History of Morocco

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enough to merely adhere to God's law, but necessary to also destroy opposition to it. In Ibn Yasin's ideology, anything and everything outside of Islamic law could be characterized as "opposition". He identified tribalism, in particular, as an obstacle. He believed it was not enough to urge his audiences to put aside their blood loyalties and ethnic differences, and embrace the equality of all Muslims under the Sacred Law, it was necessary to make them do so. For the Lamtuna leadership, this new ideology dovetailed with their long desire to refound the Sanhaja union and recover their lost dominions. In the early 1050s, the Lamtuna, under the joint leadership of Yahya ibn Umar and Abdallah ibn Yasin—soon calling themselves the

2438: 2429: 3813: 4965:, Sultan Mohammed V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. The sultan agreed to institute reforms that would transform Morocco into a constitutional monarchy with a democratic form of government. As the French Foreign Minister Antoine Pinay had expressed, there was a willingness to grant Morocco its independence to "turn Morocco into a modern, democratic and sovereign state". In February 1956, Morocco acquired limited home rule. Further negotiations for full independence culminated in the French-Moroccan Agreement signed in Paris on 22 March 1956. 1689: 1091: 5102: 1173: 4016: 3020:. But Capilla refused to hand them over, forcing the Castilians to lay a long and difficult siege. The brave defiance of little Capilla, and the spectacle of al-Bayyasi's shipping provisions to the Castilian besiegers, shocked Andalusians and shifted sentiment back towards the Almohad caliph. A popular uprising broke out in Cordova – al-Bayyasi was killed and his head dispatched as a trophy to Marrakesh. But Caliph al-Adil did not rejoice in this victory for long – he was assassinated in Marrakesh in October 1227, by the partisans of Yahya, who was promptly acclaimed as the new Almohad caliph 2061: 1893:, to invade Morocco. His success forced the Idrisids to again accept Fatimid overlordship. Soon afterwards, however, when Jawhar and the Fatimids were busy taking control of Egypt, the Umayyads made a comeback. In 973 their general, Ghalib, invaded Morocco. The Idrisids were expelled from their territories and al-Hasan, along with many other Idrisids or their sons, were taken as hostages to Cordoba in 974. The remaining Idrisids in Morocco acknowledged Umayyad rule. Al-Hasan was later expelled from Cordoba and fled to Egypt, which was now under Fatimid rule. In 979 4628: 4152: 3265: 4415: 2671:, in the valley of the Nfis in the High Atlas, an impregnable fortified complex, which would serve both as the spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad movement. For the first eight years, the Almohad rebellion was limited to a guerilla war along the peaks and ravines of the High Atlas. In early 1130, the Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack in the lowlands. It was a disaster. The Almohads swept aside an Almoravid column that had come out to meet them before 2985:. Knowing they were outnumbered, the Almohad governors of the city refused to confront the Portuguese raiders, prompting the disgusted population of Seville to take matters into their own hands, raise a militia, and go out in the field by themselves. The result was a veritable massacre – the Portuguese men-at-arms easily mowed down the throng of poorly armed townsfolk. Thousands, perhaps as much as 20,000, were said to have been slain before the walls of Seville. A similar disaster befell a similar popular levy by 5001: 4144: 44: 3821: 4884: 3942: 1375: 3703: 5062:, in which state-held assets, agricultural lands, and businesses that were more than 50 percent foreign-owned—and especially French-owned—were transferred to political loyalists and high-ranking military officers. The Moroccanization of the economy affected thousands of businesses and the proportion of industrial businesses in Morocco that were Moroccan-owned immediately increased from 18% to 55%. 2/3 of the wealth of the Moroccanized economy was concentrated in 36 Moroccan families. 12606: 2331:. (Chroniclers such as al-Bakri allege Ibn Yasin's learning was superficial.) Ibn Yasin's initial meetings with the Gudala people went poorly. As he had more ardor than depth, Ibn Yasin's arguments were disputed by his audience. He responded to questioning with charges of apostasy and handed out harsh punishments for the slightest deviations. The Gudala soon had enough and expelled him almost immediately after the death of his protector, Yahya ibn Ibrahim, sometime in the 1040s. 3460:, which they made their administrative and military centre. While Fes had been a prosperous city throughout the Almohad period, even becoming the largest city in the world during that time, it was in the Marinid period that Fes reached its golden age, a period which marked the beginning of an official, historical narrative for the city. It is from the Marinid period that Fes' reputation as an important intellectual centre largely dates, they established the first 1720: 2812: 4644: 3080: 3565: 698: 3896: 3636: 2357: 2745: 2416: 5024:". Hassan took personal control of the government as prime minister and named a new cabinet. Aided by an advisory council, he drew up a new constitution, which was approved overwhelmingly in a December 1962 referendum. Under its provisions, the king remained the central figure in the executive branch of the government, but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary was guaranteed. 4953:. Two years later, faced with a united Moroccan demand for the sultan's return and rising violence in Morocco, as well as a deteriorating situation in Algeria, the French government brought Mohammed V back to Morocco, and the following year began the negotiations that led to Moroccan independence. So, with the triumphant return of Sultan Mohammed ben Youssef, the beginning of the end of the colonial era was marked. 1486: 4747: 712: 1979: 1628:. In 791 Idris I was poisoned and killed by an Abbasid agent. Even though he left no male heir, shortly after his death, his wife Lalla Kanza bint Uqba al-Awrabi, bore him his only son and successor, Idris II. Idris' loyal Arab ex-slave and companion Rashid brought up the boy and took on himself the regency of the state, on behalf of the Awraba. In 801 Rashid was killed by the 4852:(1927–1961) had approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered. The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists became evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. On 10 April 1947, in spite of a 1755:, quickly revolted against him. Muhammad entrusted his brother Umar, who had received the territories around the Rif, to punish Isa. Umar successfully drove Isa from power, who was forced to take refuge in Chellah, and then turned north to punish his other brother al-Qasim at Tangier because he had earlier refused to join him and Muhammad against Isa. Al-Qasim fled to 3355:). The relationship between them and the Almohads became strained and starting in 1215, there were regular outbreaks of fighting between the two parties. In 1217, they tried to occupy the eastern part of present-day Morocco, but they were expelled, pulling back and settling in the eastern Rif mountains where they remained for nearly 30 years. During their stay in the 4825:, a joint United States-British statement that set forth, among other things, the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live. The French regime also faced the opposition of the tribes — when the Berber were required to come under the jurisdiction of French courts in 1930, it increased support for the independence movement. 5164:, which ruled that despite historical "ties of allegiance" between Morocco and the tribes of Western Sahara, there was no legal justification for departing from the UN position on self-determination. Spain, meanwhile, had declared that even in the absence of a referendum, it intended to surrender political control of Western Sahara, and Spain, Morocco, and 4890: 4888: 4885: 4889: 3840:, which ruled Morocco from 1549 to 1659. From 1509 to 1549, the Saadi rulers had control of only the southern areas. While still recognizing the Wattasids as Sultans until 1528, Saadians' growing power led the Wattasids to attack them and, after an indecisive battle, to recognize their rule over southern Morocco through the 3065:, emerged as the central figure of these rebellions, systematically dislodging Almohad garrisons through central Spain. In October 1228, with Spain practically all lost, al-Ma'mun abandoned Seville, taking what little remained of the Almohad army with him to Morocco. Ibn Hud immediately dispatched emissaries to distant 5302:, killing 45 and injuring more than 100 others. The Moroccan government responded with a crackdown against Islamist extremists, ultimately arresting several thousand, prosecuting 1,200, and sentencing about 900. Additional arrests followed in June 2004. That same month, the United States designated Morocco a major non- 2238:. The Maghrawa also exploited this disunion to dislodge the Sanhaja Gazzula and Lamta out of their pasturelands in the Sous and Draa valleys. Around 1035, the Lamtuna chieftain Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tifat (alias Tarsina), tried to reunite the Sanhaja desert tribes, but his reign lasted less than three years. 5247:(USFP) won a plurality. International observers regarded the elections as free and fair, noting the absence of the irregularities that had plagued the 1997 elections. In May 2003, in honor of the birth of a son, the king ordered the release of 9,000 prisoners and the reduction of 38,000 sentences. Also in 2003, 3493:(r. 1331–1348), the Marinid army was large and disciplined. It consisted of 40,000 Zenata cavalry, while Arab nomads contributed to the cavalry and Andalusians were included as archers. The personal bodyguard of the sultan consisted of 7,000 men, and included Christian, Kurdish and Black African elements. Under 4782:. After proclaiming independence on 18 September 1921, the polity developed state and governing institutions such as tax collection, law enforcement and the organisation of an army. However, since 1925 the Spanish and French troops managed to quell the resistance and Abd el-Krim surrendered in May 1926. 4732:

elites advocated for the independence cause and brought the protectorate question to the forefront of the public debate. The independence movement eventually managed to bring their national claim for independence to the UN for the first time in 1951, gaining a vote of 20 states in favour and 23 against.

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record of the country improved markedly. One of the new king's first acts was to free approximately 8,000 political prisoners and reduce the sentences of another 30,000. He also established a commission to compensate families of missing political activists and others subjected to arbitrary detention.

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In early 1976, Spain ceded the administration of Western Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania. Morocco assumed control over the northern two-thirds of the territory and conceded the remaining portion in the south to Mauritania. An assembly of Saharan tribal leaders duly acknowledged Moroccan sovereignty.

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After the death of Abu Inan Faris in 1358, the real power lay with the viziers, while the Marinid sultans were paraded and forced to succeed each other in quick succession. The county was divided and political anarchy set in, with different viziers and foreign powers supporting different factions. In

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settlements such as Lixus and Chellah. The Berber kings ruled inland territories overshadowing the coastal outposts of Carthage and Rome, often as satellites, allowing Roman rule to exist. It became a client of the Roman empire in 33 BCE, then a full province after Emperor Caligula had the last king,

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on the Moroccan coast heralded many centuries of rule by foreign powers in the north of Morocco. Phoenician traders penetrated the western Mediterranean before the 8th century BCE, and soon after set up depots for salt and ore along the coast and up the rivers of the territory of present-day Morocco.

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in 1230. Ibn Hud scrambled to move remaining arms and men to save threatened or besieged Andalusian citadels, but with so many attacks at once, it was a hopeless endeavor. After Ibn Hud's death in 1238, some of the Andalusian cities, in a last-ditch effort to save themselves, offered themselves once

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Christianity was introduced to the region in the 2nd century CE, and gained converts in the towns and among slaves as well as among Berber farmers. By the end of the 4th century, the Romanized areas had been Christianized, and inroads had been made among the Berber tribes, who sometimes converted en

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The Moroccan government eventually sent a large portion of its combat forces into Western Sahara to confront the Polisario's forces, which were relatively small but well-equipped, highly mobile, and resourceful. The Polisario used Algerian bases for quick strikes against targets deep inside Morocco

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In order to gain influence at a global level, Moroccan nationalist movements globalised their cause by seeking to unite with the pan-arabism movement and the Arab League, extending their activism networks to Cairo. Another example is Paris, that became an important European city from where cultural

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Through its special international status and the French and US presence in Tangier, the city became a hub for anti-colonial activism. Fromout Tanger, a link was established between the inside resistance and activists from other countries. By creating a transnational network of supporters and public

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Morocco has been a key transnational hub in the struggle against colonialism in the Middle-east region. The end of World War II that had weakened European colonial powers, the start of the US-URSS search for influence and the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 praising universal equality,

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opportunistically ordered raids into Andalusian territory that same year. With Almohad arms, men and cash dispatched to Morocco to help Caliph al-Adil impose himself in Marrakesh, there was little means to stop the sudden onslaught. In late 1225, with surprising ease, the Portuguese raiders reached

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Ibn Tumart died shortly after, in August 1130. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse after such a devastating defeat and the death of their charismatic Mahdi, is likely due to the skills of his successor, Abd al-Mu'min. Ibn Tumart's death was kept a secret for three years, a period

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overlords in Cairo, and the jurists of Kairouan were agitating for him to do so. Within this heady atmosphere, Yahya and Abu Imran fell into conversation on the state of the faith in their western homelands, and Yahya expressed his disappointment at the lack of religious education and negligence of

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period, which followed the Mesolithic, the savanna was occupied by hunters and herders. The culture of these Neolithic hunters and herders flourished until the region began to desiccate after 5000 BCE as a result of climatic changes. The coastal regions of present-day Morocco in the early Neolithic

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The war against the Polisario guerrillas put severe strains on the economy, and Morocco found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically. Gradual political reforms in the 1990s culminated in the constitutional reform of 1996, which created a new bicameral legislature with expanded, although still

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reported a toll of 33 people and quoted an anonymous source claiming the real death toll was likely higher. The government denied reports that the deaths were due to the intervention of security forces and armoured vehicles. Many of those arrested were later released and the government promised to

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Following years of discontent and inequality during the 1980s, on 14 December 1990, a general strike was called by two major trade unions in the country to demand an increase in the minimum wage and other measures. In Fez, this broke into protests and rioting led by university students and youths.

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invited the man to preach to his people. The Lamtuna leaders, however, kept Ibn Yasin on a careful leash, forging a more productive partnership between them. Invoking stories of the early life of Muhammad, Ibn Yasin preached that conquest was a necessary addendum to Islamicization, that it was not

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in 931 in an attempt to gain more independence. The Fatimids sent Humayd ibn Yasal (or Hamid), the nephew of Masala ibn Habus, to confront Musa, defeating him in 933 and forcing him to fall back into line. The Idrisids took advantage of the situation to break the siege of their fortress and defeat

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After the death of Yahya I in 863 he was succeeded by his less competent son, Yahya II, who divided up the Idrisid realm yet again among the extended families. Yahya II died in uncertain circumstances in 866 after fleeing his palace. After an episode of disorder in Fes his cousin Ali ibn Umar took

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In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a "state of exception," which remained in

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and its leader Masala ibn Habus, acting on behalf of their Fatimid allies, attacked Fes and forced Yahya IV to recognize Fatimid suzerainty, before deposing him in 919 or 921. He was succeeded by his cousin Musa ibn Abul 'Afiya, who had already been given charge over the rest of the country. The

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The treaties nominally assured Morocco of its legal status as a sovereign state, with the sultan as its figurehead. In practice, the sultan had no real power and the country was ruled by the colonial administration. French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers and with their

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wanted a more aggressive military policy using his French army based in Algeria. France decided to use both diplomacy and military force. The French colonial authorities would establish control over the Sultan, ruling in his name and extending French influence. The British acceded to any French

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In the 15th century, it was hit by a financial crisis, after which the state had to stop financing the different marabouts and Sharifian families, which had previously been useful instruments in controlling different tribes. The political support of these marabouts and Sharifians halted, and it

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It was in this period that the Spanish Christians were first able to take the fighting to mainland present-day Morocco: in 1260 and 1267 they attempted an invasion, but both attempts were defeated. After gaining a foothold in Spain, the Marinids became active in the conflict between Muslims and

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and then assassinated on the way to Cordoba. This brought a final end to the Idrisid dynasty. The Umayyads kept control over northern Morocco until their caliphate's collapse in the early 11th century. Following this, Morocco was dominated by various Zenata Berber tribes. Until the rise of the

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or pagan. The Awraba seem to have welcomed a Sharifi imam as a way to strengthen their political position. Idris I, who was very active in the political organization of the Awraba, began by asserting his authority and working toward the subjugation of the Christian and Jewish tribes. In 789 he

1109:, controlled all the areas south of Volubilis. But the effective control of Roman legionaries reached as far as the area of Sala Colonia (the castra "Exploratio Ad Mercurios" south of Sala is the southernmost discovered up to now). Some historians believe the Roman frontier reached present-day 1074:

Rome controlled the vast, ill-defined territory through alliances with the tribes rather than through military occupation, expanding its authority only to those areas that were economically useful or that could be defended without additional manpower. Hence, Roman administration never extended

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has been characterized as the pebble that finally broke al-Andalus. It was the first internal coup among the Almohads. The Almohad clan, despite occasional disagreements, had always remained tightly knit and loyally behind dynastic precedence. Caliph al-Adil's murderous breach of dynastic and

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that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the Treaty of Fez, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. CAM used petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French officials to further its cause, but these proved

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renewed their raids deep into Muslim territory, basically unchecked. Feeling the Almohads had failed to protect them, popular uprisings took place throughout al-Andalus. City after city deposed their hapless Almohad governors and installed local strongmen in their place. A Murcian strongman,

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on 29 October 1956. The abolition of the Spanish protectorate and the recognition of Moroccan independence by Spain were negotiated separately and made final in the Joint Declaration of April 1956. Through this agreement with Spain in 1956 and another in 1958, Moroccan control over certain

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armies in the 670s and 680s. By the second half of the 8th century they had settled in northern Morocco, where their leader Ishak had his base in the Roman town of Volubilis. By this time the Awraba were already Muslim, but lived in an area where most tribes were either Christian, Jewish,

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for the young caliph, with power exercised by an oligarchy of elder family members, palace bureaucrats and leading nobles. The Almohad ministers were careful to negotiate a series of truces with the Christian kingdoms, which remained more-or-less in place for next fifteen years (the

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Despite having fallen from power, the Idrisids nonetheless spawned many sharifian families which continued to be present for centuries to come. Some Moroccans today still claim descent from them. In the 11th century an Idrisid family descended from Umar (son of Idris II), the

3001:. Trust in the Almohad leadership was severely shaken by these events – the disasters were promptly blamed on the distractions of Caliph al-Adil and the incompetence and cowardice of his lieutenants, the successes credited to non-Almohad local leaders who rallied defenses. 1858:

the Mikanasa Zenata troops. Once the Fatimids were gone, however, Musa once again threw off their authority and recognized the Umayyad caliph. The Fatimids sent their general Maysur to confront him again, and this time he fled. He was pursued and killed by the Idrisids.

4595: 3206:. Some of the captured citadels (e.g. Murcia, Jaen, Niebla) were reorganized as tributary vassals for a few more years, but most were annexed by the 1260s. Granada alone would remain independent for an additional 250 years, flourishing as the new center of al-Andalus. 1743:(828–836) the kingdom was divided amongst seven of his brothers, whereby eight Idrisid statelets formed in Morocco and western Algeria. Muhammad himself came to rule Fes, with only nominal power over his brothers. His brother Isa, who was given control of the coastal 4098:(1757–1790) that the kingdom was unified again. The idea of centralization was abandoned and the tribes allowed to preserve their autonomy. On 20 December 1777, Morocco became one of the first states to recognize the sovereignty of a newly independent United States. 3556:

broke off under a coalition of merchants and Arab clan leaders of the Banu Sabih. To the east, the Zianid and Hafsid families reemerged and to the north, the Europeans were taking advantage of this instability by attacking the coast. Meanwhile, unruly wandering Arab

4347:, a complex that had been part of the Moroccan Empire for many centuries prior to the arrival of the French in Algeria. The first years of the 20th century saw major diplomatic efforts by European powers, especially France, to further its interests in the region. 2697:

Berber from Tagra (Algeria), and thus an alien among the Masmuda of southern Morocco, Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw off his principal rivals and hammered wavering tribes back to the fold. Three years after Ibn Tumart's death he was officially proclaimed "Caliph".

5402:, part of a diplomatic crisis between both nations. On 24 August 2021, neighbouring Algeria cut diplomatic relations with Morocco, accusing Morocco of supporting a separatist group and "hostile actions against Algeria". Morocco called the decision "unjustified". 5028:

effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance in government.

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inadequate, and the tensions created in the CAM by the failure of the plan caused it to split. The CAM was reconstituted as a nationalist political party to gain mass support for more radical demands, but the French suppressed the party in 1937.

2323:), suggesting he had obliterated his family past and was "re-born" of the Holy Book. Ibn Yasin certainly had the ardor of a puritan zealot; his creed was mainly characterized by a rigid formalism and a strict adherence to the dictates of the 5192:

and Mauritania, as well as for operations in Western Sahara. In August 1979, after suffering military losses, Mauritania renounced its claim to Western Sahara and signed a peace treaty with the Polisario. In 1984, Morocco withdrew from the

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after 750 had no more success in re-establishing control over Morocco. The overthrow of eastern authority meant that Morocco was controlled by various local Berber tribes and principalities which emerged around this time, such as the

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ancestry through a North Arabian tribe, they were of Berber origin. Following the arrival of the Arab Bedouins in North Africa in the middle of the eleventh century, the Marinids were obliged to leave their lands in the region of

4230:. The treaty granted several rights to British subjects in Morocco, and lowered Moroccan customs tariffs to 10%. The treaty prolonged Moroccan independence while opening up the country to foreign trade, along with reducings the 4615: 3520:. However, within the next year, a revolt of Arab tribes in southern Tunisia made them lose their eastern territories. The Marinids had already suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a Portuguese-Castilian coalition in the 6962:, Oxford: Blackwell, p. 100. Revealingly, the 36th Sura begins the salutation "You are one of messengers" and the imperative duty to set people "on the straight path". Ibn Yasin's choice of name was probably not a coincidence. 897:

discovered anywhere in the world. In 2007, small perforated seashell beads were discovered in Taforalt that are 82,000 years old, making them the earliest known evidence of personal adornment found anywhere in the world.

4886: 4109:(1873–1894), the Alawis tried to foster trade links, especially with European countries and the United States. The army and administration were also modernized to consolidate control over the Berber and Bedouin tribes. 1901:), returned to defeat the Umayyads and impose Fatimid overlordship in the western Maghreb again. In 985 he returned to Morocco with Fatimid support, but that same year he was defeated by another Umayyad general sent by 4113:. The independence of Morocco was guaranteed at the Conference of Madrid in 1880, with France also gaining significant influence over Morocco. Germany attempted to counter the growing French influence, leading to the 3971:

was controlled only by Hornacheros, whose grip on power was resented by the growing population of non-Hornachero Moriscos, called Andalusians. After bloody clashes in 1630, an agreement was reached: the election of a

2683:(named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were thoroughly routed, with huge losses. Half their leadership was killed in action, and the survivors only just managed to scramble back to the mountains. 4840:. During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive. However, the nationalists belief that an Allied victory would pave the way for independence was disappointed. In January 1944, the 1786:, which came to be dominated by Muslim (mostly Berber) traders. The city of Fes also flourished and became an important religious center. During Yahya's reign more Arab immigrants arrived and the famous mosques of 3087:

The departure of al-Ma'mun in 1228 marked the end of the Almohad era in Spain. Ibn Hud and the other local Andalusian strongmen were unable to stem the rising flood of Christian attacks, launched almost yearly by

1471:, who defeated a Moorish force in Nekor that had attempted to interfere with their plunderings in the area. After staying for eight days in Morocco, the Vikings went back to Spain and continued up the east coast. 2724:

followed the fate of Africa. Between 1146 and 1173, the Almohads gradually wrested control from the Murabits over the Moorish principalities in Iberia. The Almohads transferred the capital of Muslim Iberia from

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gave it strategic importance. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830. The Alawi dynasty succeeded in maintaining the independence of Morocco in the 18th and 19th centuries, in the face of

2088:. They succeeded in unifying Morocco after it had been divided among several Zenata principalities in the late 10th century, and annexed the Emirate of Sijilmasa and the Barghawata (Tamesna) into their realm. 1826:, the son of al-Qasim, was able to retake the city and establish himself as the new ruler, Yahya III. Thus the ruling line had passed from the sons of Muhammad to the son of Umar and now the sons of al-Qasim. 8820: 1464:, but later deposed him in favor of one az-Zaydi from the Nafza tribe. They subsequently changed their mind and reappointed Ibn Mansur. His dynasty, the Banū Sālih, thereafter ruled the region until 1019. 5073:

in October 1973. Although they arrived too late to engage in hostilities, the action won Morocco goodwill among other Arab states. Soon after, the attention of the government turned to the acquisition of

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Christians in Iberia. To gain absolute control of the trade in the Strait of Gibraltar, from their base at Algeciras they started the conquest of several Spanish towns: by the year 1294 they had occupied

3238:, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Banu Marin ( 1651:

of Tunisia. Idris reacted by having his former protector Ishak killed, and in 809 moved his seat of government from the Awraba dominated Walili to Fes, where he founded a new settlement named Al-'Aliya.

10000: 3989:, which controlled much of Morocco, imposed a religious hegemony over Salé and its parent republic. By the early 1660s the republic was embroiled in civil war with the zawiya, and eventually Sultan 4728:

advocates (i.e. cultural elites, politicians, public figures, academics, medias), the nationalist movement aimed to bring the Moroccan cause to the forefront of the international community debate.

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The Wattasid rulers failed in their promise to protect Morocco from foreign incursions and the Portuguese increased their presence on Morocco's coast. Mohammad al-Chaykh's son attempted to capture

1639:, Idris I had been completely dependent on the Awraba leadership. Idris II began his rule with the weakening of Awraba power by welcoming Arab settlers in Walili and by appointing two Arabs as his 6386: 4078:(1672–1727), who began to create a unified state in the face of opposition from local tribes . Since the Alawis, in contrast to previous dynasties, did not have the support of a single Berber or 5203:

In 1988, Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed on a United Nations (UN) peace plan, and a cease-fire and settlement plan went into effect in 1991. Even though the UN Security Council created a

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of 1906 formalized France's "special position" and entrusted policing of Morocco jointly to France and Spain. Germany was outmaneuvered diplomatically, and France took full control of Morocco.

