Songhai Empire - Knowledge

471: 885: 43: 1293: 3604: 626: 1571:. The army of the closest military province was mobilized with that of the emperor. Those remaining on the spot ensured order in the three provinces; the emperor was obliged to be in front of the armed during a war of conquest. The Jinakoy ruled secondary provinces and their lieutenants in the regions of the provinces. According to Potholm, the Songhai army was dominated by heavy cavalry of "mounted knights outfitted in 1061: 912: 1037:. The Moroccan invasion of Songhai was mainly to seize and revive the trans-Saharan trade in salt, gold and slaves for their developing sugar industry. During Askia's reign, the Songhai military consisted of full-time soldiers, but the king never modernized his army. On the other hand, the invading Moroccan army included thousands of 930:. He organized the territories his predecessor conquered and extended his power to the south and the east. Under his rule, the Songhai military possessed a full-time corps of warriors. Askia is said to have cynical attitudes towards kingdoms lacking professional fighting forces. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the 1449:

The tax was imposed on peripheral chiefdoms and provinces to ensure Songhai's dominance; in return, these provinces were given almost complete autonomy. Songhai rulers only intervened in the affairs of these neighbouring states when a situation became volatile, usually an isolated incident. Each town

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to Mecca, bringing a large amount of gold. He donated some of it to charity and spent the rest on gifts for the people of Mecca to display his empire's wealth. Historians from Cairo said his pilgrimage consisted of "an escort of 500 cavalry and 1000 infantry, and with him he carried 300,000 pieces of

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traders crossed the Sahara and joined the Tuaregs in their settlements. Both groups conducted business with the people living near the river. As trade in the region increased, the Songhai chiefs took control of the profitable trade around what would later become Gao. Trade goods included gold, salt,

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The upper classes in society converted to Islam, while the lower classes often continued to follow traditional religions. Sermons emphasized obedience to the king. Timbuktu was the educational capital. Sonni Ali established a system of government under the royal court, later to be expanded by Askia

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Sonni Ali created a policy against the scholars of Timbuktu, especially those of the Sankore region who were associated with the Tuareg. With his control of critical trade routes and cities such as Timbuktu, Sonni Ali increased the wealth of the Songhai Empire, which at its height would surpass the

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Then I travelled to the town of Kawkaw, which is a great town on the Nīl , one of the finest, biggest, and most fertile cities of the Sūdān. There is much rice there, milk, chickens, fish, and the cucumber, which has no like. Its people conduct their buying and selling with cowries, like the people

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Overland trade was influenced by four factors: camels, Berber tribe members, Islam, and the structure of the empire. Gold was readily available in West Africa, but salt was not, so the gold-salt trade was the backbone of overland trade routes in the Sahel. Ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves were

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was noted as a necessity to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants. Kings usually did not judge a defendant; however, under exceptional circumstances, such as acts of treason, they felt obligated to do so and thus exerted their authority. Results of a trial were announced by the "town

676:, fished and hunted from their ships, and provided water-borne transport for goods and people. Another group of people that moved into the area to live off of Niger's resources were the Gao people. The Gao were hunters and specialized in hunting river animals such as crocodiles and hippopotamus. 1453:

Under Askia Muhammad, the Empire saw increased centralization. He encouraged learning in Timbuktu by rewarding its professors with larger pensions as an incentive. He also established an order of precedence and protocol and was noted as a nobleman who gave back generously to people experiencing

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The other group known to have inhabited the area were the Do people, farmers who raised crops in the fertile lands bordering the river. Before the 10th century, these early settlers were subjugated by more powerful, horse-riding Songhai speakers, who established control over the area. All these

573:. Mali conquered Gao near the end of the 13th century. Gao remained under Malian command until the late 14th century. As the Mali Empire started disintegrating, the Songhai reasserted control of Gao. Songhai rulers subsequently took advantage of the weakened Mali Empire to expand Songhai rule. 587:

A series of plots and coups by Askia's successors forced the empire into a period of decline and instability. Askia's relatives attempted to govern the kingdom, but political chaos and several civil wars within the empire ensured the empire's continued decline, particularly during the rule of

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Muhammad, which appointed governors and mayors to preside over local tributary states around the Niger Valley. These local chiefs were still granted authority over their respective domains if they did not undermine Songhai policy. Departmental positions existed in the central government. The

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The Songhai Empire has been variously translated in texts as Zagha, Zaghai, Zaghaya, Sughai, Zaghay, Zaggan, Izghan, Zaghawa, Zuwagha, Zawagha, Zauge, Azuagha, Azwagha, Sungee, Sanghee, Songhai, Songhay, Sughai, Zanghi, Zingani, Zanj, Zahn, Zaan, Zarai, Dyagha, and possibly Znaga.

