere of influence. In 1582 Al-Mansur was also forced to agree to a special Ottoman "protection" over Morocco and to pay a certain tribute in order to stop the attacks from 4083:, became more commonly used abroad to designate the country. Mercedes Garcia-Arenal also argues that the beginnings of modern Morocco can be traced to Ahmad al-Mansur's reign, when Morocco engaged in regular diplomacy with other states and was recognized on the international scene as a significant regional power. 4350:) were written in red, blue, or orange. Chapter headings were in gold Kufic (a practice widely used in illuminated Qur'an), with the empty spaces between or within letters filled with blue. This multi-colouring practice is widely found in historic Qur'an copies from this region and traces its origins to 8427:

The status of Abu Faris in Fes is not fully clear from the sources cited here. In general, the transition and exact timing between the reigns of Al-Ma'mun and Abu Faris in Fes is not clearly indicated. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam (as cited in-text: Véronne (2012), "Saʿdids"), Abu Faris was

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Some sources place this formal partition agreement to later dates, after the other Wattasid defeats. Encyclopedia of Islam (as cited in-text: Véronne (2012), "Saʿdids") dates it to 1530, while Jamil Abun-Nasr ("A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period", 1987, p. 211) dates it to 1536, after the

4257:(1672–1727). Saadian carved marble, in the form of columns, panels, and window frames, was especially prized and is found in multiple 'Alawi-era monuments in Meknes and Fes. The Saadian Tombs continued to be used as a necropolis for a time but were eventually abandoned, before being "rediscovered" by 4252:

Starting with the Saadians, and continuing with the 'Alawis (their successors and the reigning monarchy today), Moroccan art and architecture is presented by modern scholars as having remained essentially "conservative"; meaning that it continued to reproduce the existing style with high fidelity but

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itself literally meant "warehouse" or storage, referring to the role the traditional state played as a guarantor of food and provisions in times of famine or crisis. From the Saadian period onward, however, the word's more abstract meaning as the authority and power of the sultan's government came to

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When Abdallah al-Ghalib II died in 1623 his realm in Fes passed on to his brother Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim, another son of Al-Ma'mun. After the scandal of Al-Ma'mun's collusion with Spain, however, Moulay Zaydan was the only Saadian ruler left with any credibility in the country and he was recognized

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Al-Mansur would also pursue careful diplomatic relations with Europe. He was widely perceived as friendly to Spain, presumably seeing it as a counterweight to Ottoman influence and seeking to play the two against each other. Nonetheless, he also sought alternatives to Spain by pursuing relations with

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region in 1513, the burial site of Al-Jazuli. This was done at the invitation of the Shayazima tribe, which had been involved decades earlier in a rebellion against the Wattasids. This associated the early Saadians with both the followers of al-Jazuli and with an implicit opposition to the Wattasids.

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as slaves or captives. Lastly, due to Ottoman expansion in the region and growing Ottoman-Saadian relations, there were also many Turkish or Ottoman mercenaries and soldiers of fortune. Many of these new arrivals were recruited in the service of the state or tied to the state's operations. After the

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Al-Mansur had ambivalent relations with the Ottoman Empire. At the very start of his reign he formally recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, as Abd al-Malik had done, while still remaining de facto independent. However he quickly alienated the Ottoman sultan when he favorably received the

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motifs, is also painted in the margins to mark other divisions in the text: ornate palmettes marked chapter divisions, roundels marked every ten verses, and teardrop shapes marked every five verses. The beginning and end of the manuscript are decorated with illuminated interlacing motifs similar to

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had long been an important part of Morocco's place in international trade and the tax revenues from it had contributed to funding the Saadians ever since their early days in the Sous. The expansion of European trade routes around the whole coast of Africa, however, had undermined its importance and

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or the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the Saadians inflicted a heavy defeat on the Portuguese. Both King Sebastian and Al-Mutawakkil were killed in the battle, while on the Moroccan side Abd al-Malik also died during the battle in uncertain circumstances – either in combat or, by some accounts, poisoned

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and other positions on the Algerian coast, to secure an anti-Ottoman alliance with Spain. Alcaudete concluded an agreement in 1555 to offer Al-Shaykh Spanish troops, but the Spanish government initially refused to endorse the plan. Meanwhile, Al-Shaykh had his older brother, Ahmad al-Araj, executed

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that same year and announced the collapse of Portuguese colonial power in Morocco. This greatly enhanced Muhammad al-Shaykh's reputation across the country and further undermined the Wattasids who had sought coexistence with the Portuguese. At around this time the relations between Muhammad and his

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became the true founders of the Saadian dynasty and its growing power. Among other things, Muhammad al-Shaykh also encouraged the production and export of sugar from the Sous, which thereafter became the region's main export. While famine or plague in 1520-1521 interrupted military efforts, Saadian

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Europe around the same time. In particular, territorial borders became more clearly defined and more closely resembled Morocco's modern borders, while the inhabitants of the territory began to more clearly identify themselves as belonging to a country distinct from its neighbours. Rivet also notes

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In addition to the Andalusians and Moriscos, other foreigners arrived due to varying geopolitical and military factors. There is a documented presence of relatively large numbers of Christian European captives resulting from Saadian victories against the Portuguese. By the end of the 16th century,

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to Spain in return for Spanish military assistance. In November 1610 he landed in Larache with Spanish troops under the command of Marquis of San Germán and tried to intimidate the elites of Fes into recognizing him as ruler. However the plan backfired as his surrender of Moroccan territory to the

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in exchange, and from this time on the English were often supplying the Saadians with weapons and military equipment. John Williams, the first English merchant to buy saltpeter in Morocco, was initially unable to obtain permission to provide the Moroccans with ammunition as Queen Elizabeth worried

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region) between the Wattasids in the north and the Saadians in the south. Conflict broke out again in 1530 but resulted in similar truce. In 1536 the Saadians decisively routed the Wattasid army at Wadi al-'Abid (or Oued el-'Abid), forcing the Wattasids to recognize their rule over the south along

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routes and, despite the jihad against Portuguese encroachment, European trade also increased in the region, all of which brought great profit to Al-Araj and to the Saadian movement. In 1515 the Saadians helped repel a Portuguese attack on Marrakesh but they were not yet in a position to claim the

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to the north of Fez in early 1558. The battle has been called indecisive by historian Abun-Nasr since Hasan withdrew from Morocco in part because he had to deal with the Spanish in Algeria, while other authors characterize it as a Saadian victory which effectively ended Ottoman attempts to enter

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in June 1550, but the army was partly diverted to the Tafilalt soon after in order to suppress a rebellion there by the exiled Ahmad al-Araj. Al-Shaykh was in turn preoccupied by other rebellions and was unable to send more reinforcements to his son. Al-Harran died of sickness in Tlemcen shortly

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At the height of Saadian power, especially under Ahmad al-Mansur, the authority of the central government in Morocco became more absolute. The presence of the central government made itself felt in the lives of everyday Moroccans in a way that that had not been true under previous dynasties and

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on the Moroccan coast and on Moroccan ships. In 1583, the Saadian and Ottoman sultans even tentatively discussed a joint military operation against the Spanish in Oran. Al-Mansur sent a payment to Istanbul every year, which the Saadians interpreted as a "gift" to the Ottomans while the Ottomans

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Al-Mansur's army, in turn, helped him ensure his absolute authority, turning the institution of government into a more dominant force across the country. He levied heavy taxes on people in order to support the largesse of his court and his construction projects, which attracted criticism from

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Abu Faris initially held Marrakesh until 1606 while Moulay Zaydan held Fes for a year before being defeated and expelled by Al-Ma'mun in 1604, who then ruled from Fes. In the period around 1606 Marrakesh changed hands especially frequently – as many as six times according to one source – but

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in Algeria, where he died in a disastrous defeat for the Spanish. Abdallah's reign was not marked by significant conquests. In 1560 or 1561 he launched another expedition to re-occupy Tlemcen which failed, marking the end of Saadian attempts to expand eastward. To counter Ottoman and Spanish

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While the Saadian dynasty marked a political shift from previous Berber-led empires to sultanates led by Arab sharifian dynasties, artistically and architecturally there was broad continuity between these periods. The Saadians are seen by modern scholars as continuing to refine the existing

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The treaty between Al-Araj and the Wattasids, along with Al-Araj's growing power, provoked the jealousy of his brother Muhammad and of the Sous tribes, who worried that their influence in the Saadian movement was waning. After the war with the Wattasids, however, the Saadians focused on the

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with the help of Turkish officers. This made him the first Saadian ruler to accept vassal status with a foreign power. Nonetheless, Abd al-Malik remained wary of Ottoman motives towards his kingdom and maintained relations with Spain as well as continuing to pursue relations with France

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from the Iberian Peninsula also had a profound impact on the Jewish community in Morocco and North Africa. It increased the Jewish population and revitalized Jewish cultural activity, while also splitting the community along ethnic lines for many generations. In Fez, for example, the

3404:. Early relations focused on trade as English merchants, despite the objections of the Portuguese, had been trading in Morocco since the early 16th century. This trade initially consisted of English cloth for Moroccan sugar, but after 1572 the English learned that they could find 3379:, the Ottoman sultan. In response to the removal of his name from Friday prayers, Murad III began preparations for an attack on Morocco. After getting word of this, Al-Mansur rushed to send an ambassador to Istanbul with sizeable gifts and the attack was cancelled. He paid a 3256:

which drained Portugal's finances while filling the coffers of the Saadian state. This allowed the sultan to strike new and higher-quality gold coins, earning him the additional title "ad-Dhahabi" ("the Golden"). Meanwhile, King Sebastian's lack of an immediate heir led to a

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and hiring a large force of mercenaries. Sebastian, however, did not use the fortified Portuguese positions along the coast to his advantage and instead decided to march directly into the country's interior. The Saadian army, led by Abd al-Malik, accompanied by his brother

3519:, a commander of Spanish origin. The Saadian army suffered while crossing the desert, but Askia Ishaq II was surprised when they arrived and had to assemble his forces quickly. While the Songhai army was reportedly larger, it lacked firearms, unlike the Moroccans. At the 4326:

today may have come from Saadian embassies. In return, the Saadian libraries acquired an even larger number of Ottoman or Middle Eastern manuscripts, some of which remain in Moroccan royal libraries today. Another major and important collection of royal manuscripts, the

10675:"0522868 - BRITISH LIBRARY. A Qur'an written in Maghribi script with rich margined ornaments. The Qur'an was commissioned by the Sharifi Sultan of Morocco, 'Abdallah Ibn Muhammad, Morocco, 1568. Full credit: British Library / Granger, NYC -- All rights reserved" 2951:

to the Saadians. Al-Shaykh nonetheless laid siege to Fes, the Wattasid capital, that same year. The siege lasted until January 28, 1549, when the Saadians finally took the city, leaving Al-Shaykh as sole ruler of Morocco. Further north, the Portuguese evacuated

4322:(1595–1603), resulted in numerous embassies to the Ottoman court which exchanged gifts, including richly-produced Qur'an manuscripts. Older manuscripts produced in Al-Andalus were seen as especially dignified gifts and many such examples in the library of 3315:, particularly the religious elites in Fes. Some Muslim scholars also criticized him for the elaborate ceremonialism he introduced at court, where he often remaining concealed behind a veil when receiving guests, imitating the seclusion of the old 3635:

Around the same time (in 1609), Abdallah al-Ghalib II had Abu Faris assassinated and took control of his father's former realm in Fes, which he ruled until 1623. Al-Ma'mun attempted to make a comeback by agreeing to cede the northern port city of

2639:, establishing a model of political-religious legitimacy which continued under the later 'Alawis, another Sharifian dynasty. They successfully resisted Ottoman expansion, making Morocco the only part of North Africa to remain outside Ottoman 3641:

Spanish instead cost himself and the wider Saadian dynasty a great deal of credibility. He was eventually assassinated in 1613. This left his son, Abdallah al-Ghalib II, as ruler of Fes and his brother, Moulay Zaydan, as ruler of Marrakesh.

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The Saadians were a Sharifian family which had first established themselves in the Draa valley in the 14th century before moving or spreading to Tidsi in the Sous valley in the following century. Here they lived alongside Sufi teachers and

3142:(governor) of Algiers, Ramazan Pasha, to assist Abd al-Malik in invading Morocco. In early 1576 the Ottoman army, including a contingent of Janissaries and a supplement of troops led by Abd al-Malik himself, won a decisive victory at the 3400:

the northern European states. Most notably, he increased friendly relations with England when the latter made diplomatic overtures to him after 1580 with a view to find allies against Spain at the time. This led to the development of an

2968:. The latter had already provided some aid to the Wattasids in an attempt to stem the growing power of the Saadians. Both sides saw Tlemcen as their next objective. The Saadian army, led by Muhammad al-Harran, son of Muhammad al-Shaykh, 4432:(also known as Sidi Ben Sliman or simply al-Jazuli), a Sufi figure of Berber origin from the Sous region. Some of the oldest known manuscripts of this text were produced in the 16th century and subsequently made their way as far as 2946:

Now the sole ruler of the Saadian realm, Muhammad al-Shaykh turned his attention to the Wattasids. In 1545 he defeated and captured Ahmad al-Wattasi near Wadi Derna. Ahmad al-Wattasi was released two years later, in 1547, and ceded

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as Sultan of Morocco by multiple foreign powers. When both Moulay Zaydan and Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim died in 1627, the two Saadian splinter states in Marrakesh and Fes were finally reunified and inherited by Moulay Zaydan's son,

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The 16th century during which the Saadians rose to power also saw many social and demographic changes in Morocco. The existing population was joined by large waves of emigrants and refugees from the Iberian Peninsula after the

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did not introduce major new innovations. Ornate architectural elements from Saadian buildings, most famously from the El Badi Palace, were also stripped and reused in buildings elsewhere during the reign of the 'Alawi sultan

3504:(r. 1549–1582), asking the latter to pay him the equivalent of the tax revenues generated from the mines. In 1583 Al-Mansur's forces successfully occupied the Touat and the Gourara oases. In 1589 or early 1590 he then asked 4187:

of Marrakesh were built under the reign of Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib and are notable for the fact that they were designed as part of larger civic complexes designed to serve local residents, similar to contemporary Ottoman

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recruits, and European mercenaries. Possibly to limit Turkish/Ottoman influence, Al-Mansur entrusted the highest military positions to Andalusians and Europeans, and also employed them as his personal guard on campaigns.

