Saadi Sultanate - Knowledge

3627: 71: 3403:

considered it a "tribute". He enjoyed peaceful relations with the Ottoman Empire afterwards and respected its sovereignty, but also played the Ottomans and European powers against each other and issued propaganda that undermined the Ottoman sultan's claim as leader of all Muslims. In 1587 Uluç died and a change in the Ottoman administration in Algiers limited the power of its governors. After this, tensions between the two states further decreased, while the Saadian government further stabilized and its independence became more entrenched. Al-Mansur even felt confident enough after 1587 to drop his regular payments to Murad III. Despite the evident limits of his rule, he officially proclaimed himself

3603: 4404: 3184: 3736:, became the most important opposition, especially under Muhammad al-Hajj, who ruled them between 1636 and 1668. He organized the Berbers of the region into a regular army which defeated a Saadian army sent by Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir to subdue them in 1638. In 1641 he also defeated Al-'Ayyashi with the help of Al-'Ayyashi's former allies, the Andalusians in Salé, who had turned against him. The Dala'iyya occupied the area but allowed the pirates to continue operating. That same year they also captured Fez. Thanks to these victories, they established a new Berber state across a large area, and even conducted foreign relations, especially with the 3374: 4256:, which became standard during the previous Marinid period, became even more widespread and ubiquitous as architectural decoration, usually along the lower walls of chambers. Under the Saadians the complexity of geometric patterns increased in part through the use of even finer (thinner) mosaic pieces for certain compositions, though in some cases this came at the expense of more colours. The zellij compositions in the Saadian Tombs are considered one of the best examples of this type. A panel constituting another fine example of this style, originating from the Badi Palace, is also preserved today in the collection of the 3054: 3023:, an uncle of Ahmad al-Wattasi who had taken refuge in Spain, as ruler and Ottoman vassal in what was the final attempt by the Wattasids to regain power. Meanwhile, Ahmad al-Araj and his son Zaydan had made themselves lords of the Tafilalt, and allied themselves with Abu Hassun. However, Muhammad al-Shaykh intercepted Abu Hassun's message to his potential allies in the Tafilalt that would have informed them of his victory in Fes. As a result, Al-Araj and his son, believing that their side had lost, surrendered to Al-Shaykh. The latter went on to defeat Abu Hassun at the 3705:, the mixed descendants of Moroccan soldiers and local inhabitants, who were nominally subject to Morocco until the early 19th century. The fragmentation and decline of strong central rule in the region also contributed to the decline of Timbuktu and the trans-Saharan trade routes, while European merchants increasingly diverted trade in the region through their own operations and networks. At the same time, the important sugar mills in the south of Morocco also declined and many of the mills outside the immediate vicinity of Taroudant stopped working. 3040:. Saadian forces also managed to occupy Tlemcen again in 1556 while the Ottomans were preoccupied with besieging the Spanish in Oran. In the summer of 1557 the Ottoman sultan sent another ambassador to Al-Shaykh demanding more forcefully that he accept Ottoman overlordship, which Al-Shaykh rejected with defiance and contempt. On October 23 of the same year, Muhammad al-Shaykh was assassinated – reportedly on the orders of the Ottoman sultan – by a Turkish member of his bodyguard, Salah ibn Kyahya, who had posed as an Ottoman deserter. 4133: 4295: 4286: 3725:(Al-Jadida). The Spanish persuaded Moulay Zaydan to rein him in and the sultan sent an army to stop him, at which point he fled north with his warriors. The Sous valley, meanwhile, had come under the leadership of 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Simlali in the town of Iligh since 1614. Abu Hassun fought with the forces of Moulay Zaydan's ally, Yahya ibn Abdullah al-Hahi, until the latter's death in 1626 left him uncontested in the Sous. He went on to conquer the Dra'a Valley and then as far Sijilmasa in the Tafilalt in 1631. 454: 1177: 3557:, around the northern curve of the Niger River. Dissension continued to undermine the Moroccan occupation afterwards but around the same time Nuhu was himself overthrown (in 1599) and the Dendi Kingdom fell into disorder for several years. While Saadian control of the region did not last long after Ahmad al-Mansur's death, the conquered region nonetheless sent a caravan of riches and supplies to Marrakesh every year during this period. It provided Al-Mansur's realm with abundant gold, slaves, and 3436:, the claimant to the Portuguese throne against the Spanish, but Al-Mansur was evasive in his responses. The exchanges were kept secret, allowing him to continue relations with Spain at the same time. In the last decade or so of his reign, however, Al-Mansur seemed to shift his views about an alliance with England. In 1595 he had been forced to suppress a dangerous rebellion in the north led by his nephew Al-Nasir, who had received some support from Spain. In 1600 Al-Mansur sent his Secretary 2884: 11094: 4026: 2949:

brother Ahmad al-Araj deteriorated into open conflict. By one account, Muhammad refused to share the booty from Agadir's capture with Ahmad. Muhammad had his brother imprisoned, then reached an agreement with him in 1542, before another open conflict between them in 1543 resulted in Muhammad's victory and Ahmad's exile to the Tafilalt. (Historian Jamil Abun-Nasr places the conflict between the brothers at a different time, in 1539–1540, shortly before Muhammad's victory at Agadir.)

4114: 3623:, a son of Al-Ma'mun who now also claimed the throne, managed to hold it between 1606 and 1609. Al-Ma'mun himself, meanwhile, saw his position in Fes weaken and sought help from abroad. At first he solicited help from Tuscany but in the end he was forced to flee and seek refuge in Spain in March 1608. Moulay Zaydan, who had fled to the Sous after being expelled from Fes, retook Marrakesh in 1609 with the help of Ottoman, English, and Dutch weapons. 1108: 2818:. This arrival of European traders and colonisers alarmed the local population and caused the inhabitants of the Sous region to organize themselves politically. According to one recorded tradition, this impetus was made clear when the Portuguese took some tribal warriors captive and demanded that the local tribes choose a leader or representative with whom they could negotiate their release. Either way, in 1510 the Saadian chief 3599:(also known as Abu Faris). Over the next 25 years the Saadian realm was split between a region ruled from Marrakesh and a region ruled from Fes, with the Sous sometimes also ruled separately, all of which changed hands between factions multiple times. Saadian authority outside these main centers of power was greatly diminished, and the trans-Saharan caravans from the south were sent to Marrakesh less frequently. 3230: 2631:. After Al-Mansur's death in 1603, however, his sons fought a long internecine conflict for succession which divided the country and undermined the dynasty's power and prestige. While the Saadian realm was reunified at the end of the conflict in 1627, new factions in the region rose to challenge Saadian authority. The last Saadian sultan, Ahmad al-Abbas, was assassinated in 1659, bringing the dynasty to an end. 1122: 3203:, felt he had the most to lose from the increased Ottoman influence in the region. Sebastian endorsed Al-Mutawakkil's claim and in July 1578 he crossed over into northern Morocco with an army, accompanied by the deposed sultan. While Moroccan sources exaggerate the size of his army, there was no doubt that it was impressive, with the Portuguese king promoting his campaign to the rest of Europe as a 3386:

Spanish embassy in 1579, who brought him lavish gifts, and then reportedly trampled the symbol of Ottoman suzerainty before a Spanish embassy in 1581. He also suspected that the Ottomans were involved in the first rebellions against him in his early reign. As a result, he minted coins in his own name and had Friday prayers delivered in his name instead of in the name of

3483:(controlled by Europeans and also reliant on slaves). Finally, the invasion may have been a way for Al-Mansur to elevate his claim to being a universal Muslim ruler. Since expansion eastward into Ottoman territory had been unfruitful the only path left for Saadian expansion was to the south. This ambition may have been further encouraged by the embassies of 3084:, and Abd al-Mu'min – fled the country in fear of assassination and took refuge with the Ottomans. (Though it is possible that Ahmad only fled much later, depending on which historical sources are consulted.) Abdallah was able to have Abd al-Mu'min assassinated years later, circa 1572, but Abd al-Malik entered into the service of the Ottoman sultan. 3358:) and which he likely continued to work on until his death. In addition to the heavy taxation and the ransoms extorted from the Portuguese nobility, the wealth of al-Mansur's reign was also due to the Saadians' control of the sugar trade. Morocco was at that time a significant exporter of sugar towards Europe, along with other products such as 3334:, aided them in maintaining their legitimacy even in the face of this criticism. Al-Mansur also insisted on maintaining a highly efficient state administration and remained personally involved in the state's affairs. He was a patron of culture, sponsoring poets, musicians, scholars, and elaborate ceremonies for religious festivals such as the 4400:, began to be adapted to Maghrebi manuscripts starting in the 17th century. Nonetheless, while manuscript art of this period showed a greater openness to outside influences, the Andalusi-Maghrebi artistic traditions established since the Almohad period (12th-13th centuries) were essentially preserved and perpetuated until the 19th century. 4009:

during the reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, there were about 2000 of them in Marrakesh, the capital. Many of them worked on the sultan's construction projects or in the production of armaments, where European expertise was valued. Saadian expansionism across the Sahara and into the Niger River region also meant an influx of thousands of

3747:, the son of Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir, who inherited a reduced state from his father in 1655. As a child, he was placed under the tutelage of his mother's tribe, before being was assassinated and usurped by his maternal uncle in 1658 or 1659, bringing Saadian rule officially to an end. Eventually, a new Sharifian dynasty, the 3424:

that this would invite resentment from other Christian states. However, after Spain's annexation of Portugal in 1580 the Queen accorded more importance to securing cordial relations with the Saadian sultan and in 1581 she allowed English naval timber to be exported to Morocco in return for saltpeter. John Symcot, an agent of the

4329:, which continued well after the medieval (pre-16th century) era. The Saadian sultans were also responsible for compiling large libraries, a practice that became especially marked during the long and prosperous reign of Ahmad al-Mansur. Al-Mansur's increased relations with the Ottoman Empire, particularly during the reign of 3471:

reduced the flow of gold across the desert. Thus Al-Mansur may have sought to increase his access to gold through direct control of the gold mines in the south. Saadian interest in the sugar trade may have also been a motivation, as control of the trans-Saharan trade routes also allowed him to increase Morocco's access to

3697:(r. 1636–1655). By this time Saadian authority had greatly suffered. Moulay Zaydan had already relinquished direct control over the Sudan territories in 1618 when its governors ceased to be appointed from Marrakesh and were instead chosen by the local troops themselves. Thereafter the local Saadian regime became the 3398:(later known as Kılıç Ali Paşa), the Ottoman Grand Admiral in Algiers who hoped to have Morocco invaded and incorporated into Ottoman Algeria's sphere of influence. In 1582 Al-Mansur was also forced to agree to a special Ottoman "protection" over Morocco and to pay a certain tribute in order to stop the attacks from 4094:, became more commonly used abroad to designate the country. Mercedes Garcia-Arenal also argues that the beginnings of modern Morocco can be traced to Ahmad al-Mansur's reign, when Morocco engaged in regular diplomacy with other states and was recognized on the international scene as a significant regional power. 4361:) were written in red, blue, or orange. Chapter headings were in gold Kufic (a practice widely used in illuminated Qur'an), with the empty spaces between or within letters filled with blue. This multi-colouring practice is widely found in historic Qur'an copies from this region and traces its origins to 8438:

The status of Abu Faris in Fes is not fully clear from the sources cited here. In general, the transition and exact timing between the reigns of Al-Ma'mun and Abu Faris in Fes is not clearly indicated. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam (as cited in-text: Véronne (2012), "Saʿdids"), Abu Faris was

8428:

Some sources place this formal partition agreement to later dates, after the other Wattasid defeats. Encyclopedia of Islam (as cited in-text: Véronne (2012), "Saʿdids") dates it to 1530, while Jamil Abun-Nasr ("A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period", 1987, p. 211) dates it to 1536, after the

4268:(1672–1727). Saadian carved marble, in the form of columns, panels, and window frames, was especially prized and is found in multiple 'Alawi-era monuments in Meknes and Fes. The Saadian Tombs continued to be used as a necropolis for a time but were eventually abandoned, before being "rediscovered" by 4263:

Starting with the Saadians, and continuing with the 'Alawis (their successors and the reigning monarchy today), Moroccan art and architecture is presented by modern scholars as having remained essentially "conservative"; meaning that it continued to reproduce the existing style with high fidelity but

4058:

itself literally meant "warehouse" or storage, referring to the role the traditional state played as a guarantor of food and provisions in times of famine or crisis. From the Saadian period onward, however, the word's more abstract meaning as the authority and power of the sultan's government came to

3676:

When Abdallah al-Ghalib II died in 1623 his realm in Fes passed on to his brother Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim, another son of Al-Ma'mun. After the scandal of Al-Ma'mun's collusion with Spain, however, Moulay Zaydan was the only Saadian ruler left with any credibility in the country and he was recognized

3410:

Al-Mansur would also pursue careful diplomatic relations with Europe. He was widely perceived as friendly to Spain, presumably seeing it as a counterweight to Ottoman influence and seeking to play the two against each other. Nonetheless, he also sought alternatives to Spain by pursuing relations with

2830:

region in 1513, the burial site of Al-Jazuli. This was done at the invitation of the Shayazima tribe, which had been involved decades earlier in a rebellion against the Wattasids. This associated the early Saadians with both the followers of al-Jazuli and with an implicit opposition to the Wattasids.

4016:

as slaves or captives. Lastly, due to Ottoman expansion in the region and growing Ottoman-Saadian relations, there were also many Turkish or Ottoman mercenaries and soldiers of fortune. Many of these new arrivals were recruited in the service of the state or tied to the state's operations. After the

3385:

Al-Mansur had ambivalent relations with the Ottoman Empire. At the very start of his reign he formally recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, as Abd al-Malik had done, while still remaining de facto independent. However he quickly alienated the Ottoman sultan when he favorably received the

4369:

motifs, is also painted in the margins to mark other divisions in the text: ornate palmettes marked chapter divisions, roundels marked every ten verses, and teardrop shapes marked every five verses. The beginning and end of the manuscript are decorated with illuminated interlacing motifs similar to

3470:

had long been an important part of Morocco's place in international trade and the tax revenues from it had contributed to funding the Saadians ever since their early days in the Sous. The expansion of European trade routes around the whole coast of Africa, however, had undermined its importance and

3220:

or the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the Saadians inflicted a heavy defeat on the Portuguese. Both King Sebastian and Al-Mutawakkil were killed in the battle, while on the Moroccan side Abd al-Malik also died during the battle in uncertain circumstances – either in combat or, by some accounts, poisoned

3035:

and other positions on the Algerian coast, to secure an anti-Ottoman alliance with Spain. Alcaudete concluded an agreement in 1555 to offer Al-Shaykh Spanish troops, but the Spanish government initially refused to endorse the plan. Meanwhile, Al-Shaykh had his older brother, Ahmad al-Araj, executed

2948:

that same year and announced the collapse of Portuguese colonial power in Morocco. This greatly enhanced Muhammad al-Shaykh's reputation across the country and further undermined the Wattasids who had sought coexistence with the Portuguese. At around this time the relations between Muhammad and his

2859:

became the true founders of the Saadian dynasty and its growing power. Among other things, Muhammad al-Shaykh also encouraged the production and export of sugar from the Sous, which thereafter became the region's main export. While famine or plague in 1520-1521 interrupted military efforts, Saadian

4089:

Europe around the same time. In particular, territorial borders became more clearly defined and more closely resembled Morocco's modern borders, while the inhabitants of the territory began to more clearly identify themselves as belonging to a country distinct from its neighbours. Rivet also notes

4008:

In addition to the Andalusians and Moriscos, other foreigners arrived due to varying geopolitical and military factors. There is a documented presence of relatively large numbers of Christian European captives resulting from Saadian victories against the Portuguese. By the end of the 16th century,

3651:

to Spain in return for Spanish military assistance. In November 1610 he landed in Larache with Spanish troops under the command of Marquis of San Germán and tried to intimidate the elites of Fes into recognizing him as ruler. However the plan backfired as his surrender of Moroccan territory to the