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The patriotism engendered by Morocco's participation in the Middle East conflict and Western Sahara events contributed to Hassan's popularity. The king had dispatched Moroccan troops to the

2764:(Yaʻqūb I, ruled 1184–1199), were both able men. Initially their government drove many Jewish and Christian subjects to take refuge in the growing Christian states of Portugal, Castile, and 812:

extended its hegemony over the coastal areas. They remained there until the late 3rd century BCE, while the hinterland was ruled by indigenous monarchs. Indigenous Berber monarchs ruled the

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The death of one of the students further inflamed protests, resulting in buildings being burned and looted, particularly symbols of wealth. While the official death toll was 5 people, the

1140:. Augustus would eventually found twelve colonies in the region. During that period, the area controlled by Rome experienced significant economic development, aided by the construction of 4370:. By 1900, Morocco was the scene of multiple local wars started by pretenders to the sultanate, by bankruptcy of the treasury, and by multiple tribal revolts. The French Foreign Minister 2334:

Ibn Yasin, however, found a more favorable reception among the neighboring Lamtuna people. Probably sensing the useful organizing power of Ibn Yasin's pious fervor, the Lamtuna chieftain

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force to implement a referendum on self-determination for Western Sahara, it has yet to be held, periodic negotiations have failed, and the status of the territory remains unresolved.

3347:, in central Spain, the tribe started to assert itself as a political power. Starting in 1213, they began to tax farming communities of today's north-eastern Morocco (the area between 3730:, the Wattasids accumulated absolute power through political maneuvering. When the Marinids became aware of the extent of the conspiracy, they slaughtered the Wattasids, leaving only 1798:

and often adhering to Islamic heterodox and heretical doctrines. The Idrisids were principally rulers of the towns and had little power over the majority of the country's population.

1248:. The rebellion began among the Berber tribes of western Morocco, and spread quickly across the region. Although the insurrection petered out in 742 CE before it reached the gates of 6156: 4324:

25% from 1896 to 1906. In June 1904, after a failed attempt to impose a flat tax, France bailed out the already indebted Makhzen with 62.5 million francs, guaranteed by a portion of

4094:

in 1689. The kingdom he established did not survive his death — in the ensuing power struggles the tribes became a political and military force once again, and it was only with

2898:. With the help of his brothers, he quickly seized control of al-Andalus. His chief advisor, the shadowy Abu Zayd ibn Yujjan, tapped into his contacts in Marrakesh, and secured the 3599: 1846:, a grandson of al-Qasim, managed to wrest control of Fez from 925 but in 927 Musa returned, captured Hassan and killed him, marking the last time the Idrisids held power in Fes. 1965:). Several prominent sharifian families in Fez traced their lineages to Idris I, and some of these played a role in maintaining or rebuilding the Zawiya of Idris II in the city. 1881:, recognized the Umayyads instead but ran afoul of them when he refused to let them occupy Tangier. He was besieged there and forced to retreat, retaining only the areas around 4801: 4949:

on Christmas of that year. A month after his replacement, Allal ben Abdallah, a Moroccan nationalist attempted to assassinate the sultan on his way to the friday prayers at

3775:

As a result, the people of Morocco tended to regard the Saadians as heroes, making it easier for them to retake the Portuguese strongholds on the coast, including Tangiers,

16764: 8610: 3997:, which still rules Morocco into the 21st century, seized Rabat and Salé, ending its independence. It ended up under the control of the Sultan of Morocco after 1668, when 3471:

being the most famous. The building of these madrasas were necessary to create a dependent bureaucratic class, in order to undermine the marabouts and Sharifian elements.

1767:

inherited his position and ruled for 13 years (836–849) in a competent manner, ensuring the stability of the state. After his death in 849 he was succeeded by his brother

5832: 4533:

signed by the French and Spanish heads of state, Spain was granted a Zone of influence in northern and southern Morocco on 27 November 1912. The northern part became the

4291:

In the latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Sultan

5148:

In August 1974, Spain formally acknowledged the 1966 United Nations (UN) resolution calling for a referendum on the future status of Western Sahara and requested that a

4790: 1013:

developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes of the interior, and paid them an annual tribute to ensure their cooperation in the exploitation of raw materials.

10557: 4908:; this event marked a watershed in relations between Moroccan political parties and French authorities. In the aftermath of the rioting, the residency outlawed the new 3170:

The Andalusians were helpless before this onslaught. Ibn Hudd had attempted to check the Leonese advance early on, but most of his Andalusian army was destroyed at the

6104: 5156:

reported in October 1975 that an overwhelming majority of the Saharan people desired independence. Morocco protested the proposed referendum and took its case to the

4988:

in which the sultan would exercise an active political role. He acted cautiously, intent on preventing the Istiqlal from consolidating its control and establishing a

10433: 5678:"tradition (...) reaches back to the origins of the modern Moroccan state in the ninth century Idrisid dynasty which founded the venerable city of. Fes", G Joffe, 5172:

to resolve the territory's future. Spain also announced that it was opening independence talks with the Algerian-backed Saharan independence movement known as the

4821:

Nationalist political parties, which subsequently arose under the French protectorate, based their arguments for Moroccan independence on declarations such as the

3552:, capital of their Almohad ancestors, which they would govern independently until 1526. To the south of Marrakesh, Sufi mystics claimed autonomy, and in the 1370s 7026: 7000: 6485: 11630: 10484: 6131: 5348: 3798:. It was necessary to wait for the Saadians for order to be reestablished and the expansionist ambitions of the kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula to be curbed. 1794:

were founded. Even so, the Islamic and Arabic culture only made its influence felt in the towns, with the vast majority of Morocco's population still using the

2706:

Abd al-Mu'min then came forward as the lieutenant of the Mahdi Ibn Tumart. Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu'min not only rooted out the Murabits (

15894: 10839: 3535:, who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, he was strangled by his own vizir in 1358, after which the dynasty began to decline. 8809:) : « The Gourara-Touat-Tidikelt complex had been under Moroccan domination for many centuries prior to the arrival of the French in Algeria » 5535: 1660:, established earlier by his father as a Berber market town. Here he welcomed two waves of Arab immigration: one in 818 from Cordoba and another in 824 from 11572: 5251:

instruction was introduced in primary schools, prior to introducing it at all educational levels. In March 2000, women's groups organized demonstrations in

2949: 2210:

some time in the 9th century. They were subsequently united in the 10th century and, with the zeal of new converts, launched several campaigns against the "

2003:, but has insufficient citations and doesn't properly summarize the period, as it covers the early years in detail and nothing about the rest of the period. 5387:

was first confirmed on 2 March 2020. Eight days later, on 10 March 2020, Morocco recorded its first COVID-19-related death. On 10 December 2020, President

3027:

The Andalusian branch of the Almohads refused to accept this turn of events. Al-Adil's brother, then in Seville, proclaimed himself the new Almohad caliph

3594:

In 1459, Abd al-Haqq II managed a massacre of the Wattasid family, breaking their power. His reign, however, brutally ended as he was murdered during the

1961:(near Volubilis), the tombs of Idris II and Idris I, respectively, eventually developed into important religious complexes and pilgrimage sites (e.g. the 14903: 3004:

But al-Adil's fortunes were briefly buoyed. In payment for Castilian assistance, al-Bayyasi had given Ferdinand III three strategic frontier fortresses:

2693:

or "occultation". This period likely gave Abd al-Mu'min time to secure his position as successor to the political leadership of the movement. Although a

2679:. They laid siege to Marrakesh for forty days until, in April (or May) 1130, the Almoravids sallied from the city and crushed the Almohads in the bloody 1647:. Thus he transformed himself from a protégé of the Awraba into their sovereign. The Awraba leader Ishak responded by plotting against his life with the 10655: 5020:

became King of Morocco on 3 March 1961. His rule saw significant political unrest, and the ruthless government response earned the period the name "the

15914: 14829: 11461: 9896: 9722: 3171: 1664:

Tunisia, giving Fes a more Arab character than other Maghrebi cities. When Idris II died in 828, the Idrisid state spanned from western Algeria to the

630: 11911: 10973: 3467:

Despite internal infighting, Abu Said Uthman II (r. 1310–1331) initiated huge construction projects across the land. Several madrasas were built, the

2886:, as the new Almohad caliph. But the rapid appointment upset other branches of the family, notably the brothers of the late al-Nasir, who governed in 1865:

tribes in the Rif region of north-west Morocco where they partially rebuilt their power base from Hajar an-Nasr, alternately acknowledging either the

1853:

in northern Morocco, where the Miknasa besieged them. Soon after, however, civil war broke out among the Miknasa when Musa switched allegiance to the

16832: 11940: 10558:"Moroccan feminist groups campaign to reform Moudawana (Personal Status Code/Islamic family law), 1992–2004 | Global Nonviolent Action Database" 5395:, which saw Morocco reestablishing diplomatic relations with Israel. A joint declaration between the three countries was signed on 22 December 2020. 5153: 4530: 11184: 10791: 9019: 6050: 5180:

However, buoyed by the increasing defection of tribal chiefs to its cause, the Polisario drew up a constitution and announced the formation of the

3934:

Pirates based on the western bank thrived and expanded their operations throughout the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1624, the Dutchman

3783:. The Saadians also attacked the Wattasids who were forced to yield to the new power. In 1554, as Wattasid towns surrendered, the Wattasid sultan, 11268: 8463: 7295: 5728:

Joseph L. Derdzinski, "Internal Security Services in Liberalizing States: Transitions, Turmoil, and (In)Security", Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2013 (

5263:. Although a counter-demonstration attracted 200,000 to 400,000 participants, the movement was influential on King Mohammed, and he enacted a new 4935:, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader. In retribution, 4306:, but the result was an increased European presence in Morocco—in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries. 3478:, from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the 13th century, the Kingdom of Castile made several incursions into their territory. In 1260, 1829:

Yahya III ruled over the entire Idrisid realm and continued to attack the Sufris. In 905 however he died in battle against another family member,

16379: 12275: 12045: 10605: 10297: 9023: 3298: 2928:, who took a handful of followers and decamped for the hills around Baeza. He set up a rebel camp and forged an alliance with the hitherto quiet 2826:(1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian kings of 913:

region have suggested an abundance of game and forests that would have been hospitable to Mesolithic hunters and gatherers, such as those of the

15874: 11690: 2737:, was erected in 1184 to mark the accession of Ya'qub I. The Almohads also built a palace there called Al-Muwarak on the site of the modern day 9368: 8549: 6229: 13383: 10393: 5854: 5606: 16837: 15924: 9658: 6168: 5236:

took place. Internationally, Morocco has maintained strong ties to the West. It was one of the first Arab and Islamic states to denounce the

4643: 11114: 5738:

Hassan in 1961, after the death of his father Mohammed V, continued the succession of Alaouite rule in Morocco since the seventeenth century

5291:. After mediation by the United States, both Morocco and Spain agreed to return to the status quo, under which the island remains deserted. 3832:

Beginning in 1549, the region was ruled by successive Arab dynasties known as the Sharifian dynasties, who claimed descent from the prophet

15529: 14887: 11052: 10766: 3791:. The Saadis quickly settled the matter by killing him and, as the last Wattasids fled Morocco by ship, they too were murdered by pirates. 744: 674: 10434:"Sahrawis campaign for human rights and independence in the first intifada, Western Sahara, 1999-2004 | Global Nonviolent Action Database" 10246: 2944:

In 1225, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi's band of rebels, accompanied by a large Castilian army, descended from the hills, besieging cities such as

1196: 11967: 10580: 9844: 893:

in 1991, these were dated using modern techniques in 2017 and found to be at least 300,000 years old, making them the oldest examples of

11741: 11715: 8517:

The recognition of states : a study on the historical development in doctrine and practice with a special focus on the requirements

1759:

and settled nearby, while Muhammad gave Umar governorship of Tangier as a reward. Upon Umar's death in September or October 835 his son

11435: 5392: 4344: 3874: 3731: 3611: 2795:, however, the Almohads governed their co-religionists in Iberia and central North Africa through lieutenants, their dominions outside 2642:. He soon developed his own system, combining the doctrines of various masters. Ibn Tumart's main principle was a strict unitarianism ( 909:

more than the present arid landscape. While little is known of settlements in Morocco during that period, excavations elsewhere in the

9576: 3923:. Cultural and language differences between the native Saletin people and the Morisco refugees led the newcomers to settle in the old 2652:

as being incompatible with His unity, and therefore a polytheistic idea. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as

16876: 10862: 5220: 3710:

Morocco was in decline when the Berber Wattasids assumed power. The Wattasid family had been the autonomous governors of the eastern

3394:

from the weakened Almohads. The Marinid leadership installed in Fes declared war on the Almohads, fighting with the aid of Christian

879:, as well as the presence of early human species. The fossilized bones of a 400,000-year-old early human ancestor were discovered in 11370: 8636: 16744: 15848: 14526: 12391: 3464:

in the city and country. The principal monuments in the medina, the residences and public buildings, date from the Marinid period.

12190: 8360: 8210: 7184: 6410: 5325:

in Rabat and other cities calling for political reform and a new constitution curbing the powers of the king. Two months later, a

4992:. He assumed the monarchy on 11 August 1957, and from that date, the country officially became known as 'The Kingdom of Morocco'. 4690:, where they formed almost half the population. Since the kingdom's independence in 1956, and particularly after Hassan II's 1973 1260:. Morocco passed out of Umayyad and Abbasid control, and fragmented into a collection of small, independent Berber states such as 15828: 12651: 12030: 11929: 9187:

A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal

8735: 8183: 8116: 5369: 5334: 5314:

between the United States and Morocco took effect. The agreement had been signed in 2004 along with a similar agreement with the

4845: 4806: 4492: 4358:

with his bicycle in 1901. The young sultan was noted for his capricious spending habits, which exacerbated a major trade deficit.

98: 11294: 9383: 8415: 6529:

At this point, the rebels had control of all modern Morocco, most of which was not to see rule by the universal caliphate again.

5029: 559: 555: 12736: 11605: 11395: 8019: 7952: 5399: 5244: 3859: 2768:. Ultimately they became less fanatical than the Murabits, and Ya'qub al-Mansur was a highly accomplished man who wrote a good 2109:. After having succeeded in repelling Christian forces in 1086, Yusuf returned to Iberia in 1090 and annexed most of the major 14966: 10168:"The Organization of African Unity and Its Role in Regional Conflict Resolution and Dispute Settlement: A Critical Evaluation" 9813: 6775:

Huici Miranda, A. (2012). "Ḥammūdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

16602: 14713: 14336: 13718: 11919: 11494: 9975: 9344: 9264: 9220: 9195: 8830: 8745: 8687: 8620: 8525: 8326: 8247: 8220: 8193: 8126: 8102: 7752: 7725: 7691: 7662: 7570: 7543: 7513: 7483: 7456: 7372: 7279: 7211: 7168: 7113: 6984: 6346: 6205: 6178: 6141: 6114: 6060: 5864: 5360:

was crushed to death in a rubbish truck as he tried to retrieve fish confiscated by police. The protests became known as the

4962: 4558: 1763:

was granted all of his father's domains in turn. Muhammad himself died seven months later in the March or April 836. His son

508: 15564: 15433: 15060: 15056: 11413: 11158: 10531: 7866:"An Architectural Investigation of Marrind and Wattasid Fes Medina (674-961/1276-1554), In Terms of Gender, Legend, and Law" 7593: 3591:

became Sultan one year after his birth. The Wattasids however refused to give up the Regency after Abd al-Haqq came to age.

2116:

Almoravid power began to decline in the first half of the 12th century, as the dynasty was weakened after its defeat at the

1885:

and Asilah while the Umayyads occupied the rest of northern Morocco. He eventually left for Al-Andalus, leaving his brother

958: 16697: 16692: 16060: 15466: 15109: 14562: 12636: 12050: 10999: 7832: 3903:

The republic traces its origins back to the beginning of the 17th century, with the arrival of approximately 3,000 wealthy

2311:

Abdallah ibn Yasin was a Gazzula Berber, and probably a convert rather than a born Muslim. His name can be read as "son of

868: 14242: 10792:"Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005-2008 | Global Nonviolent Action Database" 8237: 6314: 2846:. The battle broke the Almohad advance, but the Christian powers remained too disorganized to profit from it immediately. 16759: 15879: 11217: 9785: 9708: 3657: 2374: 2007: 10914: 9930: 9748: 6724:

Eustache, D. (2012). "Idrīsids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

6610: 6332: 4350: 16526: 15843: 15779: 15501: 15481: 14956: 14688: 14651: 14388: 13388: 12743: 8895:

Munholland, Kim (1968). "Rival Approaches to Morocco: Delcasse, Lyautey, and the Algerian-Moroccan Border, 1903-1905".

7030: 7004: 5707:

Hans Groth & Alfonso Sousa-Poza, "Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries: Assembling the Jigsaw", Springer, 2012 (

5303: 4659:

supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As "pacification" proceeded, with the

4633:

French artillery in Rabat in 1911. The dispatch of French forces to protect the sultan from a rebellion instigated the

4242: 4110: 1164:

movements also developed, usually as forms of political protest. The area had a substantial Jewish population as well.

1031: 374: 16891: 15995: 8490: 5211:

limited, powers. Elections for the Chamber of Representatives were held in 1997, reportedly marred by irregularities.

16592: 16501: 15899: 15443: 14996: 14626: 13032: 12985: 12404: 11899: 11885: 11867: 11807: 11793: 11771: 10350: 10195: 9321: 9298: 8972: 8939: 8806: 8437: 8284: 7996: 7962: 7842: 7781: 7244: 6914: 6846: 6759: 6522: 5959: 5939: 5733: 5712: 5181: 3683: 2396: 2025: 978: 10840:"Southern Neighbourhood: EU trade relations with its Southern Neighbourhood. Facts, figures and latest developments" 10167: 10001:"Revolution of the King and the People in Morocco, 1950–1959: Records of the U.S. State Department Classified Files" 5129:

in the south became part of the new state of Morocco in 1969, but other Spanish possessions in the north, including

4281: 3665: 1058:

who lived around 225 BC and possibly belonged to an older dynasty. Some of its earliest recorded history relates to

16792: 15476: 14960: 14738: 12895: 9870: 5114: 4676: 4606: 4480: 4392:, however, who had no established presence in the region, strongly protested against the French plan. The Kaiser's 4183:. The Maghreb also had far greater known wealth than the rest of Africa, and its location near the entrance to the 3525: 2936:

s had rallied behind Yahya, another son of al-Nasir, al-Adil paid little attention to this little band of misfits.

2304:

valley of southern Morocco, to seek out a Maliki teacher for his people. Waggag assigned him one of his residents,

737: 420: 16168: 16103: 11319: 6646: 2756:

The Almohad princes had a longer and more distinguished career than the Murabits. The successors of Abd al-Mumin,

1849:

From Fes, the Miknasa began pursuing the Idrisid family across Morocco. The family took refuge at the fortress of

16729: 16521: 16308: 16108: 15657: 15592: 15178: 15080: 14014: 12704: 12591: 12540: 11960: 10711: 7769: 7261: 6871: 5330: 5322: 4865: 4712: 4534: 4441: 4396:

in support of Moroccan independence became a turning point on the road to the First World War. The international

3963:, a sort of government cabinet formed by 12 to 14 notable people whose members annually elected a Governor and a 3399: 2464: 2105:

to defend their territories from the Christian kingdoms. Their involvement was crucial in preventing the fall of

593: 467: 16647: 16163: 15607: 15491: 13176: 10767:"Memorandum on Designation of the Kingdom of Morocco as a Major Non-NATO Ally | The American Presidency Project" 8998:الحركة الحفيظية أو المغرب قبيل فرض الحماية الفرنسية الوضعية الداخلية و تحديات العلاقات الخارجية : 1912-1894 8157: 6892:

Maxime RODINSON, « ALMORAVIDES », Encyclopædia Universalis , consulté le 23 octobre 2014. URL :

5391:

announced that the United States would officially recognize Morocco's claims over Western Sahara as part of the

4984:

In the months that followed independence, Mohammed V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a

1075:

outside the restricted area of the northern coastal plain and valleys. This strategic region formed part of the

16749: 16687: 16486: 15904: 15617: 15597: 15569: 15486: 15461: 15321: 15129: 15036: 14976: 14943: 12959: 12631: 12535: 9541:

Maghraoui, Driss (8 August 2014). "The goumiers in the Second World War: history and colonial representation".

8376: 8056: 7986: 7925: 7631: 6814: 6495: 6256: 5414: 5406: 5365: 5157: 4861: 4770:(in the Spanish Protectorate), while also extending, for some months, to some parts of the tribal lands of the 4455: 4437: 3661: 3576:

splintered into different entities. In 1399 Tetouan was taken and its population was massacred and in 1415 the

2378: 1192: 1186: 836: 659: 462: 165: 16712: 16541: 16298: 10646: 10458: 9336:

Franco's international brigades : adventurers, fascists, and christian crusaders in the Spanish Civil War

5372:(PJD), attaining a plurality of seats for a second consecutive time. On 30 January 2017, Morocco rejoined the 5255:

proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country. 200,000 to 300,000 women attended, calling for

3163:

in 1248 (to Castile), culminating in the fall of the greatest of Andalusian cities, the ex-Almohad capital of

2961: 2437: 2428: 16864: 16842: 16797: 16739: 16717: 16531: 16303: 15985: 15774: 15759: 14844: 14708: 14661: 14452: 12814: 12301: 8046: 6749: 5196:

due to the admission of the SADR as a member. Morocco then annexed the entire territory and, in 1985 built a

5193: 5052: 4223: 3219: 3167:, into Christian hands in 1248. Ferdinand III of Castile entered Seville as a conqueror on 22 December 1248. 3145: 2883: 2839: 1333:, they established an independent state (CE 744 – 1058) in the area of Tamesna on the Atlantic coast between 369: 16093: 6512: 5329:

occurred, killing 17 people – mainly foreigners. It was the deadliest attack in Morocco in eight years. The

5306:

ally, stating that it was in recognition of its efforts to thwart international terrorism. In May 2005, the

1390:

at the northern edge of the Sahara desert. The ruins of the town lie for 8 kilometres (5 mi) along the

1382:

along the trade routes of the Western Sahara, c. 1000–1500. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading.

16734: 16702: 16233: 16098: 15534: 14914: 14723: 14519: 14447: 14331: 12774: 12682: 12384: 12065: 10219: 7915: 5384: 5287:

with Spain over a small, uninhabited island lying just less than 200 meters from the Moroccan coast, named

5087:

investigate and raise wages, though some of these measures were dismissed by skeptical opposition parties.

4968:

On 7 April 1956, France officially relinquished its protectorate in Morocco. The internationalized city of

4250: 16722: 16055: 7157:

Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza; Wadad Kadi; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Devin J. Stewart (2013).

2296:

among his southern Sanhaja people. With Abu Imran's recommendation, Yahya ibn Ibrahim made his way to the

43: 16916: 16707: 16607: 16238: 15690: 15622: 14591: 14457: 13494: 12709: 12646: 12348: 12344: 11539: 9398: 7797: 4950: 4940: 4280:

for economic opportunity, participating in trade with Europeans and the development of those cities. The

3490: 1787: 1724: 1144:. The area was initially not completely under the control of Rome, and only in the mid-2nd century was a 730: 669: 664: 23: 16158: 16065: 10315: 4679:; and the development of a modern agricultural sector geared to the French market. Tens of thousands of 3580:. After the sultan Abdalhaqq II (1421–1465) tried to break the power of the Wattasids, he was executed. 3359:, the Almohad state suffered huge blows, losing large territories to the Christians in Spain, while the 2957: 16642: 16005: 15652: 15539: 15451: 15423: 15050: 15020: 14825: 14656: 11953: 8467: 7717: 7654: 5983: 5465: 5033: 4869: 4751: 4586: 4554: 4433: 4196: 3568: 2218:). Under their king Tinbarutan ibn Usfayshar, the Sanhaja Lamtuna erected (or captured) the citadel of 679: 496: 474: 425: 16025: 15980: 8574:

Flournoy, F. R. (March 1932). "Political Relations of Great Britain with Morocco, From 1830 to 1841".