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and river trade along the Niger were the primary sources of Songhai wealth. Trade along the West African coast was only possible in the late 1400s. Several dikes were constructed during the reign of Sonni Ali, which enhanced the irrigation and agricultural yield of the empire.

1413:, or "enforcers", worked like a police commissioner whose sole duty was to execute sentencing. Jurists were mainly composed of representatives of the academic community; professors were often noted as taking administrative positions within the Empire, and many aspired to be 1053:, Songhai forces, despite vastly superior numbers, were routed by a cattle stampede triggered by the Saadi's gunpowder weapons. Judar proceeded to sack Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné, destroying the Songhai as a regional power. Governing so vast an empire proved too much for the 976:

He centralized the administration of the empire and established a bureaucracy responsible for tax collection and the administration of justice. He demanded the building of canals to enhance agriculture, eventually increasing trade. He introduced a system of

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Judar Pasha was a Spaniard by birth but had been captured as an infant and educated at the Saadi court. After a march across the Sahara desert, Judar's forces captured, plundered, and razed the salt mines at Taghaza and moved on to Gao. When Emperor

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mainly consisted of immigrants, who, at times, were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. At the top were noblemen and descendants of the original Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders. At the bottom were

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The original Songhai Empire only included the area from the region of Timbuktu to the east of Gao. Provinces were created after a military expansion under Sonni Ali and Askiya, whose territory was divided into three military zones:

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The Songhai Empire at its zenith extended over the current territories of Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Senegal, most other Guinean Coast countries and Algeria. Its influence stretched as far as Cameroon over a vast contiguous

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worked locally in important trading towns like Timbuktu and Djenné. The king appointed the Qadi and dealt with common-law misdemeanours according to Sharia law. The Qadi also had the power to grant a pardon or offer refuge. The

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The Niger River was essential to trade for the empire. Goods were offloaded from camels onto either donkeys or boats at Timbuktu. From there, they were moved along a 500-mile corridor upstream to Djenné or downstream to Gao.

946:, and opened his court to scholars and poets from throughout the Muslim world. His children went to an Islamic school, and he enforced Islamic practices but did not force religion on his people. Askia completed one of the 1575:

and helmets", similar to medieval European armies. The infantry included a force made up primarily of freemen and captives. Swords, arrows and copper or leather shields made up the arsenal of the Songhai infantry. At the

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of the empire stationed at the port of Gao with more than a thousand ships at its height. It was wheremost large-scale military campaigns started. The emperor was assisted in his military province in the south by the

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to the north. He annexed Timbuktu in 1468 after the leaders of the town asked him to help overthrow the Tuaregs, who had taken the city following the decline of Mali. When he attempted to conquer the trading town of

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Sunni Ali entered Timbuktu, committed gross iniquity, burned and destroyed the town, and brutally tortured many people there. When Akilu heard of the coming of Sonni Ali, he brought a thousand camels to carry the

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and enslaved people who mainly worked in agriculture. The Songhai used slaves more consistently than their predecessors, the Ghana and Mali empires. James Olson described the Songhai labour system as resembling

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At its peak, Timbuktu became a thriving cultural and commercial centre. Arab, Italian, and Jewish merchants all gathered for trade. A revival of Islamic scholarship took place at the university in Timbuktu.

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against the neighbouring Mossi. He did not force them to convert to Islam after subduing them. His army consisted of war canoes, a cavalry, protective armour, iron-tipped weapons, and an organized militia.