3423:

in exchange, and from this time on the English were often supplying the Saadians with weapons and military equipment. John Williams, the first English merchant to buy saltpeter in Morocco, was initially unable to obtain permission to provide the Moroccans with ammunition as Queen Elizabeth worried

2927:

region) between the Wattasids in the north and the Saadians in the south. Conflict broke out again in 1530 but resulted in similar truce. In 1536 the Saadians decisively routed the Wattasid army at Wadi al-'Abid (or Oued el-'Abid), forcing the Wattasids to recognize their rule over the south along

2842:

routes and, despite the jihad against Portuguese encroachment, European trade also increased in the region, all of which brought great profit to Al-Araj and to the Saadian movement. In 1515 the Saadians helped repel a Portuguese attack on Marrakesh but they were not yet in a position to claim the

3092:

to the north of Fez in early 1558. The battle has been called indecisive by historian Abun-Nasr since Hasan withdrew from Morocco in part because he had to deal with the Spanish in Algeria, while other authors characterize it as a Saadian victory which effectively ended Ottoman attempts to enter

2983:

in June 1550, but the army was partly diverted to the Tafilalt soon after in order to suppress a rebellion there by the exiled Ahmad al-Araj. Al-Shaykh was in turn preoccupied by other rebellions and was unable to send more reinforcements to his son. Al-Harran died of sickness in Tlemcen shortly

4039:

At the height of Saadian power, especially under Ahmad al-Mansur, the authority of the central government in Morocco became more absolute. The presence of the central government made itself felt in the lives of everyday Moroccans in a way that that had not been true under previous dynasties and

3402:

on the Moroccan coast and on Moroccan ships. In 1583, the Saadian and Ottoman sultans even tentatively discussed a joint military operation against the Spanish in Oran. Al-Mansur sent a payment to Istanbul every year, which the Saadians interpreted as a "gift" to the Ottomans while the Ottomans

3321:

Al-Mansur's army, in turn, helped him ensure his absolute authority, turning the institution of government into a more dominant force across the country. He levied heavy taxes on people in order to support the largesse of his court and his construction projects, which attracted criticism from

3618:

Abu Faris initially held Marrakesh until 1606 while Moulay Zaydan held Fes for a year before being defeated and expelled by Al-Ma'mun in 1604, who then ruled from Fes. In the period around 1606 Marrakesh changed hands especially frequently – as many as six times according to one source – but

3097:

in Algeria, where he died in a disastrous defeat for the Spanish. Abdallah's reign was not marked by significant conquests. In 1560 or 1561 he launched another expedition to re-occupy Tlemcen which failed, marking the end of Saadian attempts to expand eastward. To counter Ottoman and Spanish

4151:

While the Saadian dynasty marked a political shift from previous Berber-led empires to sultanates led by Arab sharifian dynasties, artistically and architecturally there was broad continuity between these periods. The Saadians are seen by modern scholars as continuing to refine the existing

2935:

The treaty between Al-Araj and the Wattasids, along with Al-Araj's growing power, provoked the jealousy of his brother Muhammad and of the Sous tribes, who worried that their influence in the Saadian movement was waning. After the war with the Wattasids, however, the Saadians focused on the

3171:

with the help of Turkish officers. This made him the first Saadian ruler to accept vassal status with a foreign power. Nonetheless, Abd al-Malik remained wary of Ottoman motives towards his kingdom and maintained relations with Spain as well as continuing to pursue relations with France

3970:

from the Iberian Peninsula also had a profound impact on the Jewish community in Morocco and North Africa. It increased the Jewish population and revitalized Jewish cultural activity, while also splitting the community along ethnic lines for many generations. In Fez, for example, the

3415:. Early relations focused on trade as English merchants, despite the objections of the Portuguese, had been trading in Morocco since the early 16th century. This trade initially consisted of English cloth for Moroccan sugar, but after 1572 the English learned that they could find 3390:, the Ottoman sultan. In response to the removal of his name from Friday prayers, Murad III began preparations for an attack on Morocco. After getting word of this, Al-Mansur rushed to send an ambassador to Istanbul with sizeable gifts and the attack was cancelled. He paid a 3267:

which drained Portugal's finances while filling the coffers of the Saadian state. This allowed the sultan to strike new and higher-quality gold coins, earning him the additional title "ad-Dhahabi" ("the Golden"). Meanwhile, King Sebastian's lack of an immediate heir led to a

3207:

and hiring a large force of mercenaries. Sebastian, however, did not use the fortified Portuguese positions along the coast to his advantage and instead decided to march directly into the country's interior. The Saadian army, led by Abd al-Malik, accompanied by his brother

3530:, a commander of Spanish origin. The Saadian army suffered while crossing the desert, but Askia Ishaq II was surprised when they arrived and had to assemble his forces quickly. While the Songhai army was reportedly larger, it lacked firearms, unlike the Moroccans. At the 4337:

today may have come from Saadian embassies. In return, the Saadian libraries acquired an even larger number of Ottoman or Middle Eastern manuscripts, some of which remain in Moroccan royal libraries today. Another major and important collection of royal manuscripts, the

10686:"0522868 - BRITISH LIBRARY. A Qur'an written in Maghribi script with rich margined ornaments. The Qur'an was commissioned by the Sharifi Sultan of Morocco, 'Abdallah Ibn Muhammad, Morocco, 1568. Full credit: British Library / Granger, NYC -- All rights reserved" 2962:

to the Saadians. Al-Shaykh nonetheless laid siege to Fes, the Wattasid capital, that same year. The siege lasted until January 28, 1549, when the Saadians finally took the city, leaving Al-Shaykh as sole ruler of Morocco. Further north, the Portuguese evacuated

4333:(1595–1603), resulted in numerous embassies to the Ottoman court which exchanged gifts, including richly-produced Qur'an manuscripts. Older manuscripts produced in Al-Andalus were seen as especially dignified gifts and many such examples in the library of 3326:, particularly the religious elites in Fes. Some Muslim scholars also criticized him for the elaborate ceremonialism he introduced at court, where he often remaining concealed behind a veil when receiving guests, imitating the seclusion of the old 3646:

Around the same time (in 1609), Abdallah al-Ghalib II had Abu Faris assassinated and took control of his father's former realm in Fes, which he ruled until 1623. Al-Ma'mun attempted to make a comeback by agreeing to cede the northern port city of

2650:, establishing a model of political-religious legitimacy which continued under the later 'Alawis, another Sharifian dynasty. They successfully resisted Ottoman expansion, making Morocco the only part of North Africa to remain outside Ottoman 3652:

Spanish instead cost himself and the wider Saadian dynasty a great deal of credibility. He was eventually assassinated in 1613. This left his son, Abdallah al-Ghalib II, as ruler of Fes and his brother, Moulay Zaydan, as ruler of Marrakesh.

2772:

The Saadians were a Sharifian family which had first established themselves in the Draa valley in the 14th century before moving or spreading to Tidsi in the Sous valley in the following century. Here they lived alongside Sufi teachers and

3153:(governor) of Algiers, Ramazan Pasha, to assist Abd al-Malik in invading Morocco. In early 1576 the Ottoman army, including a contingent of Janissaries and a supplement of troops led by Abd al-Malik himself, won a decisive victory at the 3411:

the northern European states. Most notably, he increased friendly relations with England when the latter made diplomatic overtures to him after 1580 with a view to find allies against Spain at the time. This led to the development of an

2979:. The latter had already provided some aid to the Wattasids in an attempt to stem the growing power of the Saadians. Both sides saw Tlemcen as their next objective. The Saadian army, led by Muhammad al-Harran, son of Muhammad al-Shaykh, 4443:(also known as Sidi Ben Sliman or simply al-Jazuli), a Sufi figure of Berber origin from the Sous region. Some of the oldest known manuscripts of this text were produced in the 16th century and subsequently made their way as far as 2957:

Now the sole ruler of the Saadian realm, Muhammad al-Shaykh turned his attention to the Wattasids. In 1545 he defeated and captured Ahmad al-Wattasi near Wadi Derna. Ahmad al-Wattasi was released two years later, in 1547, and ceded

3677:

as Sultan of Morocco by multiple foreign powers. When both Moulay Zaydan and Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim died in 1627, the two Saadian splinter states in Marrakesh and Fes were finally reunified and inherited by Moulay Zaydan's son,

3938:

The 16th century during which the Saadians rose to power also saw many social and demographic changes in Morocco. The existing population was joined by large waves of emigrants and refugees from the Iberian Peninsula after the

4264:

did not introduce major new innovations. Ornate architectural elements from Saadian buildings, most famously from the El Badi Palace, were also stripped and reused in buildings elsewhere during the reign of the 'Alawi sultan

3515:(r. 1549–1582), asking the latter to pay him the equivalent of the tax revenues generated from the mines. In 1583 Al-Mansur's forces successfully occupied the Touat and the Gourara oases. In 1589 or early 1590 he then asked 4198:

of Marrakesh were built under the reign of Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib and are notable for the fact that they were designed as part of larger civic complexes designed to serve local residents, similar to contemporary Ottoman

3317:

recruits, and European mercenaries. Possibly to limit Turkish/Ottoman influence, Al-Mansur entrusted the highest military positions to Andalusians and Europeans, and also employed them as his personal guard on campaigns.

3221:

by one of his Turkish officers in order to secure total Ottoman control of Morocco in the aftermath. As a result of the presence and death of these three, the 1578 battle is also known as the "Battle of the Three Kings".

3720:

in the region. In 1615 they also agreed to an alliance with Muhammad al-'Ayyashi, a religious warrior who started out as one of Moulay Zaydan's governors. As governor, Al-'Ayyashi had repeatedly attacked the Spanish at

2876:, thus finally taking control of the city. At this time, or slightly before, Al-Araj arranged for the remains of his father Al-Qa'im and of Al-Jazuli to be transferred to Marrakesh, founding a new funerary complex (the 3590:

as his heir as early as 1579 and again in 1584, but he had also given all of his sons administrative roles during his reign. Upon his death in 1603, Al-Ma'mun's accession was immediately contested by his two brothers,

3087:

Hasan Pasha, re-appointed as Ottoman pasha of Algiers, also sent an army to expel the Saadians from Tlemcen once again. The Saadians evacuated the city and were pursued by the Ottomans into Morocco, resulting in the

2826:) was formally recognized in Tidsi by the tribes of the Sous and the Sufi groups as their military leader and political representative. Tidsi remained Al-Qa'im's base for three years until he moved to Afughal in the 4587:(1604–1606, contested until 1613; established power in Fes in 1604 but his position weakened and he fled to Spain in 1608; he returned with Spanish aid in 1610, but lost support until he was assassinated in 1613) 4373:

The increased cultural contacts with the Ottoman Empire are also apparent in the experimentation of Maghrebi authors with eastern traditions of manuscript production and calligraphy. For example, the use of

3510:

salt mines. Since Al-Araj and his successors were preoccupied with challenges to the north, this claim was not pursued further. In 1583 or 1584, however, Al-Mansur brought the issue up again with Emperor

4182:

to suit their own needs, though little of this survives. Ahmad al-Mansur famously constructed the extremely lavish reception palace known as El Badi, for which he also imported significant quantities of

3027:

and to retake Fes in September 1554. Abu Hassun died in the battle, putting a definitive end to Wattasid prospects in Morocco. Immediately after this, Muhammad al-Shaykh entered into negotiations with

3951:. At the beginning of the century around 100,000 Andalusi Muslims and Jews settled in the country as a result, and were followed by another 20,000 to 30,000 around a century later when Spain began 3137:

inherited the throne. Meanwhile, his uncle, Abd al-Malik, had worked to further secure Ottoman support. He served in the Ottoman army and won some favour by participating in the successful Ottoman

2738:

respectable in Morocco. The name Saadi or Saadian derives from "sa'ada" meaning happiness or salvation. Others think it derives from the name Bani Zaydan or that it was given to the Bani Zaydan (

2872:

leader Muhammad ibn Nasir Bu Shantuf who was occupying the city, but in 1524 or 1525 he had Bu Shantuf assassinated and, with the help of his brother Muhammad and reinforcements, captured the

2851:

Upon Al-Qa'im's death in 1517 he was buried next to Al-Jazuli in Afughal. Al-Araj inherited his father's main position at Afughal, north of the Atlas Mountains, while his younger brother

9608: 4346:

up to the present day. Among other volumes, it contains a richly-produced royal Qur'an dated to 1599, commissioned by Ahmad al-Mansur but known as the Qur'an of Moulay Zaydan (or

3448:

and expressed a desire for Morocco to colonize those territories if they were victorious. Elizabeth did not agree to either plan, but commercial relations continued to develop.

2793:

in the north, had little authority over the south of the country. Under their reign, Portuguese expansion along the Moroccan coast reached its apogee. Many local resistance and

9409:

The use of Analogy and the Role of the Sufi Shaykh in Post-Marinid Morocco, Vincent Cornell, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 15, no. 1 (Feb. 1983), pp. 67–93

3569:, and the caravans themselves were costly. A part of their function was to provide an impressive display to the inhabitants of Marrakesh and to the sultan's guests every year. 2674:. The Saadians were also significant patrons of art and architecture, with Abdallah al-Ghalib and Ahmad al-Mansur both responsible for some of the most celebrated monuments of 10570: 3394:

of over 100,000 gold coins, agreed to show respect to the Ottoman sultan and in return he was left alone. The embassy nearly failed to reach Istanbul due to the opposition of

2491: 8439:

eventually strangled on the orders of Abdallah al-Ghalib II in 1609, and Bosworth's "The New Islamic Dynasties" (2004) indicates that the latter then ruled in Fes after 1609.

3283:

In the aftermath of the battle, Ahmad al-Mansur followed Abd al-Malik's example in organizing his army along Ottoman patterns, staffing it with officers and instructors from

11520: 8353: 3549:

After this victory, however, the Moroccans struggled to have their authority accepted in the region and continued to wage a protracted war with the remnants of the defeated

3276:

of Spain annexing Portugal in 1580. In the long term, Morocco's international standing was greatly increased, giving it the status of a major regional power in the western

70: 3432:, which managed the activities of English traders in Morocco and obtained trading privileges from the sultan. The English also attempted to convince Al-Mansur to support 8354: 2911:, attacked it twice, unsuccessfully: he besieged the city in 1527 but was forced to withdraw early, and he failed again in an indecisive battle in 1529 at Animay, near 8343: 4085:

Some scholars argue that the Saadian period marks the beginning of the formation of a modern Moroccan national identity, similar to some of the processes happening in

412: 398: 384: 370: 345: 331: 8349: 4017:

collapse of the Saadian state many would go on to play independent roles, sometimes as outlaws or, in the case of the Moriscos in Salé for example, as corsairs.

3948: 3106:

in 1571. While Al-Ghalib was more passive in foreign policy and military ventures, he was a major builder at home in Marrakesh. Among other things, he built the

2907:

The Wattasids, unable to prevent the capture of Marrakesh, attempted to retake the city and expel the Saadians several times. Muhammad al-Burtuqali's successor,

8365: 8347: 8345: 13228: 4388:

art (13th-15th centuries) or even earlier. However, in the late 16th century it became more systematized in manuscripts, often used for important words or for

10272:

Gilson Miller, Susan; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)".

4233:, a water trough for animals, and a public fountain for distributing water to locals. The Saadians also contributed to founding, building, or expanding the 3586:, which arrived from Spain in 1597 and wrought severe destruction. Ahmad al-Mansur died of the plague himself on August 25, 1603. He had designated his son 3440:

as ambassador to Elizabeth's court to negotiate a military alliance to invade Spain. In his letter to the Queen he even suggested a second option to invade

3407:

in the later part of his reign, seeing himself as the rival, rather than subordinate, of the Ottomans, and even as the rightful leader of the Muslim world.

8374: 8362: 8360: 4392:

titles. Additionally, the repertoire of decorative motifs drew in Ottoman influences by increasing the use of vegetal and especially floral motifs, while

13223: 2658:

weapons. During the long reign of Ahmad al-Mansur in the late 16th century, Morocco established itself as an ambitious regional power that expanded into

3669:. He was about to leave Morocco for Spain but was spared from doing so when he received the support of Yahya ibn Abdullah al-Hahi, a chieftain from the 9682: 2484: 1040: 11513: 10247:

Chetrit, Joseph (2014). "Juifs du Maroc et Juifs d'Espagne: deux destins imbriqués". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

4005:

became dominant in religious practice; a situation which was repeated elsewhere in Morocco, with the notable exception of the Marrakesh community.