4904:

In December 1952, a riot broke out in Casablanca over the assassination of the Tunisian labour leader

4667:, the French government focused on the exploitation of Morocco's mineral wealth, and particularly its 3156: 2862: 873:

Archaeological excavations have demonstrated the presence of people in Morocco that were ancestral to

16561: 16511: 16369: 16268: 15764: 15637: 15602: 15554: 15456: 15068: 14952: 14641: 14611: 14606: 14415: 13563: 13127: 12804: 12731: 12697: 12626: 12357: 9606: 9088: 7609: 6323: 5607:"Northwestern African middle Pleistocene hominids and their bearing on the emergence of Homo Sapiens" 5422: 5342: 5096: 4698: 3938:(also known as Murad Reis) became the "Grand Admiral" and President of the Corsair Republic of Salé. 3912: 3718:). They had close ties to the Marinid sultans and provided many of the bureaucratic elite. While the 2872:

In early 1224, the youthful caliph died in an accident, without any heirs. The palace bureaucrats in

2761: 2447: 2335: 1994: 1962: 1148:

built south of Sala extending to Volubilis. Around 278 CE the Romans moved their regional capital to

645: 268: 15186: 10107: 8850: 8141:

H. J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, F. R. C. Bagley, H. Braun, H. Hartel,

2563:

empire founded in present day Morocco at the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the

1314:

were a confederation of Berber groups inhabiting the Atlantic coast of Morocco, who belonged to the

16506: 16389: 16349: 16288: 16283: 16223: 15642: 15632: 15418: 15121: 15032: 14733: 14373: 14348: 14198: 13857: 13852: 12779: 12105: 10678: 10485:"The Kaplans in Morocco: Distinctive duo realizing a dream as they live politics and protocol 24/7" 7605: 5621: 5470: 5299: 4909: 4853: 4794: 4219: 3760:

in 1524 and made it their capital. By 1537 the Saadis were in the ascendent when they defeated the

3646: 3320:

tribes in the area in the 11th-12th centuries, the Marinids moved to the north-west of present-day

3243: 3097: 2929: 2853: 1830: 1688: 53: 16886: 15965: 15198: 14718: 11068: 8048:

The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108 - Clifford Edmund Bosworth - Google Boeken

6514:

The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

5101: 3812: 2151:

concentrated in central Morocco, and the Sanhaja, clustered in two areas: the western part of the

2128:

by the Almohads in 1147 marked the fall of the dynasty. However, fragments of the Almoravids (the

1877:

ruled here from 938 until 948 in the name of the Fatimids. His son and successor, Ahmad, known as

1822:

they were able to defeat Ali ibn Umar and occupy Fes. Fes refused to submit, however, and another

1172: 1090: 16556: 16414: 16258: 16198: 16148: 16050: 15647: 15612: 15559: 15194: 15064: 15028: 14758: 14631: 14616: 14512: 14440: 14321: 13862: 13815: 13758: 13457: 13401: 13149: 12905: 12860: 12714: 12605: 12377: 12340: 12215: 12205: 12010: 11242: 9781: 7296:"The Islamic reformer Ibn Tumart: The man who changed the course of Islamic history - Qantara.de" 5772: 5540: 5460: 5377: 5307: 5021: 4985: 4488: 4371: 4296: 4204: 4095: 3650: 3041:, allowing him to organize and dispatch the greater part of the Almohad army in Spain across the 3028: 2781: 2367: 1739:

The dynasty's power would slowly decline following Idris II's death. Under his son and successor

586: 569: 393: 15749: 3521: 3516:, which made him master of a huge territory, which spanned from southern present-day Morocco to 3433:. The Marinid dynasty then tried to extend its control to include the commercial traffic of the 2945: 1866: 1854: 1668:

in southern Morocco and had become the leading state of Morocco, ahead of the principalities of

231: 16847: 16419: 16354: 15858: 15744: 15627: 15587: 15231: 15024: 14683: 14673: 14462: 14363: 14358: 14046: 13994: 13914: 13847: 13751: 13736: 13629: 13396: 13350: 13191: 13078: 12719: 12581: 12220: 12110: 12040: 10257: 10064:

Bendourou, Omar (1996). "Democratization in the Middle East: Power and Opposition in Morocco".

9423:

Wolf, Anne (2 January 2019). "Morocco's Hirak movement and legacies of contention in the Rif".

8562: 7618: 7424:

Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). "Almohads".

7077: 5488: 5326: 5237: 5233: 5224: 4837: 4706: 4408: 4212: 4118: 4102: 4082:

tribe, Isma'īl controlled Morocco through an army of slaves. With these soldiers he reoccupied

4015: 3949:

After Janszoon left Salé in 1627, the Moriscos ceased to recognize the authority of the Sultan

2532: 1509:, the Idrisids are believed by some historians to be the founders of the first Moroccan state. 1141: 1137: 1129: 329: 15990: 9475: 9312: 9243: 9185: 9127: 8346:« Salé au XVIIe siècle, terre d’asile morisque sur le littoral Atlantique marocain » 7890: 7865: 7533: 7503: 7473: 7362: 7103: 6597: 5567:"Moroccan dynastic shurfa' -hood in two historical contexts: idrisid cult and 'Alawid power". 4844:, which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a 1501:

was a Muslim polity centered in Morocco, which ruled from 788 to 974. Named after the founder

937:

of cattle and the cultivation of crops both occurred in the region during that period. In the

16293: 15703: 15524: 15413: 15352: 15280: 15190: 14891: 14571: 14393: 14353: 14166: 14041: 13105: 13095: 13054: 13025: 12845: 12794: 12789: 12726: 12561: 12280: 12200: 12165: 12150: 12135: 12090: 12025: 9289: 8316: 8093: 7679: 7158: 5508: 5484: 5426: 5284: 4849: 4833: 4814: 4503: 4393: 4227: 4114: 3788: 3089: 3021: 2977: 2899: 1958: 1632:. In the following year, at the age of 11 years, Idris II was proclaimed imam by the Awraba. 1133: 1068: 398: 16827: 16228: 16015: 15975: 15934: 14908: 14281: 12331: 7412: 6016: 5138: 3093: 3005: 2973: 2969: 2738: 2726: 1367:

or Banu Midrar were a Berber dynasty that ruled the Tafilalt region and founded the city of

16802: 16471: 16434: 16424: 16364: 16263: 16243: 16138: 15950: 15769: 14646: 14636: 14486: 14316: 14286: 14161: 14092: 14063: 13982: 13316: 13154: 13144: 12913: 12614: 12566: 12437: 12155: 10506: 9584: 7707: 7271: 5504: 5311: 5017: 5005: 4602: 4511: 4397: 4363: 4355: 4052: 3998: 3990: 3863: 3595: 3494: 3226:. They were successful in expelling the garrisons placed in some of the coast towns by the 3214:

In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in

3042: 2680: 1145: 1080: 1026: 995: 817: 130: 16328: 16118: 16040: 14266: 5754: 4313:

and buy weapons, military equipment, and manufactured goods. From 1902 to 1909, Morocco's

4055:(1664–1672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alawi family claim descent from 2060: 8: 16871: 16627: 16612: 16496: 16476: 16429: 16409: 16213: 16208: 16153: 16123: 15889: 15514: 15471: 15428: 15357: 15326: 15097: 15076: 15042: 14948: 14918: 14849: 14693: 14666: 14566: 14178: 14058: 14024: 13926: 13746: 13741: 13553: 13272: 13208: 13083: 13068: 12885: 12870: 12665: 12255: 12230: 12080: 12075: 12055: 12020: 12005: 11941:"Human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Moroccan population of the Souss area" 5528: 5475: 5256: 5223:

in 1999, the more liberal Crown Prince Sidi Mohammed took the throne, assuming the title

5185: 5142: 4932: 4763: 4683:, or colonists, entered Morocco and acquired large tracts of the rich agricultural land. 4300: 4292: 4200: 4138: 4106: 3967:

during the month of May. In the early years of the republic (between 1627 and 1630), the

3916: 3768:. Their military successes contrast with the Wattasid policy of conciliation towards the 3468: 3434: 2866: 2689: 2544: 2223: 1886: 1783: 1653: 1407: 564: 403: 381: 364: 135: 16617: 16318: 13894: 13884: 8713:

Jewish space in the Moroccan city : a history of the mellah of Marrakech, 1550–1930

7520:

and even contrived a family tree to establish their "descent" from a North Arabian tribe

6832:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

5795:

Paleoenvironments and Epi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.)

5269:, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists. 4475:

in the east, as they took an uprising against their appropriation of customs revenue in

3890: 1837:

in the east began to intervene in Morocco, hoping to expand their influence. In 917 the

1635:

Even though he had spread his authority across much of northern Morocco, as far west as

334: 16632: 16622: 16597: 16551: 16516: 16374: 16083: 15960: 15833: 15331: 15311: 14971: 14859: 14586: 14291: 14271: 14254: 14070: 13879: 13830: 13763: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13568: 13538: 13430: 13328: 13196: 13171: 12978: 12833: 12809: 12799: 12757: 12677: 12641: 12327: 12318: 12309: 12240: 12210: 12195: 12180: 12170: 12125: 12120: 12070: 12015: 11990: 10081: 10046: 10038: 9558: 9523: 9440: 9362: 9166: 9158: 9115: 9013: 8912: 8846: 8778: 8591: 8543: 8279:, in: Gabriel Camps (dir.), Encyclopédie berbère – Chp. XV. Édisud 1995, pp.2340–2345 ( 7613: 7344: 6414: 6382: 6223: 5977: 5794: 5584: 5361: 5110: 5083: 4897: 4235: 4087: 3505: 3475: 3430: 3418: 3223: 3199: 3009: 2835: 2827: 2305: 2281: 2215: 1823: 1768: 1740: 1554: 1449: 1288:, retained their connection with radical puritan Islamic sects, while others, like the 785:

followed by other Islamic dynasties, through to the colonial and independence periods.

598: 324: 15955: 15884: 7339: 7322: 6893: 4483:

in the west. Months later, there was a brief fratricidal civil war referred to as the

4374:

saw the opportunity to stabilize the situation and expand the French overseas empire.

16812: 16754: 16587: 16359: 16333: 16323: 16313: 16248: 16203: 16133: 16113: 16088: 16035: 16010: 15275: 14802: 14743: 14698: 14557: 14400: 14296: 14232: 14227: 14156: 14053: 13768: 13696: 13691: 13533: 13462: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13235: 13186: 12952: 12850: 12784: 12494: 12489: 12250: 12245: 12185: 12140: 12100: 11995: 11976: 11895: 11881: 11863: 11803: 11789: 11767: 11638: 11580: 11547: 11469: 11436:"Spain and Morocco in diplomatic crisis after 8,000 migrants enter Spanish territory" 11192: 10922: 10816: 10719: 10686: 10599: 10346: 10201: 10191: 10085: 10050: 9981: 9971: 9934: 9904: 9756: 9562: 9502:"Berber Law by French Means: Customary Courts in the Moroccan Hinterlands, 1930–1956" 9444: 9402: 9350: 9340: 9317: 9294: 9270: 9260: 9226: 9216: 9191: 9170: 9096: 9001: 8978: 8968: 8945: 8935: 8826: 8802: 8741: 8716: 8693: 8683: 8616: 8531: 8521: 8322: 8280: 8243: 8216: 8189: 8122: 8098: 8052: 7992: 7958: 7921: 7838: 7777: 7748: 7721: 7687: 7658: 7627: 7566: 7539: 7509: 7479: 7452: 7429: 7368: 7348: 7275: 7240: 7164: 7109: 7052: 6980: 6910: 6810: 6755: 6628: 6624: 6518: 6491: 6342: 6252: 6211: 6201: 6174: 6137: 6110: 6056: 6028: 5965: 5955: 5935: 5860: 5815:

Environmentalism and Pi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (c. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.)

5729: 5708: 5613: 5588: 5518: 5410: 4936: 4920: 4702: 4419: 4246: 4184: 4151: 4075: 4024: 3761: 3577: 3344: 3101: 3062: 2998: 2823: 2785: 2634:

to deepen them. In Baghdad, Ibn Tumart attached himself to the theological school of

2630:

Early in his life, Ibn Tumart went to Spain to pursue his studies, and thereafter to

2564: 2410: 2262: 2242: 2117: 2092: 2073: 2053: 2039: 2000: 1989: 1910: 1897:, the Fatimid governor of Ifriqiya (after the Fatimid Caliphs moved their capital to 1894: 1874: 1870: 1843: 1834: 1791: 1558: 1534: 1522: 1441: 1342: 1245: 1157: 840: 388: 288: 283: 236: 170: 14833: 11846: 11822: 11344: 9704: 8023: 7490:

North African dynasty probably of Berber origin, although they claimed Arab ancestry

6578:, Vol. III, ed. B.Lewis, V. L. Menage, C. Pellat and J. Schact, (Brill, 1986), 1031. 5999: 5905: 5717:

The Alaouite dynasty has ruled Morocco since the days of Mulai ar-Rashid (1664–1672)

4578: 4468: 3129: 2994: 2849:

Before his death in 1213, al-Nasir appointed his young ten-year-old son as the next

2799:

being treated as provinces. When Almohad emirs crossed the Straits it was to lead a

16444: 16439: 16404: 16384: 16143: 16020: 15919: 15823: 15285: 15125: 14249: 14036: 14031: 13987: 13974: 13904: 13872: 13867: 13731: 13726: 13708: 13669: 13602: 13585: 13526: 13516: 13511: 13452: 13408: 13378: 13338: 13321: 13304: 13267: 13018: 12994: 12935: 12928: 12890: 12880: 12875: 12855: 12819: 12586: 12576: 12571: 12504: 12468: 12305: 12225: 12175: 12130: 12115: 12095: 12085: 12060: 12000: 10073: 10030: 9821: 9550: 9513: 9432: 9150: 9037: 8904: 8770: 8583: 7948: 7623: 7601: 7589: 7334: 7267: 7219: 7156: 6620: 6589: 6378: 6085: 6024: 5576: 5413:

of the PJD, having lost more than 90% of its seats and ending in eighth place. The

5044: 4973: 4860:

appealing for independence and territorial unity of Morocco, having travelled from

4856:

instigated by French forces in Casablanca, Sultan Muhammad V delivered a momentous

4829: 4822: 4550: 4384: 4314: 4083: 4020: 3697: 3619: 3502: 3479: 3364: 3259: 3017: 2968:

and, before the end of the year, al-Bayyasi had established himself in the city of

2895: 2653: 2580: 2470: 2452: 1946: 1890: 1833:(a grandson of Umar), who then took power as Yahya IV. At this point, however, the 1795: 1764: 1574: 1543: 1429: 1423: 1364: 1358: 1269: 1006: 829: 809: 640: 635: 623: 491: 300: 184: 113: 16822: 14854: 11916: 11273:

Morocco: Health ministry confirms first COVID-19 case March 2 /update 2 | Crisis24

9436: 7684:

Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century : Rise and Fall of Empires

4414: 3825: 3264: 3113: 2143:

in the early Middle Ages could be roughly classified into three major groups: the

1002:. Mogador is known to have been a Phoenician colony by the early 6th century BCE. 16887:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

16637: 16577: 16491: 16399: 16273: 16253: 16218: 16000: 15970: 15909: 15519: 15509: 15405: 15290: 15182: 15139: 14899: 14807: 14678: 14467: 14435: 14308: 14276: 14259: 14215: 14210: 14188: 14183: 14141: 14134: 14109: 13969: 13964: 13805: 13686: 13580: 13575: 13543: 13368: 13358: 13252: 13245: 13240: 13225: 13181: 13063: 13049: 12947: 12940: 12923: 12865: 12769: 12687: 12545: 12514: 12499: 12484: 12458: 12235: 12145: 12035: 11923: 11811: 11663: 11132: 11087: 11025: 10887: 10366: 9554: 9062: 8855: 8796: 8146: 7742: 7711: 7648: 7560: 7234: 6923: 5799:

From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa

5498: 5418: 5248: 5173: 5066: 5059: 4989: 4691: 4562: 4310: 4254: 4168: 4071: 4010: 3851: 3841: 3769: 3719: 3714:

since the late 13th century, ruling from their base in Tazouta (near present-day

3561:

tribes increasingly spread anarchy, which accelerated the decline of the empire.

3343:, which was at the time the ruling house. After successfully contributing to the 3340: 3187: 3133: 3125: 3049: 2965: 2953: 2816: 2769: 2757: 2624: 2596: 2523: 2503: 2343:(Almoravids)—set out on a campaign to bring their neighbors over to their cause. 2065: 1878: 1818:

of the Fes region formed a common front against the Idrisids. From their base in

1732: 1692: 1498: 1480: 1125: 966: 926: 914: 848: 782: 603: 548: 310: 293: 201: 83: 16546: 13889: 10744: 10619: 9897:"Morocco Sultan Returns in Triumph From Exile; MOROCCAN SULTAN HAILED ON RETURN" 8185:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792

6873:

Empires of Gold | Hour Three | Season 1 Episode 3 | Africa's Great Civilizations

5880: 4403:

Morocco experienced a famine from 1903 to 1907, as well as insurrections led by

3820: 3331:

The Marinids took their name from their ancestor, Marin ibn Wartajan al-Zenati.

16481: 16394: 16278: 16030: 15853: 15838: 15739: 15713: 15698: 15579: 15174: 15168: 15072: 14839: 14753: 14703: 14581: 14535: 14410: 14405: 14368: 14343: 14326: 14237: 14222: 14193: 14151: 13999: 13959: 13954: 13909: 13835: 13795: 13785: 13775: 13590: 13469: 13363: 13230: 13112: 12999: 9631: 9244:

Repertory of Decisions of the International Court of Justice (1947-1992), P.453

8851:"The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble" 8761:

Trout, Frank E. (1970). "Morocco's Boundary in the Guir-Zousfana River Basin".

6809:. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. pp. 123–131. 6605: 6601: 6327: 6319: 6309: 5315: 5295: 5288: 5169: 5106: 5075: 5070: 4913: 4857: 4841: 4810: 4741: 4724:

represented an impetus for anti-colonial and nationalist movements in Morocco.

4650: 4546: 4542: 4378: 4332: 4208: 4189: 4176: 4164: 4044: 3986: 3950: 3941: 3924: 3919:. After 1609, approximately 10,000 down-and-out expelled Moriscos arrived from 3878: 3855: 3794:

The Wattasid did little to improve general conditions in Morocco following the

3784: 3735: 3588: 3532: 3517: 3509: 3486:

and, in 1267, initiated a full-scale invasion, but the Marinids repelled them.

3415: 3313: 3179: 3137: 2211: 2171:

as vassals of the Fatimids after the latter moved to Egypt in 972. The western

1882: 1850: 1779: 1593:, the most important city of Morocco at the time, and by 788 he had settled in 1406:

dynasties. Up until the 14th century, as the northern terminus for the western

970: 942: 905:

times, between 20,000 and 5000 years ago, the geography of Morocco resembled a

766: 716: 702: 576: 78: 14986: 10817:"Western Sahara: Historical Timeline 1884–2014 - Cultures of Resistance Films" 10141: 9985: 9791: 9518: 9501: 8418:, History and underdevelopment in Morocco, p. 43, Retrieved 30 September 2009. 6215: 5580: 4876:, supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the 4521:

increased tensions among the powerful European countries, and resulted in the

3153: 2925: 2882:

Uthman ibn Jam'i, quickly engineered the election of his elderly grand-uncle,

2245:, a chieftain of the Gudala (and brother-in-law of the late Tarsina), went on 216: 16910: 16045: 14895: 14812: 14621: 14491: 14378: 14173: 14146: 14119: 14097: 14075: 13842: 13825: 13810: 13654: 13607: 13595: 13521: 13413: 13287: 13282: 13257: 13139: 12692: 12530: 12509: 12453: 11873: 11642: 11584: 11551: 11473: 11196: 10926: 10723: 10690: 10205: 9938: 9908: 9760: 9406: 9354: 9274: 9230: 9100: 9005: 8982: 8949: 8697: 8535: 8276: 7433: 6632: 6593: 6296: 5969: 5819:

From Hunters to Farmers: Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa

5373: 5197: 5000: 4905: 4785:

In December 1934, a small group of nationalists, members of the newly formed

4775: 4634: 4522: 4518: 4451: 4389: 4318: 4261: 4143: 4126: 4032: 3994: 3837: 3807: 3702: 2843: 2635: 2592: 2277: 2200: 2164: 1712: 1570: 1530: 1506: 1403: 1374: 1334: 1241: 1231: 1219: 1047: 1043: 934: 930: 856: 852: 844: 455: 408: 305: 189: 177: 13919: 13899: 9967:

Globalizing Morocco : Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State

8720: 7132: 4491:, at first supported by southern aristocrats based in Marrakesh such as the 4167:

coast in the 15th century did not affect the interior of Morocco. After the

3722:

tried to repel the Portuguese and Spanish invasions and help the kingdom of

2619:

Berber dynasty. Around 1120, Ibn Tumart first established a Berber state in

2226:

route. After the collapse of the Sanhaja union, Awdagust passed over to the

1161: 16817: 16807: 16536: 16075: 15929: 15754: 15270: 15046: 14728: 14576: 14383: 14124: 14114: 14080: 14009: 14004: 13931: 13721: 13703: 13664: 13659: 13639: 13634: 13506: 13499: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13373: 13311: 13292: 13277: 13213: 11573:"Morocco elections: Islamists suffer losses as liberal parties gain ground" 10089: 8441: 7597: 6928: 6195: 5494: 5388: 5228: 5204: 4526: 4122: 3935: 3391: 3215: 2921: 2649: 2572: 2554: 2227: 2129: 1918: 1760: 1696: 1076: 1035: 938: 890: 885: 875: 821: 762: 118: 16128: 11934: 10947: 10077: 9334: 8515: 7505:

A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community

6089: 3706:

Map of the Wattasid sultanate (dark red) and its vassal states (light red)

1284:. The Berbers went on to shape their own version of Islam. Some, like the 1054:

from about the 3rd century BCE. The earliest known king of Mauretania was

15718: 15544: 15113: 14991: 14102: 14087: 13936: 13649: 13558: 13548: 13474: 13122: 13117: 11843:

Spain's African Colonial Legacies: Morocco and Equatorial Guinea Compared

11269:"Morocco: Health ministry confirms first COVID-19 case March 2 /update 2" 8637:"General Treaty Between Her Majesty and the Sultan of Morocco – EuroDocs" 6076:

Dmitriev, Sviatoslav (May 2003). "Claudius' Grant of Cilicia to Polemo".

5620:. Bristol, England: Western Academic and Specialist Press. Archived from 5524: 5338: 5260: 4928: 4832:, or indigenous soldiers in the French army, assisted the Allies in both 4759: 4718: 3727: 3442: 3105: 3013: 2180: 1807:

over power. In 868, under the leadership of the Abd al-Razzaq the Berber

1521:, including present-day Morocco, had been effectively independent of the 1055: 581: 15708: 11631:"Melilla: death toll from mass incursion on Spanish enclave rises to 23" 9789: 9527: 8737:

Jews and Muslims: Images of Sephardi and Eastern Jewries in Modern Times

8345: 8212:

Mapping Shakespeare: An exploration of Shakespeare's worlds through maps

5954:. Fage, J. D. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 121. 3881:, was proclaimed sultan of Morocco after the fall of the Saadi dynasty. 3076:, albeit taking up for himself a quasi-caliphal title, 'al-Mutawwakil'. 2902:

and assassination of Abd al-Wahid I, and the expulsion of the al-Jami'i

2890:. The challenge was immediately raised by one of them, then governor in 2195:

and the Banu Warith; and most southerly of all, the Gudala, in littoral

1719: 1387: 847:

of 740. Half a century later, the Moroccan state was established by the

16582: 15316: 14596: 14129: 13946: 13820: 13780: 13713: 12463: 12432: 11218:"Morocco rejoins African Union after 33-year absence – DW – 01/31/2017" 10042: 9723:"Independence Proclamation: The Ongoing Legacy of Moroccan Nationalism" 9162: 8595: 7988:

Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources - Google Boeken

5443:

hit Morocco killing more than 2,800 people and injuring thousands. The

5440: 5357: 5165: 5149: 4924: 4687: 4601:

Uprisings in Casablanca in July 1907 over the application terms of the

4553:

signed in December 1923, Tangier received special status and became an

4476: 4277: 3928: 3426: 3339:

After arriving in present-day Morocco, they initially submitted to the

3317: 3235: 3203: 3175:

again to the Almohads, but to no avail. The Almohads would not return.

2887: 2811: 2721: 2707: 2639: 2612: 2608: 2584: 2568: 2381: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2285: 2235: 2196: 2184: 2155:

and the hills of the eastern Maghreb. The eastern Sanhaja included the

2106: 2102: 2049: 1930: 1801: 1748: 1673: 1539: 1526: 1490: 1379: 1354: 1311: 1305: 1293: 1285: 1265: 1110: 1022: 902: 813: 801: 774: 243: 196: 125: 66: 11819:

Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State

9965: 8916: 8782: 6197:

Jewish Morocco : a history from pre-Islamic to postcolonial times

5696:

The Alaouite dynasty (Filali) has ruled Morocco since the 17th century

5380:

targeted the market-dominating fuel, bottled water, and dairy brands.

4686:

Morocco was home to half a million Europeans, most of whom settled in

4285: 4035:

is the current Moroccan royal family. The name "Alawi" comes from the

3079: 1512: 859:

from 1667 onwards, who have since been the ruling dynasty of Morocco.

15549: 15306: 15206: 14981: 14883: 14817: 14019: 13790: 13674: 13644: 13425: 13299: 13090: 11860:

Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain

11777:

Chandler, James A. "Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate, 1898–1927,"

10093: 6364:"Sijilmassa: The rise and fall of a walled oasis in medieval Morocco" 5952:

The Cambridge history of Africa. Vol. 2, From c.500 B.C. to A.D. 1050

5773:"World's Oldest Manufactured Beads Are Older Than Previously Thought" 5514: 5448: 5444: 5356:

In October 2016, large-scale protests erupted after a fish seller in

5161: 5009: 4896:

Morocco riots overrun Casablanca due to discontent with French rule.