767:'s attention. Mali conquered the city, profited from Gao's trade, and collected taxes from its kings until about the 1430s. Conflict in the Malian homeland made it impossible to maintain control of Gao. 3443: 763:

By the 10th century, the Songhai chiefs had established Gao as a small kingdom, taking control of the people living along the trade routes. Around 1300, Gao had become prosperous enough to attract the

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The Songhai economy was based on a clan system. The clan a person belonged to ultimately decided one's occupation. The most common occupations were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. The lower

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In ancient times somewhere surmised between the 9th and 3rd centuries BCE several different groups of people collectively formed the Songhai identity, centered around the developing hub of ancient

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and attempted to quell the Songhai rebellion in Gao. While he succeeded in Takedda, he did not re-subjugate Gao. In the 1430s, Songhai, previously a Mali dependency, gained independence under the

834:. This earned him the reputation of a tyrant by Islamic Scholars.In the late 1460s, he conquered many of the Songhai Empire's neighbouring states, including what remained of the Mali Empire. 704:, close to Gao. Inscriptions on a few of the tombstones in the cemetery indicate that this dynasty ruled in the late 11th and early 12th centuries and that its rulers were given the title of 958:

Islam was so important to him that, upon his return, he established more learning centres throughout his empire and recruited Muslim scholars from Egypt and Morocco to teach at the

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crier", and punishment for most trivial crimes usually consisted of confiscation of merchandise or even imprisonment since various prisons existed throughout the Empire.

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poverty. Under his policies, Muhammad brought much stability to Songhai, and great attestations of this registered organization are still preserved in the works of

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Under the rule of Sonni Ali, the Songhai surpassed the Malian Empire in area, wealth, and power, absorbing vast regions of the Mali Empire. His son and successor,

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During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into an important trading centre and attracted the interest of the expanding

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reigned from 1464 to 1492. Unlike the previous Songhai kings, Ali sought to honour the traditional religion of his people, taught to him by his mother of the

850:, the townspeople resisted his efforts. After a seven-year siege, he was able to starve them into surrender, incorporating the town into his empire in 1473. 1200:

led the eastern province of Dendi. This provincial governor has stationed a garrison in charge of the surveillance of the eastern provinces, including the

6279: 1498:. They trained herds of long-horned bulls in the imperial stables to charge at the enemy in battle. Vultures were also used to harass opposing camps. 728:), written in Arabic around 1655, provides an early history of the Songhai as handed down through oral tradition. It reports that the founder of the 543:

as the empire's capital, although a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century. Other important cities in the kingdom were

1141:, the minister of defence of the empire and general-in-chief of the armies in charge of military surveillance of the western provinces, including 1325:

sent north in exchange for salt, horses, camels, cloth, and art. While many trade routes were used, the Songhai heavily used the way through the

6239: 1025:, but were left on the verge of economic depletion and bankruptcy, as they needed to pay for the defences used to hold off the siege. This led 584:, one of his father's generals. Ture, more commonly known as Askia the Great, instituted political and economic reforms throughout the empire. 5103: 2739:

Thornton, John K.. Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800 (Warfare and History) (Kindle Locations 871-872). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.

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Criminal justice in Songhai was based mainly, if not entirely, on Islamic principles, especially during the rule of Askia Muhammad. The local

551:, where urban-centred trade flourished; they were conquered in 1468 and 1475, respectively. Initially, the Songhai Empire was ruled by the 3004: 672:

were the Sorko people, who established small settlements on the banks of Niger. The Sorko fashioned boats and canoes from the wood of the

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A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria /

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The invasion of Sonni Ali and his forces negatively impacted Timbuktu. Many Muslim accounts described him as a tyrant, including the

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The Sonni dynasty practised Islam while maintaining many aspects of the original Songhai traditions, unlike their successors, the

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The Songhai included three military provinces, and an army was stationed in each. It was divided into several garrisons, the

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The earliest dynasty of kings is obscure, and most information about it comes from an ancient cemetery near a village called

602:, the last ruler of the Songhai Empire, ascended to power in a long dynastic struggle following the death of Daoud. In 1590, 1145:, was based. The western garrisons were stationed there, and the Balama resided with part of the naval fleet in the port of 6264: 5962: 3379: 3171: 3128: 2987: 2914: 3142: 1450:

was represented by government officials, holding positions and responsibilities similar to today's central bureaucrats.

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groups gradually began to speak the same language, and they and their country eventually became known as the Songhai.

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The capital city of Gao, where the emperor resided with the central garrisons and part of the fleet commanded by the

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Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 3/4 "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D."

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has been described by historians such as Ki-Zerbo to be the finance minister who supervised the empire's treasury.