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by one of his Turkish officers in order to secure total Ottoman control of Morocco in the aftermath. As a result of the presence and death of these three, the 1578 battle is also known as the "Battle of the Three Kings".

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in the region. In 1615 they also agreed to an alliance with Muhammad al-'Ayyashi, a religious warrior who started out as one of Moulay Zaydan's governors. As governor, Al-'Ayyashi had repeatedly attacked the Spanish at

2865:, thus finally taking control of the city. At this time, or slightly before, Al-Araj arranged for the remains of his father Al-Qa'im and of Al-Jazuli to be transferred to Marrakesh, founding a new funerary complex (the 3579:

as his heir as early as 1579 and again in 1584, but he had also given all of his sons administrative roles during his reign. Upon his death in 1603, Al-Ma'mun's accession was immediately contested by his two brothers,

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Hasan Pasha, re-appointed as Ottoman pasha of Algiers, also sent an army to expel the Saadians from Tlemcen once again. The Saadians evacuated the city and were pursued by the Ottomans into Morocco, resulting in the

2815:) was formally recognized in Tidsi by the tribes of the Sous and the Sufi groups as their military leader and political representative. Tidsi remained Al-Qa'im's base for three years until he moved to Afughal in the 4576:(1604–1606, contested until 1613; established power in Fes in 1604 but his position weakened and he fled to Spain in 1608; he returned with Spanish aid in 1610, but lost support until he was assassinated in 1613) 4362:

The increased cultural contacts with the Ottoman Empire are also apparent in the experimentation of Maghrebi authors with eastern traditions of manuscript production and calligraphy. For example, the use of

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salt mines. Since Al-Araj and his successors were preoccupied with challenges to the north, this claim was not pursued further. In 1583 or 1584, however, Al-Mansur brought the issue up again with Emperor

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to suit their own needs, though little of this survives. Ahmad al-Mansur famously constructed the extremely lavish reception palace known as El Badi, for which he also imported significant quantities of

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and to retake Fes in September 1554. Abu Hassun died in the battle, putting a definitive end to Wattasid prospects in Morocco. Immediately after this, Muhammad al-Shaykh entered into negotiations with

3940:. At the beginning of the century around 100,000 Andalusi Muslims and Jews settled in the country as a result, and were followed by another 20,000 to 30,000 around a century later when Spain began 3126:

inherited the throne. Meanwhile, his uncle, Abd al-Malik, had worked to further secure Ottoman support. He served in the Ottoman army and won some favour by participating in the successful Ottoman

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respectable in Morocco. The name Saadi or Saadian derives from "sa'ada" meaning happiness or salvation. Others think it derives from the name Bani Zaydan or that it was given to the Bani Zaydan (

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leader Muhammad ibn Nasir Bu Shantuf who was occupying the city, but in 1524 or 1525 he had Bu Shantuf assassinated and, with the help of his brother Muhammad and reinforcements, captured the

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Upon Al-Qa'im's death in 1517 he was buried next to Al-Jazuli in Afughal. Al-Araj inherited his father's main position at Afughal, north of the Atlas Mountains, while his younger brother

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up to the present day. Among other volumes, it contains a richly-produced royal Qur'an dated to 1599, commissioned by Ahmad al-Mansur but known as the Qur'an of Moulay Zaydan (or

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and expressed a desire for Morocco to colonize those territories if they were victorious. Elizabeth did not agree to either plan, but commercial relations continued to develop.

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in the north, had little authority over the south of the country. Under their reign, Portuguese expansion along the Moroccan coast reached its apogee. Many local resistance and

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The use of Analogy and the Role of the Sufi Shaykh in Post-Marinid Morocco, Vincent Cornell, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 15, no. 1 (Feb. 1983), pp. 67–93

3558:, and the caravans themselves were costly. A part of their function was to provide an impressive display to the inhabitants of Marrakesh and to the sultan's guests every year. 2663:. The Saadians were also significant patrons of art and architecture, with Abdallah al-Ghalib and Ahmad al-Mansur both responsible for some of the most celebrated monuments of 10559: 3383:

of over 100,000 gold coins, agreed to show respect to the Ottoman sultan and in return he was left alone. The embassy nearly failed to reach Istanbul due to the opposition of

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eventually strangled on the orders of Abdallah al-Ghalib II in 1609, and Bosworth's "The New Islamic Dynasties" (2004) indicates that the latter then ruled in Fes after 1609.

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In the aftermath of the battle, Ahmad al-Mansur followed Abd al-Malik's example in organizing his army along Ottoman patterns, staffing it with officers and instructors from

11509: 8342: 3538:

After this victory, however, the Moroccans struggled to have their authority accepted in the region and continued to wage a protracted war with the remnants of the defeated

3265:

of Spain annexing Portugal in 1580. In the long term, Morocco's international standing was greatly increased, giving it the status of a major regional power in the western

59: 3421:, which managed the activities of English traders in Morocco and obtained trading privileges from the sultan. The English also attempted to convince Al-Mansur to support 8343: 2900:, attacked it twice, unsuccessfully: he besieged the city in 1527 but was forced to withdraw early, and he failed again in an indecisive battle in 1529 at Animay, near 8332: 4074:

Some scholars argue that the Saadian period marks the beginning of the formation of a modern Moroccan national identity, similar to some of the processes happening in

401: 387: 373: 359: 334: 320: 8338: 4006:

collapse of the Saadian state many would go on to play independent roles, sometimes as outlaws or, in the case of the Moriscos in Salé for example, as corsairs.

3937: 3095:

in 1571. While Al-Ghalib was more passive in foreign policy and military ventures, he was a major builder at home in Marrakesh. Among other things, he built the

2896:

The Wattasids, unable to prevent the capture of Marrakesh, attempted to retake the city and expel the Saadians several times. Muhammad al-Burtuqali's successor,

8354: 8336: 8334: 13217: 4377:

art (13th-15th centuries) or even earlier. However, in the late 16th century it became more systematized in manuscripts, often used for important words or for

10261:

Gilson Miller, Susan; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)".

4222:, a water trough for animals, and a public fountain for distributing water to locals. The Saadians also contributed to founding, building, or expanding the 3575:, which arrived from Spain in 1597 and wrought severe destruction. Ahmad al-Mansur died of the plague himself on August 25, 1603. He had designated his son 3429:

as ambassador to Elizabeth's court to negotiate a military alliance to invade Spain. In his letter to the Queen he even suggested a second option to invade

3396:

in the later part of his reign, seeing himself as the rival, rather than subordinate, of the Ottomans, and even as the rightful leader of the Muslim world.

8363: 8351: 8349: 4381:

titles. Additionally, the repertoire of decorative motifs drew in Ottoman influences by increasing the use of vegetal and especially floral motifs, while

13212: 2647:

weapons. During the long reign of Ahmad al-Mansur in the late 16th century, Morocco established itself as an ambitious regional power that expanded into

3658:. He was about to leave Morocco for Spain but was spared from doing so when he received the support of Yahya ibn Abdullah al-Hahi, a chieftain from the 9671: 2473: 1029: 11502: 10236:

Chetrit, Joseph (2014). "Juifs du Maroc et Juifs d'Espagne: deux destins imbriqués". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

3994:

became dominant in religious practice; a situation which was repeated elsewhere in Morocco, with the notable exception of the Marrakesh community.

3554:

for the first time. Saadian gold nonetheless had difficulty competing with the abundant high-quality gold shipped from the Spanish colonies in the

2854: 8350: 3169:). He also sent the majority of Ottoman troops who had helped him – including the Janissaries – back to Algiers shortly after winning his throne. 13232: 4570:(1603–1604; ruled in Fez and Tlemcen until defeated by al-Ma'mun in 1604, ruled in the Sous from 1604 to 1609, and ruled in Marrakesh after 1609) 615: 12051: 2743:

Saadiyya, Muhammad's wet nurse. They are also known as the Zaydanids, based on their putative ancestor Zaydan Ibn Ahmed, a Sharif from Yanbu.

9913:

Sharifs and Padishahs: Moroccan-Ottoman relations from the 16th through the 18th centuries. Contribution to the study of a diplomatic culture

3976:, who spoke Arabic and were of Arab and Berber heritage, followed their own traditions. Members of the two communities worshiped in separate 2466: 4048:

the fore. Hand in hand with this development was an increasingly strong association between the status of sovereign ruler and the status of

3542:. In the end, Moroccan control was tenuously established over a large region stretching between Kukiya (also spelled Koukya or Koukiya) and 11495: 8348: 1143: 1073: 10567: 3298:

were also used in the army. In addition to local troops from the Sous and various tribes, the army also included troops from the Algerian

8346: 8345: 3331:. Immediately after his accession in 1578 he began the construction of a monumental reception palace in the Kasbah of Marrakesh known as 3269:. The subsequent 24-year reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, among the longest in Moroccan history, marked the apogee of Saadian power and wealth. 9977:

Kaba, Lansiné (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)".

8340: 2635:

The Saadians were an important chapter in the history of Morocco. They were the first Arab Sharifian dynasty to rule Morocco since the

8344: 8333: 9801: 3088: 4310:

Relatively little is known of Saadian-period art beyond architecture, with the relative exception of decorated manuscripts. Western

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Several centers of political opposition and dissent to the Saadians also became clear in this period. On the western coast, recent

9783:"Fooling the Sultan: Information, Decision-Making and the "Mediterranean Faction" (1585-1587) - Journal of Ottoman Studies (AHCI)" 3146:

near Fez, allowing Abd al-Malik to depose Al-Mutawakkil, who fled. Once on the throne, as an Ottoman vassal, Abd al-Malik had the

11128: 8450: 4229: 3644:

Moulay Zaydan spent another year in exile between 1612 and 1613 after being expelled from Marrakesh by a local religious leader,

3082:

Morocco by military means. Count Alcaudete, in turn, seeing that his alliance with Muhammad al-Shaykh was now moot, attempted to

2877: 2866: 497: 3480:, who, having failed to secure support from the Ottoman Empire, expressed willingness to recognize Al-Mansur as caliph instead. 958: 954: 13222: 11213: 3446: 2609: 8341: 13004: 12386: 10782: 10725: 10658: 10626: 10495: 10351: 10245: 10220: 10193: 10145: 10098: 10066: 10034: 9892: 9865: 9838: 9811: 9762: 9710: 9681: 9634: 9607: 9573: 9523: 9493: 9466: 9424: 9274: 8860: 8808: 8770: 8743: 8562: 8460: 8339: 8335: 4058:), which eventually became irreversible under the following 'Alawi dynasty. This became apparent also in the use of the word 3508:

to pay him an amount of gold proportional to the amount of salt taken from the mines, which Ishaq II contemptuously refused.

2853:) from their posts in the region. In 1523 open hostilities were declared between the Saadians and the Wattasid ruler in Fes, 907: 3980:

and were even buried separately. It was only in the 18th century that the two communities eventually blended together, with

2827:

as his successor and left him as governor in the Sous while he moved to Afughal. The Sous valley was a crucial stage in the

11113: 10528:"Tulipes, œillets et maghribî: évolutions et conservatisme de l'art du livre maghrébin à l'épreuve de l'expansion ottomane" 10183: 3511:

The Saadian military expedition, numbering between 4,000 and 20,000 men, left Marrakesh on 16 October 1590 and reached the

3430: 3258: 3230:

The battle had immediate and long-term consequences. The most immediate result was the accession of Abd al-Malik's brother

748: 12910: 8331: 11518: 10700: 10164:

Hunwick, J.O. (2012). "Timbuktu". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

8760: 3464:– on which the sugar processing industry relied and which were necessary to compete with the prices of sugar coming from 3740:

from the Tafilalt, defeated all other factions to become the sole rulers of Morocco. The first effective 'Alawi sultan,

13056: 12056: 11220: 9362:"A Manuscript of the Last Sultan of al-Andalus and the Fate of the Royal Library of the Nasrid Sultans at the Alhambra" 8347: 922: 773: 4153:

in Marrakesh as one of its apogees. Other major examples of this Saadian style which survive today include the ornate

3483:

Saadian interest in the Sudan region preceded Al-Mansur. Earlier that century the Saadians occupied the oasis area of

902: 13197: 13192: 11700: 11462: 10881: 10753: 10324: 9935: 9098: 8833: 8714: 3343:, translated as "the Incomparable"), which was famous for its lavishness and expensive materials (including imported 2788:

movements, often associated with various Sufi brotherhoods or establishments, arose to oppose the European presence.