4668: 4660: 4538: 4497: 4404: 4321: 4265: 3908: 3780: 3757: 3756:

In the south, a new dynasty arose, the Saadian dynasty, which seized

3615: 3564: 3549: 3450: 3422: 3403: 3395: 3303: 3286: 3247: 3242:) who founded the next dynasty. The last representative of the line, 2932:. Sensing his greater priority was Marrakesh, where recusant Almohad 2873: 2715: 2676: 2324: 2320: 2219: 2125: 1922: 1669: 1648: 1594: 1547: 1517:

By the second half of the 8th century the westernmost regions of the

1391: 1368: 1322: 1289: 1261: 1237: 1222:. They also paid taxes and tribute to the new Muslim administration. 1204: 1095: 1084: 1059: 986: 974: 962: 921: 808:

for some two thousand years before that. In the 5th century BCE, the

800:

colonization of the Moroccan coast between the 8th and 6th centuries

797: 789: 479: 61: 11945: 11716:"King Mohammed VI declares the Amazigh New Year an official holiday" 11462:"More than 6,000 migrants reach Spain's north African enclave Ceuta" 10034: 9154: 8587: 7954:

The Berbers and the Islamic State - Maya Shatzmiller - Google Boeken

6647:"Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum - object_ISL_ma_Mus01_F_2_en" 5047:

of southwestern Algeria escalated in 1963 into what is known as the

4848:, national reunification, and a democratic constitution. The Sultan 3957:

on their incomes. They proclaimed a Republic, ruled by a council or

3895: 3635: 2831: 2356: 15723: 14601: 13420: 13203: 13161: 13100: 12369: 11115:"A New Generation of Protests in Morocco? How Hirak al-Rif Endures" 8908: 8774: 7917:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 - Google Boeken

5433: 5276: 5265: 5048: 4978: 4880:, adamantly refused to consider even reforms short of independence. 4771: 4484: 4367: 4172: 4156: 4056: 4048: 3904: 3867: 3833: 3584: 3553: 3513: 3457: 3160: 3058: 3037: 2914:

constitutional propriety marred his acceptability to other Almohad

2792: 2773: 2744: 2258: 2254: 2231: 2168: 2140: 2121: 2044: 1914: 1902: 1708: 1661: 1629: 1586: 1582: 1566: 1502: 1402:. The town's history was marked by several successive invasions by 1395: 1257: 1249: 1212: 1208: 1102: 1063: 1010: 770: 543: 538: 415: 253: 11606:"Moderate parties win big in Moroccan elections – DW – 09/09/2021" 10298:"33 Dead in 2-Day Riot in Morocco Fed by Frustration Over Economy" 10247:"The 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Overview and Analysis of the Conflict" 6751:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

3899:

The ancient harbor at the Bou Regreg, taken from Salé facing Rabat

2920:. One of the recusants was his cousin, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi ("the 2415: 1889:

as the new leader in 954. In 958 the Fatimids sent a new general,

1199:

in the early 8th century. It brought both the Arabic language and

16881: 16852: 15362: 15347: 14504: 13333: 13262: 13218: 13073: 12400: 6170:

War and Warfare in Late Antiquity (2 vols.): Current Perspectives

6103:

Fage, J. D.; Clark, John Desmond; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975).

5134: 5122: 5078:

from Spain, an issue on which all major domestic parties agreed.

5040: 4969: 4664: 4340: 4325: 4269: 4231: 4091: 4079: 4060: 3816:

Extent of the Saadian empire at the beginning of the 17th century

3750: 3739: 3723: 3558: 3545: 3498: 3461: 3368: 3360: 3352: 3321: 3309: 3294: 3282: 3239: 3227: 3195: 3164: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3070: 3066: 2982: 2796: 2749: 2734: 2730: 2631: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2557: 2288: 2192: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2133: 2085: 2081: 2077: 1950: 1907: 1838: 1815: 1808: 1752: 1744: 1700: 1636: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1590: 1562: 1518: 1468: 1457: 1433: 1411: 1399: 1330: 1326: 1315: 1281: 1273: 1253: 1149: 1121: 1106: 1051: 999: 991: 910: 906: 825: 805: 793: 788:

Archaeological evidence has shown that the area was inhabited by

778: 761:

spans since the Lower Paleolithic, with the earliest known being

758: 484: 248: 71: 13134: 10915:"Moroccan tourist cafe terrorist attack leaves at least 15 dead" 10394:"Morocco has rejoined the African Union after a 33-year absence" 7834:

The Report: Morocco 2009 - Oxford Business Group - Google Boeken

5243:

In September 2002, new legislative elections were held, and the

4621:

Destruction of Casablanca caused by the 1907 French bombardment.

4309:

More than half of the Makhzen's expenditures went abroad to pay

3483: 3383: 2451:

compiled the teachings of Ibn Tumart, which were fundamental to

1934: 1467:

In 859, the kingdom became subject to a 62 ship-strong group of

1338: 1256:

successors managed to re-impose their rule on the areas west of

880: 15818: 15372: 15367: 15144: 13166: 13041: 12918: 11691:"Amazigh New Year Becomes Official National Holiday in Morocco" 11076:, translated by William S. Hein & Co, constituteproject.org 11054:

The New Moroccan Constitution: Real Change or More of the Same?

8438:"Early Relations | Morocco - Embassy of the United States" 7562:

Les institutions gouvernementales sous les Mérinides: 1258-1465

7535:

Almohad Movement in North Africa in the 12th and 13th Centuries

5141:, remained under Spanish control, with Morocco viewing them as 4746: 3866:

was established to take control over the territory centered on

3848: 3765: 3746: 3603: 3446: 3387: 3290: 3278: 3231: 3149: 3141: 3104:. The next twenty years saw a massive advance in the Christian 3073: 2986: 2916: 2891: 2878: 2857: 2850: 2765: 2694: 2672: 2668: 2644: 2620: 2560: 2550: 2328: 2312: 2293: 2273: 2188: 2156: 2152: 2144: 1926: 1819: 1782:

gained a stronghold in the towns and Morocco profited from the

1756: 1601: 1485: 1453: 1277: 1218:

The indigenous Berber tribes adopted Islam, but retained their

1211:, with the local governors appointed by the Muslim governor in 11540:"Islamists See Big Losses in Moroccan Parliamentary Elections" 11000:"Moroccan court hands down harsher sentences for cafe bombers" 10316:"5 Die, 127 Hurt as Worst Riots in 7 Years Sweep Morocco City" 9659:"Remembering King Mohammed V, Morocco's Revolutionary Monarch" 9304: 5856:

West Africa Before the Europeans: Archaeology & Prehistory

5227:. He enacted successive reforms to modernize Morocco, and the 4427: 4264:

started migrating from the interior to coastal cities such as

2048:

The Almoravid empire at its height stretched from the city of

1589:, Idris ibn Abdallah fled to the Maghreb. He first arrived in 1207:, Morocco was initially organized as a subsidiary province of 16859: 15133: 14797: 13800: 10837: 9790:

Al Jazeera Documentary الجزيرة الوثائقية (27 November 2017),

7078:"Almohad definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary" 5400:

an incident occurred between the borders of Spain and Morocco

5279:, the first high speed rail service on the African continent. 5252: 5130: 5036:, the regime was challenged by two attempted military coups. 4582: 4472: 4336: 3959: 3954: 3920: 3776: 3715: 3379: 3348: 3273: 3032: 2800: 2711: 2710:), but extended his power over all northern Africa as far as 2664: 2656:

in Muslim orthodoxy. His followers would become known as the

2270: 2250: 2230:; and the trans-Saharan routes were taken over by the Zenata 2207: 2176: 2097: 1954: 1938: 1898: 1862: 1811: 1775: 1677: 1578: 1461: 1445: 1319: 1200: 1128:

of Roman citizens in Mauretania close to the Atlantic coast:

990:

Major early settlements of the Phoenicians included those at

11371:"US recognised Morocco's claim to Western Sahara. Now what?" 8612:

Routledge Handbook of the History of Global Economic Thought

7236:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus

6907:

The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain

5694:"The CBS News Almanac", Hammond Almanac Inc., 1976, p.783: " 5447:

of the quake was around 70 km southwest of the city of

5333:

denied involvement. In July 2011 King Mohammed introduced a

4961:

In late 1955, in the middle of what came to be known as the

4766:

existed from 1921 to 1926, based in the central part of the

3982:

of 16 members of whom 8 were Andalusians and 8 Hornacheros.

3742:

to be succeeded by his son, Mohammed al-Burtuqali, in 1504.

1050:

coast of north Africa, corresponding to northern modern-day

781:

kingdoms, to the establishment of the Moroccan state by the

15202: 15117: 10677:

Bright, Martin; Harris, Paul; Bouzerda, Ali (18 May 2003).

10170:. Boston College Third World Law Journal. pp. 556–557. 8321:(in French). Publication Univ Rouen Havre. pp. 69–70. 8236:

Fage, J. D.; Gray, Richard; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975).

7891:"An architectural Investigation of Marinid and Watasid Fes" 5126: 5043:'s 1962 independence from France, border skirmishes in the 4779: 4672: 4273: 4179:. As a result, it became the resort of pirates under local 3974: 3375: 3222:

they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of

2990: 2910: 2903: 2485: 2316: 2301: 2246: 1665: 1605: 1114: 933:

region. Archaeological excavations have suggested that the

15095: 13010: 7177: 6904: 6834:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 6299:, Encyclopédie berbère, vol. 9, Edisud, 1991, pp.1360–1361 5562: 5560: 5558: 4979:

to claim other Spanish possessions through military action

3524:

in 1340, and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia, only

3312:. They would move seasonally from the Figuig oasis to the 2993:

that same year. But Christian raiders had been stopped at

1167: 11295:"Coronavirus Pandemic: A Timeline of COVID-19 in Morocco" 11243:"Morocco consumer boycott has big business in its sights" 11026:"Morocco approves King Mohammed's constitutional reforms" 10507:"MOROCCO: parliamentary elections Majliss-annouwab, 2002" 9845:"Morocco's Most Emblematic Historical Events in Pictures" 8563:

Convention on diplomatic protection signed in Madrid 1880

7798:"Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - Marinides ou Mérinides" 7323:"Ibn Tūmart's teachers: the relationship with al-Ghazālī" 5436:

as an official national holiday to be celebrated yearly.

5310:

took place. On 1 January 2006, a comprehensive bilateral

4767: 4180: 4064: 4040: 3711: 3607: 3356: 2660:("Almohads"), meaning those who affirm the unity of God. 2491: 2476: 2266: 1728: 1704: 1657: 1624: 1437: 1105:, Mauretania was a vassal state, and its rulers, such as 11742:"Timeline: The Deadly September 8 Earthquake in Morocco" 11396:"Morocco, Israel: 6 decades of secret ties, cooperation" 11185:"Morocco rejoins African Union after more than 30 years" 10974:"AQIM denies responsibility for fatal Marrakesh bombing" 10021:

Cannon, Cavendish W. (April 1957). "Status of Tangier".

8995: 7680:"The Nasrids of Granada and the Marinids of the Maghrib" 7367:. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. 1989. p. 592. 4331:

In the 1890s, the French administration and military in

3583:

Marinid rulers after 1420 came under the control of the

3474:

The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the

3234:. The history of their decline differs from that of the 1410:, it was one of the most important trade centres in the 1195:, that started in the middle of the 7th century CE, was 349: 10244: 9632:"زيارة محمد الخامس لطنجة.. أغضبت فرنسا وأشعلت المقاومة" 7413:

Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages - Page 4

7364:

The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108

7160:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

5801:. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41–56. 5555: 4299:

of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the

2419:

The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212

2132:) continued to struggle in the Balearic Islands and in 1009:

had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa.

10888:"Morocco: Marrakesh bomb strikes Djemaa el-Fna square" 9703:

Text used in this cited section originally came from:

9183: 5618:

Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the middle Pleistocene

5090: 4719:

Nationalism and transnational anti-colonial resistance

4671:; the creation of a modern transportation system with 4581:

March 1907, which precipitated the French invasion of

4132: 3198:. After the great Christian advance of 1228–1248, the 2748:

The Almohads transferred the capital of Al-Andalus to

2175:

were divided into several tribes: the Gazzula and the

1949:

were able to gain power in several cities of northern

1440:

area of Morocco. Its capital was initially located at

1016: 14850:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

14748: 10948:"Bomb blast hits popular cafe in Morocco, killing 15" 10578: 10190:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 184. 10185: 9259:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 184. 9254: 9210: 9141:"Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco". 9063:"Treaty of Fès | Morocco [1912] | Britannica" 8962: 8929: 8677: 8379:, Pirate Utopias, p. 97, Retrieved 30 September 2009. 7108:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 299–300, 306. 5821:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41–56 5113:), with inner Polisario-controlled areas forming the 4694:

policies, the European element has largely departed.

4541:

was ruled from El Aaiun as a buffer zone between the

4362:

Morocco nominally was ruled by its sultan, the young

4171:, North Africa became increasingly ungovernable from 3548:

tribesmen from the High Atlas came down and occupied

3508:

was conquered, followed in 1347 by the defeat of the

3374:

Between 1244 and 1248 the Marinids were able to take

1968: 1622:

founded a settlement south east of Volubilis, called

1608:' (religious leader). The Awraba tribe had supported 855:

ruled the country from 1549 to 1659, followed by the

839:

in the early 8th century CE, but broke away from the

11836:

Rebels in the Rif: Abd-el-Krim and the Rif Rebellion

11368: 10712:"Morocco: 9 Imprisoned for Casablanca Blasts Escape" 10676: 9215:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. 8967:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 76. 8934:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 7622:. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 7423: 5214: 5109:

since 1991 cease-fire: most under Moroccan control (

2856:. The Almohads passed through a period of effective 2780:" ("the Victorious") was earned by his victory over 2733:. They founded a great mosque there; its tower, the 2537: 2494: 2479: 1802:

Decline of the Idrisids and rise of Zenata dominance

792:

at least 400,000 years ago. The recorded history of

523: 10620:"Europe | Solution to island dispute 'closer'" 10131:

Langer's Encyclopaedia of World History, page 1288.

9747:TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK (22 November 1953). 8115:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (30 January 2015). 6894:

http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/

6517:. State University of New York Press. p. 207. 6440:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 262 5341:" protests. In article 5 of the 2011 constitution, 5058:On 3 March 1973, Hassan II announced the policy of 4956: 3598:. This event saw the end of the Marinid dynasty as 3328:into Morocco by the beginning of the 13th century. 2803:against the Christians and then return to Morocco. 2488: 2482: 2473: 2276:school. At this time, Ifriqiya was in ferment. The 1513:

Founders of the Idrisid state: Idris I and Idris II

1252:, neither the Umayyad rulers in Damascus nor their 503: 11159:"Morocco rejoins the African Union after 33 years" 10645: 9931:"Morocco Plans for Independence | Foreign Affairs" 9869:Lall, Rashmee Roshan; jonoread (13 October 2021). 8158:"Fall of Africa's Greatest Empire | History Today" 8080:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830 7650:Law, Society and Culture in the Maghrib, 1300-1500 6313: 4147:The Maghreb in the second half of the 19th century 3625: 3253: 1117:, which had been settled by the Romans as a port. 816:from the 3rd century BCE until 40 CE, when it was 11538:Alami, Aida; Casey, Nicholas (9 September 2021). 10581:"Africa's first high speed line covers its costs" 8466:. Globalwebpost.com. 20 June 2000. Archived from 7984: 7531: 7150: 6371:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5429:occurred resulting in the deaths of 23 migrants. 5409:was held on 8 September 2021, which witnessed an 4995: 4735: 4253:larger than its national reserves to pay off its 4245:took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent 4226:, which was negotiated with the British diplomat 4163:The successful Portuguese efforts to control the 3489:At the height of their power, during the rule of 2648:), which denied the independent existence of the 1771:(or Yahya I), who also enjoyed a peaceful reign. 1386:Sijilmasa was a medieval Moroccan city and trade 1348: 953: 16908: 11521:"Algeria cuts diplomatic relations with Morocco" 11495:"The Reasons Behind the Spanish-Moroccan Crisis" 10284:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI 10220:"Marocanisation : Un système et des échecs" 9871:"The 1950s book that explains the War on Terror" 8400: 8382: 7677: 7558: 7538:. Princeton University Press. pp. 490–491. 7263:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 6556:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI 5289:Toura or Leila by Moroccans and Perejil by Spain 4525:(signed on 30 March 1912), which made Morocco a 15394: 10679:"Horror in Casablanca as al-Qaeda toll hits 41" 9177: 8710: 7767: 6949:Lewicki (1988), pp. 160–61; (1992), pp. 308–09. 6567: 6565: 6361: 6102: 5417:won a plurality of seats in the elections, and 5376:as a member state, 33 years after leaving. The 3884: 3363:of Ifriqia broke away in 1229, followed by the 2675:, and then chased their remnant all the way to 1604:of Volubilis took in Idris and made him their ' 1318:Berber tribal division. After allying with the 824:. In the mid-5th century CE, it was overrun by 11764:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 11369:Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (11 December 2020). 10165: 9963: 9310:Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). " 8235: 8114: 7744:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 7552: 7451:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–66. 6851:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 6487:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 6133:Tangier: From the Romans to The Rolling Stones 4931:of 1953, and his replacement by the unpopular 4394:dramatic intervention in Morocco in March 1905 4317:increased 14 million francs annually, and the 4249:led the Moroccan government to take a massive 2638:, and came under the influence of the teacher 2187:range; further south, encamped in the western 2068:, built by the Almoravids in the 12th century. 1417: 15039:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 14520: 13026: 12385: 11961: 11664:"Melilla migrant deaths spark anger in Spain" 9381: 9086: 8391: 8314: 8299: 8290: 6970: 6968: 6774: 6362:Lightfoot, Dale R.; Miller, James A. (1996), 4545:and Morocco. The treaty of Fez triggered the 4004: 3753:in 1508, 1511 and 1515, but without success. 2284:, was openly contemplating breaking with his 1683: 738: 14714:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 14483:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 11057:, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 10831: 9868: 9699: 9018:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8361:« Rabat/Salé, la conquête pirate » 8348:, in Cahiers de la Méditerranée, no 79, 2009 8308: 7686:. Fundación El legado andalusì. p. 78. 7525: 7300:Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World 6979:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. 6562: 5797:. In, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), 5680:Morocco: Monarchy, legitimacy and succession 4510:of Fes, wrested the throne from his brother 3801: 3531:In 1348 Abu al-Hasan was deposed by his son 3429:to support the ongoing struggle against the 3250:, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269. 2517: 2511: 2095:, the Almoravids were invited by the Muslim 1474: 10604:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10341:Bidwell, Robin (1998). "Fez Riots (1990)". 9697: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 8883:The Development of modern France, 1870–1939 8135: 7947: 7747:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. 7588: 6974: 6829: 6510: 5817:, in, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), 5787: 4977:Spanish-ruled areas was restored. Attempts 4428:French and Spanish protectorate (1912–1956) 3911:in western Spain, who anticipated the 1609 3664:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3618:from the 1459 massacre, who instigated the 1557:(788–791), who traced his ancestry back to 1180: 14527: 14513: 13033: 13019: 12392: 12378: 11968: 11954: 11537: 10245:CIA Intelligence Report (September 1975). 9895:Cianfarra, Camille M. (17 November 1955). 9506:Comparative Studies in Society and History 9367:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9022:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8894: 8548:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8045:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (January 1989). 7163:. Princeton University Press. p. 34. 6965: 6611:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6333:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6228:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5995: 5993: 5910:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham" 3732:Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya 3612:Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya 3209: 2346: 2206:The western Sanhaja had been converted to 1225: 1152:and Volubilis started to lose importance. 1038:coins excavated in Essaouira, 3rd century. 745: 731: 150: 16833:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 11320:"Morocco announces 1st coronavirus death" 10912: 10482: 10063: 9894: 9540: 9517: 9143:The American Journal of International Law 8335: 7740: 7338: 6490:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6483: 6251:, Larousse Ed. (2000), pp.220 & 224 ( 6193: 6004:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham 5432:On 3 May 2023, King Mohammed VI declared 5200:around three-quarters of Western Sahara. 4972:was reintegrated with the signing of the 3684:Learn how and when to remove this message 3285:. They first frequented the area between 3202:was practically all that remained of old 3035:from Ferdinand III in return for 300,000 2687:which Almohad chroniclers described as a 2397:Learn how and when to remove this message 2026:Learn how and when to remove this message 1585:and supporters of the descendants of the 1203:to the area. Although part of the larger 883:in 1971. The bones of several very early 16838:Colonial universities in the Philippines 12427: 9928: 9814:"Today in African history - 24 December" 9676: 9607:"The 1947 French massacre in Casablanca" 9418: 9416: 8733: 8682:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 8573: 8097:, p.42 Edinburgh University Press 1996. 8044: 7772:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 7706: 7397: 7321:Fletcher, Madeleine (15 February 2019). 7320: 7101: 6747: 6723: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6587: 6129: 6075: 5600: 5598: 5347: 5345:was recognized as an official language. 5271: 5100: 5055:mediation, with no territorial changes. 4999: 4882: 4817:as a symbol of the nationalist struggle. 4800: 4745: 4557:, although, during World War II, it was 4445: 4413: 4349: 4150: 4142: 4090:abandoned it and drove the Spanish from 4014: 3945:A cannon from the republican era in Salé 3940: 3894: 3819: 3811: 3701: 3563: 3497:another attempt was made to reunite the 3263: 3178:With the departure of the Almohads, the 3078: 2810: 2743: 2414: 2163:rise in the early 10th century, and the 2059: 2043: 1999:Section was likely copied directly from 1718: 1703:, 840 CE. The coin features the name of 1687: 1484: 1373: 1299: 1240:agitators, the native Berber population 1171: 1089: 1030: 957: 15829:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 14307: 11433: 11050: 10863:"Thousands in Morocco march for rights" 10340: 9749:"EX-SULTAN HAS ROLE IN SPANISH MOROCCO" 9499: 9464:. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 9290:Migration and development co-operation. 9087:Correspondent, our own (3 March 1956). 8856:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 8845: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8608: 8264:North Africa: nation, state, and region 8038: 7985:Fairchild Ruggles, D. (25 April 2011). 7393: 7391: 7232: 7209: 7127: 7125: 6807:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 6789: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6435: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6048: 5990: 5837:. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 5682:, in : Third World Quarterly, 1988 5656: 5654: 4919:France's exile of the highly respected 4467:In 1907, the French took the murder of 4111:In 1859, Morocco went to war with Spain 3875:Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i 3610:. He was in turn overthrown in 1471 by 1553:The founder of the Idrisid dynasty was 1168:Early Islamic Morocco (c. 700 – c. 743) 440: 16909: 16782: 11637:. Agence France-Presse. 25 June 2022. 11459: 11112: 10913:Chrisafis, Angelique (28 April 2011). 10838:Directorate-General for Trade (2022). 10718:. Agence France-Presse. 8 April 2008. 10483:Schmickle, Sharon (17 December 2010). 10459:"Western Sahara Since the Arab Spring" 10391: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10020: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9500:Hoffman, Katherine E. (October 2010). 9457: 8513: 8416:"Class/social stratification in Islam" 7646: 7584: 7582: 7502:Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016). 7446: 7417: 6804: 6777:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6726:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6411:"Northvegr – A History of the Vikings" 6308: 6049:Josephy, Alvin M. (6 September 2016). 5852: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5830: 5755:"'First of our kind' found in Morocco" 5604: 5393:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 5300:struck a series of sites in Casablanca 4813:on 11 January 1944 established Sultan 3927:of Rabat, on the opposite bank of the 3836:. The first of these polities was the 2159:Berbers, who had been the base of the 1861:After this Idrisids settled among the 1680:which remained outside their control. 1448:. The polity was founded in 710 CE by 929:culture that was common to the entire 862: 16781: 16677: 16676: 15800: 15678: 15393: 15252: 15220: 15157: 15094: 15009: 14932: 14872: 14786: 14775: 14547: 14546: 14508: 13014: 12373: 11975: 11949: 11518: 11414:"Joint-Declaration-US-Morocco-Israel" 11182: 10860: 10420:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations 10281: 10023:American Journal of International Law 9746: 9413: 9332: 8818: 8760: 8208: 8181: 7896:. Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk. p. 23 7532:Roger Le Tourneau (8 December 2015). 7501: 7472:Gerli, E. Michael (4 December 2013). 7471: 6940:Mones (1988), p. 119; (1992), p. 228. 6768: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6619:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1031. 6553: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6341:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1038. 6014: 5881:"North Africa - Ancient North Africa" 5809: 5807: 5752: 5748: 5746: 5663: 5644: 5642: 5595: 5439:On 8 September 2023, a 6.8 magnitude 5152:be conducted under UN supervision. A 4963:Revolution of the King and the People 4846:manifesto demanding full independence 4653:was quelled by French artillery fire. 3055:Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami 1456:grant. Under his guidance, the local 1236:In 740 CE, spurred on by puritanical 1101:During the time of the Roman emperor 1042:Mauretania was an independent tribal 804:, although the area was inhabited by 773:. It dates from the establishment of 509:Revolution of the King and the People 15110:Captaincy General of the Philippines 14602:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 12399: 11800:Morocco: From Empire to Independence 11766:, Cambridge University Press, 1987. 11519:Ahmed, Hamid Ould (25 August 2021). 11292: 11113:Masbah, Mohammed (7 November 2017). 10658:from the original on 12 January 2022 9720: 9543:The Journal of North African Studies 9425:The Journal of North African Studies 9422: 9316:". Harvard University Press. p.323. 9287:De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) 9248: 9038:"Agadir Incident | European history" 8923: 8654: 7388: 7272:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001 7122: 7095: 6680: 6280: 6262: 6236: 5690: 5688: 5651: 5569:The Journal of North African Studies 4471:in Marrakesh as a pretext to invade 4027:as an ambassador to England in 1723. 3662:adding citations to reliable sources 3629: 3061:dynasty that had once ruled the old 2772:style and protected the philosopher 2663:Around 1124, Ibn Tumart erected the 2379:adding citations to reliable sources 2350: 2120:and because of the agitation of the 1972: 945:reached the north coast of Morocco. 869:List of prehistoric sites in Morocco 16813:Indochristian painting in New Spain 14933: 11935:Historical map of Morocco – c. 1600 11917:Early Twentiethth Century Timelines 11788:, New York University Press, 2000. 10745:"US rewards Morocco for terror aid" 10275: 10174: 10142:"Constitutional history of Morocco" 9952: 9842: 9709:Library of Congress Country Studies 9656: 8609:Barnett, Vincent (27 August 2014). 8406:Coindreau 2006, p.44-45 & 49-50 8269: 7579: 7203: 6905:ʻAbd al-Wāḥid Dhannūn Ṭāhā (1998). 6844: 6823: 6798: 6444: 5841: 5091:Western Sahara conflict (1974–1991) 4514:, who was supported by the French. 4133:European influence (c. 1830 – 1956) 3425:to the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went to 3246:, was reduced to the possession of 3191: 3057:, who claimed descendance from the 2527: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2076:(c.1060–1147) originated among the 1565:, daughter of the Islamic prophet, 1176:The Maghreb after the Berber Revolt 1017:Mauretania (c. 300 BCE – c. 430 CE) 757:The history of human habitation in 13: 15780:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 15253: 14534: 11688: 11133:"Morocco PM's party wins election" 10532:"Moroccans and Women: Two Rallies" 8740:. University of Washington Press. 8464:"Dr. Farooq's Study Resource Page" 7678:Torremocha Silva, Antonio (2006). 6838: 6783: 6748:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). 6732: 6534: 6511:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). 6383:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01746.x 6130:Hamilton, Richard (27 June 2019). 5804: 5743: 5639: 5304:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 5008:, on his way to Friday prayers in 3297:, at times reaching as far as the 2599:of southern Morocco. At the time, 1969:Almoravid dynasty (c. 1060 – 1147) 1715:, and an ancestor of the Idrisids. 14: 16928: 15010: 14873: 14754:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 11905: 11349:United States Department of State 10343:Dictionary Of Modern Arab History 9998: 9793:رجل استرخص الموت – محمد الزرقطوني 8996:الخديمي, علال, 1946-.... (2009). 8491:"Why Morocco Matters To The U.S." 8488: 8022:. Al-hakawati.net. Archived from 7682:. In Viguera, Maria Jesús (ed.). 7400:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 7340:10.3989/alqantara.1997.v18.i2.528 7210:Hopkins, J.F.P. (24 April 2012). 7133:"Almohads | Berber confederation" 6958:M. Brett and E. Fentress (1996), 5685: 5245:Socialist Union of Popular Forces 5215:Reign of Mohammed VI (since 1999) 5182:Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic 4543:Spanish Colony of Saguia El Hamra 4335:called for the annexation of the 4121:of 1911. Morocco became a French 4001:finally vanquished the Dilaites. 3569:Portuguese possessions in Morocco 1569:. He was the great-grandchild of 979:Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum 765:. Much later Morocco was part of 103:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 16865:Criollos in the colonial society 16793:Spanish missions in the Americas 15915:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 12896:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 12604: 12276:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 12046:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11734: 11708: 11682: 11656: 11623: 11598: 11565: 11531: 11512: 11487: 11453: 11427: 11406: 11388: 11362: 11337: 11312: 11286: 11261: 11235: 11210: 11176: 11151: 11125: 11106: 11080: 11061: 11051:Ottoway, Marina (20 June 2011), 11044: 11018: 10992: 10966: 10940: 10906: 10880: 10861:Karam, Souhail (20 March 2011). 10854: 10809: 10784: 10759: 10737: 10704: 10670: 10638: 10612: 10572: 10550: 10524: 10499: 10476: 10451: 10426: 10411: 10392:Kazeem, Yomi (31 January 2017). 10385: 10359: 10334: 10308: 10290: 10238: 10212: 10159: 10134: 10125: 10108:"Muḥammad V | sultan of Morocco" 10100: 10057: 10014: 9992: 9929:Balafrej, Ahmed (1 April 1956). 9922: 9888: 9862: 9836: 9806: 9774: 9740: 9714: 9650: 9624: 9599: 9569: 9534: 9493: 9468: 9451: 9375: 9326: 9281: 9237: 9204: 9134: 9080: 9055: 9030: 8989: 8956: 8888: 8875: 8839: 8812: 8789: 8754: 8727: 8704: 8629: 8602: 8567: 8556: 8507: 8482: 8456: 8430: 8421: 8409: 8370: 8351: 8318:Salé et ses corsaires, 1666-1727 8256: 8229: 8202: 8175: 8150: 7475:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia 6625:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3495 6029:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1250 5318:, Morocco's main trade partner. 5259:, and the introduction of civil 5069:front after the outbreak of the 4957:Independent Morocco (since 1956) 4642: 4626: 4614: 4594: 4570: 3965:Captain General of the Fortalesa 3634: 3316:basin. Following the arrival of 2815:Coin minted during the reign of 2806: 2469: 2436: 2427: 2355: 2269:and a jurist and scholar of the 1977: 1875:Al-Qasim al-Gannoun ibn Muhammad 1873:) or the Fatimids as overlords. 1656:(791–828) developed the city of 969:, 7th century BCE, excavated on 948: 828:, before being recovered by the 710: 696: 421:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 42: 16892:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 14776: 11802:, Oneworld Publications, 2013. 11779:Journal of Contemporary History 11756: 11720:HESPRESS English - Morocco News 10647:"Battle of Parsley Island ends" 10418:"Mohamed VI, King of Morocco". 9184:H. Z(J. W.) Hirschberg (1981). 8239:The Cambridge History of Africa 8182:Black, Jeremy (28 March 1996). 8108: 8085: 8072: 8012: 7978: 7941: 7908: 7883: 7858: 7825: 7812: 7790: 7761: 7734: 7700: 7671: 7640: 7495: 7465: 7440: 7406: 7355: 7314: 7288: 7253: 7226: 7070: 7045: 7019: 6993: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6898: 6886: 6864: 6664: 6639: 6581: 6504: 6429: 6403: 6355: 6302: 6289: 6271: 6187: 6161: 6150: 6123: 6106:The Cambridge History of Africa 6096: 6069: 6042: 6008: 5944: 5924: 5898: 5873: 5824: 5765: 4535:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 4442:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 3734:alive. He went on to found the 3626:Wattasid dynasty (c. 1472–1554) 3614:, one of the two the surviving 3254:Marinids dynasty (c. 1244–1465) 3048:That same year, Portuguese and 2972:. Sensing a power vacuum, both 2760:(Yusuf I, ruled 1163–1184) and 2366:needs additional citations for 2253:. On his return, he stopped by 2199:down to the borderlands of the 1814:tribes of Madyuna, Ghayata and 941:period, or the copper age, the 15221: 14944:Captaincy General of Guatemala 14652:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 11460:Kassam, Ashifa (18 May 2021). 11434:Ellyatt, Holly (19 May 2021). 11183:Quinn, Ben (31 January 2017). 11070:Morocco's Constitution of 2011 10186:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 9964:Stenner, David (14 May 2019). 9382:Sánchez Pérez, Andrés (1973). 9255:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 9211:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 8963:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 8930:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 8678:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 8242:. Cambridge University Press. 8188:. Cambridge University Press. 6754:. Edinburgh University Press. 6109:. Cambridge University Press. 5853:Davies, O. (30 October 2014). 5775:. Sciencedaily.com. 7 May 2009 5722: 5701: 5672: 5480:History of cities in Morocco: 5415:National Rally of Independents 5337:proposed in order to placate " 5158:International Court of Justice 4996:Reign of Hassan II (1961–1999) 4774:, the Eastern Rif, Jbala, the 4752:French pacification of Morocco 4736:Opposition to European control 4456:French protectorate in Morocco 4438:French protectorate in Morocco 4423:, an early Moroccan newspaper. 4282:Alliance Israélite Universelle 3600:Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey 3272:Although the Marinids claimed 3029:Abd al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' 2939: 2894:, who declared himself Caliph 2611:), were under the rule of the 2124:. The conquest of the city of 1542:on the Atlantic coast and the 1349:Emirate of Sijilmasa (757–976) 1193:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 1187:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 954:Carthage (c. 800 – c. 300 BCE) 504:Opposition to European control 1: 16843:General Archive of the Indies 16104:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 15775:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 15760:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 14709:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 14662:War of the Spanish Succession 14627:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 11786:Morocco Since 1830: A History 11345:"U.S. Relations With Morocco" 10585:Railway Gazette International 10226:(in French). 7 September 2004 9970:. Stanford University Press. 9437:10.1080/13629387.2018.1538188 9313:A history of the Arab peoples 8209:Black, Jeremy (31 May 2018). 8143:The Last Great Muslim Empires 7426:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 7402:. Edinburgh University Press. 7105:Almoravid and Almohad Empires 5753:Ghosh, Pallab (7 June 2017). 5605:Hublin, Jean Jacques (2010). 5370:Justice and Development Party 5368:witnessed the victory of the 5194:Organisation of African Unity 5053:Organisation of African Unity 4842:Istiqlal (Independence) Party 3587:, who exercised a regency as 3268:The Marinid Sultanate in 1360 3220:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 2840:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 2519:ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ 1887:Hasan ibn al-Qasim al-Gannoun 1723:Present-day courtyard of the 1597:(known as Walili in Arabic). 1533:that started in 739–740. The 1493:, showing its maximal extent. 370:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 15801: 14915:Captaincy General of Yucatan 14845:Union with Holy Roman Empire 14824:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 14739:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 11926:: Moroccan crises, 1903–1914 11852: 11088:"Morocco profile - Timeline" 9818:www.africatodayyesterday.org 9555:10.1080/13629387.2014.948309 9293:. Council of Europe. p. 25. 8427:Roger Coindreau, 2006, p. 53 7957:. Markus Wiener Publishers. 7741:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). 7185:"Almohads - Islamic Studies" 6157:Data and map of Roman Banasa 5385:COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco 4481:bombard and invade that city 3885:Republic of Salé (1624–1668) 3862:and collapse of the empire, 3069:to offer recognition to the 2924:"), the Almohad governor of 2822:In 1212, the Almohad Caliph 2701: 2595:tribal confederation of the 1957:. In Fes and in the town of 1612:in his struggle against the 7: 15679: 15395:Administrative subdivisions 14592:War of the League of Cognac 13040: 10579:2019-11-21T15:37:00+00:00. 10560:. Nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu 10188:A history of modern Morocco 9391:Revista de Historia Militar 9333:Othen, Christopher (2013). 9257:A history of modern Morocco 9213:A history of modern Morocco 8965:A history of modern Morocco 8932:A history of modern Morocco 8847:Furlong, Charles Wellington 8822:Morocco's Saharan Frontiers 8798:Morocco's Saharan Frontiers 8680:A history of modern Morocco 8576:Political Science Quarterly 7398:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 7102:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 6975:Shillington, Kevin (2005). 6830:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 5454: 5323:thousands of people rallied 5051:. The conflict ended after 4951:Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 4462: 4284:opened its first school in 4192:and European encroachment. 3828:photographed in the evening 3606:, was proclaimed Sultan in 3108:– the old great Andalusian 3045:in 1228 to confront Yahya. 2869:in 1217 was an exception). 2549:'those who profess the 2538: 1997:. The specific problem is: 1418:Kingdom of Nekor (710–1019) 556:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 354:(beginning 19th century AD) 273:(beginning 11th century AD) 99:Classical to Late Antiquity 10: 16933: 16109:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 16094:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 15996:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 15158: 14894:), Western United States ( 14787: 14657:Portuguese Restoration War 11912:A short history of Morocco 10345:. Routledge. p. 146. 9458:Nelson, Harold D. (1985). 8763:African Historical Studies 7718:Edinburgh University Press 7655:Cambridge University Press 7239:. Routledge. p. 197. 6675:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 6576:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 6436:Hodgson, Marshall (1961), 5831:Nelson, Harold D. (1985). 5466:Imperial cities of Morocco 5184:(SADR), and itself formed 5094: 4870:Tangier International Zone 4739: 4559:occupied from 1940 to 1945 4434:French conquest of Morocco 4431: 4382:designs in Morocco in the 4195:In 1844, after the French 4136: 4008: 4005:Alawi dynasty (since 1666) 3888: 3854:sent an expedition to the 3805: 3695: 3538: 3257: 3031:. He promptly purchased a 2956:throughout the regions of 2884:Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' 2408: 2300:of Waggag ibn Zelu in the 2037: 1913:later in the century, the 1684:The successors of Idris II 1505:, the great-grandchild of 1489:Idrisid state, around 820 1478: 1421: 1352: 1303: 1229: 1184: 1071:, executed (39 CE or 40). 1020: 866: 497:Tangier International Zone 426:French conquest of Morocco 16877:Slavery in Spanish Empire 16788: 16777: 16683: 16672: 16570: 16464: 16457: 16342: 16191: 16184: 16177: 16164:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 16074: 15943: 15905:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 15867: 15811: 15807: 15796: 15765:Barcelona Trading Company 15732: 15689: 15685: 15674: 15578: 15530:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 15500: 15442: 15404: 15400: 15389: 15340: 15299: 15263: 15259: 15248: 15227: 15164: 15105: 15037:Venezuela, part of Guyana 15016: 14939: 14890:, Central United States ( 14879: 14793: 14782: 14771: 14622:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 14607:Expulsion of the Moriscos 14553: 14542: 14476: 14428: 13945: 13349: 13048: 12972: 12904: 12841: 12832: 12765: 12756: 12673: 12664: 12637:Prefectures and provinces 12622: 12613: 12602: 12554: 12523: 12477: 12446: 12420: 12411: 12289: 12264: 11983: 10796:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu 10438:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu 9638:(in Arabic). 31 July 2013 9519:10.1017/S0010417510000484 8897:French Historical Studies 8215:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8121:. Routledge. p. 58. 8094:The New Islamic dynasties 7871:. Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk 7820:The New Islamic Dynasties 7647:Powers, David S. (2002). 7559:Ahmed Khaneboubi (2008). 7082:www.collinsdictionary.com 6484:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 6194:Gottreich, Emily (2020). 6173:. BRILL. 19 August 2013. 6136:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5581:10.1080/13629380108718436 5423:Prime Minister of Morocco 5421:was later named the 17th 5335:constitutional referendum 5198:2,500-kilometer sand berm 5097:History of Western Sahara 4807:Manifesto of Independence 4791:Moroccan Action Committee 4787:Comité d'Action Marocaine 4750:Map depicting the staged 4699:Spanish coup of July 1936 4607:Bombardment of Casablanca 4260:In the mid 19th century, 3978:by Andalusians and a new 3953:, and refused to pay his 3802:Saadi dynasty (1549–1659) 3578:Portuguese captured Ceuta 3409: 2762:Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur 2508:خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ 2336:Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni 2315:" (the title of the 36th 2222:, a critical stop on the 2183:and the foothills of the 1963:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 1475:Idrisid dynasty (789–974) 1124:, Augustus founded three 217:Territorial fragmentation 16818:Quito painting tradition 16808:Cusco painting tradition 16169:García López de Cárdenas 16159:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 16066:Felipe González de Ahedo 15986:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 14563:Conquest of the Americas 12031:Central African Republic 11781:10 (April 1975): 301–22. 