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Stride, G.T & C. Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800". Nelson, 1971

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king. Following Musa's overthrow in 1531, the Songhai Empire went into decline. Following the death of Emperor

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UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century

120: 4109: 4104: 4084: 1348:(merchants) would form partnerships, and the state would protect the merchants and port cities along Niger. 6167: 6051: 4153: 3290:

Timbuktu & the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'dis Ta'rikh al-sudan down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents

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Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |

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Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |

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Olson, James Stuart. The Ethnic Dimension in American History. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1979

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Sonni ʿAlī.(2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

3438:, Dettelbach 2004 (the book has a chapter titled "The Mande factor in Gao history", pp. 409–544). 3381: 592:. The empire experienced a period of stability and a string of military successes during the reign of 6135: 5283: 4847: 4353: 4214: 3978: 3727: 3624: 3039: 1533:

and commanded over a thousand captains, ensuring the rapid movement of troops along the Niger River.

1057:. They soon relinquished control of the region, letting it splinter into dozens of smaller kingdoms. 965:

He was interested in astronomy, which led to increased astronomers and observatories in the capital.

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Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998).

1431: 938:"he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike Sunni Ali when everyone was a soldier." 863:, the Islamic historian Al-Sa'di expresses this sentiment in describing his incursion on Timbuktu: 1296:

Trade routes of the Western Sahara c. 1000–1500. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading:

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During his campaigns for expansion, Ali conquered several territories, repelling attacks from the

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Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)

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Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)

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Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)

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took advantage of the recent civil conflict in the empire and sent an army under the command of

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Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical and Contemporary Perspective

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visited Gao in 1353 when the town was still a part of the Mali Empire. He arrived by boat from

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tribes were among the early people of the Niger Bend region. These tribes rode out of the

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were lieutenants in charge of a garrison. The head of the mounted archers was called the

985: 880:..... The Godless tyrant slaughtered those who remained in Timbuktu and humiliated them. 615: 5614: 5604: 6011: 5991: 5974: 5925: 5790: 5599: 5550: 5483: 5401: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5288: 5258: 5150: 5048: 4916: 4891: 3869: 3844: 3793: 3722: 3690: 3612: 3546: 3036:"Songhay, Borno, and Hausaland in the sixteenth century," in The History of West Africa 2598: 2344: 1438:

was the minister of agriculture who administered the state's agricultural estates. The

673: 1474:. Askia Mohammed I oversaw a complete Islamic revival and made a pilgrimage to Mecca. 6120: 6016: 5952: 5947: 5876: 5773: 5488: 5416: 5411: 5253: 5182: 5165: 5160: 5155: 4955: 4906: 4694: 4549: 4513: 4411: 4358: 4343: 4302: 4209: 4119: 4059: 4019: 3909: 3894: 3879: 3673: 3659: 3634: 3391: 3366: 3335: 3316: 3293: 3274: 3267: 3251: 3189: 3152: 3064: 3014: 3000: 2920: 2892:

General History of Africa vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

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left the empire in poor financial condition, but the kingdom itself passed intact to

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in 1360, disputes over who should succeed him weakened the Mali Empire. The reign of

619: 528: 2765: 1076:, where the Sonni dynasty had already settled. They formed smaller kingdoms such as 5969: 5756: 5751: 5707: 5694: 5624: 5592: 5587: 5451: 5446: 5428: 5389: 5322: 5305: 5246: 5236: 5231: 5172: 5128: 5098: 5058: 5041: 5024: 4987: 4738: 4714: 4679: 4649: 4564: 4426: 4368: 4236: 4192: 4178: 4148: 4064: 3943: 3919: 3834: 3807: 3788: 3756: 3710: 3654: 3513: 3358: 3330:

Malio, Thomas A. Hale. by The epic of Askia Mohammed / recounted by Nouhou (1990).

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The emperor was the strategist and commander-in-chief of the military, and the

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implemented a universal system of weights and measures throughout the empire.

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During this period, Moroccan armies annihilated a Portuguese invasion at the

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After the empire's defeat, the nobles moved south to an area known today as

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African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa

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during the 15th and 16th centuries. At its peak, it was one of the largest

2766:"Gold, Islam and Camels: The Transformative Effects of Trade and Ideology" 1387:

were, in addition to this, responsible for maintaining order by following

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Scribe, griot, and novelist: narrative interpreters of the Songhay Empire

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was called Za Alayaman (also spelt Dialliaman), who originally came from

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and appointed an inspector for each of Songhai's major trading centres.

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on his return journey from visiting the capital of the empire, writing:

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The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol 5: University Press, 1977, pp 421

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An essay about the rule of the Songhai Empire from the 15th century.

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weakened the Songhai Empire and split it into two feuding factions.