8733: 13207: 13202: 11372: 10390: 10341: 3451:

Al-Mansur's only major foreign military venture was the invasion of West Africa – or more particularly the western

1136: 819: 12682: 11181: 11068: 11017: 4497: 3850: 3087:

influence, Al-Ghalib sought to develop relations with France and Northern European powers. He also supported the

3083: 3066: 2996:, sent a diplomatic embassy to Muhammad al-Shaykh in 1552 in an attempt to persuade the latter to accept Ottoman 2986: 2897: 1432: 992: 866: 11844: 9752: 4392: 3591: 11436: 11108: 11012: 8373: 7945: 4491: 4342:

Another richly-decorated royal Qur'an, written for Sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib and dated to 1568, is kept by the

4258: 3157: 3123: 3091:

in Spain between 1568 and 1570. In the end, Ottoman pressure on Morocco was reduced by their own defeat at the

3000:, even if just nominally, but this was refused. The Ottomans sent an army, including Janissaries again, led by 2597: 2112: 1058: 861: 564: 2770:. The beginning of the Saadian rise to power took place in the context of weak central rule in Morocco and of 2592:

enjoyed a relatively peaceful reign. His successors, however, fought with each other, culminating in the 1578

13120: 11291: 10430: 8552: 8191: 4790: 4623: 4548:(1609–1627; in Fez and Sous before 1609, expelled from Marrakesh by local rebel leader between 1612 and 1613) 3683: 768: 549: 3615: 1677: 13115: 12999: 11251: 11159: 10904: 10861: 7979: 4799: 4573: 3897: 3576: 3172: 8352: 3156:

in mosques delivered in the Ottoman sultan's name, adopted Ottoman clothing, and organized his army along

839: 442: 13125: 12162: 11186: 11123: 10209:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

5458: 4164: 3900:; Saadian realm is split between different factions, with Marrakesh and Fes changing hands multiple times 3620: 2849:

power continue to grow across much of southern Morocco and began expelling the Europeans (Portuguese and

2692: 1129: 1068: 1063: 422: 3857: 3223: 3206: 2593: 1607: 13227: 8885:"دراسة في مضمون النقوش الكتابية على عمائر الأشراف السعديين بالمغرب الأقصى (915 - 1069هـ/ 1510 - 1658م)" 8161: 4611: 4382: 3907: 3667: 3426: 3344: 2608:

and presided over the apogee of Saadian power. In the later half of his reign he launched a successful

1078: 895: 873: 824: 3948:. The Andalusi arrivals revitalized many of the country's northern cities, with notable examples like 3422: 3288:

in the Moroccan military, which aided Al-Mansur in his later conquests. Turkish titles and terms like

3115:. Fes became the second capital of the kingdom and the main military garrison in the north, where the 13083: 12231: 11795: 11281: 11208: 11174: 11103: 10215:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 7799: 3941: 3846: 3108: 1044: 667: 250: 73: 9439:

H. J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, F. R. C. Bagley, H. Braun, H. Hartel,

13041: 13016: 12866: 12525: 12520: 11256: 10758:

Morocco in the Sixteenth Century. Problems and Patterns in African Foreign Policy by Dahiru Yahya,

4314:

books, including Qur'ans, had by this point established a calligraphic tradition of writing in the

4233: 3903:

1609–1627: Moulay Zaydan rules in Marrakesh while the sons of Al-Ma'mun rule a rival kingdom in Fes

3860:(also known as Battle of the Three Kings), with Saadian victory over the Portuguese army; reign of 3600: 3127: 2993: 2356: 452: 13187: 13108: 12989: 12530: 12483: 12426: 12125: 12069: 11817: 11382: 11337: 11191: 11082: 10854: 4331:, was taken from Sultan Moulay Zaydan by the Spanish in 1612 and has been kept in the library of 4228:

s (religious complexes centered around a tomb) of major Sufi shrines in Marrakesh, including the

3833:

1554 (September): Muhammay al-Shaykh conquers Fes again, putting a permanent end to Wattasid rule

3401: 3078: 2102: 985: 968: 792: 9828: 9361: 8759:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2012). Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).

630: 13182: 13130: 13031: 13026: 12714: 12662: 12582: 12515: 12419: 12404: 12297: 12064: 12018: 11859: 11746: 11196: 11058: 8884: 4378: 3662:

Mountains, who helped him regain Marrakesh in 1613 with a coalition of Arab and Berber tribes.

3477: 2584:, securing control over nearly all of Morocco. After Muhammad al-Shaykh's assassination by the 2507: 2207: 2152: 728: 20: 10458: 9855: 9781:

Dergisi, Journal of Ottoman Studies / Osmanlı Araştırmaları; Gürkan (ESG), Emrah Safa (2015).

9513: 9456: 8850: 4346:. Although the script was written generally in black ink, various orthographic signs (such as 3362: 13061: 13021: 12834: 12709: 11773: 11763: 11722: 11693: 11322: 11271: 11266: 11203: 11038: 9882: 9698: 9624: 9483: 8133: 4585: 4539: 4424: 4398: 4369:, an eastern script adapted into a regional variation known as Maghrebi thuluth, was used in 4142: 4097: 3648:, who rebelled against him. Abu Mahalli managed to occupy Marrakesh and declared himself the 3645: 3628: 3609: 3189: 3177: 3143: 3005: 2740: 2664: 2197: 2167: 797: 237: 12949: 10210: 10133: 10086: 10054: 9563: 9412: 4020: 2869:) and symbolically cementing the city as a spiritual and political capital of the Saadians. 13154: 12984: 12954: 12829: 12760: 12731: 12650: 11984: 11822: 11812: 11390: 11091: 11043: 10914: 9654: 7525: 4454: 4406:, dated to 1599. The page on the right contains a schematic representation of the tombs of 4224: 4146: 3754: 3741: 3687: 3042: 2857:. Al-Araj was admitted peacefully into Marrakesh in 1521 upon marrying the daughter of the 2808: 2621: 2613: 2549: 2341: 2222: 529: 380: 177: 12934: 10589: 8: 12846: 12726: 12692: 12594: 12414: 12409: 12221: 11940: 11876: 11751: 11736: 11362: 11347: 11142: 8717:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 4479: 4466: 4195: 4184: 4168: 4154: 4125: 4079:

that around this time the name "Morocco", derived from the name of Marrakesh via Spanish

4075: 3774: 3456: 3162: 3104: 3100: 3047: 2969: 2862: 2841: 2828: 2652: 2573: 2431: 1442: 963: 802: 780: 763: 534: 12562: 12552: 3702: 2596:(or "Battle of the Three Kings"), where a Portuguese military intervention on behalf of 1747: 733: 366: 12959: 12939: 12922: 12873: 12738: 12547: 12498: 12431: 12349: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12236: 12206: 12098: 11996: 11864: 11839: 11576: 11455: 11310: 11286: 11276: 11234: 11154: 11118: 10889: 10278: 10002: 8368: 8176: 7962: 7782: 7659: 4617: 4579: 4530: 4485: 4429: 4403: 4374: 4133: 4002: 3893: 3840: 3764: 3679: 3596: 3585: 3408:

and mainly sought to obtain this material. At that time, Sultan al-Mutawakkil demanded

3262: 3062: 3055: 3026: 3025:

along with many of his sons and grandsons, thus securing the succession of his own son

2989:, expelled the Saadian forces from the city and from western Algeria in February 1551. 2889: 2767: 2589: 2137: 1902: 1787: 1647: 1372: 1307: 997: 723: 431: 352: 11487: 1727: 13068: 12964: 12900: 12895: 12824: 12721: 12436: 12364: 12359: 12201: 12130: 12113: 12108: 12103: 11903: 11854: 11660: 11612: 11600: 11582: 11429: 11327: 11261: 10971: 10966: 10778: 10749: 10721: 10654: 10622: 10491: 10347: 10320: 10241: 10216: 10189: 10141: 10094: 10062: 10030: 9994: 9931: 9888: 9861: 9834: 9807: 9758: 9706: 9677: 9630: 9603: 9569: 9519: 9489: 9462: 9420: 9381: 9270: 9094: 8904: 8856: 8829: 8804: 8766: 8739: 8558: 8456: 5349: 4385:, formerly dominant, were less emphasized. The most iconic Ottoman floral motif, the 4370: 4351: 4347: 4254: 3879: 3701:(Andalusian) exiles had arrived in Salé and Rabat in 1609 and eventually founded the 3571:

Al-Mansur's final years were marked by growing rivalries between his sons and by the

3520: 3414: 3316: 3266: 3201:(yet another son of Muhammad al-Shaykh), met the Portuguese at Wadi al-Makhazin near 3188:

Meanwhile, his deposed nephew, Al-Mutawakkil, sought help from Portugal, whose king,

3092: 2909: 2804: 2684: 2625: 2247: 2092: 1697: 1337: 1327: 1317: 1202: 787: 687: 682: 635: 569: 263: 10674: 10527: 10006: 4354:

manuscripts. Blue and gold ornamentation, consisting of specific shapes filled with

4323: 4149:

style, with some seeing Saadian art as the last "renaissance" of this style and the

2803:, and from their territory here other European merchants also operated, notably the 12917: 12704: 12699: 12655: 12642: 12572: 12540: 12535: 12399: 12394: 12376: 12337: 12270: 12253: 12194: 12184: 12179: 12120: 12076: 12046: 12006: 11989: 11972: 11935: 11686: 11654: 11636: 11624: 11594: 11570: 11552: 11540: 11534: 11471: 11412: 11405: 11367: 11357: 11352: 11332: 11296: 11063: 11053: 11048: 10981: 10945: 10838: 10820: 10539: 10270: 9986: 9373: 8896: 8796: 4180: 3967: 3572: 3523:

the Saadian army thus won a decisive victory. The Songhai evacuated their capital,

3096: 2775: 2581: 2534: 2401: 2397: 2386: 2367: 2032: 2012: 1992: 1912: 1707: 1587: 1512: 1502: 1452: 1382: 1282: 1232: 1039: 1034: 1022: 890: 699: 583: 512: 325: 126: 3654:, granting his rebellion a distinctive religious character. Moulay Zaydan fled to 13135: 13103: 12976: 12944: 12927: 12883: 12856: 12851: 12809: 12802: 12777: 12637: 12632: 12473: 12354: 12248: 12243: 12211: 12036: 12026: 11920: 11913: 11908: 11893: 11849: 11731: 11717: 11630: 11558: 11424: 11417: 11400: 11342: 11246: 11164: 11022: 10991: 10976: 10961: 10935: 9930:. Translated by Williams, Malcolm; Waterson, Gavin. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 13. 9857:

The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier

9599:

The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier

9444: 7998: 7818: 5240: 4671: 4588:, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1609–1623; ruled in Marrakesh before 1609) 4567: 4545: 4503: 4343: 4328: 4315: 4297: 4115: 4063: 4036: 3984:

eventually becoming the main language of the entire community while the Spanish (

3933: 3861: 3790: 3581: 3418: 3388: 3356: 3336: 3273: 3234:

to the throne of Morocco. Drawing on the prestige of the victory, he took on the

3231: 3198: 3130:

in 1574, which expelled the Spanish forces there. That same year he travelled to

3070: 3017: 3013: 2905: 2636: 2629: 2601: 2522: 2498: 2337: 2307: 2072: 2062: 1972: 1952: 1842: 1777: 1737: 1717: 1627: 1552: 1542: 1532: 1492: 1462: 1402: 1392: 1272: 1222: 1002: 947: 709: 692: 600: 482: 394: 43: 12557: 4066:, meaning "my master") becoming a standard part of the sultan's name and title. 3913:

1659: Last Saadian sultan, Ahmad al-Abbas, is killed, ending the Saadian dynasty

13078: 13073: 13036: 13011: 12994: 12905: 12890: 12861: 12819: 12667: 12627: 12622: 12577: 12503: 12463: 12453: 12443: 12258: 12137: 12031: 11898: 11780: 11618: 11476: 8304: 4629: 4173: 3883: 3875: 3827: 3799: 3733: 3718: 3539: 3505: 3492: 3455:, as it was known in Arabic. This was likely motivated by a number of factors. 3452: 3367: 3332: 3277: 3240: 3134:

and obtained support for his bid to the Saadian throne from the Ottoman sultan

3009: 2961: 2953: 2926: 2585: 2412: 2322: 2266: 2042: 1932: 1862: 1562: 1115: 1101: 975: 477: 339: 224: 189: 9990: 9377: 8900: 8848: 8800: 4283: 4274: 4121: 2707:. In the mid-15th century some of them established themselves at Tidsi in the 13176: 13159: 13046: 12841: 12814: 12787: 12765: 12743: 12510: 12493: 12478: 12322: 12275: 12263: 12189: 12081: 11955: 11950: 11925: 11807: 11648: 11606: 11588: 11169: 11007: 10986: 10930: 10544: 9656:

La bataille de l'oued el-Makhazen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 août 1578)

9626:

Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient

9385: 8908: 7644: 5133: 4460: 4293: 4150: 4107: 3985: 3956: 3889: 3770: 3655: 3488: 3202: 3147: 3116: 3112: 2934: 2885: 2824: 2696: 2565: 2292: 1797: 1657: 854: 807: 704: 588: 576: 12587: 12567: 8790: 3910:, Moulay Zaydan's son, but decline of Saadian authority in Morocco continues 2872: 1165: 13051: 12792: 12782: 12748: 12677: 12672: 12599: 12389: 12371: 12332: 12327: 12307: 12302: 12174: 12167: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12041: 11979: 11960: 11945: 11881: 10617:

Gacek, Adam (2006). "Manuscripts and the Qur'an". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.).