11499:The Washington Institute 10367:"Ceuta, Melilla profile" 10254:CIA Library Reading room 9480:U.S. Department of State 9461:Morocco, a Country Study 9089:"An Independent Morocco" 8819:Trout, Frank E. (1969). 8118:Atlas of Islamic History 7768:Idris El Hareir (2011). 6805:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 6651:islamicart.museumwnf.org 6277:Abun-Nasr 1987, pp.33–34 6249:Atlas Historique Mondial 5908:Mogador: Promontory Fort 5834:Morocco, a Country Study 5548: 5471:List of Kings of Morocco 5331:Maghrebi arm of al-Qaeda 4910:Moroccan Communist Party 4713:Spanish occupied Morocco 4701:, which gave way to the 3098:Ferdinand III of Castile 2930:Ferdinand III of Castile 2513:دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ 2191:, were the Massufa, the 1831:Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar 1695:, minted at al-'Aliyah ( 1561:(died 661) and his wife 1414:during the Middle Ages. 1408:trans-Sahara trade route 1341:under the leadership of 1181:Muslim conquest (c. 700) 1005:By the 5th century BCE, 837:conquered by the Muslims 318:other political entities 16603:Comuneros (New Granada) 16380:Balearic Islands (1558) 16099:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 16026:Ruy López de Villalobos 15981:Miguel López de Legazpi 15895:García de Toledo Osorio 14759:Western Sahara conflict 14749:Independence of Morocco 14689:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 14632:Piracy in the Caribbean 14617:French Wars of Religion 11831:, Éd. Atlantides, 1952. 10771:www.presidency.ucsb.edu 10166:P. Mweti Munya (1999). 10112:Encyclopædia Britannica 9577:"National celebrations" 9339:( ed.). New York. 9067:Encyclopedia Britannica 9042:Encyclopedia Britannica 8734:Rodrigue, Aron (2003). 8514:Högger, Daniel (2015). 8266:, Routledge 1993, p. 19 8078:Julien, Charles-André, 7776:. UNESCO. p. 420. 7137:Encyclopedia Britannica 7057:www.merriam-webster.com 7053:"Definition of ALMOHAD" 6847:"Mulay Idris Mausoleum" 6790:Achouar, Amina (2005). 6078:The Classical Quarterly 6015:Camps, Gabriel (1991). 5885:Encyclopædia Britannica 5612:. In Barham, Lawrence; 5575:(2): 81–94. June 2001. 5461:History of North Africa 5308:Second Sahrawi Intifada 4986:constitutional monarchy 4504:conditionally supported 4205:bombardment of Tangiers 3526:holding on to Algeciras 3334: 3210:Collapse in the Maghreb 3148:in 1242 (to Portugal), 3128:in 1234 (to Portugal), 3112:fell in a grand sweep: 3008:, Salvatierra (the old 2854:Yusuf II "al-Mustansir" 2838:, and Portugal, at the 2782:Alfonso VIII of Castile 2461:The Almohad Caliphate ( 2347:Almohads (c. 1121–1269) 2084:tribe belonging to the 1398:oasis near the town of 1280:in what is now western 1226:Berber Revolt (740–743) 587:Western Sahara conflict 16848:Colonial Spanish Horse 16522:Colonia del Sacramento 15745:Spanish treasure fleet 15322:Royal Decree of Graces 12464:Barghawata Confederacy 11930:The History of Morocco 11841:Yolanda Aixelà-Cabré. 11119:Arab Reform Initiative 10282:Rivet, Daniel (2012). 9190:. BRILL. p. 318. 8315:Leïla Maziane (2008). 7619:Encyclopaedia of Islam 7447:Barton, Simon (2009). 7233:Kennedy, Hugh (2014). 7216:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6554:Rivet, Daniel (2012). 5982:: CS1 maint: others ( 5353: 5294:In May 2003, Islamist 5280: 5240:on the United States. 5238:9/11 terrorist attacks 5234:First Sahrawi Intifada 5118: 5013: 4981:were less successful. 4901: 4818: 4755: 4649:Destruction after the 4459: 4424: 4409:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni 4366:, through his regent, 4359: 4213:bombardment of Mogador 4160: 4148: 4119:Second Moroccan Crisis 4117:of 1905–1906, and the 4028: 3946: 3900: 3858:, which resulted in a 3829: 3817: 3707: 3572: 3269: 3152:in 1243 (to Castile), 3132:in 1236 (to Castile), 3084: 2863:loss of Alcácer do Sal 2819: 2753: 2420: 2147:across the north, the 2069: 2057: 1736: 1716: 1494: 1383: 1177: 1138:Iulia Campestris Babba 1130:Iulia Constantia Zilil 1098: 1039: 982: 810:city-state of Carthage 330:Principality of Debdou 221:(10th–11th century AD) 16006:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 15966:Juan Sebastián Elcano 15281:Council of the Indies 14642:Spanish–Moro conflict 14612:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 14572:Treaty of Tordesillas 14453:Medieval great powers 12744:Western Sahara status 12524:European protectorate 12433:Kingdom of Mauretania 12191:São Tomé and Príncipe 12051:Republic of the Congo 11821:(Stanford UP, 2019). 10842:. European Commission 10078:10.1353/jod.1996.0041 9399:Ministerio de Defensa 8801:, Droz (1969), p.24 ( 7708:Fromherz, Allen James 7189:Oxford Bibliographies 6588:Eustache, D. (1971). 5669:Pennell 2003, pp.9–11 5378:2018 consumer boycott 5351: 5275: 5170:tripartite conference 5115:Sahrawi Arab Republic 5104: 5003: 4895: 4804: 4749: 4577:The assassination of 4479:as an opportunity to 4449: 4417: 4353: 4228:John Hay Drummond Hay 4224:Anglo-Moroccan treaty 4203:took place, with the 4154: 4146: 4115:First Moroccan Crisis 4101:During the reigns of 4059:through his daughter 4018: 3944: 3898: 3823: 3815: 3705: 3567: 3456:In 1276 they founded 3402:(1259–1286) captured 3267: 3244:Idris II, 'al-Wathiq' 3136:in 1238 (to Aragon), 3124:in 1230 (to Aragon), 3090:Sancho II of Portugal 3082: 2978:Sancho II of Portugal 2814: 2747: 2418: 2063: 2047: 1722: 1691: 1540:Barghwata Confederacy 1488: 1377: 1300:Barghawata (744–1058) 1175: 1134:Iulia Valentia Banasa 1093: 1069:Ptolemy of Mauretania 1034: 1021:Further information: 1007:the state of Carthage 961: 197:Barghwata confederacy 155:(8th–10th century AD) 16803:Mesoamerican Codices 16527:Comuneros (Paraguay) 16365:Siege of Castelnuovo 15951:Christopher Columbus 15770:Consulate of the Sea 15750:Casa de Contratación 15341:Titles and positions 14734:Spanish–American War 14724:Liberal constitution 14567:Asia and the Pacific 14463:European colonialism 14448:Ancient great powers 12652:World Heritage Sites 12541:Spanish Protectorate 12438:Mauretania Tingitana 11922:24 July 2011 at the 11894:, Éd. Perrin, 2009. 11880:, Éd. Perrin, 2000. 11862:, Éd. du Lys, 2010. 11762:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. 11746:moroccoworldnews.com 11579:. 9 September 2021. 10224:Aujourd'hui le Maroc 10066:Journal of Democracy 8711:Gottreich, Emily R. 8470:on 12 September 2017 8397:Coindreau 2006, p.48 8305:Coindreau 2006, p.43 8296:Coindreau 2006, p.42 8262:E. George H. Joffé, 8162:www.historytoday.com 8145:, BRILL 1997, p.102 6286:Abun-Nasr 1987, p.42 6268:Abun-Nasr 1987, p.33 6021:Encyclopédie Berbère 5660:Pennell 2003, pp.7–9 5627:on 24 September 2015 5427:a migration incident 5327:bombing in Marrakesh 5312:free trade agreement 5034:again in August 1972 4939:bombed Casablanca's 4398:Algeciras Conference 4243:Hispano-Moroccan War 4234:'s control over the 4074:was consolidated by 3991:Al-Rashid of Morocco 3864:Pashalik of Timbuktu 3772:kings to the north. 3658:improve this section 3522:Battle of Río Salado 2681:Battle of al-Buhayra 2375:improve this article 2214:" (pagan peoples of 2008:improve this section 1993:to meet Knowledge's 1933:ruled over Tlemcen, 1725:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 1444:, and then moved to 1378:The Berber entrepot 1292:, constructed a new 1120:During the reign of 1081:Mauretania Tingitana 1027:Mauretania Tingitana 832:in the 6th century. 468:Spanish protectorate 375:Hispano-Moroccan War 232:Caliphate of Córdoba 190:Emirate of Sijilmasa 131:Mauretania Tingitana 16532:Cartagena de Indias 16154:Diego de Mazariegos 16124:Pere Fages i Beleta 15991:Sebastián de Ocampo 15472:Provincias Internas 15444:Captaincies General 15358:Municipal president 15327:School of Salamanca 15098:Spanish East Indies 15077:Misiones Orientales 14949:Spanish West Indies 14913:, Central America ( 14860:Pyrénées-Orientales 14813:Union with Portugal 14704:Napoleonic invasion 14684:War of Jenkins' Ear 14458:Modern great powers 12536:French Protectorate 12266:States with limited 11838:(Stanford UP, 1967) 10652:The Daily Telegraph 10304:. 17 December 1990. 8277:« Dila‘ » 8082:, Payot 1931, p.196 7837:. Oxford Business. 6090:10.1093/cq/53.1.286 5906:"C. Michael Hogan, 5536:Timeline of Morocco 5476:Politics of Morocco 5425:. On 24 June 2022, 5186:government-in-exile 5154:UN visiting mission 5039:After neighbouring 4933:Mohammed Ben Aarafa 4764:Republic of the Rif 4603:Treaty of Algeciras 4587:conquest of Morocco 4222:Makhzen signed the 4201:Franco-Moroccan War 4139:Scramble for Africa 4043:, whose descendant 3917:Philip III of Spain 3469:Al-Attarine Madrasa 3435:Strait of Gibraltar 3194:) rose to power in 3144:in 1238 (to Leon), 3120:in 1230 (to Leon), 3083:Almohads after 1212 3022:Yahya "al-Mu'tasim" 2867:Kingdom of Portugal 2824:Muhammad 'al-Nasir' 2714:, becoming amir of 2224:trans-Saharan trade 2139:The Berbers of the 1937:(Chellah), and the 1867:Umayyads of Cordoba 1855:Umayyads of Cordoba 1784:trans-Saharan trade 1244:against the ruling 1083:, with the city of 863:Prehistoric Morocco 769:culture, including 565:Moulay Bouazza plot 463:French protectorate 404:Treaty of Algeciras 365:Franco-Moroccan War 136:Exarchate of Africa 16917:History of Morocco 16828:Academia Antártica 16783:Other civil topics 16149:Pánfilo de Narváez 16051:Sebastián Vizcaíno 16016:Andrés de Urdaneta 15976:Juan Ponce de León 15961:Ferdinand Magellan 15935:Bernardo de Gálvez 15834:Indian auxiliaries 15332:Trial of residence 15312:Laws of the Indies 15096:Asia and Oceania ( 14957:Dominican Republic 12815:Telecommunications 11858:David Bensoussan, 11829:History of Morocco 11544:The New York Times 10819:. 11 December 2013 10716:The New York Times 10536:The New York Times 10373:. 14 December 2018 10322:. 16 December 1990 10302:The New York Times 10263:on 11 January 2017 9901:The New York Times 9753:The New York Times 9581:Moroccoinaustralia 9149:(2): 81–99. 1913. 9126:has generic name ( 8849:(September 1911). 8825:. Librairie Droz. 8641:eudocs.lib.byu.edu 8388:Maziane 2007, p.59 8367:, 1 September 2009 7449:A History of Spain 7302:. 28 December 2017 6845:Mezzine, Mohamed. 6000:C. Michael Hogan, 5930:Sabatino Moscati, 5912:. Megalithic.co.uk 5614:Robson-Brown, Kate 5362:Hirak Rif Movement 5354: 5352:Hirak Rif protests 5321:In February 2011, 5281: 5221:death of Hassan II 5139:Plaza de soberanía 5119: 5111:Southern Provinces 5014: 4902: 4898:Universal Newsreel 4819: 4793:(CAM), proposed a 4762:, the independent 4756: 4708:Ejército de África 4555:international zone 4460: 4425: 4372:Théophile Delcassé 4360: 4161: 4149: 4086:in 1684 after the 4065:‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib 4041:‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib 4029: 3947: 3901: 3877:, the head of the 3830: 3818: 3738:and establish the 3708: 3573: 3506:kingdom of Tlemcen 3476:Emirate of Granada 3431:Kingdom of Castile 3421:ceded the town of 3324:, before entering 3270: 3200:Emirate of Granada 3094:Alfonso IX of León 3085: 3063:taifa of Saragossa 3010:Order of Calatrava 3006:Baños de la Encina 2974:Alfonso IX of León 2820: 2754: 2739:Alcázar of Seville 2421: 2329:Orthodox tradition 2306:Abdallah ibn Yasin 2282:al-Muizz ibn Badis 2216:sub-Saharan Africa 2070: 2058: 1769:Yahya ibn Muhammad 1737: 1735:in the 9th century 1717: 1707:: a son-in-law of 1555:Idris ibn Abdallah 1495: 1450:Salih I ibn Mansur 1384: 1178: 1099: 1040: 983: 889:were excavated at 806:indigenous Berbers 777:and other ancient 717:History portal 703:Morocco portal 599:Hirak Rif Movement 594:2011–2012 protests 16904: 16903: 16900: 16899: 16773: 16772: 16678:Spanish conquests 16668: 16667: 16664: 16663: 16660: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16453: 16452: 16134:Pedro de Alvarado 16119:Gaspar de Portolà 16114:Pedro de Valdivia 16089:Francisco Pizarro 16041:Nicolás de Ovando 16036:Alonso de Ercilla 16011:Alonso de Salazar 15844:Ships of the line 15792: 15791: 15788: 15787: 15670: 15669: 15666: 15665: 15385: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15244: 15243: 15240: 15239: 15216: 15215: 15173:Northern Africa ( 15169:Equatorial Guinea 15153: 15152: 15090: 15089: 15005: 15004: 14928: 14927: 14919:Spanish Caribbean 14892:Spanish Louisiana 14868: 14867: 14803:Crown of Castille 14767: 14766: 14744:Spanish Civil War 14719:Adams–Onís Treaty 14699:Nootka Convention 14647:Thirty Years' War 14637:Eighty Years' War 14558:Catholic Monarchs 14548:Timeline–immersed 14502: 14501: 14424: 14423: 14389:Polish–Lithuanian 13564:Gurjara-Pratihara 13008: 13007: 12968: 12967: 12828: 12827: 12752: 12751: 12683:Foreign relations 12660: 12659: 12600: 12599: 12367: 12366: 12293:other territories 12066:Equatorial Guinea 11977:History of Africa 11939:Z. Brakez et al. 11892:Histoire du Maroc 11878:Histoire du Maroc 11827:Terrasse, Henri. 11375:www.aljazeera.com 11293:Kasraoui, Safaa. 11163:www.aljazeera.com 10320:Los Angeles Times 10090:Project MUSE 9999:Burns, Jennifer. 9977:978-1-5036-0900-6 9721:Kasraoui, Safaa. 9657:Hekking, Morgan. 9476:"Morocco (10/04)" 9346:978-0-231-70425-0 9266:978-1-139-62469-5 9222:978-1-139-62469-5 9197:978-90-04-06295-5 8832:978-2-600-04495-0 8747:978-0-295-98314-1 8689:978-1-139-62469-5 8622:978-1-317-64412-5 8527:978-3-643-80196-8 8328:978-2-87775-832-1 8249:978-0-521-20413-2 8222:978-1-84486-515-4 8195:978-0-521-47033-9 8128:978-1-317-58897-9 8103:978-0-231-10714-3 7949:Shatzmiller, Maya 7754:978-0-521-33767-0 7727:978-0-7486-5418-5 7693:978-84-96556-34-8 7664:978-0-521-81691-5 7572:978-2-296-06644-1 7545:978-1-4008-7669-3 7515:978-1-315-51107-8 7485:978-1-136-77161-3 7458:978-0-230-20012-8 7374:978-90-04-09082-8 7281:978-0-19-280094-7 7170:978-0-691-13484-0 7115:978-0-7486-4682-1 6986:978-0-333-59957-0 6977:History of Africa 6677:, Vol. III, 1035. 6417:on 17 August 2009 6348:978-90-04-08112-3 6207:978-1-83860-361-8 6180:978-90-04-25258-5 6143:978-1-78672-647-6 6116:978-0-521-21592-3 6062:978-1-61230-978-1 6055:. New Word City. 6052:Africa: A History 5866:978-1-317-60532-4 5648:Pennell 2003, p.5 5411:electoral wipeout 5257:a ban on polygamy 5016:Mohammed V's son 4937:Muhammad Zarqtuni 4921:Sultan Mohammed V 4893: 4858:speech in Tangier 4830:Moroccan Goumiers 4809:presented by the 4778:and the north of 4705:, began with the 4703:Spanish Civil War 4458:on 30 March 1912. 4420:Lissan-ul-Maghreb 4297:Madrid Conference 4247:Treaty of Wad Ras 4197:conquered Algeria 4076:Ismail Ibn Sharif 4061:Fāṭimah az-Zahrah 4051:in 1631. His son 4047:became Prince of 4025:Ismail Ibn Sharif 3762:Portuguese Empire 3694: 3693: 3686: 3345:Battle of Alarcos 3281:, in present-day 3102:James I of Aragon 2791:From the time of 2786:Battle of Alarcos 2650:attributes of God 2587:among the Berber 2565:Iberian Peninsula 2548: 2536: 2411:Almohad Caliphate 2407: 2406: 2399: 2263:Abu Imran al-Fasi 2243:Yahya ibn Ibrahim 2118:battle of Ourique 2093:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 2074:Almoravid dynasty 2040:Almoravid dynasty 2036: 2035: 2028: 2001:Almoravid dynasty 1995:quality standards 1986:This section may 1895:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1871:Abd ar-Rahman III 1844:Hassan I al-Hajam 1774:During this time 1751:from his base at 1747:regions near the 1731:, established by 1559:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1535:Abbasid Caliphate 1523:Umayyad Caliphate 1343:Tarif al-Matghari 1272:, in addition to 1246:Umayyad Caliphate 1094:Roman remains of 841:Umayyad Caliphate 755: 754: 389:Treaty of Wad Ras 320: 237:Fatimid Caliphate 171:Umayyad Caliphate 16924: 16779: 16778: 16745:Chibchan Nations 16674: 16673: 16643:Santiago de Cuba 16502:Guadalupe Island 16462: 16461: 16189: 16188: 16182: 16181: 16144:Diego de Almagro 16021:Antonio de Ulloa 15925:Ambrosio Spinola 15920:Pedro de Zubiaur 15890:Alfonso d'Avalos 15880:Antonio de Leyva 15824:Army of Flanders 15809: 15808: 15798: 15797: 15687: 15686: 15676: 15675: 15402: 15401: 15391: 15390: 15261: 15260: 15250: 15249: 15218: 15217: 15191:Peñón of Algiers 15155: 15154: 15092: 15091: 15007: 15006: 14930: 14929: 14912: 14870: 14869: 14784: 14783: 14773: 14772: 14694:Seven Years' War 14667:Queen Anne's War 14544: 14543: 14529: 14522: 14515: 14506: 14505: 14305: 14304: 13970:Austro-Hungarian 13670:Chagatai Khanate 13035: 13028: 13021: 13012: 13011: 12988: 12981: 12929:Hassaniya Arabic 12839: 12838: 12763: 12762: 12705:Sûreté Nationale 12671: 12670: 12620: 12619: 12608: 12592:2011–12 protests 12469:Kingdom of Nekor 12418: 12417: 12394: 12387: 12380: 12371: 12370: 12354: 12353:(United Kingdom) 12349:Tristan da Cunha 12345:Ascension Island 12337: 12324: 12315: 12291:Dependencies and 11984:Sovereign states 11970: 11963: 11956: 11947: 11946: 11890:Michel Abitbol, 11834:Woolman, David. 11817:Stenner, David. 11750: 11749: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11727: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11695:moroccoworldnews 11689:Rahhou, Jihane. 11686: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11418: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11341: 11335: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11299:moroccoworldnews 11290: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11265: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11254: 11239: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11169: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11139:. 8 October 2016 11129: 11123: 11122: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 10996: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10802: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10674: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10654:. 20 July 2002. 10649: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10603: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10554: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10262: 10256:. Archived from 10251: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10183: 10172: 10171: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9961: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9875:The New European 9866: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9849:moroccoworldnews 9843:Arbaoui, Larbi. 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9820:. Archived from 9810: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9727:moroccoworldnews 9718: 9712: 9701: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9663:moroccoworldnews 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9583:. 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Archived from 6407: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6385:, archived from 6368: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6317: 6306: 6300: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6260: 6245: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6219: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6165: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6023:(9): 1305–1306. 6012: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5981: 5973: 5948: 5942: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5850: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5822: 5811: 5802: 5793:1984 D. Lubell. 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5750: 5741: 5726: 5720: 5705: 5699: 5692: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5649: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5626: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5564: 5544: 5434:Amazigh New Year 5398:On 17 May 2021, 5285:crisis broke out 5283:In July 2002, a 5071:Arab-Israeli War 4974:Tangier Protocol 4945:in the European 4894: 4823:Atlantic Charter 4646: 4630: 4618: 4598: 4574: 4551:Tangier Protocol 4529:of France. In a 4501: 4407:(Bou Hmara) and 4385:Entente Cordiale 4236:Moroccan economy 4218:In 1856, Sultan 4105:(1859–1873) and 4063:and her husband 4021:Abdelkader Perez 3999:Moulay al Rashid 3913:expulsion edicts 3891:Republic of Salé 3698:Wattasid dynasty 3689: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3638: 3630: 3620:Wattasid dynasty 3602:, leader of the 3491:Abu al-Hasan Ali 3365:Zayyanid dynasty 3307: 3260:Marinids dynasty 3218:, and after the 3193: 3172:battle of Alange 2981:the environs of 2896:Abdallah al-Adil 2776:. His title of " 2654:anthropomorphism 2581:Almohad doctrine 2543: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2468: 2453:Almohad doctrine 2448:Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab 2440: 2431: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2359: 2351: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2011: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1796:Berber languages 1765:Ali ibn Muhammad 1587:prophet Muhammad 1575:Battle of Fakhkh 1544:Midrarid Emirate 1436:centered in the 1430:Kingdom of Nekor 1424:Kingdom of Nekor 1365:Midrarid dynasty 1359:Midrarid dynasty 1113:, known then as 1087:as its capital. 830:Byzantine Empire 796:begins with the 747: 740: 733: 715: 714: 713: 701: 700: 699: 653:History by topic 530: 529: 492:Tangier Protocol 447: 446: 394:Treaty of Madrid 356: 355: 335:Republic of Salé 317: 275: 274: 223: 222: 185:Emirate of Nekor 157: 156: 105: 104: 46: 36: 18: 17: 16932: 16931: 16927: 16926: 16925: 16923: 16922: 16921: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16896: 16872:Old inquisition 16784: 16769: 16679: 16652: 16608:Trinidad (1797) 16578:La Noche Triste 16566: 16562:San Juan (1797) 16512:San Juan (1595) 16449: 16338: 16178:Notable battles 16173: 16139:Martín de Ursúa 16070: 16001:Alonso de Ojeda 15971:Juan de la Cosa 15956:Pinzón brothers 15939: 15910:John of Austria 15885:Martín de Goiti 15863: 15803: 15784: 15728: 15681: 15662: 15574: 15570:Terra Australis 15565:Río de la Plata 15510:Castilla de Oro 15496: 15438: 15434:Río de la Plata 15396: 15377: 15336: 15295: 15291:Santa Hermandad 15255: 15236: 15232:Terra Australis 15223: 15212: 15179:Spanish Morocco 15160: 15149: 15140:Northern Taiwan 15101: 15086: 15057:Río de la Plata 15012: 15001: 14935: 14934:Central America 14924: 14906: 14875: 14864: 14808:Crown of Aragon 14789: 14778: 14763: 14679:Bourbon Reforms 14549: 14538: 14533: 14503: 14498: 14487:American Empire 14472: 14468:African empires 14420: 14303: 13995:Central African 13941: 13759:Romano-Germanic 13345: 13079:Middle Assyrian 13052: 13044: 13039: 13009: 13004: 12991: 12984: 12977: 12964: 12948:Moroccan people 12924:Moroccan Arabic 12900: 12824: 12770:Bank Al-Maghrib 12748: 12656: 12609: 12596: 12550: 12546:Operation Torch 12519: 12473: 12459:Idrisid dynasty 12442: 12407: 12398: 12368: 12363: 12362: 12352: 12335: 12322: 12313: 12294: 12292: 12285: 12269: 12267: 12260: 11979: 11974: 11924:Wayback Machine 11908: 11855: 11798:Pennell, C. R. 11784:Pennell, C. R. 11759: 11754: 11753: 11740: 11739: 11735: 11725: 11723: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11687: 11683: 11673: 11671: 11662: 11661: 11657: 11647: 11645: 11629: 11628: 11624: 11614: 11612: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11589: 11587: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11556: 11554: 11536: 11532: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11501: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11476: 11458: 11454: 11444: 11442: 11432: 11428: 11416: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11377: 11367: 11363: 11353: 11351: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11328: 11326: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11291: 11287: 11277: 11275: 11267: 11266: 11262: 11252: 11250: 11241: 11240: 11236: 11226: 11224: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11201: 11199: 11181: 11177: 11167: 11165: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11142: 11140: 11131: 11130: 11126: 11111: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11094:. 24 April 2018 11086: 11085: 11081: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11049: 11045: 11035: 11033: 11024: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11007: 11006:. 10 March 2012 10998: 10997: 10993: 10983: 10981: 10972: 10971: 10967: 10957: 10955: 10954:. 28 April 2011 10946: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10929: 10911: 10907: 10897: 10895: 10894:. 28 April 2011 10886: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10867:The Independent 10859: 10855: 10845: 10843: 10836: 10832: 10822: 10820: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10800: 10798: 10790: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10765: 10764: 10760: 10750: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10738: 10728: 10726: 10710: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10675: 10671: 10661: 10659: 10644: 10643: 10639: 10629: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10597: 10596: 10589: 10587: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10541: 10539: 10538:. 13 March 2000 10530: 10529: 10525: 10515: 10513: 10511:archive.ipu.org 10505: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10481: 10477: 10467: 10465: 10457: 10456: 10452: 10442: 10440: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10412: 10402: 10400: 10390: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10365: 10364: 10360: 10353: 10339: 10335: 10325: 10323: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10296: 10295: 10291: 10280: 10276: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10249: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10218: 10217: 10213: 10198: 10184: 10175: 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10146:ConstitutionNet 10140: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10062: 10058: 10035:10.2307/2195744 10019: 10015: 10005: 10003: 9997: 9993: 9978: 9962: 9953: 9943: 9941: 9927: 9923: 9913: 9911: 9893: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9867: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9841: 9837: 9827: 9825: 9824:on 9 April 2023 9812: 9811: 9807: 9798: 9796: 9786:Wayback Machine 9779: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9745: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9719: 9715: 9705:Morocco profile 9702: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9655: 9651: 9641: 9639: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9615: 9613: 9611:Middle East Eye 9605: 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9587:on 4 April 2023 9575: 9574: 9570: 9539: 9535: 9498: 9494: 9484: 9482: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9456: 9452: 9421: 9414: 9386: 9380: 9376: 9360: 9359: 9347: 9331: 9327: 9309: 9305: 9286: 9282: 9267: 9253: 9249: 9242: 9238: 9223: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9182: 9178: 9155:10.2307/2212275 9140: 9139: 9135: 9123: 9122: 9113: 9112: 9105: 9103: 9085: 9081: 9071: 9069: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9011: 9010: 8994: 8990: 8975: 8961: 8957: 8942: 8928: 8924: 8893: 8889: 8885:(1940) 392–401. 8881:Dennis Brogan, 8880: 8876: 8866: 8864: 8844: 8840: 8833: 8817: 8813: 8794: 8790: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8709: 8705: 8690: 8676: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8607: 8603: 8588:10.2307/2142701 8572: 8568: 8561: 8557: 8541: 8540: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8445: 8444:on 3 March 2016 8436: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8344:Leïla Maziane, 8341: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8274: 8270: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8091:C.E. Bosworth, 8090: 8086: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8026:on 25 June 2013 8018: 8017: 8013: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7920:. BRILL. 1987. 7914: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7818:C.E. Bosworth, 7817: 7813: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7766: 7762: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7657:. p. 101. 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626:. p. 571. 7614:Heinrichs, W.P. 7590:Shatzmiller, M. 7587: 7580: 7573: 7565:. L'Harmattan. 