827: 821: 757: 701: 625: 536: 149: 4482: 1580:, the Songhai army consisted of 30,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. 847: 751:

and established trading settlements near the Niger. As time passed,

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was second in the chain of command of the empire and served as its

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In 1528, Askia's children revolted against him, declaring his son

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name, derived from its largest ethnic group and ruling elite, the

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Winning at War: Seven Keys to Military Victory Throughout History

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Askia initiated multiple military campaigns, including declaring

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in 1591 to dispatch an invasion force south under the eunuch

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routes. The Songhai Empire collapsed after the defeat at the

520: 349: 2729:. Boston University, African Studies Center. pp. 42–45. 4539: 3994: 1383: 951: 4730: 808:. Around thirty years later, Sonni Sulayman Dama attacked 740:. What happened to the Zuwa rulers is yet to be recorded. 1430:

was the fleet commander who performed roles likened to a

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Haskins, James; Benson, Kathleen; Cooper, Floyd (1998).

911: 2566: 1525:. He was assisted by two vice-admirals at the ports of 1446:

was also the "minister in charge of White foreigners."

1563:, the central province by the emperor himself and the 1256:

An elite of Songhai horsemen led this population from

1187:, in charge of the Saharan provinces and possessing a 892:, with Arabic writings about mathematics and astronomy 3417:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. 3098: 2854: 2852: 2825:

Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology

3110: 1548:, or cavalry chief. The cavalry mainly consisted of 934:, compared Askiya's army to that of his predecessor: 668:. Among the first people to settle in the region of 3239: 2561:

Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

1505:acted as minister of defence and army general. The 1271:to mix with the Sorko fishing population and local 714:. Only myth and legend describe the origins of the 3266: 3222:African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 2916:The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch 2849: 1482:The Songhai armed forces included a navy led by a 1373:that consisted of various mechanics and artisans. 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 6226: 2947:"Timbuktu: History of Fabled Center of Learning" 984:During his reign, Islam became more entrenched, 3357: 2665: 2622: 1393:law under Islamic domination, according to the 995: 519:was a state located in the western part of the 3363:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa 2609: 1540:(war elephant), and the camel cavalry, called 4746: 4498: 3979: 3489: 1536:The infantry was led by a general called the 992:were brought within the empire's boundaries. 348:• The Nobles moved south to present-day 6203:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 3465:Askiyah's Questions and al-Maghili's Answers 3334:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 3006:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set 2722: 2326:Songhai Emperors (ruled in exile from Dendi) 3306: 3092: 2999: 2919:, University of Chicago Press, p. 56, 2587:"The Origins of the "Sudanic" Civilization" 1956: 16:Empire in West Africa from c. 1430s to 1591 6280:States and territories established in 1464 4753: 4739: 4505: 4491: 3986: 3972: 3496: 3482: 2944: 2584: 1588:Names and dates taken from John Stewart's 1149:. The other important personality was the 41: 3348: 3246:. New York City: HarperCollins. pp. 3212: 3104: 2798:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index 2572: 1204:. The fleet was stationed at the port of 942:He opened religious schools, constructed 562:–1493), but it was later replaced by the 386:800,000 km (310,000 sq mi) 2821: 2815: 2723:Daniel, McCall; Norman, Bennett (1971). 1291: 1120:which rose to prominence shortly after. 1059: 910: 883: 857:, which Mahmud Kati wrote. According to 624: 6027: 3307:Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). 3287: 3183: 3177: 3140: 3033: 2912: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2763: 1595: 1552:recruited from the northern provinces. 1064:West Africa after the Moroccan invasion 362:• French depose last Askia of the 6227: 3415:A History of African Societies to 1870 3264: 3116: 3052: 1002:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire 812:, the Mali province west of Timbuktu. 527:in history. The state is known by its 337:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire 6240:15th-century establishments in Africa 4734: 4512: 4486: 3967: 3477: 3365:. New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press. 3329: 3292:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 480 pages. 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 1275:agriculturalists of the Niger River. 1049:(r. 1588–1591) met Judar at the 1591 3269:Africans: The History of a Continent 2876: 2794: 1509:was the army corps general, and the 653: 352:and formed various smaller kingdoms 3447:. Princeton University Press, 2018. 3424:. 2nd . NY: Macmillan, 2005. Print. 3361:; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000). 3053:Festus, Ugboaja Ohaegbulam (1990). 2163: 1376: 1217:, cultural, and political space of 13: 3503: 3406: 3188:. London: McFarland. p. 206. 2938: 2742: 988:flourished, and the salt mines of 900: 826:After the death of Sulayman Dama, 14: 6291: 3993: 3452: 2563:, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303. 1583: 800:, put down a Tuareg rebellion in 6235:1591 disestablishments in Africa 3602: 3353:. Durham: Duke University Press. 2770:Comparative Civilizations Review 841:to the south and conquering the 497: 483: 469: 444: 430: 271:• Songhai state emerges at 6250:Countries in precolonial Africa 3436:Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa 3309:"Songhay Under Askia the Great" 3213:Dalgleish, David (April 2005). 3165: 3134: 3122: 3077: 3046: 3027: 2993: 2981: 2957: 2906: 2888:"The end of the Songhay empire" 2788: 2733: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2626:Empires of Medieval West Africa 1123: 860:The Cambridge History of Africa 685: 47:Territory of the Songhai Empire 3429:Timbouctou et l'empire songhay 3388:University of California Press 3273:. Cambridge University Press. 3141:Potholm, Christian P. (2010). 2945:Owen Jarus (21 January 2013). 2913:Stoller, Paul (15 June 1992), 2680: 2671: 2646: 2633: 2578: 2553: 1369:, with the kingdom possessing 1183:of Tademekat and chief of the 1171:, governor of the province of 760:, leather, dates, and ivory. 1: 2764:Willard, Alice (1993-04-01). 2726:Aspects of West African Islam 2542: 1420: 556: 296: 278: 121:Traditional African religions 31: 3459:The Story of Africa: Songhay 2860:"Kingdoms of Africa - Niger" 2547: 2289:Askia Muhammad II (al-Hajj) 996:Decline and Saadian Invasion 815: 7: 6265:Lists of monarchs in Africa 4760: 3061:University Press of America 2666:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000 2490: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2176: 2173: 2170: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1477: 1465: 1041:and eight English cannons. 