3565:

for the first time. Saadian gold nonetheless had difficulty competing with the abundant high-quality gold shipped from the Spanish colonies in the

2865: 8361: 3180:). He also sent the majority of Ottoman troops who had helped him – including the Janissaries – back to Algiers shortly after winning his throne. 13243: 4581:(1603–1604; ruled in Fez and Tlemcen until defeated by al-Ma'mun in 1604, ruled in the Sous from 1604 to 1609, and ruled in Marrakesh after 1609) 626: 12062: 2754:

Saadiyya, Muhammad's wet nurse. They are also known as the Zaydanids, based on their putative ancestor Zaydan Ibn Ahmed, a Sharif from Yanbu.

9924:

Sharifs and Padishahs: Moroccan-Ottoman relations from the 16th through the 18th centuries. Contribution to the study of a diplomatic culture

3987:, who spoke Arabic and were of Arab and Berber heritage, followed their own traditions. Members of the two communities worshiped in separate 2477: 4059:

the fore. Hand in hand with this development was an increasingly strong association between the status of sovereign ruler and the status of

3553:. In the end, Moroccan control was tenuously established over a large region stretching between Kukiya (also spelled Koukya or Koukiya) and 11506: 8359: 1154: 1084: 10578: 3309:

were also used in the army. In addition to local troops from the Sous and various tribes, the army also included troops from the Algerian

8357: 8356: 3342:. Immediately after his accession in 1578 he began the construction of a monumental reception palace in the Kasbah of Marrakesh known as 3280:. The subsequent 24-year reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, among the longest in Moroccan history, marked the apogee of Saadian power and wealth. 9988:

Kaba, Lansiné (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)".

8351: 2646:

The Saadians were an important chapter in the history of Morocco. They were the first Arab Sharifian dynasty to rule Morocco since the

8355: 8344: 9812: 3099: 4321:

Relatively little is known of Saadian-period art beyond architecture, with the relative exception of decorated manuscripts. Western

10879: 8348: 3708:

Several centers of political opposition and dissent to the Saadians also became clear in this period. On the western coast, recent

9794:"Fooling the Sultan: Information, Decision-Making and the "Mediterranean Faction" (1585-1587) - Journal of Ottoman Studies (AHCI)" 3157:

near Fez, allowing Abd al-Malik to depose Al-Mutawakkil, who fled. Once on the throne, as an Ottoman vassal, Abd al-Malik had the

11139: 8461: 4240: 3655:

Moulay Zaydan spent another year in exile between 1612 and 1613 after being expelled from Marrakesh by a local religious leader,

3093:

Morocco by military means. Count Alcaudete, in turn, seeing that his alliance with Muhammad al-Shaykh was now moot, attempted to

2888: 2877: 508: 3491:, who, having failed to secure support from the Ottoman Empire, expressed willingness to recognize Al-Mansur as caliph instead. 969: 965: 13233: 11224: 3457: 2620: 8352: 13015: 12397: 10793: 10736: 10669: 10637: 10506: 10362: 10256: 10231: 10204: 10156: 10109: 10077: 10045: 9903: 9876: 9849: 9822: 9773: 9721: 9692: 9645: 9618: 9584: 9534: 9504: 9477: 9435: 9285: 8871: 8819: 8781: 8754: 8573: 8471: 8350: 8346: 4069:), which eventually became irreversible under the following 'Alawi dynasty. This became apparent also in the use of the word 3519:

to pay him an amount of gold proportional to the amount of salt taken from the mines, which Ishaq II contemptuously refused.

2864:) from their posts in the region. In 1523 open hostilities were declared between the Saadians and the Wattasid ruler in Fes, 918: 3991:

and were even buried separately. It was only in the 18th century that the two communities eventually blended together, with

2838:

as his successor and left him as governor in the Sous while he moved to Afughal. The Sous valley was a crucial stage in the

11124: 10539:"Tulipes, œillets et maghribî: évolutions et conservatisme de l'art du livre maghrébin à l'épreuve de l'expansion ottomane" 10194: 3522:

The Saadian military expedition, numbering between 4,000 and 20,000 men, left Marrakesh on 16 October 1590 and reached the

3441: 3269: 3241:

The battle had immediate and long-term consequences. The most immediate result was the accession of Abd al-Malik's brother

759: 12921: 8342: 11529: 10711: 10175:

Hunwick, J.O. (2012). "Timbuktu". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

8771: 3475:– on which the sugar processing industry relied and which were necessary to compete with the prices of sugar coming from 3751:

from the Tafilalt, defeated all other factions to become the sole rulers of Morocco. The first effective 'Alawi sultan,

13067: 12067: 11231: 9373:"A Manuscript of the Last Sultan of al-Andalus and the Fate of the Royal Library of the Nasrid Sultans at the Alhambra" 8358: 933: 784: 4164:

in Marrakesh as one of its apogees. Other major examples of this Saadian style which survive today include the ornate

3494:

Saadian interest in the Sudan region preceded Al-Mansur. Earlier that century the Saadians occupied the oasis area of

913: 13208: 13203: 11711: 11473: 10892: 10764: 10335: 9946: 9109: 8844: 8725: 3354:, translated as "the Incomparable"), which was famous for its lavishness and expensive materials (including imported 2799:

movements, often associated with various Sufi brotherhoods or establishments, arose to oppose the European presence.

8744: 13218: 13213: 11383: 10401: 10352: 3462:

Al-Mansur's only major foreign military venture was the invasion of West Africa – or more particularly the western

1147: 830: 12693: 11192: 11079: 11028: 4508: 3861: 3098:

influence, Al-Ghalib sought to develop relations with France and Northern European powers. He also supported the

3094: 3077: 3007:, sent a diplomatic embassy to Muhammad al-Shaykh in 1552 in an attempt to persuade the latter to accept Ottoman 2997: 2908: 1443: 1003: 877: 11855: 9763: 4403: 3602: 11447: 11119: 11023: 8384: 7956: 4502: 4353:

Another richly-decorated royal Qur'an, written for Sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib and dated to 1568, is kept by the

4269: 3168: 3134: 3102:

in Spain between 1568 and 1570. In the end, Ottoman pressure on Morocco was reduced by their own defeat at the

3011:, even if just nominally, but this was refused. The Ottomans sent an army, including Janissaries again, led by 2608: 2123: 1069: 872: 575: 2781:. The beginning of the Saadian rise to power took place in the context of weak central rule in Morocco and of 2603:

enjoyed a relatively peaceful reign. His successors, however, fought with each other, culminating in the 1578

13131: 11302: 10441: 8563: 8202: 4801: 4634: 4559:(1609–1627; in Fez and Sous before 1609, expelled from Marrakesh by local rebel leader between 1612 and 1613) 3694: 779: 560: 3626: 1688: 13126: 13010: 11262: 11170: 10915: 10872: 7990: 4810: 4584: 3908: 3587: 3183: 8363: 3167:

in mosques delivered in the Ottoman sultan's name, adopted Ottoman clothing, and organized his army along

850: 453: 13136: 12173: 11197: 11134: 10220:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

5469: 4175: 3911:; Saadian realm is split between different factions, with Marrakesh and Fes changing hands multiple times 3631: 2860:

power continue to grow across much of southern Morocco and began expelling the Europeans (Portuguese and

2703: 1140: 1079: 1074: 433: 3868: 3234: 3217: 2604: 1618: 13238: 8896:"دراسة في مضمون النقوش الكتابية على عمائر الأشراف السعديين بالمغرب الأقصى (915 - 1069هـ/ 1510 - 1658م)" 8172: 4622: 4393: 3918: 3678: 3437: 3355: 2619:

and presided over the apogee of Saadian power. In the later half of his reign he launched a successful

1089: 906: 884: 835: 3959:. The Andalusi arrivals revitalized many of the country's northern cities, with notable examples like 3433: 3299:

in the Moroccan military, which aided Al-Mansur in his later conquests. Turkish titles and terms like

3126:. Fes became the second capital of the kingdom and the main military garrison in the north, where the 13094: 12242: 11806: 11292: 11219: 11185: 11114: 10226:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 7810: 3952: 3857: 3119: 1055: 678: 261: 84: 9450:

H. J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, F. R. C. Bagley, H. Braun, H. Hartel,

13052: 13027: 12877: 12536: 12531: 11267: 10769:

Morocco in the Sixteenth Century. Problems and Patterns in African Foreign Policy by Dahiru Yahya,

4325:

books, including Qur'ans, had by this point established a calligraphic tradition of writing in the

4244: 3914:

1609–1627: Moulay Zaydan rules in Marrakesh while the sons of Al-Ma'mun rule a rival kingdom in Fes

3871:(also known as Battle of the Three Kings), with Saadian victory over the Portuguese army; reign of 3611: 3138: 3004: 2367: 463: 13198: 13119: 13000: 12541: 12494: 12437: 12136: 12080: 11828: 11393: 11348: 11202: 11093: 10865: 4342:, was taken from Sultan Moulay Zaydan by the Spanish in 1612 and has been kept in the library of 4239:

s (religious complexes centered around a tomb) of major Sufi shrines in Marrakesh, including the

3844:

1554 (September): Muhammay al-Shaykh conquers Fes again, putting a permanent end to Wattasid rule

3412: 3089: 2113: 996: 979: 803: 17: 9839: 9372: 8770:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2012). Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).

641: 13193: 13141: 13042: 13037: 12725: 12673: 12593: 12526: 12430: 12415: 12308: 12075: 12029: 11870: 11757: 11207: 11069: 8895: 4389: 3673:

Mountains, who helped him regain Marrakesh in 1613 with a coalition of Arab and Berber tribes.

3488: 2595:, securing control over nearly all of Morocco. After Muhammad al-Shaykh's assassination by the 2518: 2218: 2163: 739: 31: 10469: 9866: 9792:

Dergisi, Journal of Ottoman Studies / Osmanlı Araştırmaları; Gürkan (ESG), Emrah Safa (2015).

9524: 9467: 8861: 4357:. Although the script was written generally in black ink, various orthographic signs (such as 3373: 13072: 13032: 12845: 12720: 11784: 11774: 11733: 11704: 11333: 11282: 11277: 11214: 11049: 9893: 9709: 9635: 9494: 8144: 4596: 4550: 4435: 4409: 4380:, an eastern script adapted into a regional variation known as Maghrebi thuluth, was used in 4153: 4108: 3659:, who rebelled against him. Abu Mahalli managed to occupy Marrakesh and declared himself the 3656: 3639: 3620: 3200: 3188: 3154: 3016: 2751: 2675: 2208: 2178: 808: 248: 12960: 10221: 10144: 10097: 10065: 9574: 9423: 4031: 2880:) and symbolically cementing the city as a spiritual and political capital of the Saadians. 13165: 12995: 12965: 12840: 12771: 12742: 12661: 11995: 11833: 11823: 11401: 11102: 11054: 10925: 9665: 7536: 4465: 4417:, dated to 1599. The page on the right contains a schematic representation of the tombs of 4235: 4157: 3765: 3752: 3698: 3053: 2868:. Al-Araj was admitted peacefully into Marrakesh in 1521 upon marrying the daughter of the 2819: 2632: 2624: 2560: 2352: 2233: 540: 391: 188: 12945: 10600: 8: 12857: 12737: 12703: 12605: 12425: 12420: 12232: 11951: 11887: 11762: 11747: 11373: 11358: 11153: 8728:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 4490: 4477: 4206: 4195: 4179: 4165: 4136: 4090:

that around this time the name "Morocco", derived from the name of Marrakesh via Spanish

4086: 3785: 3467: 3173: 3115: 3111: 3058: 2980: 2873: 2852: 2839: 2663: 2584: 2442: 1453: 974: 813: 791: 774: 545: 12573: 12563: 3713: 2607:(or "Battle of the Three Kings"), where a Portuguese military intervention on behalf of 1758: 744: 377: 12970: 12950: 12933: 12884: 12749: 12558: 12509: 12442: 12360: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12247: 12217: 12109: 12007: 11875: 11850: 11587: 11466: 11321: 11297: 11287: 11245: 11165: 11129: 10900: 10289: 10013: 8379: 8187: 7973: 7793: 7670: 4628: 4590: 4541: 4496: 4440: 4414: 4385: 4144: 4013: 3904: 3851: 3775: 3690: 3607: 3596: 3419:

and mainly sought to obtain this material. At that time, Sultan al-Mutawakkil demanded

3273: 3073: 3066: 3037: 3036:

along with many of his sons and grandsons, thus securing the succession of his own son

3000:, expelled the Saadian forces from the city and from western Algeria in February 1551. 2900: 2778: 2600: 2148: 1913: 1798: 1658: 1383: 1318: 1008: 734: 442: 363: 11498: 1738: 13079: 12975: 12911: 12906: 12835: 12732: 12447: 12375: 12370: 12212: 12141: 12124: 12119: 12114: 11914: 11865: 11671: 11623: 11611: 11593: 11440: 11338: 11272: 10982: 10977: 10789: 10760: 10732: 10665: 10633: 10502: 10358: 10331: 10252: 10227: 10200: 10152: 10105: 10073: 10041: 10005: 9942: 9899: 9872: 9845: 9818: 9769: 9717: 9688: 9641: 9614: 9580: 9530: 9500: 9473: 9431: 9392: 9281: 9105: 8915: 8867: 8840: 8815: 8777: 8750: 8569: 8467: 5360: 4396:, formerly dominant, were less emphasized. The most iconic Ottoman floral motif, the 4381: 4362: 4358: 4265: 3890: 3712:(Andalusian) exiles had arrived in Salé and Rabat in 1609 and eventually founded the 3582:

Al-Mansur's final years were marked by growing rivalries between his sons and by the

3531: 3425: 3327: 3277: 3212:(yet another son of Muhammad al-Shaykh), met the Portuguese at Wadi al-Makhazin near 3199:

Meanwhile, his deposed nephew, Al-Mutawakkil, sought help from Portugal, whose king,

3103: 2920: 2815: 2695: 2636: 2258: 2103: 1708: 1348: 1338: 1328: 1213: 798: 698: 693: 646: 580: 274: 10685: 10538: 10017: 4365:

manuscripts. Blue and gold ornamentation, consisting of specific shapes filled with

4334: 4160:

style, with some seeing Saadian art as the last "renaissance" of this style and the

2814:, and from their territory here other European merchants also operated, notably the 12928: 12715: 12710: 12666: 12653: 12583: 12551: 12546: 12410: 12405: 12387: 12348: 12281: 12264: 12205: 12195: 12190: 12131: 12087: 12057: 12017: 12000: 11983: 11946: 11697: 11665: 11647: 11635: 11605: 11581: 11563: 11551: 11545: 11482: 11423: 11416: 11378: 11368: 11363: 11343: 11307: 11074: 11064: 11059: 10992: 10956: 10849: 10831: 10550: 10281: 9997: 9384: 8907: 8807: 4191: 3978: 3583: 3534:

the Saadian army thus won a decisive victory. The Songhai evacuated their capital,

3107: 2786: 2592: 2545: 2412: 2408: 2397: 2378: 2043: 2023: 2003: 1923: 1718: 1598: 1523: 1513: 1463: 1393: 1293: 1243: 1050: 1045: 1033: 901: 710: 594: 523: 336: 137: 3665:, granting his rebellion a distinctive religious character. Moulay Zaydan fled to 13146: 13114: 12987: 12955: 12938: 12894: 12867: 12862: 12820: 12813: 12788: 12648: 12643: 12484: 12365: 12259: 12254: 12222: 12047: 12037: 11931: 11924: 11919: 11904: 11860: 11742: 11728: 11641: 11569: 11435: 11428: 11411: 11353: 11257: 11175: 11033: 11002: 10987: 10972: 10946: 9941:. Translated by Williams, Malcolm; Waterson, Gavin. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 13. 9868:

The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier

9610:

The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier

9455: 8009: 7829: 5251: 4682: 4599:, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1609–1623; ruled in Marrakesh before 1609) 4578: 4556: 4514: 4354: 4339: 4326: 4308: 4126: 4074: 4047: 3995:

eventually becoming the main language of the entire community while the Spanish (

3944: 3872: 3801: 3592: 3429: 3399: 3367: 3347: 3284: 3245:

to the throne of Morocco. Drawing on the prestige of the victory, he took on the

3242: 3209: 3141:

in 1574, which expelled the Spanish forces there. That same year he travelled to

3081: 3028: 3024: 2916: 2647: 2640: 2612: 2533: 2509: 2348: 2318: 2083: 2073: 1983: 1963: 1853: 1788: 1748: 1728: 1638: 1563: 1553: 1543: 1503: 1473: 1413: 1403: 1283: 1233: 1013: 958: 720: 703: 611: 493: 405: 54: 12568: 4077:, meaning "my master") becoming a standard part of the sultan's name and title. 3924:

1659: Last Saadian sultan, Ahmad al-Abbas, is killed, ending the Saadian dynasty

13089: 13084: 13047: 13022: 13005: 12916: 12901: 12872: 12830: 12678: 12638: 12633: 12588: 12514: 12474: 12464: 12454: 12269: 12148: 12042: 11909: 11791: 11629: 11487: 8315: 4640: 4184: 3894: 3886: 3838: 3810: 3744: 3729: 3550: 3516: 3503: 3466:, as it was known in Arabic. This was likely motivated by a number of factors. 3463: 3378: 3343: 3288: 3251: 3145:

and obtained support for his bid to the Saadian throne from the Ottoman sultan

3020: 2972: 2964: 2937: 2596: 2423: 2333: 2277: 2053: 1943: 1873: 1573: 1126: 1112: 986: 488: 350: 235: 200: 10001: 9388: 8911: 8859: 8811: 4294: 4285: 4132: 2718:. In the mid-15th century some of them established themselves at Tidsi in the 13187: 13170: 13057: 12852: 12825: 12798: 12776: 12754: 12521: 12504: 12489: 12333: 12286: 12274: 12200: 12092: 11966: 11961: 11936: 11818: 11659: 11617: 11599: 11180: 11018: 10997: 10941: 10555: 9667:

La bataille de l'oued el-Makhazen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 août 1578)

9637:

Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient

9396: 8919: 7655: 5144: 4471: 4304: 4161: 4118: 3996: 3967: 3900: 3781: 3666: 3499: 3213: 3158: 3127: 3123: 2945: 2896: 2835: 2707: 2576: 2303: 1808: 1668: 865: 818: 715: 599: 587: 12598: 12578: 8801: 3921:, Moulay Zaydan's son, but decline of Saadian authority in Morocco continues 2883: 1176: 13062: 12803: 12793: 12759: 12688: 12683: 12610: 12400: 12382: 12343: 12338: 12318: 12313: 12185: 12178: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12052: 11990: 11971: 11956: 11892: 10628:

Gacek, Adam (2006). "Manuscripts and the Qur'an". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.).

10009: 4433:

After the Qur'an, the most popular text transcribed in this period was the

4218: 4010: 3899:

1603: Death of Ahmad al-Mansur; civil war breaks out among his three sons,

3831: 3737: 3733: 3635: 3484: 3246: 3062: 2827: 2790: 2699: 2588: 2307: 1778: 1533: 528: 117: 4025: 3076:

succeeded his father as sultan. At the same time, three of his brothers –

12781: 12766: 12615: 12328: 12237: 12227: 12153: 11801: 11796: 11557: 10757:

African Islam and Islam in Africa: Encounters Between Sufis and Islamists

4602:

Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1623–1627)

4547:(In 1606 control of the city changes from one side to another six times.) 4448: 4343: 4312: 4113: 3940: 3702: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3339: 3177: 2659: 2167: 1933: 1843: 1628: 1483: 1433: 991: 147: 4213:. These complexes included various institutions and amenities such as a 3538:, and retreated south, while Judar Pasha's army occupied Gao along with 2611:

was thoroughly defeated by Saadian forces. In the wake of this victory,

12808: 12625: 12499: 12459: 12392: 11575: 10951: 10920: 4330: 3973: 3748: 3670: 3420: 3314: 3012: 3008: 2807: 2715: 2651: 2453: 2093: 2063: 1893: 1698: 1263: 653: 606: 535: 476: 10330:] (in French) (1st ed.). Casablanca: Sochepress. p. 70. 10293: 10219: 9939:

Britain and Morocco During the Embassy of John Drummond Hay, 1845-1886

4201: 3960: 2952: 2654:, but followed Ottoman example by modernizing their army and adopting 12698: 12469: 12353: 12323: 12104: 11978: 11769: 11677: 9895:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

4533: 4366: 4257: 4140: 4122: 4061: 3988: 3797: 3791: 3722: 3480: 3445: 3404: 3387: 3296: 3150: 3146: 2985: 2892: 2855:

was in turn charged with the Sous, south of the mountains. These two

2746:) by later generations and rivals for power, who tried to deny their 2743: 2723: 2711: 2655: 2580: 2553: 2438: 2393: 2363: 2288: 2273: 1678: 1648: 1493: 1253: 1193: 889: 471: 161: 109: 9793: 4553:, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1606–1609; in Fez after 1609) 3554: 12099: 11882: 11840: 11779: 10857: 10786:السلطان الشريف – الجذور الدينية والسياسية للدولة المخزنية في المغرب 10727:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).

10285: 4919: 4422: 4418: 4066: 3983: 3943:

in 1492, the last Muslim emirate of Al-Andalus, and the subsequent

3824: 3814: 3566: 3562: 3539: 3395: 3331: 3310: 3260: 3204: 3142: 2941: 2929: 2782: 2774: 2747: 2691: 2628: 2568: 2222: 1993: 1953: 1903: 1863: 1768: 1423: 1373: 1273: 953: 948: 825: 663: 157: 10309:

Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City

8565:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

4178:

in Fes. The Saadians also rebuilt the royal palace complex in the

3823:

1543: Muhammad al-Shaykh exiles his brother Ahmad al-'Araj to the

3428:, was able to obtain in 1585 a royal charter to found the English 2971:

in 1550. This set up a confrontation between the Saadians and the

2928:

the established frontier. In 1537 they also took control over the

12012: 11941: 11897: 11752: 11533: 10888: 10839: 10814: 10271: 9737: 4376: 4322: 4230: 4214: 4042: 3956: 3709: 3648: 3507: 3472: 3391: 3292: 3163: 2993: 2976: 2912: 2869: 2667: 2541: 2382: 2292: 2262: 2197: 2033: 2013: 1973: 1883: 1818: 1608: 1223: 894: 658: 481: 75:

Extent of the Saadian empire at the beginning of the 17th century

11813: 3689:

Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II was in turn succeeded by his brother

3451: 3229: 11845: 11720: 11406: 10800:(Full text of Arabic translation of Nabil Mouline's 2009 book, 5035: 4252: 4001: 3992: 3818: 3717: 3476: 3363: 3335: 3330:. Nonetheless, the Saadians' status as sharifs, descendants of 3305: 3264: 3256: 2968: 2959: 2803: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2616: 2572: 2457: 2337: 2193: 1203: 169: 133: 8806:(in French). Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 1–53. 8341: 3837:

1554 (January): 'Ali Abu Hassun, a Wattasid, retakes Fes with

3774:

1513: Al-Qa'im moves his base to Afughal, the burial place of

2824:

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibnʿAbd al-Raḥman al-Qāʾim Biamr Allāh

12479: 10713:

The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts

4444: 4397: 4250:

In the 16th century and in subsequent centuries the usage of

4210: 3879: 3661: 3558: 3416: 3323: 2989: 2940:

from the Portuguese. This caused the latter to also evacuate

2924: 2861: 2795: 2731: 2687: 2671: 2427: 2182: 2152: 302: 10497:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Sa῾di".

9712:. In Kwaku Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.). 8776:. Oxford University Press. pp. 22, 312, and elsewhere. 3780:

1517: Al-Qa'im dies; Saadian realm divided between his sons

2710:. Since the early 14th century they had been established at 2587:

captured Agadir from the Portuguese and eventually captured

9814:

Verses and Visions: The Maltese Islands in World Literature

8860:

Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (2011).

4426: 4222: 4170: 4168:

in Marrakesh and the ablutions pavilions in the courtyard (

4080: 3769: 3543: 3495: 3359: 3255:) "al-Mansur". The capture of a large number of Portuguese 3224: 3032: 3031:, the governor and general of the Spanish forces occupying 2856: 2719: 2567:

valley in southern Morocco in their resistance against the

2564: 2322: 11689: 4040:

rulers. This marked a new stage in the development of the

10068:. In Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Louis Gates, Henry (eds.). 5024: 4570: 4054:), the royal or sultanic government in Morocco. The word 4035:) used by the Saadi sultanate, according to Nabil Mouline 3800:

recognize Saadian rule over southern Morocco through the

3535: 10726: 10464: 10462: 10096:

Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Louis Gates, Henry, eds. (2010).

3291:). One consequence of this was a widespread adoption of 3048: 11528: 9523:

Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Clark, Desmond J. (1975).

9493:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012).

9466:

Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Clark, Desmond J. (1975).

4370:

that seen in some Andalusi examples centuries earlier.

10499:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

9926:. Princeton University (PhD thesis). pp. 127–130. 9576:

Reviving the Islamic caliphate in early modern Morocco

4616: 4020: 3847:

1557: Muhammad al-Shaykh assassinated by Ottoman agent

3061:, built between 1557 and 1571 with the sponsorship of 2750:

descent by claiming that they came from the family of

10459: 2702:(Muhammad's daughter), and more specifically through 10196:

Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent

10038:

Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

8746:

Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent

8375:

Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

4439:, a collection of prayers for Muhammad, composed by 3977:

of Spanish origin retained their heritage and their

3860:, Al-Ghalib's successor, is overthrown by his uncle 3806:

1536: Saadians defeat Wattasid army at Wadi al-'Abid

3630:

The ornate western pavilion in the courtyard of the

2919:, whereby Morocco was partitioned roughly along the 2767: 2583:

by 1525 and, after a period of rivalry, his brother

2523: 10149:

Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

9791: 9428:

Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

8460:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (30 January 2015). 2953:

Conquest of Fes and confrontation with the Ottomans

10729:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 10274:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 10249:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 9961: 2559:The dynasty's rise to power started in 1510, when 2548:in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was led by the 10755:Rosander, E. Evers and Westerlund, David (1997). 10428:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 10354:Ahmad al-Mansur: The Beginnings of Modern Morocco 10095: 9684:Ahmad al-Mansur: the beginnings of modern Morocco 3287:or of other Ottoman background (many of them non- 3216:on August 4. In the ensuing battle, known as the 13185: 10664:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 566–569. 10496: 9228:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI 4484: 3684: 3149:himself. Soon afterwards the sultan ordered the 3133:Upon Abdallah al-Ghalib's death in 1574 his son 9522: 9492: 9465: 8800:Mouline, Nabil (2009). "La genèse d'un règne". 4466:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman Abu Abdallah al-Qaim 27:1510–1659 state in Morocco and Northwest Africa 10406:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 10399: 9102:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 8459: 4275: 3790:1524 or 1525: Ahmad al-'Araj takes control of 3716:, becoming one of the most important bases of 3693:(r. 1631–1636), followed by his other brother 2834:In 1513 Al-Qa'im also appointed his elder son 2635:later conquered Marrakesh in 1668 and led the 13229:States and territories disestablished in 1659 11705: 11514: 10873: 10350: 10223:Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art 10129:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 9680: 9360:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 4480:(1544–49; viceroy in the Sous before 1543–44) 3577: 3452:Conquest of the western Sudan under Al-Mansur 2485: 1148: 13162:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 10251:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 309–311. 9798:Journal of Ottoman Studies 45 (2015): 57-96. 46: 10788:(in Arabic). Rabat: Centre Jacques-Berque. 9891: 9640:. University of Chicago Press. p. 82. 9529:. Cambridge University Press. p. 408. 9472:. Cambridge University Press. p. 406. 9278:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 3642:in 1609, after gaining control of the city. 2785:expansionism along its Atlantic coast. The 2686:The Saadi dynasty claimed descent from the 13224:States and territories established in 1510 11712: 11698: 11521: 11507: 10880: 10866: 10709: 9921: 9444: 8834: 8769: 4521: 3740:, with whom they signed a treaty in 1651. 2575:and other coastal cities. Al-Qai'm's son, 2492: 2478: 1155: 1141: 69: 10773:, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1984), pp. 252–253 10554: 10306: 9936: 9104:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9099: 8893: 4459: 2681: 2563:was declared leader of the tribes of the 10430:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 10192: 10124: 10035: 9964:Britain and the Islamic World: 1558-1713 9837: 9707: 9663: 9633: 9355: 8866:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150. 8742: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8561: 4402: 4190:In terms of religious architecture, the 4131: 4112: 4081:Beginnings of Moroccan national identity 4024: 3758: 3625: 3601: 3498:for a time and Ahmad al-'Araj had asked 3372: 3228: 3225:The reign of Ahmad al-Mansur (1578-1603) 3182: 3052: 2882: 12986: 10802:Le califat imaginaire d'Ahmad al-Mansûr 10731:. Paris: Louvre éditions. p. 555. 10710:Bongianino, Umberto (8 February 2018). 10384: 10321: 10246: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10142: 10138: 10136: 9955: 9892:Mikaberidze, Alexander (31 July 2011). 9810: 9716:. Oxford University Press. p. 23. 9499:. Oxford University Press. p. 23. 9421: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8837:Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517-1648 8803:Le califat imaginaire d'Ahmad al-Mansûr 8799: 8723: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 3917:1627: Saadian realm is reunified under 3732:, an important Sufi brotherhood in the 3114:, redeveloped the royal palaces in the 2936:Portuguese. In 1541 Muhammad al-Shaykh 2846: 2540:), was a state which ruled present-day 14: 13244:Tributary states of the Ottoman Empire 13186: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10623: 10621: 10492: 10490: 10425: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10177:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 10031: 10029: 10027: 9917: 9915: 9787: 9785: 9659: 9657: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9568: 9566: 9417: 9415: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9275: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8730:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4503:Abu Abdallah Mohammed II al-Mutawakkil 3885:1591: Saadian invasion of the western 3610:built the mosque and mausoleum in the 3458:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire 3187:Portuguese depiction of the corpse of 2988:and tribal allies sent by the Ottoman 2666:, including a potential alliance with 2623:, resulting in the establishment of a 11693: 11502: 10861: 10783: 10659: 10627: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10188: 10186: 10091: 10089: 10059: 10057: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9962:MacLean, Gerald; Nabil Matar (2011). 9844:. Vol. 1. Scribner. p. 14. 9761: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9518: 9516: 9370: 9225: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 8795: 8793: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8200: 8198: 8185: 8183: 8170: 8168: 8157: 8155: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8096: 8094: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8007: 8005: 7988: 7986: 7971: 7969: 7954: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7827: 7825: 7808: 7806: 7791: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7668: 7666: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5034: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4809: 4807: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 3606:During his short reign in Marrakesh, 3049:Abdallah al-Ghalib and his successors 2806:(on the coast, near the mouth of the 919:Revolution of the King and the People 10887: 10720: 10536: 10419: 10389:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 10265: 10240: 10213: 10165: 10133: 10118: 10063: 9987: 9864: 9606: 9572: 8582: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 4526: 3681:, who ruled the country until 1631. 3561:, as well as exotic animals such as 2878:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Slimane al-Jazuli 1170:Historical Arab states and dynasties 10771:Canadian Journal of African Studies 10703: 10646: 10618: 10487: 10387:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 10371: 10300: 10024: 9912: 9782: 9730: 9654: 9593: 9412: 9294: 9234: 8926: 4617:1627–59: Reunified rule and decline 4303:Pages from the so-called Qur'an of 4241:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Sliman al-Jazuli 4051: 4029:Possible appearance of the banner ( 4021:The role of the Sultan's government 3612:religious complex of Sidi Bel Abbès 3351: 3233:A Portuguese depiction of the 1578 2915:. The two sides agreed to the 1527 2537: 2513: 47: 24: 10749: 10515: 10434: 10322:Mouline, Nabil (11 January 2024). 10183: 10086: 10054: 9970: 9765:Ahmad Al-Mansur: Islamic Visionary 9543: 9513: 9118: 8790: 8562:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). 3830:1549: Muhammad al-Shaykh conquers 3595:(also known as Moulay Zaydan) and 25: 13255: 10777: 10759:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 10064:Cory, Stephen (2 February 2012). 9922:El Moudden, Abderrahmane (1992). 9634:Barletta, Vincent (15 May 2010). 8480: 8429:decisive battle of Wadi al-'Abid. 4454: 4217:, a library, a primary school, a 3272:that ultimately resulted in King 3019:in January 1554. They installed ' 2889:Zawiya and mausoleum of Al-Jazuli 2768:The rise of Al-Qa'im in the south 2730:origins through an ancestor from 513:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 11384:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 11092: 10601:"الصحافة بأسفي - Presse de Safi" 10351:Garcia-Arenal, Mercedes (2012). 9817:. Fondazzjoni patrimonju Malti. 9681:Garcia-Arenal, Mercedes (2012). 9371:Ženka, Josef (25 October 2018). 4311:in 1599, kept at the library of 4293: 4284: 3966:The arrival of large numbers of 3945:expulsion of the Jews from Spain 3526:in February 1591. It was led by 2802:In 1505 the Portuguese occupied 2762: 1591:Western dynasties and caliphates 1175: 1120: 1106: 831:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 452: 410: 396: 382: 368: 343: 329: 10678: 10593: 10577:. 5 August 2012. Archived from 10563: 10393: 10344: 10315: 10145:"The end of the Songhay Empire" 10070:Dictionary of African Biography 9930: 9885: 9871:. University of Chicago Press. 9858: 9841:Encyclopedia of the Renaissance 9838:Grendler, Paul F., ed. (1999). 9831: 9804: 9755: 9714:Dictionary of African Biography 9701: 9674: 9627: 9613:. University of Chicago Press. 9526:The Cambridge History of Africa 9496:Dictionary of African Biography 9486: 9469:The Cambridge History of Africa 9459: 9403: 9364: 8887: 8773:Dictionary of African Biography 8724:Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). 8432: 8422: 4441:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli 4102: 3755:, conquered Marrakesh in 1668. 3502:(r. 1539–1549), emperor of the 2975:, whose empire now extended to 10147:. In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.). 10127:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 10040:. Cambridge University Press. 9990:The Journal of African History 9426:. In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.). 9377:Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 9358:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 8853: 8839:. Penguin Books. p. 503. 8828: 8763: 8736: 8568:. Edinburgh University Press. 8453: 8397: 8385:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 4647: 4544:(1603–1606; in Fez after 1606) 3981:while the indigenous Moroccan 3878:1583: Saadian conquest of the 3827:and becomes sole Saadian ruler 3506:, to grant him control of the 3338:(birthday of the Prophet) and 3130:typically served as governor. 2777:who promoted the doctrines of 2621:invasion of the Songhai Empire 914:Opposition to European control 13: 1: 13234:1510 establishments in Africa 9452:The Last Great Muslim Empires 8446: 4579:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir 4557:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir 4485:1549–1603: Sultans of Morocco 3933: 3685:Reunification and final years 3593:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir 3193:Caetano Moreira de Costa Lima 3072:Following the assassination, 3065:, during the reign of Moulay 780:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 10193:Bouasria, Abdelilah (2015). 8894:Abgadiyat, E. (9 May 2014). 8743:Bouasria, Abdelilah (2015). 8403:Also rendered in English as 4635:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Saghir 4591:Abu Faris Abdallah al-Wathiq 4585:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun 4542:Abu Faris Abdallah al-Wathiq 3768:recognized as leader of the 3743:The last Saadian sultan was 3695:Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir 3588:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun 7: 11719: 10630:The Qur'an: an encyclopedia 10501:. Oxford University Press. 10400:El Khatib-Boujibar, Naima. 10311:. Indiana University Press. 10104:. Oxford University Press. 10072:. Oxford University Press. 9762:Smith, Richard Lee (2006). 9708:Bennison, Amira K. (2012). 8368: 8336: 4276:Manuscripts and calligraphy 2812:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Aguer 2704:Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 2662:and pursued relations with 2524: 1311:Arab empires and caliphates 966:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 764:(beginning 19th century AD) 683:(beginning 11th century AD) 509:Classical to Late Antiquity 10: 13260: 10632:. Routledge. p. 387. 9937:Ben-Srhir, Khalid (2005). 4623:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II 4106: 4097: 3928: 3679:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II 3578:Succession war (1603–1627) 3572: 3455: 3438:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud 3218:Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin 3015:to attack Fes, where they 2984:before an army of Ottoman 2757: 907:Tangier International Zone 836:French conquest of Morocco 121:(1603–1627, rival capital) 29: 13155: 13107: 12624: 12028: 11727: 11541: 11460: 11392: 11329: 11320: 11253: 11244: 11161: 11152: 11125:Prefectures and provinces 11110: 11101: 11090: 11042: 11011: 10965: 10934: 10908: 10899: 10846: 10836: 10828: 10810: 10660:Blair, Sheila S. (2006). 10442:"Qantara - Saadian tombs" 10385:Marçais, Georges (1954). 10307:Gottreich, Emily (2006). 10125:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 10036:El Hamel, Chouki (2013). 10002:10.1017/S0021853700019861 9664:Berthier, Pierre (1985). 9389:10.1163/1878464X-00902013 9356:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 9100:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 8912:10.1163/22138609-90000027 8835:Greengrass, Mark (2014). 8812:10.3917/puf.mouli.2009.01 8466:. Routledge. p. 58. 8263: 8261: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8092: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8058: 8056: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7876: 7874: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7735: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7599: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7484: 7482: 7381: 7379: 7278: 7276: 7175: 7173: 7072: 7070: 6969: 6967: 6866: 6864: 6763: 6761: 6660: 6658: 6557: 6555: 6454: 6452: 6351: 6349: 6248: 6246: 6145: 6143: 6042: 6040: 5939: 5937: 5836: 5834: 5733: 5731: 5630: 5628: 5527: 5525: 5418: 5416: 5309: 5307: 5200: 5198: 5093: 5091: 5032: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4969: 4912: 4910: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4854: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4509:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I 4147:, completed in 1564-65 CE 3858:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil 3852:Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib 3135:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil 3043: 2609:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil 627:Territorial fragmentation 308: 298: 294: 284: 271: 262:Battle of the Three Kings 258: 245: 232: 222: 218: 210: 206: 194: 182: 178: 168: 153: 143: 129: 90: 85:Ruling dynasty of Morocco 80: 68: 63: 41: 13209:17th-century Arab people 13204:16th-century Arab people 10556:10.4000/perspective.7643 10426:Parker, Richard (1981). 10143:Abitbol, Michel (1992). 9865:Hess, Andrew C. (2010). 9811:Freller, Thomas (2008). 9670:. Paris: Éd. du C.N.R.S. 8863:Concise History of Islam 8463:Atlas of Islamic History 8390: 4245:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes 3949:soon after from Portugal 3869:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 3834:and expels the Wattasids 3487:, the Mai (king) of the 3263:resulted in a flurry of 3235:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 3191:before Ahmad al-Mansur, 3005:Suleiman the Magnificent 2903:'s body here around 1524 1619:Umayyad state of Córdoba 728:other political entities 275:Defeat of Songhai Empire 13219:17th century in Morocco 13214:16th century in Morocco 10784:Nabil, Mouline (2013). 10470:"Koran of Muley Zaidan" 10151:. UNESCO. p. 201. 9430:. UNESCO. p. 201. 9276:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 4522:1603–27: Succession war 4221:(public bathhouse), an 4125:, mausoleum chamber of 3413:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 3090:Battle of Wadi al-Laban 2605:Battle of Ksar el-Kebir 997:Western Sahara conflict 10952:Barghawata Confederacy 10357:. Simon and Schuster. 10102:Encyclopedia of Africa 9687:. Simon and Schuster. 9573:Cory, Stephen (2016). 9226:Rivet, Daniel (2012). 4460:1510–49: Rise to power 4430: 4148: 4129: 4036: 3714:Republic of Bou Regreg 3643: 3615: 3382: 3238: 3196: 3069: 2904: 2682:Origins of the dynasty 740:Principality of Debdou 631:(10th–11th century AD) 286:• Disestablished 32:Saadi (disambiguation) 13132:Medieval great powers 11232:Western Sahara status 11012:European protectorate 10921:Kingdom of Mauretania 9607:Hess, Andrew (1978). 4597:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 4551:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 4406: 4359:vowels and diacritics 4348:Koran de Muley Zaidan 4135: 4116: 4109:Moroccan architecture 4107:Further information: 4028: 3759:Chronological summary 3640:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 3629: 3621:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 3605: 3542:(both in present-day 3376: 3232: 3186: 3056: 3017:defeated the Saadians 2886: 2866:Muhammad al-Burtuqali 2843:city for themselves. 