7557: 7553: 7546: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7445: 7441: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7407: 7396: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7231: 7227: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7033:on 11 June 2016 7025: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 7007:on 11 June 2016 6999: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6973: 6966: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6917: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6843: 6839: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6803: 6799: 6788: 6784: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6746: 6733: 6722: 6681: 6673:, D. Eustache, 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6586: 6582: 6574:, D. Eustache, 6570: 6563: 6552: 6535: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6482: 6445: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6395: 6393: 6392:on 23 July 2012 6389: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6320:Bosworth, C. E. 6310:Pellat, Charles 6307: 6303: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6246: 6237: 6221: 6220: 6208: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6013: 6009: 5998: 5991: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5932:The Phoenicians 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5851: 5842: 5829: 5825: 5812: 5805: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5751: 5744: 5727: 5723: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5566: 5565: 5556: 5551: 5538: 5457: 5419:Aziz Akhannouch 5298:simultaneously 5296:suicide bombers 5249:Berber-language 5217: 5174:Polisario Front 5099: 5093: 5060:Moroccanization 4998: 4990:one-party state 4959: 4883: 4866:Spanish Morocco 4795:Plan of Reforms 4754:through to 1934 4744: 4738: 4721: 4692:Moroccanization 4654: 4651:Intifada of Fes 4647: 4638: 4631: 4622: 4619: 4610: 4599: 4590: 4575: 4563:Francoist Spain 4495: 4465: 4444: 4432:Main articles: 4430: 4311:war indemnities 4295:called for the 4220:Abd al-Rahman's 4169:Napoleonic Wars 4141: 4135: 4053:Mulay Al-Rashid 4013: 4011:Alawi Sultanate 4007: 3893: 3887: 3852:Ahmad al-Mansur 3842:Treaty of Tadla 3810: 3804: 3726:to outlive the 3720:Marinid dynasty 3700: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3655: 3639: 3628: 3541: 3412: 3400:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 3341:Almohad dynasty 3337: 3301: 3262: 3256: 3212: 2966:Vega de Granada 2942: 2817:Abu Yaqub Yusuf 2809: 2758:Abu Yaqub Yusuf 2704: 2625:Atlas Mountains 2597:Atlas Mountains 2583:was founded by 2528:ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ 2472: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2413: 2403: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2372: 2360: 2349: 2261:, where he met 2066:Almoravid Qubba 2042: 2032: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2005: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1804: 1792:al-Andalusiyyin 1733:Fatima al-Fihri 1686: 1515: 1499:Idrisid dynasty 1483: 1481:Idrisid dynasty 1477: 1460:tribes adopted 1426: 1420: 1361: 1353:Main articles: 1351: 1308: 1302: 1294:syncretic faith 1234: 1228: 1189: 1183: 1170: 1046:kingdom on the 1029: 1019: 985:The arrival of 965:plate with red 956: 951: 927:Cardium pottery 915:Capsian culture 871: 865: 849:Idrisid dynasty 835:The region was 783:Idrisid dynasty 751: 722: 711: 709: 697: 695: 686: 685: 684: 680:Imperial cities 625: 618: 610: 609: 608: 604:Abraham Accords 549:Moroccanization 533: 532: 527: 526: 525: 515: 514: 513: 475:French Conquest 450: 449: 444: 443: 442: 432: 431: 430: 359: 358: 353: 352: 351: 341: 340: 339: 325:Zawiya Dila'iya 319: 313: 278: 277: 272: 271: 270: 260: 259: 258: 226: 225: 220: 219: 218: 208: 207: 206: 202:Idrisid dynasty 166:Muslim conquest 160: 159: 154: 153: 152: 142: 141: 140: 108: 107: 102: 101: 100: 90: 89: 88: 56: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 16930: 16920: 16919: 16902: 16901: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16868: 16867: 16857: 16856: 16855: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16789: 16786: 16785: 16775: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16688:Canary Islands 16684: 16681: 16680: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16658: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16574: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16542:Túpac Amaru II 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16487:Bogotá savanna 16484: 16479: 16474: 16468: 16466: 16459: 16455: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16395:Spanish Armada 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16346: 16344: 16340: 16339: 16337: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16289:White Mountain 16286: 16284:Cape Celidonia 16281: 16279:English Armada 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16195: 16193: 16186: 16179: 16175: 16174: 16172: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16080: 16078: 16072: 16071: 16069: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16056:Juan Fernández 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16031:Diego Columbus 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15947: 15945: 15941: 15940: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15871: 15869: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15861: 15859:Army of Africa 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15839:Spanish Armada 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15815: 15813: 15805: 15804: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15783: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15740:Manila galleon 15736: 15734: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15695: 15693: 15683: 15682: 15672: 15671: 15668: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15584: 15582: 15576: 15575: 15573: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15506: 15504: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15410: 15408: 15398: 15397: 15387: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15344: 15342: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15303: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15267: 15265: 15257: 15256: 15254:Administration 15246: 15245: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15234: 15228: 15225: 15224: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15210: 15175:Western Sahara 15171: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15084: 15073:Banda Oriental 15054: 15040: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14946: 14940: 14937: 14936: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14922: 14888:Coastal Alaska 14880: 14877: 14876: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14794: 14791: 14790: 14780: 14779: 14769: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14560: 14554: 14551: 14550: 14540: 14539: 14536:Spanish Empire 14532: 14531: 14524: 14517: 14509: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14480: 14478: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14444: 14443: 14432: 14430: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14397: 14396: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14324: 14319: 14313: 14311: 14302: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14269: 14264: 14263: 14262: 14252: 14247: 14246: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14225: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14213: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14090: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14044: 14034: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 13997: 13992: 13991: 13990: 13985: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13951: 13949: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13923: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13882: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13766: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13600: 13599: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13573: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13509: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13467: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13450: 13449: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13423: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13406: 13405: 13404: 13399: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13355: 13353: 13351:Post-classical 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13331: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13216: 13206: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13150:Middle Kingdom 13147: 13137: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13106:Neo-Babylonian 13103: 13098: 13096:Old Babylonian 13088: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13071: 13066: 13060: 13058: 13046: 13045: 13038: 13037: 13030: 13023: 13015: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12990: 12989: 12982: 12974: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12962: 12960:Western Sahara 12957: 12956: 12955: 12945: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12926: 12910: 12908: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12842: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12805:Western Sahara 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12766: 12760: 12754: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12732:Prime Minister 12729: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12685: 12680: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12649: 12647:Western Sahara 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12610: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12527: 12525: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12424: 12422: 12415: 12409: 12408: 12397: 12396: 12389: 12382: 12374: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12360: 12358:Western Sahara 12355: 12338: 12325: 12316: 12302:Canary Islands 12298: 12297: 12295: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12272: 12270: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11987: 11985: 11981: 11980: 11973: 11972: 11965: 11958: 11950: 11944: 11943: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11914: 11907: 11906:External links 11904: 11903: 11902: 11888: 11871: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11845:(Brill, 2022) 11839: 11832: 11825: 11815: 11796: 11782: 11775: 11758: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11733: 11707: 11681: 11670:. 27 June 2022 11655: 11622: 11597: 11564: 11530: 11511: 11486: 11452: 11426: 11405: 11387: 11361: 11336: 11311: 11285: 11260: 11234: 11209: 11175: 11150: 11124: 11105: 11079: 11060: 11043: 11017: 10991: 10965: 10939: 10905: 10879: 10853: 10830: 10808: 10783: 10758: 10736: 10703: 10669: 10637: 10626:. 19 July 2002 10611: 10571: 10549: 10523: 10498: 10475: 10450: 10425: 10410: 10384: 10358: 10351: 10333: 10307: 10289: 10274: 10237: 10211: 10196: 10173: 10158: 10133: 10124: 10099: 10072:(3): 108–122. 10056: 10029:(2): 460–466. 10013: 9991: 9976: 9951: 9921: 9887: 9861: 9835: 9805: 9773: 9739: 9713: 9675: 9649: 9623: 9598: 9568: 9549:(4): 571–586. 9533: 9512:(4): 851–880. 9492: 9467: 9450: 9412: 9397:(34). Madrid: 9374: 9345: 9325: 9303: 9280: 9265: 9247: 9236: 9221: 9203: 9196: 9176: 9133: 9079: 9054: 9029: 8988: 8973: 8955: 8940: 8922: 8909:10.2307/286044 8903:(3): 328–343. 8887: 8874: 8838: 8831: 8811: 8788: 8775:10.2307/216479 8753: 8746: 8726: 8715:. p. 54. 8703: 8688: 8653: 8628: 8621: 8601: 8566: 8555: 8526: 8506: 8481: 8455: 8429: 8420: 8408: 8399: 8390: 8381: 8369: 8350: 8334: 8327: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8268: 8255: 8248: 8228: 8221: 8201: 8194: 8174: 8149: 8134: 8127: 8107: 8084: 8071: 8057: 8037: 8020:"Al- Hakawati" 8011: 7997: 7977: 7963: 7940: 7926: 7907: 7882: 7857: 7843: 7824: 7811: 7789: 7782: 7760: 7753: 7733: 7726: 7720:. p. 16. 7699: 7692: 7670: 7663: 7639: 7632: 7610:van Donzel, E. 7606:Bosworth, C.E. 7578: 7571: 7551: 7544: 7524: 7514: 7494: 7484: 7464: 7457: 7439: 7416: 7405: 7387: 7373: 7354: 7333:(2): 305–330. 7313: 7287: 7280: 7260:"Ibn Tumart". 7252: 7245: 7225: 7222:. p. 958. 7202: 7176: 7169: 7149: 7121: 7114: 7094: 7069: 7044: 7018: 6992: 6985: 6964: 6951: 6942: 6933: 6915: 6897: 6885: 6863: 6837: 6822: 6815: 6797: 6782: 6767: 6760: 6731: 6679: 6663: 6638: 6580: 6561: 6533: 6523: 6503: 6496: 6443: 6428: 6402: 6354: 6347: 6324:van Donzel, E. 6301: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6261: 6247:Georges Duby, 6235: 6206: 6186: 6179: 6160: 6149: 6142: 6122: 6115: 6095: 6084:(1): 286–291. 6068: 6061: 6041: 6007: 5989: 5960: 5943: 5923: 5897: 5872: 5865: 5840: 5823: 5803: 5786: 5764: 5742: 5721: 5700: 5684: 5671: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5594: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5511: 5501: 5491: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5453: 5316:European Union 5216: 5213: 5107:Western Sahara 5105:Status quo in 5095:Main article: 5092: 5089: 5084:New York Times 5076:Western Sahara 4997: 4994: 4958: 4955: 4947:ville nouvelle 4942:Marché Central 4914:Istiqlal Party 4900:, 21 July 1955 4862:French Morocco 4811:Istiqlal Party 4776:Ouergha valley 4742:French Morocco 4737: 4734: 4720: 4717: 4665:War of the Rif 4656: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4579:Émile Mauchamp 4576: 4569: 4547:1912 Fez riots 4469:Émile Mauchamp 4464: 4461: 4429: 4426: 4379:Hubert Lyautey 4209:Battle of Isly 4177:Ottoman Empire 4134: 4131: 4045:Sharif ibn Ali 4009:Main article: 4006: 4003: 3987:Zaouia of Dila 3951:Zidan al-Nasir 3889:Main article: 3886: 3883: 3879:zaouia of Dila 3856:Songhai Empire 3806:Main article: 3803: 3800: 3785:Ali Abu Hassun 3736:Kingdom of Fez 3696:Main article: 3692: 3691: 3674:September 2021 3642: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3589:Abd al-Haqq II 3540: 3537: 3533:Abu Inan Faris 3501:. In 1337 the 3482:forces raided 3411: 3408: 3336: 3333: 3314:Moulouya River 3308:, present-day 3293:, present-day 3258:Main article: 3255: 3252: 3211: 3208: 3180:Nasrid dynasty 3159:(to Castile), 3012:fortress near 2941: 2938: 2808: 2805: 2703: 2700: 2445: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2409:Main article: 2405: 2404: 2387:September 2021 2363: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2265:, a native of 2038:Main article: 2034: 2033: 1985: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1803: 1800: 1780:Arabic culture 1693:Idrisid dirham 1685: 1682: 1602:Awraba Berbers 1581:, between the 1531:Berber revolts 1514: 1511: 1479:Main article: 1476: 1473: 1422:Main article: 1419: 1416: 1350: 1347: 1304:Main article: 1301: 1298: 1230:Main article: 1227: 1224: 1220:customary laws 1205:Islamic Empire 1185:Main article: 1182: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1079:, governed as 1018: 1015: 971:Mogador Island 955: 952: 950: 947: 943:Beaker culture 925:shared in the 864: 861: 767:Iberomaurusian 753: 752: 750: 749: 742: 735: 727: 724: 723: 721: 720: 706: 691: 688: 687: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 656: 655: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 624:Morocco in the 620: 619: 617:Related topics 616: 615: 612: 611: 607: 606: 601: 596: 590: 589: 584: 579: 577:Madrid Accords 573: 572: 567: 562: 552: 551: 546: 541: 535: 534: 528:(1956–present) 522: 521: 520: 517: 516: 512: 511: 506: 500: 499: 494: 488: 487: 482: 477: 471: 470: 465: 459: 458: 452: 451: 439: 438: 437: 434: 433: 429: 428: 423: 418: 412: 411: 406: 401: 399:Tangier Crisis 396: 391: 385: 384: 382:Protégé system 378: 377: 372: 367: 361: 360: 348: 347: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 332: 327: 315: 314: 308: 303: 297: 296: 291: 286: 280: 279: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 257: 256: 251: 246: 240: 239: 234: 228: 227: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 187: 181: 180: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 149: 148: 147: 144: 143: 139: 138: 133: 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 97: 96: 95: 92: 91: 87: 86: 81: 79:Iberomaurusian 75: 74: 69: 64: 58: 57: 52: 51: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16929: 16918: 16915: 16914: 16912: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16858: 16854: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16823:Tapada limeña 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16787: 16780: 16776: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16682: 16675: 16671: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16569: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16463: 16460: 16456: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16415:Montes Claros 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16355:Vienna (1529) 16353: 16351: 16348: 16347: 16345: 16341: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16190: 16187: 16183: 16180: 16176: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16084:Hernán Cortés 16082: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16076:Conquistadors 16073: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16046:Juan de Ayala 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15942: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15900:Duke of Savoy 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15866: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15806: 15799: 15795: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15731: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15699:Dollar (Peso) 15697: 15696: 15694: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15677: 15673: 15659: 15658:Santo Domingo 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15581: 15577: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15535:New Andalusia 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15503: 15499: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15482:Santo Domingo 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15445: 15441: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15411: 15409: 15407: 15406:Viceroyalties 15403: 15399: 15392: 15388: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15268: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15251: 15247: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15219: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15163: 15156: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15135: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15104: 15099: 15093: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15041: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15019: 15018: 15015: 15011:South America 15008: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14941: 14938: 14931: 14920: 14916: 14910: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14896:Spanish Texas 14893: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14878: 14874:North America 14871: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14855:Franche-Comté 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14800: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14792: 14785: 14781: 14774: 14770: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14668: 14665: 14664: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14552: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14530: 14525: 14523: 14518: 14516: 14511: 14510: 14507: 14493: 14492:Soviet empire 14490: 14488: 14485: 14484: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14477:Miscellaneous 14475: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14310: 14306: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14261: 14258: 14257: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14230: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14207: 14204: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14111: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14076:German Empire 14074: 14073: 14072: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14055: 14052: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13944: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13816:Turco-Persian 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13760: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13680: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13578: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13454: 13451: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13310: 13306: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13298: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13211: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13111: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13036: 13031: 13029: 13024: 13022: 13017: 13016: 13013: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12983: 12980: 12976: 12975: 12971: 12961: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12949: 12946: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12907: 12903: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12755: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12693:Alawi dynasty 12691: 12690: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12663: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12607: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12531:Treaty of Fez 12529: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12454:Berber Revolt 12452: 12451: 12449: 12447:Early Islamic 12445: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12395: 12390: 12388: 12383: 12381: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12359: 12356: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12333: 12329: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12288: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12263: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12106:Guinea-Bissau 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11971: 11966: 11964: 11959: 11957: 11952: 11951: 11948: 11942: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11901: 11900:9782262023881 11897: 11893: 11889: 11887: 11886:2-262-01644-5 11883: 11879: 11875: 11874:Bernard Lugan 11872: 11869: 11868:2-922505-14-6 11865: 11861: 11857: 11856: 11848: 11847:online review 11844: 11840: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11826: 11824: 11823:online review 11820: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11808:9781780744551 11805: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11794:9780814766774 11791: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11772:9780521337670 11769: 11765: 11761: 11760: 11747: 11743: 11737: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11696: 11692: 11685: 11669: 11665: 11659: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11626: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11534: 11526: 11522: 11515: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11456: 11441: 11437: 11430: 11422: 11421:www.state.gov 11415: 11409: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11376: 11372: 11365: 11350: 11346: 11340: 11325: 11324:www.aa.com.tr 11321: 11315: 11300: 11296: 11289: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11249:. 30 May 2018 11248: 11244: 11238: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11179: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11120: 11116: 11109: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11072: 11071: 11064: 11056: 11055: 11047: 11032:. 2 July 2011 11031: 11027: 11021: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10909: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10868: 10864: 10857: 10841: 10834: 10818: 10812: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10747:. 4 June 2004 10746: 10740: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10641: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10607: 10601: 10586: 10582: 10575: 10559: 10553: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10486: 10479: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10422:. Gale. 2007. 10421: 10414: 10399: 10395: 10388: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10354: 10352:9780710305053 10348: 10344: 10337: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10285: 10278: 10259: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10197:9781139624695 10193: 10189: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10169: 10162: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10128: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10017: 10002: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9968: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9795: 9794: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9463: 9462: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9419: 9417: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9370: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9329: 9323: 9322:0-674-01017-5 9319: 9315: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9299:92-871-2611-9 9296: 9292: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9245: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9129: 9117: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9083: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8974:9781139624695 8970: 8966: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8941:9781139624695 8937: 8933: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8878: 8863:: 14988–14999 8862: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8834: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8815: 8808: 8807:9782600044950 8804: 8800: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8749: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8624: 8618: 8615:. Routledge. 8614: 8613: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8559: 8551: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8510: 8495: 8492: 8485: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8424: 8417: 8412: 8403: 8394: 8385: 8378: 8373: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8347: 8338: 8330: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8311: 8302: 8293: 8286: 8285:2-85744-808-2 8282: 8278: 8272: 8265: 8259: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8232: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8178: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8144: 8138: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8075: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8041: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8000: 7998:9781405154017 7994: 7990: 7989: 7981: 7966: 7964:9781558762244 7960: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7911: 7892: 7886: 7867: 7861: 7846: 7844:9781907065071 7840: 7836: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7815: 7800:. Larousse.fr 7799: 7793: 7785: 7783:9789231041532 7779: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7764: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7729: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7643: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7602:Bianquis, Th. 7599: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7528: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7508:. Routledge. 7507: 7506: 7498: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7478:. Routledge. 7477: 7476: 7468: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7414: 7409: 7401: 7394: 7392: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7256: 7248: 7246:9781317870418 7242: 7238: 7237: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7153: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6946: 6937: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6916:0-415-00474-8 6912: 6909:. Routledge. 6908: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6833: 6826: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6794:. Flammarion. 6793: 6786: 6778: 6771: 6763: 6761:9780748621378 6757: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6598:Ménage, V. L. 6595: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6557: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6524:9780791418277 6520: 6516: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6305: 6298: 6295:G. Deverdun, 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6231: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6164: 6158: 6153: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5996: 5994: 5985: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5961:9781139054560 5957: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5940:1-85043-533-2 5937: 5933: 5927: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5859:. Routledge. 