926:Sonni Ali was succeeded by 736:and settled in the town of 10: 6296: 4030:History of the Mali Empire 3205: 2969:World History Encyclopedia 2478:Boumi (Askia Kodama Komi) 1287: 1278: 1175:, and in the north by the 999: 904: 819: 689: 657: 648: 6196: 6148: 5665: 5069: 4768: 4520: 4444: 4387: 4324: 4315: 4283: 4274: 4200: 4191: 4127: 4118: 4005: 3937: 3815: 3806: 3764: 3755: 3681: 3672: 3620: 3611: 3600: 3512: 3186:African States and Rulers 3040:Columbia University Press 1590:African States and Rulers 409: 390: 382: 377: 373: 360: 346: 333: 319: 305: 289:• Independence from 287: 269: 265: 255: 251: 239: 227: 215: 203: 191: 179: 167: 155: 143: 139: 129: 108: 62: 52: 40: 30: 23: 6255:Former empires in Africa 3349:Taagepera, Rein (1979). 3149:Rowman & Littlefield 2890:. In Ogot, B. A. (ed.). 2822:Loimeier, Roman (2013). 2801:. Taylor & Francis. 2623:David C. Conrad (2009). 2585:Meyerowitz, Eva (1972). 1957:Songhai Sunnis (Sheikhs) 1486:(admiral), a cavalry of 1027:Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur 1023:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 614:and gain control of the 3469:(in English and Arabic) 3315:. Black Classic Press. 2795:Meri, Josef W. (2006). 1116:and further south, the 784:Following the death of 639: 25:Zaghai (Songhai) Empire 3537:Sultanate of Damagaram 3288:Hunwick, John (1988). 3184:Stewart, John (2005). 3034:Hunwick, John (1976). 2864:www.historyfiles.co.uk 1316:Overland trade in the 1313: 1065: 940: 923: 893: 882: 876:and went with them to 782: 636: 6173:Medieval great powers 4080:2012 Tuareg rebellion 3577:2005–2006 food crisis 3265:Iliffe, John (2007). 2238:Askia Mohammad Benkan 2118:Mar Fai Kolli-Djimbo 1432:home affairs minister 1295: 1063: 1000:Further information: 948:Five Pillars of Islam 936: 914: 905:Further information: 887: 865: 820:Further information: 796:. Mari Djata, Musa's 777: 690:Further information: 658:Further information: 628: 63:Common languages 6183:European colonialism 6168:Ancient great powers 4154:Environmental issues 3420:Shillington, Kevin. 3413:Isichei, Elizabeth. 2886:Abitbol, M. (1992). 2052:Bukar Dalla Boyonbo 1596:Songhai Dias (Kings) 979:weights and measures 890:Timbuktu Manuscripts 580:, was overthrown by 479:Pashalik of Timbuktu 6178:Modern great powers 4095:Ebola disease event 3532:Sultanate of Agadez 3461:— BBC World Service 3441:Gomez, Michael A., 3095:, pp. 199–200. 3042:. pp. 264–301. 2467:Bassarou Missi Izé 986:trans-Saharan trade 616:trans-Saharan trade 612:conquer the Songhai 4630:Mahdiyya caliphate 4293:Telecommunications 4045:Kénédougou Kingdom 3915:Seasonal migration 3784:Telecommunications 3551:Tuareg rebellions 3547:French West Africa 3243:African Beginnings 3001:Shillington, Kevin 2559:Bethwell A. Ogot, 1823:Biyai Kaina Kimba 1790:Hen Kon Wanko Dam 1314: 1225:, Dogon, Berbers, 1066: 924: 894: 637: 282: 7th century 6270:Sahelian kingdoms 6260:History of Africa 6222: 6221: 6144: 6143: 6109:Polish–Lithuanian 5284:Gurjara-Pratihara 4728: 4727: 4514:Sahelian kingdoms 4480: 4479: 4440: 4439: 4354:Human trafficking 4311: 4310: 4270: 4269: 4247:Political parties 4242:National Assembly 4215:Foreign relations 4187: 4186: 4060:Toucouleur Empire 4020:Pre-Imperial Mali 3961: 3960: 3933: 3932: 3880:List of Nigeriens 3865:Human trafficking 3802: 3801: 3751: 3750: 3733:Political parties 3728:National Assembly 3696:Foreign relations 3668: 3667: 3582:COVID-19 pandemic 3422:History of Africa 3359:Levtzion, Nehemia 3280:978-0-521-68297-8 2656:| Page 36 (xxxvi) 2527:Songhai languages 2488: 2487: 2323: 2322: 2303:15 December 1586 2295:15 December 1586 2213: 2161: 2160: 2085:Muhammad Konkiya 2019:Bar Kaina Ankabi 1954: 1953: 1735:Yama Danka Kibao 1578:Battle of Tondibi 1544:, was led by the 1523:interior minister 1462:, among others. 1051:Battle of Tondibi 1016:war of succession 855:Tarikh al-fattash 678: 654:Early inhabitants 620:Battle of Tondibi 529:historiographical 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 457: 456: 241:• 1588–1592 229:• 1549–1582 217:• 1539–1549 205:• 1537–1539 193:• 1531–1537 181:• 1529–1531 169:• 1493–1528 157:• 1492–1493 145:• 1464–1492 35: 1430s–1591 6287: 6025: 6024: 5690:Austro-Hungarian 5390:Chagatai Khanate 4755: 4748: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4484: 4483: 4460: 4453: 4322: 4321: 4281: 4280: 4198: 4197: 4125: 4124: 4065:Wassoulou Empire 3988: 3981: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3946: 3813: 3812: 3762: 3761: 3679: 3678: 3618: 3617: 3606: 3587:2023 coup d'état 3498: 3491: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3427:Cissoko, S. M., 3401: 3376: 3354: 3345: 3326: 3303: 3284: 3272: 3261: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3219: 3200: 3199: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3093:Lady Lugard 1997 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3013:. p. 1589. 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2965:"Songhai Empire" 2961: 2955: 2954: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2761: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2650: 2644: 2643:| Page 35 (xxxv) 2637: 2631: 2630: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2597:(1/2): 161–175. 