2810:), which they called 2714:in the valley of the 2676:Moroccan architecture 2579:, secured control of 2528:), also known as the 2209:Sultanate of Zanzibar 2124:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 607:Barghwata confederacy 565:(8th–10th century AD) 130:Common languages 13142:European colonialism 13127:Ancient great powers 11140:World Heritage Sites 11029:Spanish Protectorate 10926:Mauretania Tingitana 10822:House of Banu Zaydan 9454:, BRILL 1997, p.102 9422:El Fasi, M. (1992). 4014:sub-Saharan Africans 3850:1557–1574: Reign of 3764:1510: Saadian chief 3699:Pashalik of Timbuktu 3638:was commissioned by 3003:The Ottoman sultan, 2847:The sons of Al-Qa'im 2694:through the line of 878:Spanish protectorate 785:Hispano-Moroccan War 642:Caliphate of Córdoba 600:Emirate of Sijilmasa 541:Mauretania Tingitana 392:Pashalik of Timbuktu 30:For other uses, see 13137:Modern great powers 11024:French Protectorate 10662:Islamic Calligraphy 10537:Abid, Hiba (2017). 10446:www.qantara-med.org 9768:. Pearson Longman. 4207:Mamluk architecture 4196:Bab Doukkala Mosque 4180:Kasbah of Marrakesh 4166:Ben Youssef Madrasa 4137:Ben Youssef Madrasa 3864:, with Ottoman help 3468:Trans-Saharan trade 3377:The remains of the 3237:, published in 1629 3112:Ben Youssef Madrasa 3059:Bab Doukkala Mosque 2840:trans-Saharan trade 2789:, which ruled from 2530:Sharifian Sultanate 1186:Ancient Arab states 975:Moulay Bouazza plot 873:French protectorate 814:Treaty of Algeciras 775:Franco-Moroccan War 546:Exarchate of Africa 378:Bou Regreg Republic 224:• Established 11303:Telecommunications 10571:"الأشراف السعديون" 10474:Ziereis Facsimiles 9280:. Paris: LienArt. 8380:History of Morocco 4497:Abdallah al-Ghalib 4491:Muhammad al-Shaykh 4478:Muhammad al-Shaykh 4436:Dala'il al-Khayrat 4431: 4410:Dala'il al-Khayrat 4307:, commissioned by 4270:French authorities 4205:s and the earlier 4149: 4145:Abdallah al-Ghalib 4143:, built by Sultan 4130: 4037: 4032:al-'alam al-mansûr 3893:and defeat of the 3786:Muhammad al-Shaykh 3644: 3616: 3597:Abdallah al-Wathiq 3489:Kanem-Bornu Empire 3383: 3381:today in Marrakesh 3324:religious scholars 3239: 3197: 3122:, and started the 3095:attack Mustaghanim 3074:Abdallah al-Ghalib 3070: 3067:Abdallah al-Ghalib 2981:conquered the city 2905: 2891:today, founded in 2853:Muhammad al-Shaykh 2601:Abdallah al-Ghalib 2585:Muhammad al-Shaykh 2251:Current monarchies 1914:Sharifate of Mecca 1384:Emirate of Tbilisi 1374:Emirate of Armenia 1224:Kingdom of Osroene 1127:History portal 1113:Morocco portal 1009:Hirak Rif Movement 1004:2011–2012 protests 364:Dila'iya Sultanate 337:Wattasid Sultanate 13239:Former sultanates 13181: 13180: 13103: 13102: 13068:Polish–Lithuanian 12243:Gurjara-Pratihara 11687: 11686: 11530:Islamic dynasties 11496: 11495: 11456: 11455: 11316: 11315: 11240: 11239: 11171:Foreign relations 11148: 11147: 11088: 11087: 10856: 10855: 10847:Succeeded by 10795:978-9954-538-15-9 10738:978-2-35031-490-7 10671:978-0-7486-3540-5 10639:978-0-415-32639-1 10605:www.safipress.com 10508:978-0-19-530991-1 10364:978-1-78074-208-3 10324:Drapeaux du Maroc 10258:978-2-35031-490-7 10233:978-3-902782-31-1 10206:978-1-317-68143-4 10158:978-92-3-101711-7 10111:978-0-19-533770-9 10079:978-0-19-538207-5 10047:978-1-107-02577-6 9905:978-1-59884-336-1 9878:978-0-226-33031-0 9851:978-0-684-80508-5 9824:978-99932-7-191-8 9775:978-0-321-25044-5 9723:978-0-19-538207-5 9710:"'Abd al-Malik I" 9694:978-1-78074-208-3 9647:978-0-226-03739-4 9620:978-0-226-33031-0 9586:978-1-317-06343-8 9536:978-0-521-20981-6 9506:978-0-19-538207-5 9479:978-0-521-20981-6 9437:978-92-3-101711-7 9287:978-2-35906-182-6 8873:978-93-82573-47-0 8821:978-2-13-057240-4 8783:978-0-19-538207-5 8756:978-1-317-68143-4 8575:978-0-7486-2137-8 8473:978-1-317-58897-9 8334: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8213: 8196: 8181: 8166: 8153: 8020: 8003: 7984: 7967: 7842: 7823: 7804: 7683: 7664: 7547: 5474:Abd Allah al-Nafs 5027:Ali ibn Abi Talib 4629:Muhammad al-Walid 4613: 4612: 4176:Qarawiyyin Mosque 3891:Battle of Tondibi 3691:Muhammad al-Walid 3632:Qarawiyyin Mosque 3532:Battle of Tondibi 3426:Earl of Leicester 3400:Algerian corsairs 3270:succession crisis 3155:Battle of ar-Rukn 3104:Battle of Lepanto 3100:Morisco uprisings 2921:Oum Er-Rbia River 2820:Muhammad al-Qa'im 2696:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2561:Muhammad al-Qa'im 2522: 2502: 2501: 2467: 2466: 2242: 2241: 2234:Tippu Tip's State 2132: 2131: 2104:Emirate of Beihan 1836:Arabian Peninsula 1827: 1826: 1582: 1581: 1366:Eastern dynasties 1357: 1356: 1302: 1301: 1214:Nabataean Kingdom 1204:Kingdom of Lihyan 1165: 1164: 799:Treaty of Wad Ras 730: 647:Fatimid Caliphate 581:Umayyad Caliphate 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 356: 355: 236:Capture of Agadir 196:• 1655–1659 189:Muhammad al-Qa'im 184:• 1510–1517 122: 114: 106: 100: 16:(Redirected from 13251: 12984: 12983: 12649:Austro-Hungarian 12349:Chagatai Khanate 11714: 11707: 11700: 11691: 11690: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11500: 11499: 11476: 11469: 11417:Hassaniya Arabic 11327: 11326: 11251: 11250: 11193:Sûreté Nationale 11159: 11158: 11108: 11107: 11096: 11080:2011–12 protests 10957:Kingdom of Nekor 10906: 10905: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10859: 10858: 10850:Alaouite dynasty 10838:Ruling house of 10832:Wattasid dynasty 10829:Preceded by 10808: 10807: 10799: 10743: 10742: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10657: 10644: 10643: 10625: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10581:on 5 August 2012 10567: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10534: 10513: 10512: 10494: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10466: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10382: 10369: 10368: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10328:Flags of Morocco 10319: 10313: 10312: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10190: 10181: 10180: 10172: 10163: 10162: 10140: 10131: 10130: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10098:"Songhai Empire" 10093: 10084: 10083: 10061: 10052: 10051: 10033: 10022: 10021: 9985: 9968: 9967: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9919: 9910: 9909: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9789: 9780: 9779: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9661: 9652: 9651: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9604: 9591: 9590: 9570: 9541: 9540: 9520: 9511: 9510: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9463: 9457: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9419: 9410: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9383:(2–3): 341–376. 9368: 9362: 9361: 9353: 9292: 9291: 9273: 9232: 9231: 9223: 9116: 9115: 9097: 8924: 8923: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8797: 8788: 8787: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8721: 8580: 8579: 8559: 8478: 8477: 8457: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8401: 8322: 8211: 8194: 8179: 8164: 8151: 8018: 8001: 7982: 7965: 7840: 7821: 7802: 7681: 7662: 7545: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4651: 4527: 4394:geometric motifs 4297: 4288: 4258:Dar Batha Museum 4192:Mouassine Mosque 4053: 3979:Spanish language 3442:Spanish colonies 3353: 3189:King Sebastian I 3108:Mouassine Mosque 2909:Ahmad al-Wattasi 2787:Wattasid dynasty 2633:Moulay al-Rashid 2599:in 1557 his son 2546:Northwest Africa 2539: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2255: 2254: 2219:Nabahani dynasty 2164:Nabahani dynasty 2149:Makhzumi dynasty 2145: 2144: 1840: 1839: 1595: 1594: 1394:Emirate of Crete 1370: 1369: 1315: 1314: 1294:Kingdom of Kinda 1244:Kingdom of Hatra 1194:Kingdom of Qedar 1190: 1189: 1179: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1150: 1143: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1063:History by topic 940: 939: 902:Tangier Protocol 857: 856: 804:Treaty of Madrid 766: 765: 745:Republic of Salé 727: 685: 684: 633: 632: 595:Emirate of Nekor 567: 566: 515: 514: 456: 446: 428: 427: 414: 413: 400: 399: 386: 385: 372: 371: 360: 359: 347: 346: 333: 332: 326: 325: 310: 309: 138:Berber languages 120: 112: 104: 98: 73: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 13259: 13258: 13254: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13166:American Empire 13151: 13147:African empires 13099: 12982: 12674:Central African 12620: 12438:Romano-Germanic 12024: 11758:Middle Assyrian 11731: 11723: 11718: 11688: 11683: 11537: 11527: 11497: 11492: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11452: 11436:Moroccan people 11412:Moroccan Arabic 11388: 11312: 11258:Bank Al-Maghrib 11236: 11144: 11097: 11084: 11038: 11034:Operation Torch 11007: 10961: 10947:Idrisid dynasty 10930: 10895: 10886: 10852: 10843: 10834: 10824: 10819: 10796: 10780: 10752: 10750:Further reading 10747: 10746: 10739: 10725: 10721: 10708: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10658: 10647: 10640: 10626: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10599: 10598: 10594: 10584: 10582: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10535: 10516: 10509: 10495: 10488: 10478: 10476: 10468: 10467: 10460: 10450: 10448: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10424: 10420: 10410: 10408: 10398: 10394: 10383: 10372: 10365: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10320: 10316: 10305: 10301: 10270: 10266: 10259: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10191: 10184: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10141: 10134: 10123: 10119: 10112: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10034: 10025: 9986: 9971: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9935: 9931: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9890: 9886: 9879: 9863: 9859: 9852: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9809: 9805: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9736: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9679: 9675: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9632: 9628: 9621: 9605: 9594: 9587: 9571: 9544: 9537: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9464: 9460: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9420: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9369: 9365: 9354: 9295: 9288: 9274: 9235: 9224: 9119: 9112: 9098: 8927: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8833: 8829: 8822: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8722: 8583: 8576: 8560: 8481: 8474: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8371: 8366: 8364: 8339: 8321: 8317: 8210: 8206: 8204: 8193: 8189: 8178: 8175:Abd al-Malik II 8174: 8163: 8160: 8150: 8146: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7839: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7661: 7657: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7433: 7330: 7227: 7124: 7021: 6918: 6815: 6712: 6609: 6506: 6403: 6300: 6197: 6094: 5991: 5888: 5785: 5682: 5579: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5148: 5146: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5028: 5026: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4813:Abd al-Muttalib 4812: 4804:Abd al-Muttalib 4803: 4686: 4684: 4683:Abd al-Muttalib 4650: 4619: 4614: 4563: 4524: 4515:Ahmad al-Mansur 4487: 4462: 4457: 4355:British Library 4340:Zaydani Library 4327:Maghrebi script 4319: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4309:Ahmad al-Mansur 4300: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4278: 4127:Ahmad al-Mansur 4111: 4105: 4100: 4083: 4075:Moroccan Arabic 4065:(descendant of 4023: 3941:fall of Granada 3936: 3931: 3919:Abd al-Malik II 3873:Ahmad al-Mansur 3809:1541: Saadians 3802:Treaty of Tadla 3761: 3701:, ruled by the 3687: 3580: 3575: 3460: 3454: 3430:Barbary Company 3328:Abbasid caliphs 3285:Ottoman Algeria 3227: 3178:Queen Elizabeth 3176:) and England ( 3118:, repaired the 3051: 3046: 3029:Count Alcaudete 3025:Battle of Tadla 2955: 2938:captured Agadir 2917:Treaty of Tadla 2849: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2726:. They claimed 2684: 2639:to establish a 2613:Ahmad al-Mansur 2538:السلطنة الشريفة 2506:Saadi Sultanate 2498: 2469: 2468: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2179:Mahdali dynasty 2142: 2134: 2133: 2074:Muscat and Oman 1844:Imamate of Oman 1837: 1829: 1828: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1234:Emesene Dynasty 1187: 1161: 1132: 1121: 1119: 1107: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1090:Imperial cities 1035: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1014:Abraham Accords 959:Moroccanization 943: 942: 937: 936: 935: 925: 924: 923: 885:French Conquest 860: 859: 854: 853: 852: 842: 841: 840: 769: 768: 763: 762: 761: 751: 750: 749: 735:Zawiya Dila'iya 729: 723: 688: 687: 682: 681: 680: 670: 669: 668: 636: 635: 630: 629: 628: 618: 617: 616: 612:Idrisid dynasty 576:Muslim conquest 570: 569: 564: 563: 562: 552: 551: 550: 518: 517: 512: 511: 510: 500: 499: 498: 466: 444: 437: 411: 406:Alawi Sultanate 397: 383: 369: 344: 330: 287: 277: 264: 251: 238: 225: 197: 185: 125: 76: 59: 52: 44: 43:Saadi Sultanate 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13257: 13247: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13199:Arab dynasties 13196: 13179: 13178: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13111: 13109: 13105: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13003: 12998: 12992: 12990: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12948: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12931: 12926: 12925: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12904: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12892: 12882: 12881: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12843: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12786: 12785: 12784: 12779: 12769: 12764: 12763: 12762: 12757: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12740: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12723: 12713: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12676: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12630: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12561: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12445: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12188: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12146: 12145: 12144: 12139: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12095: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12034: 12032: 12030:Post-classical 12026: 12025: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12010: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11885: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11829:Middle Kingdom 11826: 11816: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11785:Neo-Babylonian 11782: 11777: 11775:Old Babylonian 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11750: 11745: 11739: 11737: 11725: 11724: 11717: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11694: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11662:(1666–present) 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11615: 11609: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11526: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11503: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11490: 11485: 11478: 11477: 11470: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11448:Western Sahara 11445: 11444: 11443: 11433: 11432: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11398: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11293:Western Sahara 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11220:Prime Minister 11217: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11183: 11173: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11137: 11135:Western Sahara 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10910: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10885: 10884: 10877: 10870: 10862: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10845: 10835: 10830: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10811: 10806: 10805: 10794: 10779: 10778:External links 10776: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10737: 10719: 10702: 10677: 10670: 10645: 10638: 10617: 10592: 10562: 10549:(2): 173–188. 10514: 10507: 10486: 10458: 10433: 10418: 10402:"Zellij panel" 10392: 10370: 10363: 10343: 10336: 10314: 10299: 10286:10.2307/991758 10280:(3): 310–327. 10264: 10257: 10239: 10232: 10212: 10205: 10182: 10164: 10157: 10132: 10117: 10110: 10085: 10078: 10053: 10046: 10023: 9996:(4): 457–475. 9969: 9954: 9947: 9929: 9911: 9904: 9884: 9877: 9857: 9850: 9830: 9823: 9803: 9781: 9774: 9754: 9738:"Badi' Palace" 9729: 9722: 9700: 9693: 9673: 9653: 9646: 9626: 9619: 9592: 9585: 9542: 9535: 9512: 9505: 9485: 9478: 9458: 9443: 9436: 9411: 9402: 9363: 9293: 9286: 9233: 9117: 9110: 8925: 8906:(1): 150–194. 