9998: 4422:

After the Qur'an, the most popular text transcribed in this period was the

4207: 3999: 3888:

1603: Death of Ahmad al-Mansur; civil war breaks out among his three sons,

3820: 3726: 3722: 3624: 3473: 3235: 3051: 2816: 2779: 2688: 2577: 2296: 1767: 1522: 517: 106: 4014: 3065:

succeeded his father as sultan. At the same time, three of his brothers –

12770: 12755: 12604: 12317: 12226: 12216: 12142: 11790: 11785: 11546: 10746:

African Islam and Islam in Africa: Encounters Between Sufis and Islamists

4591:

Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1623–1627)

4536:(In 1606 control of the city changes from one side to another six times.) 4437: 4332: 4301: 4102: 3929: 3691: 3516: 3512: 3501: 3328: 3166: 2648: 2156: 1922: 1832: 1617: 1472: 1422: 980: 136: 4202:. These complexes included various institutions and amenities such as a 3527:, and retreated south, while Judar Pasha's army occupied Gao along with 2600:

was thoroughly defeated by Saadian forces. In the wake of this victory,

12797: 12614: 12488: 12448: 12381: 11564: 10940: 10909: 4319: 3962: 3737: 3659: 3409: 3303: 3001: 2997: 2796: 2704: 2640: 2442: 2082: 2052: 1882: 1687: 1252: 642: 595: 524: 465: 10319:] (in French) (1st ed.). Casablanca: Sochepress. p. 70. 10282: 10208: 9928:

Britain and Morocco During the Embassy of John Drummond Hay, 1845-1886

4190: 3949: 2941: 2643:, but followed Ottoman example by modernizing their army and adopting 12687: 12458: 12342: 12312: 12093: 11967: 11758: 11666: 9884:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

4522: 4355: 4246: 4129: 4111: 4050: 3977: 3786: 3780: 3711: 3469: 3434: 3393: 3376: 3285: 3139: 3135: 2974: 2881: 2844:

was in turn charged with the Sous, south of the mountains. These two

2735:) by later generations and rivals for power, who tried to deny their 2732: 2712: 2700: 2644: 2569: 2542: 2427: 2382: 2352: 2277: 2262: 1667: 1637: 1482: 1242: 1182: 878: 460: 150: 98: 9782: 4542:, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1606–1609; in Fez after 1609) 3543: 12088: 11871: 11829: 11768: 10846: 10775:السلطان الشريف – الجذور الدينية والسياسية للدولة المخزنية في المغرب 10716:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).

10274: 4908: 4411: 4407: 4055: 3972: 3932:

in 1492, the last Muslim emirate of Al-Andalus, and the subsequent

3813: 3803: 3555: 3551: 3528: 3384: 3320: 3299: 3249: 3193: 3131: 2930: 2918: 2771: 2763: 2736: 2680: 2617: 2557: 2211: 1982: 1942: 1892: 1852: 1757: 1412: 1362: 1262: 942: 937: 814: 652: 146: 10298:

Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City

8554:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

4167:

in Fes. The Saadians also rebuilt the royal palace complex in the

3812:

1543: Muhammad al-Shaykh exiles his brother Ahmad al-'Araj to the

3417:, was able to obtain in 1585 a royal charter to found the English 2960:

in 1550. This set up a confrontation between the Saadians and the

2917:

the established frontier. In 1537 they also took control over the

12001: 11930: 11886: 11741: 11522: 10877: 10828: 10803: 10260: 9726: 4365: 4311: 4219: 4203: 4031: 3945: 3698: 3637: 3496: 3461: 3380: 3281: 3152: 2982: 2965: 2901: 2858: 2656: 2530: 2371: 2281: 2251: 2186: 2022: 2002: 1962: 1872: 1807: 1597: 1212: 883: 647: 470: 64:

Extent of the Saadian empire at the beginning of the 17th century

11802: 3678:

Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II was in turn succeeded by his brother

3440: 3218: 11834: 11709: 11395: 10789:(Full text of Arabic translation of Nabil Mouline's 2009 book, 5024: 4241: 3990: 3981: 3807: 3706: 3465: 3352: 3324: 3319:. Nonetheless, the Saadians' status as sharifs, descendants of 3294: 3253: 3245: 2957: 2948: 2792: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2605: 2561: 2446: 2326: 2182: 1192: 158: 122: 8795:(in French). Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 1–53. 8330: 3826:

1554 (January): 'Ali Abu Hassun, a Wattasid, retakes Fes with

3763:

1513: Al-Qa'im moves his base to Afughal, the burial place of

2813:

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibnʿAbd al-Raḥman al-Qāʾim Biamr Allāh

12468: 10702:

The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts

4433: 4386: 4239:

In the 16th century and in subsequent centuries the usage of

4199: 3868: 3650: 3547: 3405: 3312: 2978: 2929:

from the Portuguese. This caused the latter to also evacuate

2913: 2850: 2784: 2720: 2676: 2660: 2416: 2171: 2141: 291: 10486:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Sa῾di".

9701:. In Kwaku Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.). 8765:. Oxford University Press. pp. 22, 312, and elsewhere. 3769:

1517: Al-Qa'im dies; Saadian realm divided between his sons

2699:. Since the early 14th century they had been established at 2576:

captured Agadir from the Portuguese and eventually captured

9803:

Verses and Visions: The Maltese Islands in World Literature

8849:

Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (2011).

4415: 4211: 4159: 4157:

in Marrakesh and the ablutions pavilions in the courtyard (

4069: 3758: 3532: 3484: 3348: 3244:) "al-Mansur". The capture of a large number of Portuguese 3213: 3021: 3020:, the governor and general of the Spanish forces occupying 2845: 2708: 2556:

valley in southern Morocco in their resistance against the

2553: 2311: 11678: 4029:

rulers. This marked a new stage in the development of the

10057:. In Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Louis Gates, Henry (eds.). 5013: 4559: 4043:), the royal or sultanic government in Morocco. The word 4024:) used by the Saadi sultanate, according to Nabil Mouline 3789:

recognize Saadian rule over southern Morocco through the

3524: 10715: 10453: 10451: 10085:

Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Louis Gates, Henry, eds. (2010).

3280:). One consequence of this was a widespread adoption of 3037: 11517: 9512:

Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Clark, Desmond J. (1975).

9482:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012).

9455:

Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Clark, Desmond J. (1975).

4359:

that seen in some Andalusi examples centuries earlier.

10488:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

9915:. Princeton University (PhD thesis). pp. 127–130. 9565:

Reviving the Islamic caliphate in early modern Morocco

4605: 4009: 3836:

1557: Muhammad al-Shaykh assassinated by Ottoman agent

3050:, built between 1557 and 1571 with the sponsorship of 2739:

descent by claiming that they came from the family of

10448: 2691:(Muhammad's daughter), and more specifically through 10185:

Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent

10027:

Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

8735:

Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent

8364:

Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

4428:, a collection of prayers for Muhammad, composed by 3966:

of Spanish origin retained their heritage and their

3849:, Al-Ghalib's successor, is overthrown by his uncle 3795:

1536: Saadians defeat Wattasid army at Wadi al-'Abid

3619:

The ornate western pavilion in the courtyard of the

2908:, whereby Morocco was partitioned roughly along the 2756: 2572:

by 1525 and, after a period of rivalry, his brother

2512: 10138:

Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

9780: 9417:

Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

8449:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (30 January 2015). 2942:

Conquest of Fes and confrontation with the Ottomans

10718:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 10263:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 10238:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 9950: 2548:The dynasty's rise to power started in 1510, when 2537:in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was led by the 10744:Rosander, E. Evers and Westerlund, David (1997). 10417:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 10343:Ahmad al-Mansur: The Beginnings of Modern Morocco 10084: 9673:Ahmad al-Mansur: the beginnings of modern Morocco 3276:or of other Ottoman background (many of them non- 3205:on August 4. In the ensuing battle, known as the 13174: 10653:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 566–569. 10485: 9217:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI 4473: 3673: 3138:himself. Soon afterwards the sultan ordered the 3122:Upon Abdallah al-Ghalib's death in 1574 his son 9511: 9481: 9454: 8789:Mouline, Nabil (2009). "La genèse d'un règne". 4455:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman Abu Abdallah al-Qaim 16:1510–1659 state in Morocco and Northwest Africa 10395:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 10388: 9091:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 8448: 4264: 3779:1524 or 1525: Ahmad al-'Araj takes control of 3705:, becoming one of the most important bases of 3682:(r. 1631–1636), followed by his other brother 2823:In 1513 Al-Qa'im also appointed his elder son 2624:later conquered Marrakesh in 1668 and led the 13218:States and territories disestablished in 1659 11694: 11503: 10862: 10339: 10212:Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art 10118:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 9669: 9349:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 4469:(1544–49; viceroy in the Sous before 1543–44) 3566: 3441:Conquest of the western Sudan under Al-Mansur 2474: 1137: 13151:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 10240:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 309–311. 9787:Journal of Ottoman Studies 45 (2015): 57-96. 35: 10777:(in Arabic). Rabat: Centre Jacques-Berque. 9880: 9629:. University of Chicago Press. p. 82. 9518:. Cambridge University Press. p. 408. 9461:. Cambridge University Press. p. 406. 9267:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 3631:in 1609, after gaining control of the city. 2774:expansionism along its Atlantic coast. The 2675:The Saadi dynasty claimed descent from the 13213:States and territories established in 1510 11701: 11687: 11510: 11496: 10869: 10855: 10698: 9910: 9433: 8823: 8758: 4510: 3729:, with whom they signed a treaty in 1651. 2564:and other coastal cities. Al-Qai'm's son, 2481: 2467: 1144: 1130: 58: 10762:, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1984), pp. 252–253 10543: 10295: 9925: 9093:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9088: 8882: 4448: 2670: 2552:was declared leader of the tribes of the 10419:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 10181: 10113: 10024: 9953:Britain and the Islamic World: 1558-1713 9826: 9696: 9652: 9622: 9344: 8855:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150. 8731: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8550: 4391: 4179:In terms of religious architecture, the 4120: 4101: 4070:Beginnings of Moroccan national identity 4013: 3747: 3614: 3590: 3487:for a time and Ahmad al-'Araj had asked 3361: 3217: 3214:The reign of Ahmad al-Mansur (1578-1603) 3171: 3041: 2871: 12975: 10791:Le califat imaginaire d'Ahmad al-Mansûr 10720:. Paris: Louvre éditions. p. 555. 10699:Bongianino, Umberto (8 February 2018). 10373: 10310: 10235: 10163: 10159: 10157: 10131: 10127: 10125: 9944: 9881:Mikaberidze, Alexander (31 July 2011). 9799: 9705:. Oxford University Press. p. 23. 9488:. Oxford University Press. p. 23. 9410: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8826:Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517-1648 8792:Le califat imaginaire d'Ahmad al-Mansûr 8788: 8712: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8574: 3906:1627: Saadian realm is reunified under 3721:, an important Sufi brotherhood in the 3103:, redeveloped the royal palaces in the 2925:Portuguese. In 1541 Muhammad al-Shaykh 2835: 2529:), was a state which ruled present-day 13233:Tributary states of the Ottoman Empire 13175: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10612: 10610: 10481: 10479: 10414: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10166:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 10020: 10018: 10016: 9906: 9904: 9776: 9774: 9648: 9646: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9557: 9555: 9406: 9404: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9264: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8719:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4492:Abu Abdallah Mohammed II al-Mutawakkil 3874:1591: Saadian invasion of the western 3599:built the mosque and mausoleum in the 3447:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire 3176:Portuguese depiction of the corpse of 2977:and tribal allies sent by the Ottoman 2655:, including a potential alliance with 2612:, resulting in the establishment of a 11682: 11491: 10850: 10772: 10648: 10616: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10177: 10175: 10080: 10078: 10048: 10046: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9951:MacLean, Gerald; Nabil Matar (2011). 9833:. 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4920: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 3595:During his short reign in Marrakesh, 3038:Abdallah al-Ghalib and his successors 2795:(on the coast, near the mouth of the 908:Revolution of the King and the People 10876: 10709: 10525: 10408: 10378:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 10254: 10229: 10202: 10154: 10122: 10107: 10052: 9976: 9853: 9595: 9561: 8571: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8472: 4515: 3670:, who ruled the country until 1631. 3550:, as well as exotic animals such as 2867:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Slimane al-Jazuli 1159:Historical Arab states and dynasties 10760:Canadian Journal of African Studies 10692: 10635: 10607: 10476: 10376:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 10360: 10289: 10013: 9901: 9771: 9719: 9643: 9582: 9401: 9283: 9223: 8915: 4606:1627–59: Reunified rule and decline 4292:Pages from the so-called Qur'an of 4230:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Sliman al-Jazuli 4040: 4018:Possible appearance of the banner ( 4010:The role of the Sultan's government 3601:religious complex of Sidi Bel Abbès 3340: 3222:A Portuguese depiction of the 1578 2904:. The two sides agreed to the 1527 2526: 2502: 36: 13: 10738: 10504: 10423: 10311:Mouline, Nabil (11 January 2024). 10172: 10075: 10043: 9959: 9754:Ahmad Al-Mansur: Islamic Visionary 9532: 9502: 9107: 8779: 8551:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). 3819:1549: Muhammad al-Shaykh conquers 3584:(also known as Moulay Zaydan) and 14: 13244: 10766: 10748:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 10053:Cory, Stephen (2 February 2012). 9911:El Moudden, Abderrahmane (1992). 9623:Barletta, Vincent (15 May 2010). 8469: 8418:decisive battle of Wadi al-'Abid. 4443: 4206:, a library, a primary school, a 3261:that ultimately resulted in King 3008:in January 1554. They installed ' 2878:Zawiya and mausoleum of Al-Jazuli 2757:The rise of Al-Qa'im in the south 2719:origins through an ancestor from 502:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 11373:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 11081: 10590:"الصحافة بأسفي - Presse de Safi" 10340:Garcia-Arenal, Mercedes (2012). 9806:. Fondazzjoni patrimonju Malti. 9670:Garcia-Arenal, Mercedes (2012). 9360:Ženka, Josef (25 October 2018). 4300:in 1599, kept at the library of 4282: 4273: 3955:The arrival of large numbers of 3934:expulsion of the Jews from Spain 3515:in February 1591. It was led by 2791:In 1505 the Portuguese occupied 2751: 1580:Western dynasties and caliphates 1164: 1109: 1095: 820:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 441: 399: 385: 371: 357: 332: 318: 10667: 10582: 10566:. 5 August 2012. Archived from 10552: 10382: 10333: 10304: 10134:"The end of the Songhay Empire" 10059:Dictionary of African Biography 9919: 9874: 9860:. University of Chicago Press. 9847: 9830:Encyclopedia of the Renaissance 9827:Grendler, Paul F., ed. (1999). 9820: 9793: 9744: 9703:Dictionary of African Biography 9690: 9663: 9616: 9602:. University of Chicago Press. 9515:The Cambridge History of Africa 9485:Dictionary of African Biography 9475: 9458:The Cambridge History of Africa 9448: 9392: 9353: 8876: 8762:Dictionary of African Biography 8713:Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). 8421: 8411: 4430:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli 4091: 3744:, conquered Marrakesh in 1668. 3491:(r. 1539–1549), emperor of the 2964:, whose empire now extended to 10136:. In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.). 10116:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 10029:. Cambridge University Press. 9979:The Journal of African History 9415:. In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.). 9366:Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 9347:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 8842: 8828:. Penguin Books. p. 503. 8817: 8752: 8725: 8557:. Edinburgh University Press. 8442: 8386: 8374:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 4636: 4533:(1603–1606; in Fez after 1606) 3970:while the indigenous Moroccan 3867:1583: Saadian conquest of the 3816:and becomes sole Saadian ruler 3495:, to grant him control of the 3327:(birthday of the Prophet) and 3119:typically served as governor. 2766:who promoted the doctrines of 2610:invasion of the Songhai Empire 903:Opposition to European control 1: 13223:1510 establishments in Africa 9441:The Last Great Muslim Empires 8435: 4568:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir 4546:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir 4474:1549–1603: Sultans of Morocco 3922: 3674:Reunification and final years 3582:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir 3182:Caetano Moreira de Costa Lima 3061:Following the assassination, 3054:, during the reign of Moulay 769:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 10182:Bouasria, Abdelilah (2015). 8883:Abgadiyat, E. (9 May 2014). 8732:Bouasria, Abdelilah (2015). 8392:Also rendered in English as 4624:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Saghir 4580:Abu Faris Abdallah al-Wathiq 4574:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun 4531:Abu Faris Abdallah al-Wathiq 3757:recognized as leader of the 3732:The last Saadian sultan was 3684:Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir 3577:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun 7: 11708: 10619:The Qur'an: an encyclopedia 10490:. Oxford University Press. 10389:El Khatib-Boujibar, Naima. 10300:. Indiana University Press. 10093:. Oxford University Press. 10061:. Oxford University Press. 9751:Smith, Richard Lee (2006). 9697:Bennison, Amira K. (2012). 8357: 8325: 4265:Manuscripts and calligraphy 2801:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Aguer 2693:Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 2651:and pursued relations with 2513: 1300:Arab empires and caliphates 955:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 753:(beginning 19th century AD) 672:(beginning 11th century AD) 498:Classical to Late Antiquity 10: 13249: 10621:. Routledge. p. 387. 9926:Ben-Srhir, Khalid (2005). 4612:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II 4095: 4086: 3917: 3668:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II 3567:Succession war (1603–1627) 3561: 3444: 3427:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud 3207:Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin 3004:to attack Fes, where they 2973:before an army of Ottoman 2746: 896:Tangier International Zone 825:French conquest of Morocco 110:(1603–1627, rival capital) 18: 13144: 13096: 12613: 12017: 11716: 11530: 11449: 11381: 11318: 11309: 11242: 11233: 11150: 11141: 11114:Prefectures and provinces 11099: 11090: 11079: 11031: 11000: 10954: 10923: 10897: 10888: 10835: 10825: 10817: 10799: 10649:Blair, Sheila S. (2006). 10431:"Qantara - Saadian tombs" 10374:Marçais, Georges (1954). 10296:Gottreich, Emily (2006). 10114:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 10025:El Hamel, Chouki (2013). 9991:10.1017/S0021853700019861 9653:Berthier, Pierre (1985). 9378:10.1163/1878464X-00902013 9345:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 9089:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 8901:10.1163/22138609-90000027 8824:Greengrass, Mark (2014). 8801:10.3917/puf.mouli.2009.01 8455:. Routledge. p. 58. 8252: 8250: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8081: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8047: 8045: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7895: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7865: 7863: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7724: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7473: 7471: 7370: 7368: 7267: 7265: 7164: 7162: 7061: 7059: 6958: 6956: 6855: 6853: 6752: 6750: 6649: 6647: 6546: 6544: 6443: 6441: 6340: 6338: 6237: 6235: 6134: 6132: 6031: 6029: 5928: 5926: 5825: 5823: 5722: 5720: 5619: 5617: 5516: 5514: 5407: 5405: 5298: 5296: 5189: 5187: 5082: 5080: 5021: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4958: 4901: 4899: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4843: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4498:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I 4136:, completed in 1564-65 CE 3847:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil 3841:Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib 3124:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil 3032: 2598:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil 616:Territorial fragmentation 297: 287: 283: 273: 260: 251:Battle of the Three Kings 247: 234: 221: 211: 207: 199: 195: 183: 171: 167: 157: 142: 132: 118: 79: 74:Ruling dynasty of Morocco 69: 57: 52: 30: 13198:17th-century Arab people 13193:16th-century Arab people 10545:10.4000/perspective.7643 10415:Parker, Richard (1981). 10132:Abitbol, Michel (1992). 9854:Hess, Andrew C. (2010). 9800:Freller, Thomas (2008). 9659:. Paris: Éd. du C.N.R.S. 8852:Concise History of Islam 8452:Atlas of Islamic History 8379: 4234:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes 3938:soon after from Portugal 3858:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 3823:and expels the Wattasids 3476:, the Mai (king) of the 3252:resulted in a flurry of 3224:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 3180:before Ahmad al-Mansur, 2994:Suleiman the Magnificent 2892:'s body here around 1524 1608:Umayyad state of Córdoba 717:other political entities 264:Defeat of Songhai Empire 13208:17th century in Morocco 13203:16th century in Morocco 10773:Nabil, Mouline (2013). 10459:"Koran of Muley Zaidan" 10140:. UNESCO. p. 201. 9419:. UNESCO. p. 201. 