5858: 5857: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5774: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5734:9781409499015 5731: 5725: 5718: 5714: 5713:9783642278815 5710: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5599: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5554: 5542: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5407:2021 election 5403: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5374:African Union 5371: 5367: 5366:2016 election 5363: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5232:In 1999, the 5230: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5088: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5022:years of lead 5019: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4906:Farhat Hached 4899: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4868:to reach the 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4635:Agadir Crisis 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4539:southern part 4536: 4532: 4531:second treaty 4528: 4524: 4523:Treaty of Fez 4520: 4519:Agadir Crisis 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4457: 4453: 4452:Treaty of Fes 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4388:of 1904. The 4387: 4386: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4319:Moroccan rial 4316: 4315:trade deficit 4312: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262:Moroccan Jews 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4185:Mediterranean 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4127:Treaty of Fez 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072:Alawi kingdom 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033:Alawi dynasty 4026: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995:Alawi dynasty 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3838:Saadi dynasty 3835: 3827: 3826:Aït Benhaddou 3822: 3814: 3809: 3808:Saadi dynasty 3799: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3699: 3688: 3685: 3677: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3643:This section 3641: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3266: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2876:, led by the 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2844:Sierra Morena 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2807:Holding years 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2658:al-Muwaḥḥidūn 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555:North African 2553:') was a 2552: 2546: 2540: 2539:al-Muwaḥḥidūn 2534: 2525: 2505: 2499: 2466: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2439: 2430: 2417: 2412: 2401: 2398: 2390: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2364:This section 2362: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241:Around 1040, 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2201:Senegal River 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165:Zirid dynasty 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2056:in Al-Andalus 2055: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959:Moulay Idriss 1956: 1953:and southern 1952: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851:Hajar an-Nasr 1847: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:al-Qarawiyyin 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1711:, the fourth 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600:The powerful 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Hasan ibn Ali 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1507:Hasan ibn Ali 1504: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325:rebellion in 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1232:Berber Revolt 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:Mediterranean 1045: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 949:Early history 946: 944: 940: 936: 935:domestication 932: 931:Mediterranean 928: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 896: 892: 888: 887: 882: 878: 877: 870: 860: 858: 854: 853:Saadi dynasty 850: 846: 845:Berber Revolt 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 728: 726: 725: 719: 718: 707: 705: 704: 693: 692: 690: 689: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 654: 651: 650: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 622: 621: 614: 613: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570:Years of lead 568: 566: 563: 561: 557: 554: 553: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 531: 519: 518: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456:Treaty of Fez 454: 453: 448: 436: 435: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409:Agadir Crisis 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 379: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 357: 345: 344: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 321: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 276: 264: 263: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 224: 212: 211: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178:Berber Revolt 176: 175: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 158: 151:Early Islamic 146: 145: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 106: 94: 93: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 55: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 16798:Architecture 16693:The Americas 16557:Newfoundland 16547:Túpac Katari 16537:Cuerno Verde 16472:Tenochtitlan 16304:Valenciennes 16061:Luis Fajardo 15930:Blas de Lezo 15875:Duke of Alba 15755:Spanish Road 15593:Buenos Aires 15502:Governorates 15271:Ayuntamiento 15264:Organization 14729:Carlist Wars 14577:Italian Wars 14243:Contemporary 14205: 14093:Indo-Persian 14081:Nazi Germany 14025:Contemporary 13927:Vijayanagara 13826:Great Seljuk 13737:Thessalonica 13681: 13665:Golden Horde 13305:Carthaginian 13084:Neo-Assyrian 13069:Neo-Sumerian 12906:Demographics 12861:Coat of arms 12846:Architecture 12715:Human rights 12412: 12341:Saint Helena 12312: 12216:South Africa 12206:Sierra Leone 12160: 12011:Burkina Faso 11891: 11877: 11859: 11842: 11835: 11828: 11818: 11799: 11785: 11778: 11763: 11757:Bibliography 11745: 11736: 11724:. Retrieved 11722:. 3 May 2023 11719: 11710: 11698:. Retrieved 11694: 11684: 11672:. Retrieved 11667: 11658: 11646:. Retrieved 11635:The Guardian 11634: 11625: 11613:. Retrieved 11609: 11600: 11588:. Retrieved 11577:The Guardian 11576: 11567: 11555:. Retrieved 11543: 11533: 11524: 11514: 11502:. Retrieved 11498: 11489: 11477:. Retrieved 11466:The Guardian 11465: 11455: 11443:. Retrieved 11439: 11429: 11420: 11408: 11399: 11390: 11378:. Retrieved 11374: 11364: 11352:. Retrieved 11348: 11339: 11327:. Retrieved 11323: 11314: 11302:. Retrieved 11298: 11288: 11276:. Retrieved 11272: 11263: 11251:. Retrieved 11246: 11237: 11225:. Retrieved 11221: 11212: 11200:. Retrieved 11189:The Guardian 11188: 11178: 11166:. Retrieved 11162: 11153: 11141:. Retrieved 11136: 11127: 11118: 11108: 11096:. Retrieved 11091: 11082: 11069: 11063: 11053: 11046: 11034:. Retrieved 11029: 11020: 11008:. Retrieved 11003: 10994: 10982:. Retrieved 10980:. 7 May 2011 10977: 10968: 10956:. Retrieved 10951: 10942: 10930:. Retrieved 10919:The Guardian 10918: 10908: 10896:. Retrieved 10891: 10882: 10870:. Retrieved 10866: 10856: 10844:. Retrieved 10833: 10821:. Retrieved 10811: 10799:. Retrieved 10795: 10786: 10774:. Retrieved 10770: 10761: 10749:. Retrieved 10739: 10727:. Retrieved 10715: 10706: 10694:. Retrieved 10683:The Guardian 10682: 10672: 10660:. Retrieved 10651: 10640: 10628:. Retrieved 10623: 10614: 10588:. Retrieved 10584: 10574: 10562:. Retrieved 10552: 10540:. Retrieved 10535: 10526: 10514:. Retrieved 10510: 10501: 10489:. Retrieved 10478: 10466:. Retrieved 10462: 10453: 10441:. Retrieved 10437: 10428: 10419: 10413: 10401:. Retrieved 10397: 10387: 10375:. Retrieved 10370: 10361: 10342: 10336: 10324:. Retrieved 10319: 10310: 10301: 10292: 10283: 10277: 10265:. Retrieved 10258:the original 10253: 10240: 10228:. Retrieved 10223: 10214: 10187: 10161: 10149:. Retrieved 10145: 10136: 10127: 10115:. Retrieved 10111: 10102: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10004:. Retrieved 9994: 9966: 9942:. Retrieved 9924: 9912:. Retrieved 9900: 9890: 9878:. Retrieved 9874: 9864: 9852:. Retrieved 9848: 9838: 9826:. Retrieved 9822:the original 9817: 9808: 9797:, retrieved 9792: 9782:Ghostarchive 9780:Archived at 9776: 9764:. Retrieved 9752: 9742: 9730:. Retrieved 9726: 9716: 9666:. Retrieved 9662: 9652: 9640:. Retrieved 9635: 9626: 9614:. Retrieved 9610: 9601: 9589:. Retrieved 9585:the original 9580: 9571: 9546: 9542: 9536: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9483:. Retrieved 9479: 9470: 9460: 9453: 9428: 9424: 9394: 9390: 9377: 9335: 9328: 9311: 9306: 9288: 9283: 9256: 9250: 9239: 9212: 9206: 9186: 9179: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9104:. Retrieved 9093:The Guardian 9092: 9082: 9070:. Retrieved 9066: 9057: 9045:. Retrieved 9041: 9032: 8997: 8991: 8964: 8958: 8931: 8925: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8882: 8877: 8865:. Retrieved 8860: 8854: 8841: 8821: 8814: 8797: 8791: 8769:(1): 37–56. 8766: 8762: 8756: 8736: 8729: 8712: 8706: 8679: 8644:. Retrieved 8640: 8631: 8611: 8604: 8582:(1): 27–56. 8579: 8575: 8569: 8558: 8516: 8509: 8497:. Retrieved 8493: 8484: 8472:. Retrieved 8468:the original 8458: 8446:. Retrieved 8442:the original 8432: 8423: 8411: 8402: 8393: 8384: 8377:"Murad Reis" 8372: 8364: 8353: 8337: 8317: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8271: 8263: 8258: 8238: 8231: 8211: 8204: 8184: 8177: 8165:. Retrieved 8161: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8117: 8110: 8092: 8087: 8079: 8074: 8062:. Retrieved 8047: 8040: 8028:. Retrieved 8024:the original 8014: 8002:. Retrieved 7987: 7980: 7968:. Retrieved 7953: 7943: 7931:. Retrieved 7916: 7910: 7898:. Retrieved 7885: 7873:. Retrieved 7860: 7848:. Retrieved 7833: 7827: 7819: 7814: 7802:. Retrieved 7792: 7773: 7770: 7763: 7743: 7736: 7712: 7702: 7683: 7673: 7649: 7642: 7617: 7561: 7554: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7504: 7497: 7489: 7474: 7467: 7448: 7442: 7425: 7419: 7408: 7399: 7378:. Retrieved 7363: 7357: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7304:. Retrieved 7299: 7290: 7262: 7255: 7235: 7228: 7215: 7212:"Ibn Tūmart" 7205: 7193:. Retrieved 7188: 7179: 7159: 7152: 7140:. Retrieved 7136: 7104: 7097: 7085:. Retrieved 7081: 7072: 7060:. Retrieved 7056: 7047: 7035:. Retrieved 7031:the original 7021: 7009:. Retrieved 7005:the original 6995: 6976: 6959: 6954: 6945: 6936: 6929:Google Books 6922: 6906: 6900: 6888: 6877:, retrieved 6872: 6866: 6854:. Retrieved 6850: 6840: 6831: 6825: 6806: 6800: 6791: 6785: 6776: 6770: 6750: 6725: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6654:. Retrieved 6650: 6641: 6616: 6609: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6555: 6528: 6513: 6506: 6486: 6437: 6431: 6419:. Retrieved 6415:the original 6405: 6394:, retrieved 6387:the original 6374: 6370: 6357: 6338: 6331: 6304: 6297:"Bargẖawāṭa" 6291: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6248: 6196: 6189: 6169: 6163: 6152: 6132: 6125: 6105: 6098: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6051: 6044: 6032:. Retrieved 6020: 6010: 6001: 5951: 5946: 5931: 5926: 5914:. Retrieved 5907: 5900: 5888:. Retrieved 5884: 5875: 5855: 5833: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5813:D. Rubella, 5798: 5789: 5777:. Retrieved 5767: 5758: 5737: 5724: 5716: 5703: 5695: 5679: 5674: 5665: 5629:. Retrieved 5622:the original 5617: 5572: 5568: 5438: 5431: 5404: 5397: 5389:Donald Trump 5382: 5355: 5320: 5293: 5282: 5264: 5242: 5229:human-rights 5218: 5209: 5205:peacekeeping 5202: 5190: 5178: 5147: 5121:The Spanish 5120: 5080: 5064: 5057: 5045:Tindouf area 5038: 5030:In July 1971 5026: 5015: 4983: 4967: 4960: 4946: 4941: 4918: 4903: 4877: 4873: 4864:and through 4838:World War II 4827: 4820: 4786: 4784: 4757: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4707: 4696: 4685: 4680: 4657: 4537:, while the 4527:protectorate 4516: 4507: 4489:Abd al-Hafid 4466: 4454:established 4418: 4402: 4383: 4376: 4361: 4330: 4308: 4301: 4290: 4276:, and later 4259: 4251:British loan 4240: 4217: 4194: 4162: 4125:through the 4123:protectorate 4100: 4096:Muhammad III 4069: 4036: 4030: 4023:was sent by 3985:In 1641 the 3984: 3979: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3948: 3936:Jan Janszoon 3933: 3902: 3872: 3846: 3831: 3824:The city of 3795: 3793: 3774: 3755: 3744: 3709: 3680: 3671: 3656:Please help 3644: 3593: 3582: 3574: 3542: 3530: 3528:until 1344. 3495:Abu al-Hasan 3488: 3473: 3466: 3455: 3439: 3413: 3373: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3271: 3213: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3086: 3047: 3036: 3026: 3003: 2943: 2933: 2915: 2908: 2877: 2871: 2848: 2821: 2790: 2777: 2755: 2720: 2705: 2688: 2685: 2662: 2657: 2643: 2629: 2573:North Africa 2551:unity of God 2460: 2446: 2393: 2384: 2373:Please help 2368:verification 2365: 2341:al-Murabitin 2340: 2333: 2310: 2297: 2240: 2228:Ghana empire 2205: 2167:, who ruled 2138: 2130:Banu Ghaniya 2115: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2071: 2022: 2016:October 2022 2013: 2006:Please help 1998: 1987: 1943: 1860: 1848: 1828: 1805: 1773: 1761:Ali ibn Umar 1738: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1623: 1599: 1573:. After the 1552: 1516: 1496: 1466: 1427: 1385: 1362: 1329:against the 1309: 1235: 1217: 1190: 1154: 1119: 1100: 1077:Roman Empire 1073: 1064:Carthaginian 1041: 1004: 984: 939:Chalcolithic 919: 900: 895:Homo sapiens 894: 891:Jebel Irhoud 886:Homo sapiens 884: 876:Homo sapiens 874: 872: 834: 822:Roman Empire 787: 763:Jebel Irhoud 756: 708: 694: 652: 558: / 441:Protectorate 316: 114:Carthaginian 32: 15: 16765:Philippines 16730:El Salvador 16350:Capo d'Orso 16234:St. Quentin 16209:Rome (1527) 15868:Strategists 15618:Guadalajara 15545:New Navarre 15540:New Castile 15525:La Luisiana 15477:Puerto Rico 15467:Philippines 15424:New Granada 15114:Philippines 15075:(Uruguay), 15071:(Bolivia), 15021:New Granada 14961:Puerto Rico 14907: [ 14777:Territories 14597:Encomiendas 13831:Khwarezmian 13764:Carolingian 13569:Rashtrakuta 13273:Shaishunaga 13172:Hellenistic 13155:New Kingdom 13145:Old Kingdom 12720:LGBT rights 12632:Earthquakes 12582:Mohammed VI 12268:recognition 12221:South Sudan 12111:Ivory Coast 11253:20 February 10662:22 November 10630:22 November 10590:27 November 10564:22 November 10542:22 November 10491:22 November 10267:22 February 9384:"Adbelkrim" 9124:|last= 8448:7 September 8358:(in French) 8342:(in French) 8064:24 February 8030:24 February 8004:24 February 7970:24 February 7933:24 February 7900:24 February 7875:24 February 7850:24 February 7804:24 February 7713:Ibn Khaldun 7624:E. J. BRILL 7598:Bearman, P. 7195:11 February 7037:21 February 7011:21 February 6960:The Berbers 6879:22 November 6792:Fès, Meknès 6615:Volume III: 6606:Schacht, J. 6602:Pellat, Ch. 6328:Pellat, Ch. 6034:18 February 5779:22 November 5715:). p.229: " 5539: [ 5483:Casablanca 5339:Arab Spring 5261:divorce law 5225:Mohammed VI 5168:convened a 5145:territory. 4929:Eid al-Adha 4834:World War I 4760:Abd el-Krim 4605:led to the 4512:Abd al-Aziz 4496: [ 4487:, in which 4364:Abd al-Aziz 4356:Abd-al-Aziz 4322:depreciated 4103:Muhammad IV 3915:ordered by 3796:Reconquista 3728:Reconquista 3596:1465 revolt 3571:(1415-1769) 3396:mercenaries 3302: [ 3106:reconquista 3014:Ciudad Real 2940:Reconquista 2607:and Spain ( 2294:Islamic law 2181:Draa valley 2101:princes of 2010:if you can. 1917:controlled 1625:Medinat Fas 1312:Barghawatas 1142:Roman roads 987:Phoenicians 920:During the 582:Green March 33:History of 16435:Somosierra 16425:Manila Bay 16299:Nördlingen 16239:Gravelines 15719:Columnario 15691:Currencies 15608:Concepción 15580:Audiencias 15555:New Toledo 15520:La Florida 15353:Corregidor 15317:Papal bull 15222:Antarctica 15130:Micronesia 14587:Golden Age 14401:Portuguese 14282:Revival Le 14272:Vietnamese 13915:Later Tran 13885:Vietnamese 13781:Singhasari 13769:Holy Roman 13393:Bulgarian 13329:Satavahana 13300:Phoenician 13236:Achaemenid 13197:Indo-Greek 13177:Macedonian 13091:Babylonian 12871:Literature 12795:Casablanca 12790:Investment 12727:Parliament 12562:Mohammed V 12490:Almoravids 12428:Prehistory 12323:(Portugal) 12281:Somaliland 12201:Seychelles 12166:Mozambique 12151:Mauritania 12136:Madagascar 12091:The Gambia 12026:Cape Verde 10846:20 October 10487:. MinnPost 10326:10 January 10117:2 February 10006:28 October 9986:1178769466 9431:(1): 1–6. 8520:. Zürich. 8474:31 January 8058:9004090827 7927:9004082654 7633:9004081127 7594:"Marīnids" 7380:1 February 7327:Al-Qanṭara 6816:2723301591 6590:"Idrīsids" 6497:0521337674 6421:10 October 6396:10 October 6377:: 78–101, 6337:Volume VI: 6257:2702828655 6216:1139892409 6200:. London. 5934:, Tauris, 5916:31 January 5736:). p.47: " 5631:14 January 5503:Marrakesh 5441:earthquake 5358:al-Hoceima 5166:Mauritania 5150:plebiscite 4925:Madagascar 4850:Muhammad V 4815:Muhammad V 4740:See also: 4688:Casablanca 4669:phosphates 4502:and later 4477:Casablanca 4278:Casablanca 4257:to Spain. 4211:, and the 4159:embroidery 4137:See also: 3929:Bou Regreg 3789:retook Fez 3787:, briefly 3512:empire in 3503:Abdalwadid 3427:Al-Andalus 3419:of Granada 3414:After the 3236:Almoravids 3204:al-Andalus 2900:deposition 2888:al-Andalus 2722:Al-Andalus 2708:Almoravids 2640:al-Ghazali 2636:al-Ash'ari 2613:Almoravids 2609:al-Andalus 2603:, western 2591:tribes, a 2585:Ibn Tumart 2569:Al Andalus 2327:, and the 2247:pilgrimage 2236:Sijilmassa 2197:Mauritania 2185:Anti-Atlas 2107:Al-Andalus 2103:Al-Andalus 2050:Aoudaghost 1931:Banu Ifran 1929:while the 1911:Almoravids 1879:Abul-'Aysh 1749:Bou Regreg 1674:Barghawata 1525:since the 1452:through a 1380:Sijilmassa 1355:Sijilmassa 1306:Barghawata 1286:Banu Ifran 1266:Sijilmassa 1158:Schismatic 1111:Casablanca 1060:Phoenician 1023:Mauretania 963:Phoenician 903:Mesolithic 867:See also: 843:after the 798:Phoenician 775:Mauretania 284:Almoravids 126:Mauretania 67:Mousterian 54:Prehistory 16740:Nicaragua 16718:Guatemala 16628:Pichincha 16613:Chacabuco 16552:Pensacola 16497:Mataquito 16477:Cajamarca 16458:New World 16430:Trafalgar 16334:Alhucemas 16214:Landriano 16199:Comuneros 16185:Old World 16129:Joan Orpí 15849:Royalists 15623:Guatemala 15550:New Spain 15487:Venezuela 15462:Guatemala 15419:New Spain 15414:Columbian 15307:Exequatur 15207:Cape Juby 15061:Argentina 14884:New Spain 14818:Gibraltar 14582:Habsburgs 14394:Couronian 14032:Ethiopian 14020:Manchukuo 13975:Brazilian 13821:Ghaznavid 13791:Srivijaya 13742:Trebizond 13727:Byzantine 13709:North Sea 13704:Norwegian 13692:Almoravid 13675:Ilkhanate 13645:Majapahit 13618:Muromachi 13527:Solomonic 13512:Ethiopian 13426:Caliphate 13359:Aragonese 13187:Ptolemaic 12914:Languages 12775:Companies 12615:Geography 12567:Hassan II 12505:Wattasids 12156:Mauritius 11853:In French 11643:0261-3077 11585:0261-3077 11552:0362-4331 11474:0261-3077 11400:aa.com.tr 11197:0261-3077 11004:France 24 10978:France 24 10927:0261-3077 10724:0362-4331 10691:0261-3077 10286:. Fayard. 10206:855022840 10086:154542573 10051:146977896 9939:0015-7120 9909:0362-4331 9761:0362-4331 9707:from the 9642:29 August 9563:144080194 9445:149496054 9407:0482-5748 9363:cite book 9355:794366388 9275:855022840 9231:855022840 9171:246007581 9116:cite news 9101:0261-3077 9014:cite book 9006:929569541 8983:855022840 8950:855022840 8698:855022840 8544:cite book 8536:918793836 8051:. BRILL. 7991:. Wiley. 7434:1873-9830 7428:. Brill. 7349:160438130 7087:9 January 7062:9 January 7027:"Qantara" 7001:"Qantara" 6856:6 January 6633:495469525 6594:Lewis, B. 6558:. Fayard. 6224:cite book 5978:cite book 5970:316278357 5589:219626270 5449:Marrakech 5445:epicentre 5219:With the 5162:The Hague 5018:Hassan II 5010:Marrakesh 5006:Hassan II 4874:résidence 4661:Zaian War 4549:. By the 4328:revenue. 4288:in 1862. 4266:Essaouira 4155:Moroccan 4129:in 1912. 3909:Hornachos 3873:In 1659, 3847:In 1590, 3758:Marrakesh 3645:does not 3616:Wattasids 3585:Wattasids 3550:Marrakesh 3480:Castilian 3451:Gibraltar 3423:Algeciras 3406:in 1269. 3404:Marrakech 3371:in 1235. 3287:Sijilmasa 3248:Marrakesh 3230:kings of 3184:Banū Naṣr 3038:maravedis 2874:Marrakesh 2778:al-Manṣūr 2718:in 1149. 2716:Marrakesh 2702:Conquests 2677:Marrakesh 2533:romanized 2220:Awdaghust 2126:Marrakech 1947:Hammudids 1923:Sijilmasa 1903:al-Mansur 1670:Sijilmasa 1649:Aghlabids 1595:Volubilis 1548:Sijilmasa 1454:Caliphate 1392:River Ziz 1369:Sijilmasa 1323:Kharijite 1290:Berghwata 1262:Berghwata 1238:Kharijite 1162:heretical 1096:Volubilis 1085:Volubilis 975:Essaouira 922:Neolithic 814:territory 480:Zaian War 445:(1912–56) 301:Wattasids 254:Maghrawas 62:Acheulean 16911:Category 16750:Colombia 16735:Honduras 16648:Asomante 16633:Ayacucho 16623:Carabobo 16598:Curalaba 16375:Ceresole 16269:Gembloux 16229:Mühlberg 15944:Mariners 15802:Military 15724:Doubloon 15709:Maravedí 15653:Santiago 15560:Paraguay 15286:Germania 15126:Caroline 15081:Malvinas 15065:Paraguay 15025:Colombia 14967:Trinidad 14834:Sardinia 14674:Bourbons 14374:Japanese 14337:Scottish 14317:American 14309:Colonial 14238:Imperial 14206:Moroccan 14142:Japanese 14120:Afsharid 13979:Burmese 13965:Austrian 13920:Later Le 13895:Early Le 13880:Venetian 13806:Tiwanaku 13719:Hellenic 13682:Moroccan 13613:Kamakura 13603:Japanese 13586:Saffarid 13539:Georgian 13453:Chalukya 13431:Rashidun 13421:Calakmul 13389:Bruneian 13268:Haryanka 13246:Sasanian 13241:Parthian 13192:Bactrian 13182:Seleucid 13162:Goguryeo 13140:Egyptian 13074:Assyrian 13064:Akkadian 13055:Colonies 12995:Category 12953:diaspora 12886:Religion 12710:Military 12666:Politics 12500:Marinids 12495:Almohads 12485:Idrisids 12405:articles 12347: / 12343: / 12336:(France) 12330: / 12308: / 12304: / 12256:Zimbabwe 12231:Tanzania 12081:Ethiopia 12076:Eswatini 12056:Djibouti 12021:Cameroon 12006:Botswana 11920:Archived 11674:27 March 11668:BBC News 11648:27 March 11504:27 March 11479:27 March 11445:27 March 11380:18 April 11354:18 April 11143:21 April 11137:BBC News 11098:13 April 11092:BBC News 11036:13 April 11030:BBC News 11010:13 April 10984:27 March 10958:27 March 10952:NBC News 10932:27 March 10898:27 March 10892:BBC News 10872:13 April 10729:27 March 10696:27 March 10656:Archived 10624:BBC News 10600:cite web 10516:13 April 10377:19 March 10371:BBC News 10151:17 April 9880:13 April 9854:13 April 9784:and the 9711:project. 9636:Hespress 9528:40864899 9047:12 April 8721:77066581 8365:Le Monde 8167:21 April 7951:(2000). 7710:(2011). 7616:(eds.). 7592:(1991). 7306:20 April 7266:. 2000. 6779:. 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Brill. 6671:Idrisids 6608:(eds.). 6339:Mahk–Mid 6330:(eds.). 6315:"Midrār" 6312:(1991). 5759:BBC News 5616:(eds.). 5529:timeline 5523:Tangier 5519:timeline 5509:timeline 5499:timeline 5489:timeline 5455:See also 5277:Al-Boraq 5266:Mudawana 5143:occupied 5049:Sand War 4912:and the 4854:massacre 4663:and the 4585:and the 4485:Hafidiya 4463:Hafidiya 4405:El-Rogui 4377:General 4368:Ba Ahmed 4345:Tidikelt 4343:and the 4293:Hassan I 4255:war debt 4173:Istanbul 4165:Atlantic 4157:fly mask 4107:Hassan I 4084:Tangiers 4057:Muhammad 4049:Tafilalt 4019:Admiral 3905:Moriscos 3868:Timbuktu 3834:Muhammad 3770:Catholic 3554:Azemmour 3514:Ifriqiya 3462:madrasas 3458:Fes Jdid 3326:en-masse 3240:Marinids 3161:Alicante 3134:Valencia 3110:citadels 3059:Banu Hud 2987:Murcians 2793:Yusuf II 2788:(1195). 2774:Averroes 2259:Ifriqiya 2255:Kairouan 2232:Maghrawa 2212:Sudanese 2169:Ifriqiya 2141:Tamazgha 2122:Almohads 2080:nomadic 2054:Zaragoza 1988:require 1941:region. 1915:Maghrawa 1883:al-Basra 1842:Idrisid 1835:Fatimids 1741:Muhammad 1709:Muhammad 1662:Aghlabid 1654:Idris II 1630:Abbasids 1583:Abbasids 1567:Muhammad 1503:Idriss I 1442:Temsaman 1396:Tafilalt 1388:entrepôt 1331:Umayyads 1258:Ifriqiya 1250:Kairouan 1242:revolted 1213:Kairouan 1209:Ifriqiya 1197:achieved 1126:colonies 1103:Augustus 1011:Carthage 790:hominids 771:Taforalt 670:Military 665:Economic 544:Sand War 539:Ifni War 416:Hafidiya 294:Marinids 289:Almohads 249:Miknasas 244:Ifranids 24:a series 22:Part of 16882:Asiento 16853:Mustang 16713:Yucatán 16708:Chiapas 16588:Tucapel 16420:Passaro 16370:Algiers 16360:Preveza 16329:Tetouan 16324:Vitoria 16314:Bitonto 16254:Antwerp 16249:Lepanto 16204:Bicocca 15680:Economy 15603:Charcas 15598:Caracas 15492:Yucatán 15363:Regidor 15348:Alcalde 15276:Cabildo 15183:Tripoli 15122:Mariana 15069:Charcas 15045:(Peru, 15029:Ecuador 14992:Bonaire 14987:Curazao 14972:Jamaica 14900:Florida 14441:largest 14436:Empires 14416:Swedish 14411:Spanish 14406:Russian 14369:Italian 14344:Chinese 14332:English 14327:British 14322:Belgian 14297:Vietnam 14287:Tay son 14233:Tsarist 14228:Russian 14223:Ottoman 14189:Dzungar 14184:Khoshut 14157:Mexican 14152:Maratha 14135:Pahlavi 14115:Safavid 14110:Iranian 14037:Haitian 14000:Chinese 13960:Ashanti 13932:Wagadou 13858:Eastern 13853:Western 13836:Timurid 13796:Tibetan 13786:Songhai 13776:Serbian 13697:Almohad 13687:Idrisid 13591:Samanid 13581:Tahirid 13576:Iranian 13554:Kannauj 13534:Genoese 13470:Chinese 13463:Eastern 13458:Western 13446:Fatimid 13441:Abbasid 13436:Umayyad 13409:Burmese 13369:Ayyubid 13364:Angevin 13334:Xianbei 13322:Eastern 13317:Western 13263:Magadha 13226:Iranian 13219:Xiongnu 13204:Hittite 13113:Chinese 13101:Kassite 13050:Ancient 13042:Empires 12979:Outline 12856:Cuisine 12834:Culture 12810:Tourism 12800:Tangier 12758:Economy 12678:Cabinet 12642:Regions 12515:'Alawis 12421:Ancient 12413:History 12401:Morocco 12332:Réunion 12328:Mayotte 12319:Madeira 12314:(Spain) 12310:Melilla 12241:Tunisia 12211:Somalia 12196:Senegal 12181:Nigeria 12171:Namibia 12161:Morocco 12126:Liberia 12121:Lesotho 12071:Eritrea 12041:Comoros 12016:Burundi 11991:Algeria 11812:preview 11615:5 April 11590:5 April 11557:5 April 11525:Reuters 11329:9 April 11304:9 April 11278:9 April 11247:Reuters 11227:4 April 11202:4 April 11168:4 April 10823:1 April 10801:1 April 10776:1 April 10751:1 April 10468:1 April 10443:1 April 10403:4 April 10230:17 July 10043:2195744 9944:4 April 9914:4 April 9828:9 April 9766:9 April 9732:4 April 9668:4 April 9616:4 April 9591:4 April 9401:: 123. 9163:2212275 9106:4 April 9072:4 April 8867:10 July 8646:5 March 8596:2142701 8499:9 April 6656:25 July 6572:Idris I 6002:Chellah 5890:18 July 5525:history 5515:history 5505:history 5495:history 5485:history 5343:Amazigh 5135:Melilla 5123:enclave 5041:Algeria 5012:, 1967. 4970:Tangier 4772:Ghomara 4758:Led by 4506:by the 4390:Germans 4354:Sultan 4341:Gourara 4333:Algiers 4326:customs 4302:protégé 4270:Mazagan 4232:Makhzen 4190:Ottoman 4175:by the 4092:Larache 4088:English 4080:Bedouin 3993:of the 3860:victory 3781:Maziɣen 3751:Tangier 3740:dynasty 3724:Granada 3666:removed 3651:sources 3604:Sharifs 3559:Bedouin 3546:Hintata 3539:Decline 3518:Tripoli 3499:Maghreb 3416:Nasrids 3369:Tlemcen 3361:Hafsids 3353:Berkane 3322:Algeria 3310:Algeria 3295:Morocco 3283:Algeria 3224:Castile 3196:Granada 3192:بنو نصر 3165:Seville 3157:in 1246 3130:Cordova 3122:Majorca 3118:Badajoz 3071:Abbasid 3067:Baghdad 3050:Leonese 3043:straits 3018:Capilla 2999:Requena 2995:Cáceres 2983:Seville 2970:Cordova 2962:Cordova 2952:. They 2950:Andújar 2917:sheikhs 2865:to the 2858:regency 2842:in the 2836:Navarre 2828:Castile 2797:Morocco 2784:in the 2750:Seville 2735:Giralda 2731:Seville 2727:Córdoba 2632:Baghdad 2623:in the 2617:Sanhaja 2605:Algeria 2601:Morocco 2589:Masmuda 2579:). The 2577:Maghreb 2547: 2535:: 2319:of the 2289:Fatimid 2286:Shi'ite 2193:Lamtuna 2179:in the 2173:Sanhaja 2161:Fatimid 2149:Masmuda 2134:Tunisia 2086:Sanhaja 2078:Lamtuna 2052:to the 1990:cleanup 1951:Morocco 1908:Sanhaja 1869:(under 1839:Miknasa 1816:Miknasa 1809:Khariji 1776:Islamic 1753:Chellah 1745:Tamesna 1701:Morocco 1637:Tlemcen 1619:Khariji 1614:Ummayad 1610:Kusayla 1591:Tangier 1577:, near 1563:Fatimah 1527:Khariji 1519:Maghreb 1469:Vikings 1434:emirate 1432:was an 1412:Maghreb 1400:Rissani 1394:in the 1371:in 757. 1327:Morocco 1316:Masmuda 1282:Algeria 1274:Tlemcen 1254:Abbasid 1156:masse. 1150:Tangier 1122:Juba II 1107:Juba II 1052:Morocco 1000:Mogador 992:Chellah 911:Maghreb 907:savanna 826:Vandals 820:to the 818:annexed 794:Morocco 759:Morocco 560:in 1972 485:Rif War 350:Decline 84:Capsian 72:Aterian 35:Morocco 16860:Castas 16618:Boyacá 16593:Guiana 16583:Iguape 16507:Recife 16445:Mactan 16440:Annual 16405:Rocroi 16400:Leiden 16385:Djerba 16319:Bailén 16274:Ostend 16259:Azores 15854:Legión 15819:Tercio 15812:Armies 15714:Escudo 15643:Panamá 15638:Mexico 15633:Manila 15588:Bogotá 15373:Vecino 15368:Syndic 15199:Béjaïa 15159:Africa 15145:Tidore 15033:Panama 14997:Belize 14904:Mexico 14830:Sicily 14826:Naples 14788:Europe 14379:Mongol 14364:German 14359:French 14349:Danish 14292:Dainam 14267:Tongan 14255:Somali 14250:Sokoto 14216:'Alawi 14194:Kalmyk 14174:Mongol 14167:Second 14147:Korean 14098:Mughal 14088:Indian 14071:German 14064:Second 14054:French 14047:Second 13983:Second 13955:Afghan 13947:Modern 13873:Kyrgyz 13868:Uighur 13863:Second 13843:Turkic 13811:Toltec 13747:Epirus 13732:Nicaea 13655:Mongol 13608:Yamato 13544:Huetar 13402:Second 13339:Rouran 13288:Shunga 13283:Maurya 13258:Kushan 13231:Median 13209:Hunnic 13167:Harsha 13000:Portal 12941:French 12936:Berber 12919:Arabic 12851:Cinema 12785:Health 12780:Energy 12627:Cities 12555:Modern 12510:Saadis 12478:Empire 12403: 12351: 12334: 12321: 12251:Zambia 12246:Uganda 12186:Rwanda 12141:Malawi 12101:Guinea 11996:Angola 11898: 11884: 11866: 11806: 11792: 11770: 11641: 11610:dw.com 11583: 11550: 11472: 11222:dw.com 11195: 10925: 10722: 10689: 10463:ACCORD 10398:Quartz 10349: 10204: 10194: 10092: 10084: 10049: 10041: 9984: 9974: 9937: 9907: 9799:23 May 9759: 9561: 9526: 9485:27 May 9443: 9405: 9353: 9343: 9320: 9297: 9273: 9263: 9229: 9219: 9194: 9169: 9161: 9099: 9004: 8981: 8971: 8948: 8938: 8917:286044 8915: 8829: 8805: 8783:216479 8781: 8744: 8719: 8696: 8686: 8619: 8594: 8534: 8524: 8494:Forbes 8325: 8283: 8246: 8219: 8192: 8125: 8101: 8055: 7995: 7961: 7924: 7841: 7780: 7751: 7724: 7690: 7661: 7630: 7569: 7542: 7512: 7482: 7455: 7432: 7371: 7347: 7278: 7243: 7167: 7112: 6983: 6924:online 6913: 6813: 6758: 6631: 6617:H–Iram 6604:& 6521: 6494: 6345: 6326:& 6255: 6214: 6204: 6177: 6140: 6113: 6059: 6017:"Baga" 5968: 5958: 5938: 5863: 5732: 5711: 5587: 5513:Rabat 5364:. The 4878:colons 4872:. The 4681:colons 4673:trains 4440:, and 4339:, the 4304:system 4286:Tetuan 4207:, the 4199:, the 3925:medina 3849:Sultan 3766:Agadir 3747:Asilah 3510:Hafsid 3447:Tarifa 3410:Apogee 3388:Meknes 3291:Figuig 3279:Biskra 3232:Sicily 3228:Norman 3188:Arabic 3150:Murcia 3146:Silves 3142:Huelva 3138:Niebla 3114:Mérida 3074:Caliph 3016:) and 2954:raided 2934:sheikh 2922:Baezan 2892:Murcia 2851:caliph 2832:Aragón 2770:Arabic 2766:Aragon 2695:Zenata 2690:ghayba 2673:Aghmat 2669:Tinmel 2645:tawhid 2621:Tinmel 2593:Berber 2571:) and 2561:Muslim 2558:Berber 2524:Arabic 2504:Arabic 2325:Qur'an 2321:Qur'an 2313:Ya Sin 2280:ruler 2274:Maliki 2189:Sahara 2157:Kutama 2153:Sahara 2145:Zenata 2111:taifas 2091:Under 2082:Berber 1927:Aghmat 1891:Jawhar 1820:Sefrou 1757:Asilah 1713:Caliph 1641:vizier 1458:Berber 1404:Berber 1278:Tahert 1136:, and 1044:Berber 857:Alawis 851:. The 779:Berber 675:Postal 660:Jewish 524:Modern 311:Alawis 306:Saadis 269:Empire 26:on the 16755:Chile 16723:Petén 16698:Aztec 16517:Bahia 16492:Penco 16482:Cusco 16410:Downs 16390:Tunis 16309:Ceuta 16294:Breda 16244:Malta 16224:Tunis 16219:Pavia 15733:Trade 15648:Quito 15613:Cusco 15452:Chile 15187:Tunis 15134:Palau 15051:Chile 14982:Aruba 14977:Haiti 14911:] 14840:Milan 14798:Spain 14429:Lists 14384:Omani 14354:Dutch 14260:Isaaq 14211:Saadi 14179:Oirat 14162:First 14130:Qajar 14059:First 14042:First 14015:China 13988:Third 13848:First 13801:Tikal 13752:Morea 13722:Roman 13640:Latin 13635:Khmer 13630:Kanem 13596:Buyid 13522:Zagwe 13517:Aksum 13507:Chola 13414:First 13397:First 13384:Bornu 13379:Benin 13374:Aztec 13312:Roman 13293:Gupta 13278:Nanda 13214:White 12986:Index 12891:Sport 12881:Music 12876:Media 12820:Trade 12587:2000s 12577:1990s 12572:1970s 12306:Ceuta 12226:Sudan 12176:Niger 12131:Libya 12116:Kenya 12096:Ghana 12086:Gabon 12061:Egypt 12001:Benin 11726:4 May 11700:4 May 11417:(PDF) 11074:(PDF) 10261:(PDF) 10250:(PDF) 10094:16755 10082:S2CID 10047:S2CID 10039:JSTOR 9559:S2CID 9524:JSTOR 9441:S2CID 9387:(PDF) 9167:S2CID 9159:JSTOR 8913:JSTOR 8779:JSTOR 8592:JSTOR 8363:, in 7894:(PDF) 7869:(PDF) 7822:, 42. 7596:. 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