8886: 8872: 8852: 8845: 8827: 8820: 8789: 8782: 8762: 8755: 8735: 8581: 8574: 8479: 8472: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8431: 8421: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8367: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8199: 8197: 8184: 8182: 8169: 8167: 8156: 8154: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8006: 8004: 7987: 7985: 7970: 7968: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7826: 7824: 7813:Abd al-Malik I 7807: 7805: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7667: 7665: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149:Ali al-Mujtaba 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5033: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4659: 4658: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4641:Ahmad al-Abbas 4638: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4455:List of Rulers 4453: 4407:A copy of the 4335:Topkapi Palace 4302: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4266:Moulay Isma'il 4185:Italian marble 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4082: 4079: 4022: 4019: 3968:Sephardic Jews 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3915: 3912: 3897: 3895:Songhai Empire 3883: 3876: 3865: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3807: 3804: 3794: 3788: 3782:Ahmad al-'Araj 3778: 3772: 3760: 3757: 3745:Ahmad al-Abbas 3686: 3683: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3551:Songhai Empire 3517:Askia Ishaq II 3504:Songhai Empire 3456:Main article: 3453: 3450: 3379:El Badi Palace 3356:Italian marble 3226: 3223: 3174:King Henri III 3159:Friday prayers 3139:Siege of Tunis 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3021:Ali Abu Hassun 2965:Ksar al-Seghir 2954: 2951: 2848: 2845: 2836:Ahmad al-'Araj 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2706:, grandson of 2683: 2680: 2643:over Morocco. 2637:'Alawi dynasty 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2278:Ras al Khaymah 2270: 2269: 2266: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2194:Mazrui dynasty 2190: 2189: 2186: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1609:Fihrid Emirate 1605: 1604: 1601: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1145: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1116: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1034:Morocco in the 1030: 1029: 1027:Related topics 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 987:Madrid Accords 983: 982: 977: 972: 962: 961: 956: 951: 945: 944: 938:(1956–present) 932: 931: 930: 927: 926: 922: 921: 916: 910: 909: 904: 898: 897: 892: 887: 881: 880: 875: 869: 868: 862: 861: 849: 848: 847: 844: 843: 839: 838: 833: 828: 822: 821: 816: 811: 809:Tangier Crisis 806: 801: 795: 794: 792:Protégé system 788: 787: 782: 777: 771: 770: 758: 757: 756: 753: 752: 748: 747: 742: 737: 725: 724: 718: 713: 707: 706: 701: 696: 690: 689: 677: 676: 675: 672: 671: 667: 666: 661: 656: 650: 649: 644: 638: 637: 625: 624: 623: 620: 619: 615: 614: 609: 603: 602: 597: 591: 590: 584: 583: 578: 572: 571: 559: 558: 557: 554: 553: 549: 548: 543: 538: 532: 531: 526: 520: 519: 507: 506: 505: 502: 501: 497: 496: 491: 489:Iberomaurusian 485: 484: 479: 474: 468: 467: 462: 461: 458: 457: 449: 448: 439: 438: 431: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 408: 402: 401: 394: 388: 387: 380: 374: 373: 366: 357: 354: 353: 351:Songhai Empire 348: 340: 339: 334: 322: 321: 316: 306: 305: 300: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 285: 282: 281: 278: 272: 269: 268: 265: 259: 256: 255: 252: 246: 243: 242: 239: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 204: 203: 201:Ahmad al-Abbas 198: 195: 192: 191: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 131: 127: 126: 124: 123: 115: 107: 101: 94: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 61: 60: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13256: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13194:Saadi dynasty 13192: 13191: 13189: 13172: 13171:Soviet empire 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13156:Miscellaneous 13154: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13106: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12989: 12985: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12883: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12790: 12787: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12755:German Empire 12753: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12495:Turco-Persian 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12130: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12027: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11715: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11701: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11679: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11667: 11664: 11661: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11649: 11646: 11643: 11640: 11637: 11634: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11586: 11583: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11517: 11512: 11510: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11475: 11471: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11233: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11181:Alawi dynasty 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11100: 11095: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11019:Treaty of Fez 11017: 11016: 11014: 11010: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10942:Berber Revolt 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935:Early Islamic 10933: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10883: 10878: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10851: 10842: 10841: 10833: 10827: 10823: 10818: 10816: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10787: 10782: 10781: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10765:1-85065-282-1 10762: 10758: 10754: 10753: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10723: 10715: 10714: 10706: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10673: 10667: 10663: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10641: 10635: 10631: 10624: 10622: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10566: 10557: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10493: 10491: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10463: 10447: 10443: 10437: 10429: 10422: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10388: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10366: 10360: 10356: 10355: 10347: 10339: 10337:9789920500203 10333: 10329: 10325: 10318: 10310: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10268: 10260: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10224: 10216: 10208: 10202: 10199:. Routledge. 10198: 10197: 10189: 10187: 10178: 10171: 10169: 10160: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10139: 10137: 10128: 10121: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10090: 10081: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10066:"Judar Pasha" 10060: 10058: 10049: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9965: 9958: 9950: 9948:0-7146-5432-9 9944: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9918: 9916: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9888: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9861: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9834: 9826: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9807: 9799: 9795: 9788: 9786: 9777: 9771: 9767: 9766: 9758: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9725: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9696: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9677: 9669: 9668: 9660: 9658: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9630: 9622: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9588: 9582: 9579:. Routledge. 9578: 9577: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9519: 9517: 9508: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9489: 9481: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9462: 9456: 9453: 9447: 9439: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9416: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9359: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9289: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9229: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9113: 9111:0-521-33767-4 9107: 9103: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8856: 8848: 8846:9780241005965 8842: 8838: 8831: 8823: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8796: 8794: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8766: 8758: 8752: 8749:. Routledge. 8748: 8747: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8577: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8435: 8425: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8327: 8320: 8319: 8272: 8270: 8218: 8216: 8209: 8208: 8192: 8191: 8177: 8176: 8162: 8149: 8148: 8133: 8130: 8122: 8120: 8112: 8110: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8090: 8074: 8062: 8054: 8052: 8041: 8039: 8016: 8015: 7999: 7998: 7980: 7979: 7963: 7962: 7961:al-Mutawakkil 7957:Abu Abd Allah 7953: 7950: 7942: 7940: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7904: 7896: 7894: 7886: 7884: 7871: 7869: 7838: 7837: 7819: 7818: 7800: 7799: 7790: 7787: 7779: 7777: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7733: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7679: 7678: 7671:Abu Abd Allah 7660: 7659: 7658:Ahmad al-Araj 7644: 7641: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7597: 7589: 7587: 7576: 7574: 7543: 7542: 7537:Abu Abd Allah 7517: 7515: 7463: 7461: 7414: 7412: 7360: 7358: 7311: 7309: 7257: 7255: 7208: 7206: 7154: 7152: 7105: 7103: 7051: 7049: 7002: 7000: 6948: 6946: 6899: 6897: 6845: 6843: 6796: 6794: 6742: 6740: 6693: 6691: 6639: 6637: 6590: 6588: 6536: 6534: 6505:Abd Allah ibn 6487: 6485: 6433: 6431: 6384: 6382: 6330: 6328: 6281: 6279: 6227: 6225: 6178: 6176: 6124: 6122: 6075: 6073: 6021: 6019: 5972: 5970: 5918: 5916: 5869: 5867: 5815: 5813: 5766: 5764: 5712: 5710: 5663: 5661: 5609: 5607: 5560: 5558: 5506: 5504: 5477: 5470:Abu Abd Allah 5451: 5449: 5397: 5395: 5368: 5342: 5340: 5288: 5286: 5259: 5233: 5231: 5179: 5177: 5150: 5126: 5124: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5043: 5030: 5010: 5008: 4954: 4952: 4929: 4928:ibn Abd Allah 4895: 4893: 4839: 4837: 4814: 4805: 4802:Abu Talib ibn 4787: 4784: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4715: 4688: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4656:Sa'di dynasty 4654: 4653: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4472:Ahmad al-Araj 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4350:in Spanish). 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305:Moulay Zaydan 4296: 4287: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4162:Saadian Tombs 4159: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119:Saadian Tombs 4115: 4110: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3901:Moulay Zaydan 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3753:Moulay Rashid 3750: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500:Askia Ishaq I 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3278:Mediterranean 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3231: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3214:Ksar al-Kebir 3211: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3169:Ottoman lines 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3128:heir apparent 3125: 3124:Saadian Tombs 3121: 3120:Kasbah Mosque 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3064: 3063:Lalla Mas'uda 3060: 3055: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2897:Ahmad al-Araj 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2763:Rise to power 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2734:and rendered 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722:valley, near 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708:Hasan ibn Ali 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2641:new sultanate 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Ahmad al-Araj 2574: 2571:who occupied 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2550:Saadi dynasty 2547: 2544:and parts of 2543: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2368:Umm al-Quwain 2365: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1669:Muslim Sicily 1667: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1308: 1307: 1298:450 AD–550 AD 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238:64 BC–300s AD 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228:132 BC–244 AD 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218:400 BC–106 AD 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208:600 BC–100 BC 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198:800 BC–300 BC 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980:Years of lead 978: 976: 973: 971: 967: 964: 963: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 941: 929: 928: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866:Treaty of Fez 864: 863: 858: 846: 845: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819:Agadir Crisis 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 793: 790: 789: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 767: 755: 754: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 731: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 686: 674: 673: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 634: 622: 621: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588:Berber Revolt 586: 585: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 568: 561:Early Islamic 556: 555: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 516: 504: 503: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 465: 460: 459: 455: 451: 450: 447: 441: 440: 435: 430: 429: 409: 407: 404: 403: 395: 393: 390: 389: 381: 379: 376: 375: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 352: 349: 342: 341: 338: 335: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 307: 304: 301: 297: 293: 289: 283: 279: 276: 270: 266: 263: 257: 253: 250: 249:Battle of Fez 244: 240: 237: 231: 227: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 202: 199: 193: 190: 187: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 119: 116: 111: 108: 102: 96: 95: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 72: 67: 62: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12922:Contemporary 12889: 12772:Indo-Persian 12760:Nazi Germany 12704:Contemporary 12606:Vijayanagara 12505:Great Seljuk 12416:Thessalonica 12344:Golden Horde 11984:Carthaginian 11763:Neo-Assyrian 11748:Neo-Sumerian 11653: 11394:Demographics 11349:Coat of arms 11334:Architecture 11203:Human rights 10837: 10821: 10812: 10801: 10785: 10770: 10756: 10728: 10722: 10712: 10705: 10693:. Retrieved 10689: 10680: 10661: 10629: 10608:. Retrieved 10604: 10595: 10583:. Retrieved 10579:the original 10574: 10565: 10546: 10542: 10498: 10477:. Retrieved 10473: 10449:. Retrieved 10445: 10436: 10427: 10421: 10409:. Retrieved 10405: 10395: 10386: 10353: 10346: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10308: 10302: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10248: 10242: 10222: 10215: 10195: 10176: 10148: 10126: 10120: 10101: 10069: 10037: 9993: 9989: 9963: 9957: 9938: 9932: 9923: 9898:. ABC-CLIO. 9894: 9887: 9867: 9860: 9840: 9833: 9813: 9806: 9797: 9764: 9757: 9745:. Retrieved 9741: 9732: 9713: 9703: 9683: 9676: 9666: 9636: 9629: 9609: 9575: 9525: 9495: 9488: 9468: 9461: 9451: 9446: 9427: 9405: 9380: 9376: 9366: 9357: 9277: 9227: 9101: 8903: 8899: 8889: 8879:22 September 8877:. Retrieved 8862: 8855: 8836: 8830: 8802: 8772: 8765: 8745: 8738: 8729: 8564: 8462: 8455: 8434: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8323:r. 1655-1659 8314: 8212:r. 1636-1655 8201: 8195:r. 1631-1636 8186: 8180:r. 1627-1631 8171: 8165:r. 1623-1627 8159:Abd al-Malik 8158: 8152:r. 1606-1623 8147:al-Ghalib II 8143: 8019:r. 1603-1627 8008: 8002:r. 1603-1613 7993:Muhammad III 7991:Abu Abdullah 7989: 7983:r. 1603-1608 7972: 7966:r. 1574-1576 7955: 7841:r. 1578-1603 7830:Abu al-Abbas 7828: 7822:r. 1576-1578 7809: 7803:r. 1557-1574 7794:Abu Muhammad 7792: 7682:r. 1544-1557 7669: 7663:r. 1517-1544 7656:Abu al-Abbas 7654: 7546:r. 1509-1517 7535: 6919:Abu al-Qasim 6917:Muhammad ibn 6816:ibn Muhammad 6814:Abu al-Qasim 6713:ibn al-Hasan 6608:al-Hasan ibn 6196:al-Hasan ibn 5578:al-Qasim ibn 5472:Muhammad ibn 5365:ibn al-Hasan 5361:Abu Muhammad 5254:al-Hasan ibn 5252:Abu Muhammad 5147:al-Hasan ibn 5145:Abu Muhammad 5025:Abu al-Hasan 4924:Abu al-Qasim 4811:Abdullah ibn 4655: 4607: 4569:Ruling from 4568: 4567: 4562: 4532:Ruling from 4531: 4530: 4434: 4432: 4408: 4375: 4372: 4352: 4347: 4320: 4262: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4226: 4200: 4189: 4169: 4150: 4103:Architecture 4091: 4087:early modern 4084: 4070: 4060: 4055: 4041: 4038: 4030: 4007: 4000: 3982: 3972: 3965: 3937: 3887:Sudan