9265:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 4511:1603–27: Succession war 4210:(public bathhouse), an 4114:, mausoleum chamber of 3402:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 3079:Battle of Wadi al-Laban 2594:Battle of Ksar el-Kebir 986:Western Sahara conflict 10941:Barghawata Confederacy 10346:. Simon and Schuster. 10091:Encyclopedia of Africa 9676:. Simon and Schuster. 9562:Cory, Stephen (2016). 9215:Rivet, Daniel (2012). 4449:1510–49: Rise to power 4419: 4137: 4118: 4025: 3703:Republic of Bou Regreg 3632: 3604: 3371: 3227: 3185: 3058: 2893: 2671:Origins of the dynasty 729:Principality of Debdou 620:(10th–11th century AD) 275:• Disestablished 21:Saadi (disambiguation) 13121:Medieval great powers 11221:Western Sahara status 11001:European protectorate 10910:Kingdom of Mauretania 9596:Hess, Andrew (1978). 4586:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 4540:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 4395: 4348:vowels and diacritics 4337:Koran de Muley Zaidan 4124: 4105: 4098:Moroccan architecture 4096:Further information: 4017: 3748:Chronological summary 3629:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 3618: 3610:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 3594: 3531:(both in present-day 3365: 3221: 3175: 3045: 3006:defeated the Saadians 2875: 2855:Muhammad al-Burtuqali 2832:city for themselves. 2799:), which they called 2703:in the valley of the 2665:Moroccan architecture 2568:, secured control of 2517:), also known as the 2198:Sultanate of Zanzibar 2113:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 596:Barghwata confederacy 554:(8th–10th century AD) 119:Common languages 13131:European colonialism 13116:Ancient great powers 11129:World Heritage Sites 11018:Spanish Protectorate 10915:Mauretania Tingitana 10811:House of Banu Zaydan 9443:, BRILL 1997, p.102 9411:El Fasi, M. (1992). 4003:sub-Saharan Africans 3839:1557–1574: Reign of 3753:1510: Saadian chief 3688:Pashalik of Timbuktu 3627:was commissioned by 2992:The Ottoman sultan, 2836:The sons of Al-Qa'im 2683:through the line of 867:Spanish protectorate 774:Hispano-Moroccan War 631:Caliphate of Córdoba 589:Emirate of Sijilmasa 530:Mauretania Tingitana 381:Pashalik of Timbuktu 19:For other uses, see 13126:Modern great powers 11013:French Protectorate 10651:Islamic Calligraphy 10526:Abid, Hiba (2017). 10435:www.qantara-med.org 9757:. Pearson Longman. 4196:Mamluk architecture 4185:Bab Doukkala Mosque 4169:Kasbah of Marrakesh 4155:Ben Youssef Madrasa 4126:Ben Youssef Madrasa 3853:, with Ottoman help 3457:Trans-Saharan trade 3366:The remains of the 3226:, published in 1629 3101:Ben Youssef Madrasa 3048:Bab Doukkala Mosque 2829:trans-Saharan trade 2778:, which ruled from 2519:Sharifian Sultanate 1175:Ancient Arab states 964:Moulay Bouazza plot 862:French protectorate 803:Treaty of Algeciras 764:Franco-Moroccan War 535:Exarchate of Africa 367:Bou Regreg Republic 213:• Established 11292:Telecommunications 10560:"الأشراف السعديون" 10463:Ziereis Facsimiles 9269:. Paris: LienArt. 8369:History of Morocco 4486:Abdallah al-Ghalib 4480:Muhammad al-Shaykh 4467:Muhammad al-Shaykh 4425:Dala'il al-Khayrat 4420: 4399:Dala'il al-Khayrat 4296:, commissioned by 4259:French authorities 4194:s and the earlier 4138: 4134:Abdallah al-Ghalib 4132:, built by Sultan 4119: 4026: 4021:al-'alam al-mansûr 3882:and defeat of the 3775:Muhammad al-Shaykh 3633: 3605: 3586:Abdallah al-Wathiq 3478:Kanem-Bornu Empire 3372: 3370:today in Marrakesh 3313:religious scholars 3228: 3186: 3111:, and started the 3084:attack Mustaghanim 3063:Abdallah al-Ghalib 3059: 3056:Abdallah al-Ghalib 2970:conquered the city 2894: 2880:today, founded in 2842:Muhammad al-Shaykh 2590:Abdallah al-Ghalib 2574:Muhammad al-Shaykh 2240:Current monarchies 1903:Sharifate of Mecca 1373:Emirate of Tbilisi 1363:Emirate of Armenia 1213:Kingdom of Osroene 1116:History portal 1102:Morocco portal 998:Hirak Rif Movement 993:2011–2012 protests 353:Dila'iya Sultanate 326:Wattasid Sultanate 13228:Former sultanates 13170: 13169: 13092: 13091: 13057:Polish–Lithuanian 12232:Gurjara-Pratihara 11676: 11675: 11519:Islamic dynasties 11485: 11484: 11445: 11444: 11305: 11304: 11229: 11228: 11160:Foreign relations 11137: 11136: 11077: 11076: 10845: 10844: 10836:Succeeded by 10784:978-9954-538-15-9 10727:978-2-35031-490-7 10660:978-0-7486-3540-5 10628:978-0-415-32639-1 10594:www.safipress.com 10497:978-0-19-530991-1 10353:978-1-78074-208-3 10313:Drapeaux du Maroc 10247:978-2-35031-490-7 10222:978-3-902782-31-1 10195:978-1-317-68143-4 10147:978-92-3-101711-7 10100:978-0-19-533770-9 10068:978-0-19-538207-5 10036:978-1-107-02577-6 9894:978-1-59884-336-1 9867:978-0-226-33031-0 9840:978-0-684-80508-5 9813:978-99932-7-191-8 9764:978-0-321-25044-5 9712:978-0-19-538207-5 9699:"'Abd al-Malik I" 9683:978-1-78074-208-3 9636:978-0-226-03739-4 9609:978-0-226-33031-0 9575:978-1-317-06343-8 9525:978-0-521-20981-6 9495:978-0-19-538207-5 9468:978-0-521-20981-6 9426:978-92-3-101711-7 9276:978-2-35906-182-6 8862:978-93-82573-47-0 8810:978-2-13-057240-4 8772:978-0-19-538207-5 8745:978-1-317-68143-4 8564:978-0-7486-2137-8 8462:978-1-317-58897-9 8323: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8202: 8185: 8170: 8155: 8142: 8009: 7992: 7973: 7956: 7831: 7812: 7793: 7672: 7653: 7536: 5463:Abd Allah al-Nafs 5016:Ali ibn Abi Talib 4618:Muhammad al-Walid 4602: 4601: 4165:Qarawiyyin Mosque 3880:Battle of Tondibi 3680:Muhammad al-Walid 3621:Qarawiyyin Mosque 3521:Battle of Tondibi 3415:Earl of Leicester 3389:Algerian corsairs 3259:succession crisis 3144:Battle of ar-Rukn 3093:Battle of Lepanto 3089:Morisco uprisings 2910:Oum Er-Rbia River 2809:Muhammad al-Qa'im 2685:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2550:Muhammad al-Qa'im 2511: 2491: 2490: 2456: 2455: 2231: 2230: 2223:Tippu Tip's State 2121: 2120: 2093:Emirate of Beihan 1825:Arabian Peninsula 1816: 1815: 1571: 1570: 1355:Eastern dynasties 1346: 1345: 1291: 1290: 1203:Nabataean Kingdom 1193:Kingdom of Lihyan 1154: 1153: 788:Treaty of Wad Ras 719: 636:Fatimid Caliphate 570:Umayyad Caliphate 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 345: 344: 225:Capture of Agadir 185:• 1655–1659 178:Muhammad al-Qa'im 173:• 1510–1517 111: 103: 95: 89: 13240: 12973: 12972: 12638:Austro-Hungarian 12338:Chagatai Khanate 11703: 11696: 11689: 11680: 11679: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11489: 11488: 11465: 11458: 11406:Hassaniya Arabic 11316: 11315: 11240: 11239: 11182:Sûreté Nationale 11148: 11147: 11097: 11096: 11085: 11069:2011–12 protests 10946:Kingdom of Nekor 10895: 10894: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10848: 10847: 10839:Alaouite dynasty 10827:Ruling house of 10821:Wattasid dynasty 10818:Preceded by 10797: 10796: 10788: 10732: 10731: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10646: 10633: 10632: 10614: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10570:on 5 August 2012 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10523: 10502: 10501: 10483: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10455: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10386: 10380: 10379: 10371: 10358: 10357: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10317:Flags of Morocco 10308: 10302: 10301: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10179: 10170: 10169: 10161: 10152: 10151: 10129: 10120: 10119: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10087:"Songhai Empire" 10082: 10073: 10072: 10050: 10041: 10040: 10022: 10011: 10010: 9974: 9957: 9956: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9908: 9899: 9898: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9778: 9769: 9768: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9694: 9688: 9687: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9593: 9580: 9579: 9559: 9530: 9529: 9509: 9500: 9499: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9452: 9446: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9408: 9399: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9372:(2–3): 341–376. 9357: 9351: 9350: 9342: 9281: 9280: 9262: 9221: 9220: 9212: 9105: 9104: 9086: 8913: 8912: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8786: 8777: 8776: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8710: 8569: 8568: 8548: 8467: 8466: 8446: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8390: 8311: 8200: 8183: 8168: 8153: 8140: 8007: 7990: 7971: 7954: 7829: 7810: 7791: 7670: 7651: 7534: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4516: 4383:geometric motifs 4286: 4277: 4247:Dar Batha Museum 4181:Mouassine Mosque 4042: 3968:Spanish language 3431:Spanish colonies 3342: 3178:King Sebastian I 3097:Mouassine Mosque 2898:Ahmad al-Wattasi 2776:Wattasid dynasty 2622:Moulay al-Rashid 2588:in 1557 his son 2535:Northwest Africa 2528: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2244: 2243: 2208:Nabahani dynasty 2153:Nabahani dynasty 2138:Makhzumi dynasty 2134: 2133: 1829: 1828: 1584: 1583: 1383:Emirate of Crete 1359: 1358: 1304: 1303: 1283:Kingdom of Kinda 1233:Kingdom of Hatra 1183:Kingdom of Qedar 1179: 1178: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1052:History by topic 929: 928: 891:Tangier Protocol 846: 845: 793:Treaty of Madrid 755: 754: 734:Republic of Salé 716: 674: 673: 622: 621: 584:Emirate of Nekor 556: 555: 504: 503: 445: 435: 417: 416: 403: 402: 389: 388: 375: 374: 361: 360: 349: 348: 336: 335: 322: 321: 315: 314: 299: 298: 127:Berber languages 109: 101: 93: 87: 62: 47: 39: 38: 28: 27: 13248: 13247: 13243: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13237: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13166: 13155:American Empire 13140: 13136:African empires 13088: 12971: 12663:Central African 12609: 12427:Romano-Germanic 12013: 11747:Middle Assyrian 11720: 11712: 11707: 11677: 11672: 11526: 11516: 11486: 11481: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11441: 11425:Moroccan people 11401:Moroccan Arabic 11377: 11301: 11247:Bank Al-Maghrib 11225: 11133: 11086: 11073: 11027: 11023:Operation Torch 10996: 10950: 10936:Idrisid dynasty 10919: 10884: 10875: 10841: 10832: 10823: 10813: 10808: 10785: 10769: 10741: 10739:Further reading 10736: 10735: 10728: 10714: 10710: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10661: 10647: 10636: 10629: 10615: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10588: 10587: 10583: 10573: 10571: 10558: 10557: 10553: 10524: 10505: 10498: 10484: 10477: 10467: 10465: 10457: 10456: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10387: 10383: 10372: 10361: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10327: 10309: 10305: 10294: 10290: 10259: 10255: 10248: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10196: 10180: 10173: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10130: 10123: 10112: 10108: 10101: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10023: 10014: 9975: 9960: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9924: 9920: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9825: 9821: 9814: 9798: 9794: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9713: 9695: 9691: 9684: 9668: 9664: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9594: 9583: 9576: 9560: 9533: 9526: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9453: 9449: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9409: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9358: 9354: 9343: 9284: 9277: 9263: 9224: 9213: 9108: 9101: 9087: 8916: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8847: 8843: 8836: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8730: 8726: 8711: 8572: 8565: 8549: 8470: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8432: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8360: 8355: 8353: 8328: 8310: 8306: 8199: 8195: 8193: 8182: 8178: 8167: 8164:Abd al-Malik II 8163: 8152: 8149: 8139: 8135: 8006: 8002: 8000: 7989: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7970: 7966: 7964: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7809: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7790: 7786: 7784: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7650: 7646: 7533: 7529: 7527: 7422: 7319: 7216: 7113: 7010: 6907: 6804: 6701: 6598: 6495: 6392: 6289: 6186: 6083: 5980: 5877: 5774: 5671: 5568: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5137: 5135: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5015: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4802:Abd al-Muttalib 4801: 4793:Abd al-Muttalib 4792: 4675: 4673: 4672:Abd al-Muttalib 4639: 4608: 4603: 4552: 4513: 4504:Ahmad al-Mansur 4476: 4451: 4446: 4344:British Library 4329:Zaydani Library 4316:Maghrebi script 4308: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4298:Ahmad al-Mansur 4289: 4288: 4287: 4279: 4278: 4267: 4116:Ahmad al-Mansur 4100: 4094: 4089: 4072: 4064:Moroccan Arabic 4054:(descendant of 4012: 3930:fall of Granada 3925: 3920: 3908:Abd al-Malik II 3862:Ahmad al-Mansur 3798:1541: Saadians 3791:Treaty of Tadla 3750: 3690:, ruled by the 3676: 3569: 3564: 3449: 3443: 3419:Barbary Company 3317:Abbasid caliphs 3274:Ottoman Algeria 3216: 3167:Queen Elizabeth 3165:) and England ( 3107:, repaired the 3040: 3035: 3018:Count Alcaudete 3014:Battle of Tadla 2944: 2927:captured Agadir 2906:Treaty of Tadla 2838: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2715:. They claimed 2673: 2628:to establish a 2602:Ahmad al-Mansur 2527:السلطنة الشريفة 2495:Saadi Sultanate 2487: 2458: 2457: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2168:Mahdali dynasty 2131: 2123: 2122: 2063:Muscat and Oman 1833:Imamate of Oman 1826: 1818: 1817: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1223:Emesene Dynasty 1176: 1150: 1121: 1110: 1108: 1096: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1079:Imperial cities 1024: 1017: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1003:Abraham Accords 948:Moroccanization 932: 931: 926: 925: 924: 914: 913: 912: 874:French Conquest 849: 848: 843: 842: 841: 831: 830: 829: 758: 757: 752: 751: 750: 740: 739: 738: 724:Zawiya Dila'iya 718: 712: 677: 676: 671: 670: 669: 659: 658: 657: 625: 624: 619: 618: 617: 607: 606: 605: 601:Idrisid dynasty 565:Muslim conquest 559: 558: 553: 552: 551: 541: 540: 539: 507: 506: 501: 500: 499: 489: 488: 487: 455: 433: 426: 400: 395:Alawi Sultanate 386: 372: 358: 333: 319: 276: 266: 253: 240: 227: 214: 186: 174: 114: 65: 48: 41: 33: 32:Saadi Sultanate 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13246: 13236: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13188:Arab dynasties 13185: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13148: 13146: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13100: 13098: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13002: 12992: 12987: 12981: 12979: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12937: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12920: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12893: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12881: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12832: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12768: 12758: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12736: 12735: 12734: 12729: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12712: 12702: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12665: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12619: 12617: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12550: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12434: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12294: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12118: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12091: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12021: 12019:Post-classical 12015: 12014: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12009: 11999: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11818:Middle Kingdom 11815: 11805: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11774:Neo-Babylonian 11771: 11766: 11764:Old Babylonian 11756: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11739: 11734: 11728: 11726: 11714: 11713: 11706: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11683: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11651:(1666–present) 11646: 11640: 11634: 11628: 11622: 11616: 11610: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11515: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11492: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11467: 11466: 11459: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11437:Western Sahara 11434: 11433: 11432: 11422: 11421: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11403: 11387: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11282:Western Sahara 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11209:Prime Minister 11206: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11124:Western Sahara 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10958: 10956: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10901: 10899: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10874: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10851: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10834: 10824: 10819: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10800: 10795: 10794: 10783: 10768: 10767:External links 10765: 10764: 10763: 10756: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10726: 10708: 10691: 10666: 10659: 10634: 10627: 10606: 10581: 10551: 10538:(2): 173–188. 10503: 10496: 10475: 10447: 10422: 10407: 10391:"Zellij panel" 10381: 10359: 10352: 10332: 10325: 10303: 10288: 10275:10.2307/991758 10269:(3): 310–327. 10253: 10246: 10228: 10221: 10201: 10194: 10171: 10153: 10146: 10121: 10106: 10099: 10074: 10067: 10042: 10035: 10012: 9985:(4): 457–475. 9958: 9943: 9936: 9918: 9900: 9893: 9873: 9866: 9846: 9839: 9819: 9812: 9792: 9770: 9763: 9743: 9727:"Badi' Palace" 9718: 9711: 9689: 9682: 9662: 9642: 9635: 9615: 9608: 9581: 9574: 9531: 9524: 9501: 9494: 9474: 9467: 9447: 9432: 9425: 9400: 9391: 9352: 9282: 9275: 9222: 9106: 9099: 8914: 8895:(1): 150–194. 8875: 8861: 8841: 8834: 8816: 8809: 8778: 8771: 8751: 8744: 8724: 8570: 8563: 8468: 8461: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8420: 8410: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8356: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8188: 8186: 8173: 8171: 8158: 8156: 8145: 8143: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7995: 7993: 7976: 7974: 7959: 7957: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7815: 7813: 7802:Abd al-Malik I 7796: 7794: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7656: 7654: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138:Ali al-Mujtaba 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4648: 4647: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630:Ahmad al-Abbas 4627: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4444:List of Rulers 4442: 4396:A copy of the 4324:Topkapi Palace 4291: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4255:Moulay Isma'il 4174:Italian marble 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4071: 4068: 4011: 4008: 3957:Sephardic Jews 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3886: 3884:Songhai Empire 3872: 3865: 3854: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3796: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3771:Ahmad al-'Araj 3767: 3761: 3749: 3746: 3734:Ahmad al-Abbas 3675: 3672: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3540:Songhai Empire 3506:Askia Ishaq II 3493:Songhai Empire 3445:Main article: 3442: 3439: 3368:El Badi Palace 3345:Italian marble 3215: 3212: 3163:King Henri III 3148:Friday prayers 3128:Siege of Tunis 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3010:Ali Abu Hassun 2954:Ksar al-Seghir 2943: 2940: 2837: 2834: 2825:Ahmad al-'Araj 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2695:, grandson of 2672: 2669: 2632:over Morocco. 2626:'Alawi dynasty 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267:Ras al Khaymah 2259: 2258: 2255: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2183:Mazrui dynasty 2179: 2178: 2175: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1598:Fihrid Emirate 1594: 1593: 1590: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1105: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1023:Morocco in the 1019: 1018: 1016:Related topics 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 989: 988: 983: 978: 976:Madrid Accords 972: 971: 966: 961: 951: 950: 945: 940: 934: 933: 927:(1956–present) 921: 920: 919: 916: 915: 911: 910: 905: 899: 898: 893: 887: 886: 881: 876: 870: 869: 864: 858: 857: 851: 850: 838: 837: 836: 833: 832: 828: 827: 822: 817: 811: 810: 805: 800: 798:Tangier Crisis 795: 790: 784: 783: 781:Protégé system 777: 776: 771: 766: 760: 759: 747: 746: 745: 742: 741: 737: 736: 731: 726: 714: 713: 707: 702: 696: 695: 690: 685: 679: 678: 666: 665: 664: 661: 660: 656: 655: 650: 645: 639: 638: 633: 627: 626: 614: 613: 612: 609: 608: 604: 603: 598: 592: 591: 586: 580: 579: 573: 572: 567: 561: 560: 548: 547: 546: 543: 542: 538: 537: 532: 527: 521: 520: 515: 509: 508: 496: 495: 494: 491: 490: 486: 485: 480: 478:Iberomaurusian 474: 473: 468: 463: 457: 456: 451: 450: 447: 446: 438: 437: 428: 427: 420: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 397: 391: 390: 383: 377: 376: 369: 363: 362: 355: 346: 343: 342: 340:Songhai Empire 337: 329: 328: 323: 311: 310: 305: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 261: 258: 257: 254: 248: 245: 244: 241: 235: 232: 231: 228: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 193: 192: 190:Ahmad al-Abbas 187: 184: 181: 180: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 120: 116: 115: 113: 112: 104: 96: 90: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 50: 49: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13245: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13183:Saadi dynasty 13181: 13180: 13178: 13161: 13160:Soviet empire 13158: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13145:Miscellaneous 13143: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13095: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12974: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12776: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12744:German Empire 12742: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12485: 12484:Turco-Persian 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12351: 12348: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12272: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12119: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12020: 12016: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11760: 11757: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11704: 11699: 11697: 11692: 11690: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11508: 11506: 11501: 11499: 11494: 11493: 11490: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11464: 11460: 11457: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11438: 11435: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11170:Alawi dynasty 11168: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11089: 11084: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11008:Treaty of Fez 11006: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10931:Berber Revolt 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924:Early Islamic 10922: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10872: 10867: 10865: 10860: 10858: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10840: 10831: 10830: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10807: 10805: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10776: 10771: 10770: 10761: 10757: 10755: 10754:1-85065-282-1 10751: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10729: 10723: 10719: 10712: 10704: 10703: 10695: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10662: 10656: 10652: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10630: 10624: 10620: 10613: 10611: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10546: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10499: 10493: 10489: 10482: 10480: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10418: 10411: 10396: 10392: 10385: 10377: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10326:9789920500203 10322: 10318: 10314: 10307: 10299: 10292: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10257: 10249: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10213: 10205: 10197: 10191: 10188:. Routledge. 10187: 10186: 10178: 10176: 10167: 10160: 10158: 10149: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10126: 10117: 10110: 10102: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10081: 10079: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10055:"Judar Pasha" 10049: 10047: 10038: 10032: 10028: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9954: 9947: 9939: 9937:0-7146-5432-9 9933: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9907: 9905: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9877: 9869: 9863: 9859: 9858: 9850: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9823: 9815: 9809: 9805: 9804: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9775: 9766: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9747: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9714: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9693: 9685: 9679: 9675: 9674: 9666: 9658: 9657: 9649: 9647: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9619: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9577: 9571: 9568:. Routledge. 9567: 9566: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9527: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9508: 9506: 9497: 9491: 9487: 9486: 9478: 9470: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9451: 9445: 9442: 9436: 9428: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9407: 9405: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9278: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9218: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9102: 9100:0-521-33767-4 9096: 9092: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8879: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8845: 8837: 8835:9780241005965 8831: 8827: 8820: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8785: 8783: 8774: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8755: 8747: 8741: 8738:. Routledge. 8737: 8736: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8424: 8414: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8316: 8309: 8308: 8261: 8259: 8207: 8205: 8198: 8197: 8181: 8180: 8166: 8165: 8151: 8138: 8137: 8122: 8119: 8111: 8109: 8101: 8099: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8079: 8063: 8051: 8043: 8041: 8030: 8028: 8005: 8004: 7988: 7987: 7969: 7968: 7952: 7951: 7950:al-Mutawakkil 7946:Abu Abd Allah 7942: 7939: 7931: 7929: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7893: 7885: 7883: 7875: 7873: 7860: 7858: 7827: 7826: 7808: 7807: 7789: 7788: 7779: 7776: 7768: 7766: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7722: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7668: 7667: 7660:Abu Abd Allah 7649: 7648: 7647:Ahmad al-Araj 7633: 7630: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7586: 7578: 7576: 7565: 7563: 7532: 7531: 7526:Abu Abd Allah 7506: 7504: 7452: 7450: 7403: 7401: 7349: 7347: 7300: 7298: 7246: 7244: 7197: 7195: 7143: 7141: 7094: 7092: 7040: 7038: 6991: 6989: 6937: 6935: 6888: 6886: 6834: 6832: 6785: 6783: 6731: 6729: 6682: 6680: 6628: 6626: 6579: 6577: 6525: 6523: 6494:Abd Allah ibn 6476: 6474: 6422: 6420: 6373: 6371: 6319: 6317: 6270: 6268: 6216: 6214: 6167: 6165: 6113: 6111: 6064: 6062: 6010: 6008: 5961: 5959: 5907: 5905: 5858: 5856: 5804: 5802: 5755: 5753: 5701: 5699: 5652: 5650: 5598: 5596: 5549: 5547: 5495: 5493: 5466: 5459:Abu Abd Allah 5440: 5438: 5386: 5384: 5357: 5331: 5329: 5277: 5275: 5248: 5222: 5220: 5168: 5166: 5139: 5115: 5113: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5032: 5019: 4999: 4997: 4943: 4941: 4918: 4917:ibn Abd Allah 4884: 4882: 4828: 4826: 4803: 4794: 4791:Abu Talib ibn 4776: 4773: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4706: 4704: 4677: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645:Sa'di dynasty 4643: 4642: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4461:Ahmad al-Araj 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4339:in Spanish). 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4294:Moulay Zaydan 4285: 4276: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4151:Saadian Tombs 4148: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108:Saadian Tombs 4104: 4099: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3890:Moulay Zaydan 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3742:Moulay Rashid 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489:Askia Ishaq I 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3267:Mediterranean 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3220: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3203:Ksar al-Kebir 3200: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3158:Ottoman lines 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3117:heir apparent 3114: 3113:Saadian Tombs 3110: 3109:Kasbah Mosque 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3052:Lalla Mas'uda 3049: 3044: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2886:Ahmad al-Araj 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2752:Rise to power 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723:and rendered 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711:valley, near 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:Hasan ibn Ali 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2630:new sultanate 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:Ahmad al-Araj 2563: 2560:who occupied 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2539:Saadi dynasty 2536: 2533:and parts of 2532: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2357:Umm al-Quwain 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1658:Muslim Sicily 1656: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1287:450 AD–550 AD 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227:64 BC–300s AD 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217:132 BC–244 AD 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207:400 BC–106 AD 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197:600 BC–100 BC 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187:800 BC–300 BC 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1012: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 990: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969:Years of lead 967: 965: 962: 960: 956: 953: 952: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 930: 918: 917: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 856: 855:Treaty of Fez 853: 852: 847: 835: 834: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808:Agadir Crisis 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 782: 779: 778: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 756: 744: 743: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 720: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 675: 663: 662: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 623: 611: 610: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577:Berber Revolt 575: 574: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 557: 550:Early Islamic 545: 544: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 505: 493: 492: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 449: 448: 444: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 424: 419: 418: 398: 396: 393: 392: 384: 382: 379: 378: 370: 368: 365: 364: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 341: 338: 331: 330: 327: 324: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 282: 278: 272: 268: 265: 259: 255: 252: 246: 242: 239: 238:Battle of Fez 233: 229: 226: 220: 216: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 188: 182: 179: 176: 170: 166: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 108: 105: 100: 97: 91: 85: 84: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 61: 56: 51: 45: 29: 26: 22: 12911:Contemporary 12878: 12761:Indo-Persian 12749:Nazi Germany 12693:Contemporary 12595:Vijayanagara 12494:Great Seljuk 12405:Thessalonica 12333:Golden Horde 11973:Carthaginian 11752:Neo-Assyrian 11737:Neo-Sumerian 11642: 11383:Demographics 11338:Coat of arms 11323:Architecture 11192:Human rights 10826: 10810: 10801: 10790: 10774: 10759: 10745: 10717: 10711: 10701: 10694: 10682:. 