region 3862:Abd al-Malik 3742: 3734:Middle Atlas 3727: 3707: 3688: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3617: 3581: 3548: 3521: 3493: 3485:Idris Alooma 3461: 3409: 3384: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3282: 3250: 3247:regnal title 3240: 3198: 3192: 3162: 3132: 3086: 3078:Abd al-Malik 3071: 3002: 2956: 2934: 2906: 2850: 2833: 2823: 2822:(full name: 2811: 2801: 2794: 2771: 2700:Fatima Zahra 2685: 2645: 2627:centered on 2558: 2549: 2529: 2525:as-saʿdiyyūn 2505: 2503: 2463:1921–present 2448:1900–present 2433:1868–present 2418:1833–present 2403:1810–present 2388:1783–present 2373:1775–present 2358:1761–present 2343:1752–present 2328:1749–present 2313:1744–present 2308:Saudi Arabia 2298:1727–present 2283:1727–present 2268:1631–present 1278:300s–500s AD 1118: 1104: 1062: 968: / 851:Protectorate 726: 524:Carthaginian 319:Succeeded by 318: 313: 36: 12510:Khwarezmian 12443:Carolingian 12248:Rashtrakuta 11952:Shaishunaga 11851:Hellenistic 11834:New Kingdom 11824:Old Kingdom 11680:(1837–1969) 11674:(1711–1835) 11672:Karamanlids 11668:(1705–1957) 11656:(1549–1659) 11650:(1472–1554) 11644:(1269–1465) 11638:(1235–1556) 11632:(1229–1574) 11626:(1147–1269) 11620:(1059–1158) 11618:Khurasanids 11614:(1040–1147) 11608:(1008–1152) 11588:Sulaymanids 11558:Muhallabids 11208:LGBT rights 11120:Earthquakes 11070:Mohammed VI 10815:Royal house 10543:Perspective 8161:al-Mu'tasim 7959:Muhammad II 7815:al-Mu'tasim 7798:al-Ghalib I 5681:Isma'il ibn 5258:al-Muthanna 5038:Fatima bint 4922:al-Nabiyyin 4648:Family tree 4593:(1606–1609) 4517:(1578–1603) 4449:Afghanistan 4390:illuminated 4344:El Escorial 4313:El Escorial 3703:Arma people 3657:Abu Mahalli 3528:Judar Pasha 3524:Niger River 3513:Askia Dawud 3434:Don Antonio 3421:cannonballs 3340:Eid al-Fitr 3201:Sebastian I 3013:Salah Ra'is 2998:Hasan Pasha 2986:Janissaries 2660:West Africa 2168:Pate Island 2141:East Africa 1934:Sulaymanids 1874:Ukhaidhirds 1659:Sulaymanids 1629:Muhallabids 1534:Munqidhites 1434:Shirvanshah 1288:300s–602 AD 1258:196–1100 AD 1248:100s–241 AD 992:Green March 443:History of 314:Preceded by 148:Sunni Islam 113:(1525–1659) 105:(1513–1525) 99:(1510–1513) 13188:Categories 13080:Portuguese 12961:Revival Le 12951:Vietnamese 12594:Later Tran 12564:Vietnamese 12460:Singhasari 12448:Holy Roman 12072:Bulgarian 12008:Satavahana 11979:Phoenician 11915:Achaemenid 11876:Indo-Greek 11856:Macedonian 11770:Babylonian 11612:Almoravids 11602:(973–1148) 11578:(790–1066) 11548:(710–1019) 11359:Literature 11283:Casablanca 11278:Investment 11215:Parliament 11050:Mohammed V 10978:Almoravids 10916:Prehistory 10844:1549–1659 10716:(Lecture). 10575:archive.is 8447:References 8173:Abu Marwan 8010:Abu Ma'ali 7836:al-Dhahabi 7811:Abu Marwan 7539:Muhammad I 7228:ibn Zaydan 5476:al-Zakiyya 5029:al-Murtada 4685:Shayba ibn 4429:in Medina. 4331:Mehmed III 3989:synagogues 3974:Megorashim 3934:Population 3815:Portuguese 3671:High Atlas 3315:Andalusian 3009:suzerainty 2808:Sous river 2783:Portuguese 2716:Draa River 2652:suzerainty 2569:Portuguese 2552:, an Arab 2454:Hashemites 2409:Al Maktoum 2379:Al Khalifa 2064:Upper Yafa 2054:Ya'arubids 1894:Qarmatians 1779:Sumadihids 1268:220–638 AD 1264:Ghassanids 694:Almoravids 536:Mauretania 477:Mousterian 464:Prehistory 154:Government 13073:Couronian 12711:Ethiopian 12699:Manchukuo 12654:Brazilian 12500:Ghaznavid 12470:Srivijaya 12421:Trebizond 12406:Byzantine 12388:North Sea 12383:Norwegian 12371:Almoravid 12354:Ilkhanate 12324:Majapahit 12297:Muromachi 12206:Solomonic 12191:Ethiopian 12105:Caliphate 12038:Aragonese 11866:Ptolemaic 11678:Senussids 11666:Husaynids 11648:Wattasids 11636:Zayyanids 11606:Hammadids 11596:(909–973) 11590:(814–922) 11584:(800–909) 11582:Aghlabids 11572:(788–985) 11566:(777–909) 11564:Rustamids 11560:(771–793) 11554:(757–976) 11552:Midrarids 11402:Languages 11263:Companies 11103:Geography 11055:Hassan II 10993:Wattasids 9424:"Morocco" 9397:1878-4631 9230:. Fayard. 8920:2213-8609 8900:Abgadiyat 8726:"Saʿdids" 8207:al-Saghir 8205:al-Shaykh 8145:Abd Allah 7997:al-Ma'mun 7995:al-Shaykh 7978:al-Wathiq 7976:Abd Allah 7974:Abu Faris 7834:al-Mansur 7796:Abd Allah 7675:al-Shaykh 7125:ibn Ahmad 7020:Ahmad ibn 6610:Abd Allah 6404:ibn Arafa 6299:Arafa ibn 5889:ibn Ahmad 5784:Ahmad ibn 5363:Abd Allah 5042:al-Zahra' 5036:Umm Abiha 4643:(1655–59) 4637:(1636–55) 4631:(1631–36) 4625:(1627–31) 4534:Marrakesh 4511:(1576–78) 4505:(1574–76) 4499:(1557–74) 4493:(1549–57) 4474:(1517–44) 4468:(1510–17) 4415:al-Jazuli 4367:arabesque 4272:in 1917. 4223:ablutions 4174:) of the 4141:Marrakesh 4123:Marrakesh 4092:Marruecos 3997:Sephardic 3953:expelling 3909:Al-Ma'mun 3905:Abu Faris 3798:Wattasids 3792:Marrakesh 3776:Al-Jazuli 3730:Dala'iyya 3608:Abu Faris 3563:elephants 3481:Caribbean 3446:New World 3417:saltpeter 3388:Murad III 3301:beylerbey 3297:artillery 3274:Philip II 3151:beylerbey 3147:Murad III 2901:Al-Jazuli 2893:Marrakesh 2779:al-Jazuli 2775:marabouts 2744:Tagmadert 2728:Sharifian 2724:Taroudant 2712:Tagmadert 2656:gunpowder 2593:Wattasids 2591:from the 2581:Marrakesh 2556:dynasty. 2554:Sharifian 2519:romanized 2439:Al Sharqi 2394:Al Nuaimi 2364:Al Mualla 2353:Abu Dhabi 2349:Al Nahyan 2289:Al Qasimi 2274:Al Qasimi 2238:1860–1887 2228:1858–1895 2213:1856–1964 2203:1746–1828 2188:1277–1495 2173:1203–1894 2128:1926–1970 2118:1906–1934 2108:1903–1967 2098:1858–1967 2094:Qu'aitids 2088:1836–1921 2084:Rashidids 2078:1820–1970 2068:1800–1967 2058:1624–1742 2048:1597–1872 2038:1463–1521 2028:1454–1526 2018:1395–1967 2014:Kathirids 2008:1305–1487 2004:Jarwanids 1998:1253–1320 1988:1229–1454 1978:1159–1174 1968:1154–1624 1964:Nabhanids 1958:1083–1174 1948:1076–1253 1938:1063–1174 1928:1047–1138 1924:Sulayhids 1823:1837–1969 1819:Senussids 1813:1554–1659 1803:1230–1492 1793:1049–1078 1783:1041–1091 1773:1039–1110 1763:1031–1091 1759:Jawharids 1753:1027–1063 1749:Muzaynids 1743:1026–1057 1739:Hammudids 1733:1023–1062 1729:Yahsubids 1723:1023–1091 1713:1020–1086 1703:1013–1039 1693:1012–1051 1683:1004–1412 1649:Aghlabids 1578:1697–1842 1568:1517–1865 1558:1480–1677 1548:1517–1697 1538:1025–1157 1528:1024–1080 1524:Mirdasids 1514:Numayrids 1494:Jarrahids 1484:Mazyadids 1464:Hamdanids 1454:Hashimids 1414:Habbarids 1404:Dulafids 1254:Tanukhids 890:Zaian War 855:(1912–56) 711:Wattasids 664:Maghrawas 472:Acheulean 162:Sultanate 144:Religion 110:Marrakesh 64:1510–1659 13053:Japanese 13016:Scottish 12996:American 12988:Colonial 12917:Imperial 12885:Moroccan 12821:Japanese 12799:Afsharid 12658:Burmese 12644:Austrian 12599:Later Le 12574:Early Le 12559:Venetian 12485:Tiwanaku 12398:Hellenic 12361:Moroccan 12292:Kamakura 12282:Japanese 12265:Saffarid 12218:Georgian 12132:Chalukya 12110:Rashidun 12100:Calakmul 12068:Bruneian 11947:Haryanka 11925:Sasanian 11920:Parthian 11871:Bactrian 11861:Seleucid 11841:Goguryeo 11819:Egyptian 11753:Assyrian 11743:Akkadian 11734:Colonies 11660:'Alawids 11642:Marinids 11624:Almohads 11594:Fatimids 11576:Ifranids 11570:Idrisids 11546:Salihids 11483:Category 11441:diaspora 11374:Religion 11198:Military 11154:Politics 10988:Marinids 10983:Almohads 10973:Idrisids 10893:articles 10695:21 March 10585:19 March 10479:22 March 10411:22 March 10179:. Brill. 10018:41500711 10010:11632225 8732:. Brill. 8369:See also 8337:Timeline 8318:al-Abbas 8203:Muhammad 8190:al-Walid 8188:Muhammad 8014:al-Nasir 7817:al-Ghazi 7677:al-Mahdi 7673:Muhammad 7541:al-Qa'im 7432:Muhammad 7022:Muhammad 6711:Muhammad 6507:Muhammad 6402:Muhammad 6301:al-Hasan 6198:Abu Bakr 6093:Abu Bakr 5992:al-Hasan 5887:al-Hasan 5683:al-Qasim 5580:Muhammad 5367:al-Kamil 5256:al-Hasan 5040:Muhammad 4926:Muhammad 4423:Abu Bakr 4419:Muhammad 4323:Maghrebi 4315:in Spain 4260:in Fes. 4243:and the 4231:latrines 4194:and the 4154:Moroccan 4067:Muhammad 3984:Toshavim 3957:Moriscos 3825:Tafilalt 3766:Al-Qa'im 3567:Americas 3540:Timbuktu 3479:and the 3332:Muhammad 3293:firearms 3261:nobility 3161:and the 3143:Istanbul 3110:and the 3038:Abdallah 2973:Ottomans 2942:Azemmour 2932:region. 2930:Tafilalt 2923:(in the 2748:Hassanid 2692:Muhammad 2690:prophet 2670:against 2648:Idrisids 2629:Timbuktu 2625:Pashalik 2597:Ottomans 2514:السعديون 2443:Fujairah 2424:Al Thani 2334:Al Sabah 2223:Wituland 2158:896–1279 2114:Idrisids 2044:Qasimids 2024:Tahirids 1994:Usfurids 1984:Rasulids 1954:Zurayids 1918:968–1925 1904:Wajihids 1898:899–1077 1888:897–1962 1878:865–1066 1864:Yufirids 1858:819–1138 1854:Ziyadids 1848:751–1970 1789:Tahirids 1719:Abbadids 1699:Tujibids 1673:831–1091 1639:Idrisids 1623:756–1031 1603:710–1019 1599:Salihids 1564:Harfushs 1554:Turabays 1518:990–1081 1508:990–1096 1504:Uqaylids 1498:970–1107 1488:961–1150 1478:955–1071 1474:Rawadids 1468:890–1004 1458:869–1075 1438:861–1538 1424:Kaysites 1418:854–1011 1388:736–1122 1353:909–1171 1349:Fatimids 1343:750–1258 1339:Abbasids 1329:Umayyads 1319:Rashidun 1284:Lakhmids 1274:Salihids 1080:Military 1075:Economic 954:Sand War 949:Ifni War 826:Hafidiya 704:Marinids 699:Almohads 659:Miknasas 654:Ifranids 434:a series 432:Part of 299:Currency 158:Monarchy 103:Afughal 48:السعديون 13120:largest 13115:Empires 13095:Swedish 13090:Spanish 13085:Russian 13048:Italian 13023:Chinese 13011:English 13006:British 13001:Belgian 12976:Vietnam 12966:Tay son 12912:Tsarist 12907:Russian 12902:Ottoman 12868:Dzungar 12863:Khoshut 12836:Mexican 12831:Maratha 12814:Pahlavi 12794:Safavid 12789:Iranian 12716:Haitian 12679:Chinese 12639:Ashanti 12611:Wagadou 12537:Eastern 12532:Western 12515:Timurid 12475:Tibetan 12465:Songhai 12455:Serbian 12376:Almohad 12366:Idrisid 12270:Samanid 12260:Tahirid 12255:Iranian 12233:Kannauj 12213:Genoese 12149:Chinese 12142:Eastern 12137:Western 12125:Fatimid 12120:Abbasid 12115:Umayyad 12088:Burmese 12048:Ayyubid 12043:Angevin 12013:Xianbei 12001:Eastern 11996:Western 11942:Magadha 11905:Iranian 11898:Xiongnu 11883:Hittite 11792:Chinese 11780:Kassite 11729:Ancient 11721:Empires 11654:Sa'dids 11630:Hafsids 11534:Maghreb 11467:Outline 11344:Cuisine 11322:Culture 11298:Tourism 11288:Tangier 11246:Economy 11166:Cabinet 11130:Regions 11003:'Alawis 10909:Ancient 10901:History 10889:Morocco 10840:Morocco 10690:Granger 9742:Archnet 8417:Saadian 8413:Sa'dian 7434:ibn Ali 7331:Makhluf 7329:Ali ibn 7226:Makhluf 6095:ibn Ali 5990:Ali ibn 5786:Isma'il 4382:Marinid 4377:thuluth 4363:Abbasid 4229:) with 4225:house ( 4215:madrasa 4202:külliye 4158:Moorish 4098:Culture 4056:makhzen 4043:Makhzen 3961:Tétouan 3929:Society 3839:Ottoman 3749:'Alawis 3723:Mazagan 3710:Morisco 3649:Larache 3573:Decline 3508:Taghaza 3444:in the 3392:tribute 3368:leather 3344:El Badi 3313:tribe, 3289:Turkish 3265:ransoms 3257:knights 3205:crusade 2994:Algiers 2977:Algeria 2913:Demnate 2870:Hintata 2862:Spanish 2816:Genoese 2758:History 2752:Halimah 2740:shurafa 2688:Islamic 2668:England 2615:became 2542:Morocco 2521:: 2383:Bahrain 2319:Al Said 2304:Al Saud 2293:Sharjah 2263:Morocco 2259:'Alawis 2198:Mombasa 2034:Jabrids 1974:Mahdids 1944:Uyunids 1908:926–965 1884:Rassids 1868:847–997 1809:Saadids 1799:Nasrids 1709:Amirids 1689:Bakrids 1679:Kanzids 1663:814–922 1653:800–909 1643:788–974 1633:771–793 1613:745-757 1574:Shihabs 1544:Ma'nids 1448:864–928 1444:Alavids 1428:860–964 1408:840–897 1398:824–961 1378:654–884 1333:661–750 1323:632–661 970:in 1972 895:Rif War 760:Decline 494:Capsian 482:Aterian 445:Morocco 273:• 260:• 247:• 234:• 211:History 91:Capital 18:Saadian 13058:Mongol 13043:German 13038:French 13028:Danish 12971:Dainam 12946:Tongan 12934:Somali 12929:Sokoto 12895:'Alawi 12873:Kalmyk 12853:Mongol 12846:Second 12826:Korean 12777:Mughal 12767:Indian 12750:German 12743:Second 12733:French 12726:Second 12662:Second 12634:Afghan 12626:Modern 12552:Kyrgyz 12547:Uighur 12542:Second 12522:Turkic 12490:Toltec 12426:Epirus 12411:Nicaea 12334:Mongol 12287:Yamato 12223:Huetar 12081:Second 12018:Rouran 11967:Shunga 11962:Maurya 11937:Kushan 11910:Median 11888:Hunnic 11846:Harsha 11600:Zirids 11536:region 11488:Portal 11429:French 11424:Berber 11407:Arabic 11339:Cinema 11273:Health 11268:Energy 11115:Cities 11043:Modern 10998:Saadis 10966:Empire 10891: 10792: 10763: 10735: 10668: 10636: 10610:10 May 10505: 10451:8 July 10361: 10334: 10294:991758 10292: 10255: 10230: 10203: 10155: 10108: 10076: 10044: 10016: 10008: 9945: 9902: 9875: 9848: 9821: 9772: 9747:12 May 9720: 9691: 9644: 9617: 9583: 9533: 9503: 9476: 9434: 9395: 9284: 9108: 8918: 8870: 8843: 8818: 8780: 8753: 8572: 8470: 8409:Sa'did 8012:Zaydan 7123:Zaydan 4920:Khatam 4687:Hashim 4608: 4425:, and 4386:Nasrid 4253:zellij 4236:zawiya 4227:mida'a 4219:hammam 4073:(from 4071:Moulay 4062:sharif 4048:Arabic 4002:minhag 3993:Arabic 3907:, and 3875:begins 3867:1578: 3856:1576: 3819:Agadir 3796:1527: 3718:piracy 3584:plague 3555:Djenné 3477:Brazil 3473:slaves 3405:caliph 3366:, and 3364:copper 3352:البديع 3348:Arabic 3336:Mawlid 3311:Zuwawa 3306:sipahi 3195:, 1886 3164:khutba 3116:Kasbah 3044:Apogee 2969:Asilah 2960:Meknes 2899:moved 2895:after 2874:Kasbah 2804:Agadir 2736:Sufism 2664:Europe 2617:sultan 2573:Agadir 2534:Arabic 2510:Arabic 2458:Jordan 2338:Kuwait 1769:Hudids 1085:Postal 1070:Jewish 934:Modern 721:Alawis 716:Saadis 679:Empire 436:on the 214: 174: 170:Sultan 134:Arabic 97:Tidsi 81:Status 55:Arabic 51: 13108:Lists 13063:Omani 13033:Dutch 12939:Isaaq 12890:Saadi 12858:Oirat 12841:First 12809:Qajar 12738:First 12721:First 12694:China 12667:Third 12527:First 12480:Tikal 12431:Morea 12401:Roman 12319:Latin 12314:Khmer 12309:Kanem 12275:Buyid 12201:Zagwe 12196:Aksum 12186:Chola 12093:First 12076:First 12063:Bornu 12058:Benin 12053:Aztec 11991:Roman 11972:Gupta 11957:Nanda 11893:White 11474:Index 11379:Sport 11369:Music 11364:Media 11308:Trade 11075:2000s 11065:1990s 11060:1970s 10326:[ 10290:JSTOR 10014:S2CID 9800:: 57. 8415:, or 8405:Sa'di 8391:Notes 8316:Ahmad 7832:Ahmad 4445:India 4427:'Umar 4398:tulip 4211:Egypt 4011:Black 3882:oases 3880:Touat 3817:from 3811:expel 3738:Dutch 3662:Mahdi 3559:ivory 3496:Touat 3464:Sudan 3252:laqab 3243:Ahmad 3210:Ahmad 3082:Ahmad 2990:Pasha 2925:Tadla 2857:amirs 2796:jihad 2732:Yanbu 2672:Spain 2428:Qatar 2413:Dubai 2398:Ajman 2183:Kilwa 2153:Shewa 1056:2010s 1051:2000s 1046:1990s 1041:1980s 1036:1970s 529:Roman 303:Dinar 12878:Bogd 12804:Zand 12782:Sikh 12689:Qing 12684:Ming 12616:Wari 12584:Tran 12569:Dinh 12339:Yuan 12329:Mali 12238:Pala 12228:Inca 12179:Yuan 12169:Song 12164:Liao 12159:Tang 11932:Kush 11814:Dʿmt 11354:Flag 11225:list 11186:list 11176:King 10790:ISBN 10761:ISBN 10733:ISBN 10697:2021 10666:ISBN 10634:ISBN 10612:2019 10587:2021 10503:ISBN 10481:2021 10453:2020 10413:2021 10359:ISBN 10332:ISBN 10253:ISBN 10228:ISBN 10201:ISBN 10153:ISBN 10106:ISBN 10074:ISBN 10042:ISBN 10006:PMID 9943:ISBN 9900:ISBN 9873:ISBN 9846:ISBN 9819:ISBN 9770:ISBN 9749:2020 9718:ISBN 9689:ISBN 9642:ISBN 9615:ISBN 9581:ISBN 9531:ISBN 9501:ISBN 9474:ISBN 9432:ISBN 9393:ISSN 9282:ISBN 9106:ISBN 8916:ISSN 8881:2017 8868:ISBN 8841:ISBN 8816:ISBN 8778:ISBN 8751:ISBN 8570:ISBN 8468:ISBN 4447:and 4384:and 4171:sahn 4117:The 4052:مخزن 3955:the 3947:and 3841:help 3813:the 3784:and 3770:Sous 3728:The 3667:Safi 3544:Mali 3396:Uluç 3360:silk 3303:and 3295:and 3259:and 3057:The 3033:Oran 2967:and 2946:Safi 2944:and 2887:The 2828:Haha 2720:Sous 2698:and 2565:Sous 2504:The 2323:Oman 290:1659 280:1591 267:1578 254:1554 241:1541 228:1510 12956:Mac 12393:Oyo 12302:Edo 12174:Jīn 12154:Sui 11807:Jin 11802:Han 11797:Qin 11532:in 10551:doi 10282:doi 9998:doi 9385:doi 8908:doi 8808:doi 4571:Fes 4413:by 4209:in 4139:in 4121:in 3832:Fes 3636:Fez 3634:in 3546:). 3536:Gao 2992:of 2791:Fez 2742:of 2589:Fez 118:Fez 13190:: 12589:Ho 12579:Ly 10813:— 10688:. 10648:^ 10620:^ 10603:. 10573:. 10545:. 10541:. 10517:^ 10489:^ 10472:. 10461:^ 10444:. 10404:. 10373:^ 10288:. 10278:60 10276:. 10185:^ 10167:^ 10135:^ 10100:. 10088:^ 10056:^ 10026:^ 10012:. 10004:. 9994:22 9992:. 9972:^ 9914:^ 9796:. 9784:^ 9740:. 9656:^ 9595:^ 9545:^ 9515:^ 9414:^ 9391:. 9379:. 9375:. 9296:^ 9236:^ 9120:^ 8928:^ 8914:. 8902:. 8898:. 8814:. 8792:^ 8584:^ 8482:^ 8411:, 8407:, 4451:. 4421:, 4247:. 4187:. 4050:: 3999:) 3963:. 3903:, 3889:; 3370:. 3362:, 3350:: 3080:, 2996:, 2678:. 2536:: 2516:, 2512:: 136:, 11736:) 11732:( 11713:e 11706:t 11699:v 11522:e 11515:t 11508:v 10881:e 10874:t 10867:v 10817:— 10804:) 10798:. 10741:. 10699:. 10674:. 10642:. 10614:. 10589:. 10559:. 10553:: 10547:2 10511:. 10483:. 10455:. 10415:. 10367:. 10340:. 10296:. 10284:: 10261:. 10236:. 10209:. 10161:. 10114:. 10082:. 10050:. 10020:. 10000:: 9966:. 9951:. 9908:. 9881:. 9854:. 9827:. 9778:. 9751:. 9726:. 9697:. 9650:. 9623:. 9589:. 9539:. 9509:. 9482:. 9440:. 9399:. 9387:: 9381:9 9290:. 9114:. 8922:. 8910:: 8904:9 8883:. 8849:. 8824:. 8810:: 8786:. 8759:. 8578:. 8476:. 8419:. 4573:: 4536:: 4156:- 4046:( 3614:. 3346:( 3249:( 3172:( 2532:( 2508:( 2493:e 2486:t 2479:v 2460:) 2456:( 2445:) 2441:( 2430:) 2426:( 2415:) 2411:( 2400:) 2396:( 2385:) 2381:( 2370:) 2366:( 2355:) 2351:( 2340:) 2336:( 2325:) 2321:( 2310:) 2306:( 2295:) 2291:( 2280:) 2276:( 2265:) 2261:( 2225:) 2221:( 2200:) 2196:( 2185:) 2181:( 2170:) 2166:( 2155:) 2151:( 1156:e 1149:t 1142:v 164:) 160:( 57:) 53:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.