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al-Fitr 3190:Sebastian I 3002:Salah Ra'is 2987:Hasan Pasha 2975:Janissaries 2649:West Africa 2157:Pate Island 2130:East Africa 1923:Sulaymanids 1863:Ukhaidhirds 1648:Sulaymanids 1618:Muhallabids 1523:Munqidhites 1423:Shirvanshah 1277:300s–602 AD 1247:196–1100 AD 1237:100s–241 AD 981:Green March 432:History of 303:Preceded by 137:Sunni Islam 102:(1525–1659) 94:(1513–1525) 88:(1510–1513) 13177:Categories 13069:Portuguese 12950:Revival Le 12940:Vietnamese 12583:Later Tran 12553:Vietnamese 12449:Singhasari 12437:Holy Roman 12061:Bulgarian 11997:Satavahana 11968:Phoenician 11904:Achaemenid 11865:Indo-Greek 11845:Macedonian 11759:Babylonian 11601:Almoravids 11591:(973–1148) 11567:(790–1066) 11537:(710–1019) 11348:Literature 11272:Casablanca 11267:Investment 11204:Parliament 11039:Mohammed V 10967:Almoravids 10905:Prehistory 10833:1549–1659 10705:(Lecture). 10564:archive.is 8436:References 8162:Abu Marwan 7999:Abu Ma'ali 7825:al-Dhahabi 7800:Abu Marwan 7528:Muhammad I 7217:ibn Zaydan 5465:al-Zakiyya 5018:al-Murtada 4674:Shayba ibn 4418:in Medina. 4320:Mehmed III 3978:synagogues 3963:Megorashim 3923:Population 3804:Portuguese 3660:High Atlas 3304:Andalusian 2998:suzerainty 2797:Sous river 2772:Portuguese 2705:Draa River 2641:suzerainty 2558:Portuguese 2541:, an Arab 2443:Hashemites 2398:Al Maktoum 2368:Al Khalifa 2053:Upper Yafa 2043:Ya'arubids 1883:Qarmatians 1768:Sumadihids 1257:220–638 AD 1253:Ghassanids 683:Almoravids 525:Mauretania 466:Mousterian 453:Prehistory 143:Government 13062:Couronian 12700:Ethiopian 12688:Manchukuo 12643:Brazilian 12489:Ghaznavid 12459:Srivijaya 12410:Trebizond 12395:Byzantine 12377:North Sea 12372:Norwegian 12360:Almoravid 12343:Ilkhanate 12313:Majapahit 12286:Muromachi 12195:Solomonic 12180:Ethiopian 12094:Caliphate 12027:Aragonese 11855:Ptolemaic 11667:Senussids 11655:Husaynids 11637:Wattasids 11625:Zayyanids 11595:Hammadids 11585:(909–973) 11579:(814–922) 11573:(800–909) 11571:Aghlabids 11561:(788–985) 11555:(777–909) 11553:Rustamids 11549:(771–793) 11543:(757–976) 11541:Midrarids 11391:Languages 11252:Companies 11092:Geography 11044:Hassan II 10982:Wattasids 9413:"Morocco" 9386:1878-4631 9219:. Fayard. 8909:2213-8609 8889:Abgadiyat 8715:"Saʿdids" 8196:al-Saghir 8194:al-Shaykh 8134:Abd Allah 7986:al-Ma'mun 7984:al-Shaykh 7967:al-Wathiq 7965:Abd Allah 7963:Abu Faris 7823:al-Mansur 7785:Abd Allah 7664:al-Shaykh 7114:ibn Ahmad 7009:Ahmad ibn 6599:Abd Allah 6393:ibn Arafa 6288:Arafa ibn 5878:ibn Ahmad 5773:Ahmad ibn 5352:Abd Allah 5031:al-Zahra' 5025:Umm Abiha 4632:(1655–59) 4626:(1636–55) 4620:(1631–36) 4614:(1627–31) 4523:Marrakesh 4500:(1576–78) 4494:(1574–76) 4488:(1557–74) 4482:(1549–57) 4463:(1517–44) 4457:(1510–17) 4404:al-Jazuli 4356:arabesque 4261:in 1917. 4212:ablutions 4163:) of the 4130:Marrakesh 4112:Marrakesh 4081:Marruecos 3986:Sephardic 3942:expelling 3898:Al-Ma'mun 3894:Abu Faris 3787:Wattasids 3781:Marrakesh 3765:Al-Jazuli 3719:Dala'iyya 3597:Abu Faris 3552:elephants 3470:Caribbean 3435:New World 3406:saltpeter 3377:Murad III 3290:beylerbey 3286:artillery 3263:Philip II 3140:beylerbey 3136:Murad III 2890:Al-Jazuli 2882:Marrakesh 2768:al-Jazuli 2764:marabouts 2733:Tagmadert 2717:Sharifian 2713:Taroudant 2701:Tagmadert 2645:gunpowder 2582:Wattasids 2580:from the 2570:Marrakesh 2545:dynasty. 2543:Sharifian 2508:romanized 2428:Al Sharqi 2383:Al Nuaimi 2353:Al Mualla 2342:Abu Dhabi 2338:Al Nahyan 2278:Al Qasimi 2263:Al Qasimi 2227:1860–1887 2217:1858–1895 2202:1856–1964 2192:1746–1828 2177:1277–1495 2162:1203–1894 2117:1926–1970 2107:1906–1934 2097:1903–1967 2087:1858–1967 2083:Qu'aitids 2077:1836–1921 2073:Rashidids 2067:1820–1970 2057:1800–1967 2047:1624–1742 2037:1597–1872 2027:1463–1521 2017:1454–1526 2007:1395–1967 2003:Kathirids 1997:1305–1487 1993:Jarwanids 1987:1253–1320 1977:1229–1454 1967:1159–1174 1957:1154–1624 1953:Nabhanids 1947:1083–1174 1937:1076–1253 1927:1063–1174 1917:1047–1138 1913:Sulayhids 1812:1837–1969 1808:Senussids 1802:1554–1659 1792:1230–1492 1782:1049–1078 1772:1041–1091 1762:1039–1110 1752:1031–1091 1748:Jawharids 1742:1027–1063 1738:Muzaynids 1732:1026–1057 1728:Hammudids 1722:1023–1062 1718:Yahsubids 1712:1023–1091 1702:1020–1086 1692:1013–1039 1682:1012–1051 1672:1004–1412 1638:Aghlabids 1567:1697–1842 1557:1517–1865 1547:1480–1677 1537:1517–1697 1527:1025–1157 1517:1024–1080 1513:Mirdasids 1503:Numayrids 1483:Jarrahids 1473:Mazyadids 1453:Hamdanids 1443:Hashimids 1403:Habbarids 1393:Dulafids 1243:Tanukhids 879:Zaian War 844:(1912–56) 700:Wattasids 653:Maghrawas 461:Acheulean 151:Sultanate 133:Religion 99:Marrakesh 53:1510–1659 13042:Japanese 13005:Scottish 12985:American 12977:Colonial 12906:Imperial 12874:Moroccan 12810:Japanese 12788:Afsharid 12647:Burmese 12633:Austrian 12588:Later Le 12563:Early Le 12548:Venetian 12474:Tiwanaku 12387:Hellenic 12350:Moroccan 12281:Kamakura 12271:Japanese 12254:Saffarid 12207:Georgian 12121:Chalukya 12099:Rashidun 12089:Calakmul 12057:Bruneian 11936:Haryanka 11914:Sasanian 11909:Parthian 11860:Bactrian 11850:Seleucid 11830:Goguryeo 11808:Egyptian 11742:Assyrian 11732:Akkadian 11723:Colonies 11649:'Alawids 11631:Marinids 11613:Almohads 11583:Fatimids 11565:Ifranids 11559:Idrisids 11535:Salihids 11472:Category 11430:diaspora 11363:Religion 11187:Military 11143:Politics 10977:Marinids 10972:Almohads 10962:Idrisids 10882:articles 10684:21 March 10574:19 March 10468:22 March 10400:22 March 10168:. Brill. 10007:41500711 9999:11632225 8721:. Brill. 8358:See also 8326:Timeline 8307:al-Abbas 8192:Muhammad 8179:al-Walid 8177:Muhammad 8003:al-Nasir 7806:al-Ghazi 7666:al-Mahdi 7662:Muhammad 7530:al-Qa'im 7421:Muhammad 7011:Muhammad 6700:Muhammad 6496:Muhammad 6391:Muhammad 6290:al-Hasan 6187:Abu Bakr 6082:Abu Bakr 5981:al-Hasan 5876:al-Hasan 5672:al-Qasim 5569:Muhammad 5356:al-Kamil 5245:al-Hasan 5029:Muhammad 4915:Muhammad 4412:Abu Bakr 4408:Muhammad 4312:Maghrebi 4304:in Spain 4249:in Fes. 4232:and the 4220:latrines 4183:and the 4143:Moroccan 4056:Muhammad 3973:Toshavim 3946:Moriscos 3814:Tafilalt 3755:Al-Qa'im 3556:Americas 3529:Timbuktu 3468:and the 3321:Muhammad 3282:firearms 3250:nobility 3150:and the 3132:Istanbul 3099:and the 3027:Abdallah 2962:Ottomans 2931:Azemmour 2921:region. 2919:Tafilalt 2912:(in the 2737:Hassanid 2681:Muhammad 2679:prophet 2659:against 2637:Idrisids 2618:Timbuktu 2614:Pashalik 2586:Ottomans 2503:السعديون 2432:Fujairah 2413:Al Thani 2323:Al Sabah 2212:Wituland 2147:896–1279 2103:Idrisids 2033:Qasimids 2013:Tahirids 1983:Usfurids 1973:Rasulids 1943:Zurayids 1907:968–1925 1893:Wajihids 1887:899–1077 1877:897–1962 1867:865–1066 1853:Yufirids 1847:819–1138 1843:Ziyadids 1837:751–1970 1778:Tahirids 1708:Abbadids 1688:Tujibids 1662:831–1091 1628:Idrisids 1612:756–1031 1592:710–1019 1588:Salihids 1553:Harfushs 1543:Turabays 1507:990–1081 1497:990–1096 1493:Uqaylids 1487:970–1107 1477:961–1150 1467:955–1071 1463:Rawadids 1457:890–1004 1447:869–1075 1427:861–1538 1413:Kaysites 1407:854–1011 1377:736–1122 1342:909–1171 1338:Fatimids 1332:750–1258 1328:Abbasids 1318:Umayyads 1308:Rashidun 1273:Lakhmids 1263:Salihids 1069:Military 1064:Economic 943:Sand War 938:Ifni War 815:Hafidiya 693:Marinids 688:Almohads 648:Miknasas 643:Ifranids 423:a series 421:Part of 288:Currency 147:Monarchy 92:Afughal 37:السعديون 13109:largest 13104:Empires 13084:Swedish 13079:Spanish 13074:Russian 13037:Italian 13012:Chinese 13000:English 12995:British 12990:Belgian 12965:Vietnam 12955:Tay son 12901:Tsarist 12896:Russian 12891:Ottoman 12857:Dzungar 12852:Khoshut 12825:Mexican 12820:Maratha 12803:Pahlavi 12783:Safavid 12778:Iranian 12705:Haitian 12668:Chinese 12628:Ashanti 12600:Wagadou 12526:Eastern 12521:Western 12504:Timurid 12464:Tibetan 12454:Songhai 12444:Serbian 12365:Almohad 12355:Idrisid 12259:Samanid 12249:Tahirid 12244:Iranian 12222:Kannauj 12202:Genoese 12138:Chinese 12131:Eastern 12126:Western 12114:Fatimid 12109:Abbasid 12104:Umayyad 12077:Burmese 12037:Ayyubid 12032:Angevin 12002:Xianbei 11990:Eastern 11985:Western 11931:Magadha 11894:Iranian 11887:Xiongnu 11872:Hittite 11781:Chinese 11769:Kassite 11718:Ancient 11710:Empires 11643:Sa'dids 11619:Hafsids 11523:Maghreb 11456:Outline 11333:Cuisine 11311:Culture 11287:Tourism 11277:Tangier 11235:Economy 11155:Cabinet 11119:Regions 10992:'Alawis 10898:Ancient 10890:History 10878:Morocco 10829:Morocco 10679:Granger 9731:Archnet 8406:Saadian 8402:Sa'dian 7423:ibn Ali 7320:Makhluf 7318:Ali ibn 7215:Makhluf 6084:ibn Ali 5979:Ali ibn 5775:Isma'il 4371:Marinid 4366:thuluth 4352:Abbasid 4218:) with 4214:house ( 4204:madrasa 4191:külliye 4147:Moorish 4087:Culture 4045:makhzen 4032:Makhzen 3950:Tétouan 3918:Society 3828:Ottoman 3738:'Alawis 3712:Mazagan 3699:Morisco 3638:Larache 3562:Decline 3497:Taghaza 3433:in the 3381:tribute 3357:leather 3333:El Badi 3302:tribe, 3278:Turkish 3254:ransoms 3246:knights 3194:crusade 2983:Algiers 2966:Algeria 2902:Demnate 2859:Hintata 2851:Spanish 2805:Genoese 2747:History 2741:Halimah 2729:shurafa 2677:Islamic 2657:England 2604:became 2531:Morocco 2510:: 2372:Bahrain 2308:Al Said 2293:Al Saud 2282:Sharjah 2252:Morocco 2248:'Alawis 2187:Mombasa 2023:Jabrids 1963:Mahdids 1933:Uyunids 1897:926–965 1873:Rassids 1857:847–997 1798:Saadids 1788:Nasrids 1698:Amirids 1678:Bakrids 1668:Kanzids 1652:814–922 1642:800–909 1632:788–974 1622:771–793 1602:745-757 1563:Shihabs 1533:Ma'nids 1437:864–928 1433:Alavids 1417:860–964 1397:840–897 1387:824–961 1367:654–884 1322:661–750 1312:632–661 959:in 1972 884:Rif War 749:Decline 483:Capsian 471:Aterian 434:Morocco 262:• 249:• 236:• 223:• 200:History 80:Capital 13047:Mongol 13032:German 13027:French 13017:Danish 12960:Dainam 12935:Tongan 12923:Somali 12918:Sokoto 12884:'Alawi 12862:Kalmyk 12842:Mongol 12835:Second 12815:Korean 12766:Mughal 12756:Indian 12739:German 12732:Second 12722:French 12715:Second 12651:Second 12623:Afghan 12615:Modern 12541:Kyrgyz 12536:Uighur 12531:Second 12511:Turkic 12479:Toltec 12415:Epirus 12400:Nicaea 12323:Mongol 12276:Yamato 12212:Huetar 12070:Second 12007:Rouran 11956:Shunga 11951:Maurya 11926:Kushan 11899:Median 11877:Hunnic 11835:Harsha 11589:Zirids 11525:region 11477:Portal 11418:French 11413:Berber 11396:Arabic 11328:Cinema 11262:Health 11257:Energy 11104:Cities 11032:Modern 10987:Saadis 10955:Empire 10880: 10781: 10752: 10724: 10657: 10625: 10599:10 May 10494: 10440:8 July 10350: 10323: 10283:991758 10281: 10244: 10219: 10192: 10144: 10097: 10065: 10033: 10005: 9997: 9934: 9891: 9864: 9837: 9810: 9761: 9736:12 May 9709: 9680: 9633: 9606: 9572: 9522: 9492: 9465: 9423: 9384: 9273: 9097: 8907: 8859: 8832: 8807: 8769: 8742: 8561: 8459: 8398:Sa'did 8001:Zaydan 7112:Zaydan 4909:Khatam 4676:Hashim 4597: 4414:, and 4375:Nasrid 4242:zellij 4225:zawiya 4216:mida'a 4208:hammam 4062:(from 4060:Moulay 4051:sharif 4037:Arabic 3991:minhag 3982:Arabic 3896:, and 3864:begins 3856:1578: 3845:1576: 3808:Agadir 3785:1527: 3707:piracy 3573:plague 3544:Djenné 3466:Brazil 3462:slaves 3394:caliph 3355:, and 3353:copper 3341:البديع 3337:Arabic 3325:Mawlid 3300:Zuwawa 3295:sipahi 3184:, 1886 3153:khutba 3105:Kasbah 3033:Apogee 2958:Asilah 2949:Meknes 2888:moved 2884:after 2863:Kasbah 2793:Agadir 2725:Sufism 2653:Europe 2606:sultan 2562:Agadir 2523:Arabic 2499:Arabic 2447:Jordan 2327:Kuwait 1758:Hudids 1074:Postal 1059:Jewish 923:Modern 710:Alawis 705:Saadis 668:Empire 425:on the 203: 163: 159:Sultan 123:Arabic 86:Tidsi 70:Status 44:Arabic 40: 13097:Lists 13052:Omani 13022:Dutch 12928:Isaaq 12879:Saadi 12847:Oirat 12830:First 12798:Qajar 12727:First 12710:First 12683:China 12656:Third 12516:First 12469:Tikal 12420:Morea 12390:Roman 12308:Latin 12303:Khmer 12298:Kanem 12264:Buyid 12190:Zagwe 12185:Aksum 12175:Chola 12082:First 12065:First 12052:Bornu 12047:Benin 12042:Aztec 11980:Roman 11961:Gupta 11946:Nanda 11882:White 11463:Index 11368:Sport 11358:Music 11353:Media 11297:Trade 11064:2000s 11054:1990s 11049:1970s 10315:[ 10279:JSTOR 10003:S2CID 9789:: 57. 8404:, or 8394:Sa'di 8380:Notes 8305:Ahmad 7821:Ahmad 4434:India 4416:'Umar 4387:tulip 4200:Egypt 4000:Black 3871:oases 3869:Touat 3806:from 3800:expel 3727:Dutch 3651:Mahdi 3548:ivory 3485:Touat 3453:Sudan 3241:laqab 3232:Ahmad 3199:Ahmad 3071:Ahmad 2979:Pasha 2914:Tadla 2846:amirs 2785:jihad 2721:Yanbu 2661:Spain 2417:Qatar 2402:Dubai 2387:Ajman 2172:Kilwa 2142:Shewa 1045:2010s 1040:2000s 1035:1990s 1030:1980s 1025:1970s 518:Roman 292:Dinar 12867:Bogd 12793:Zand 12771:Sikh 12678:Qing 12673:Ming 12605:Wari 12573:Tran 12558:Dinh 12328:Yuan 12318:Mali 12227:Pala 12217:Inca 12168:Yuan 12158:Song 12153:Liao 12148:Tang 11921:Kush 11803:Dʿmt 11343:Flag 11214:list 11175:list 11165:King 10779:ISBN 10750:ISBN 10722:ISBN 10686:2021 10655:ISBN 10623:ISBN 10601:2019 10576:2021 10492:ISBN 10470:2021 10442:2020 10402:2021 10348:ISBN 10321:ISBN 10242:ISBN 10217:ISBN 10190:ISBN 10142:ISBN 10095:ISBN 10063:ISBN 10031:ISBN 9995:PMID 9932:ISBN 9889:ISBN 9862:ISBN 9835:ISBN 9808:ISBN 9759:ISBN 9738:2020 9707:ISBN 9678:ISBN 9631:ISBN 9604:ISBN 9570:ISBN 9520:ISBN 9490:ISBN 9463:ISBN 9421:ISBN 9382:ISSN 9271:ISBN 9095:ISBN 8905:ISSN 8870:2017 8857:ISBN 8830:ISBN 8805:ISBN 8767:ISBN 8740:ISBN 8559:ISBN 8457:ISBN 4436:and 4373:and 4160:sahn 4106:The 4041:مخزن 3944:the 3936:and 3830:help 3802:the 3773:and 3759:Sous 3717:The 3656:Safi 3533:Mali 3385:Uluç 3349:silk 3292:and 3284:and 3248:and 3046:The 3022:Oran 2956:and 2935:Safi 2933:and 2876:The 2817:Haha 2709:Sous 2687:and 2554:Sous 2493:The 2312:Oman 279:1659 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