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2330: 2329: 2211: 2209:Askia Muhammad I 2200:6 November 1492 2190:6 November 1492 2168: 2167: 2164:Songhai Emperors 1961: 1960: 1834:Kaina Shinyunbo 1600: 1599: 1458:writers such as 1411:Assara-munitions 1397:. An additional 1377:Criminal justice 1362:prisoners of war 1350:Askia Muhammad I 897:wealth of Mali. 726:History of Sudan 677: 561: 558: 501: 500: 487: 486: 473: 472: 461: 460: 448: 447: 434: 433: 427: 426: 411: 410: 301: 298: 283: 280: 260:Early Modern Era 45: 36: 33: 21: 20: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6245:Ancient peoples 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6207:American Empire 6192: 6188:African empires 6140: 6023: 5715:Central African 5661: 5479:Romano-Germanic 5065: 4799:Middle Assyrian 4772: 4764: 4759: 4729: 4724: 4516: 4511: 4481: 4476: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4436: 4432:Public holidays 4383: 4307: 4266: 4232:Law enforcement 4183: 4114: 4075:Mali Federation 4001: 3992: 3962: 3957: 3949: 3942: 3929: 3905:Public holidays 3798: 3747: 3718:Law enforcement 3664: 3607: 3598: 3508: 3502: 3468: 3455: 3450: 3409: 3407:Further reading 3404: 3398: 3373: 3342: 3323: 3300: 3281: 3258: 3231: 3229: 3217: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3151:. p. 107. 3139: 3135: 3131:, p. 81-82 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3051: 3047: 3032: 3028: 3021: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2884: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2793: 2789: 2762: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2621: 2610: 2583: 2579: 2575:, pp. 497. 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2532:Songhai country 2493: 2445:Fodi Maÿroumfa 2328: 2229:26 August 1528 2219:26 August 1528 2166: 2151:Suleiman Daman 1959: 1801:Biyai Koi Kimi 1598: 1586: 1488:mounted archers 1480: 1468: 1423: 1379: 1290: 1281: 1215:ethnolinguistic 1126: 1004: 998: 932:Tarikh al-Sudan 928:Askia the Great 909: 907:Askia the Great 903: 901:Askia the Great 824: 818: 721:Tarikh al-Sudan 698: 688: 674:cailcedrat tree 662: 656: 651: 642: 634: 559: 525:African empires 498: 484: 470: 445: 431: 405: 366: 353: 339: 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3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3650:National parks 3647: 3645:Extreme points 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3522:Songhai Empire 3518: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: articles 3501: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3462: 3454: 3453:External links 3451: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3377: 3371: 3355: 3346: 3340: 3327: 3321: 3304: 3298: 3285: 3279: 3262: 3256: 3237: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3176: 3164: 3157: 3133: 3121: 3119:, pp. 72. 3109: 3105:Dalgleish 2005 3097: 3085: 3076: 3069: 3063:. p. 79. 3045: 3026: 3019: 2992: 2980: 2956: 2937: 2925: 2905: 2875: 2848: 2834: 2814: 2807: 2787: 2741: 2732: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2679: 2670: 2668:, p. 300. 2658: 2645: 2632: 2608: 2577: 2573:Taagepera 1979 2565: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2507:Askiya dynasty 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2097: 2096:Muhammad Fari 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008:Uthman Kanafa 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997:Ibrahim Kabay 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713:Yama Karaonia 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1585: 1584:List of rulers 1582: 1479: 1476: 1472:Askiya dynasty 1467: 1464: 1422: 1419: 1378: 1375: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1263:riders of the 1243:Soninke people 1210: 1209: 1202:Hausa kingdoms 1193: 1192: 1155: 1154: 1125: 1122: 1047:Askia Ishaq II 997: 994: 960:Sankore Mosque 902: 899: 817: 814: 786:Mansa Sulayman 687: 684: 660:Songhai people 655: 652: 650: 647: 641: 638: 631:Songhai Empire 629:Extent of the 600:Askia Ishaq II 533:Songhai people 517:Songhai Empire 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 495: 489: 488: 481: 475: 474: 467: 458: 455: 454: 449: 441: 440: 435: 423: 422: 417: 407: 406: 404: 403: 400: 394: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 361: 358: 357: 354: 347: 344: 343: 340: 334: 331: 330: 327: 323:Askiya dynasty 320: 317: 316: 313: 306: 303: 302: 294: 288: 285: 284: 276: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 257: 256:Historical era 253: 252: 249: 248: 246:Askia Ishaq II 243: 240: 237: 236: 231: 228: 225: 224: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 204: 201: 200: 195: 192: 189: 188: 183: 180: 177: 176: 171: 168: 165: 164: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 127: 126: 124: 123: 118: 112: 110: 106: 105: 103: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 66: 64: 60: 59: 54: 50: 49: 46: 38: 37: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6292: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6213: 6212:Soviet empire 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197:Miscellaneous 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:German Empire 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536:Turco-Persian 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339:Ethnic groups 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4100:2020 protests 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040:Bamana Empire 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3542:Dosso Kingdom 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3431:, Paris 1975. 3430: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3397:9780520066991 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3372:1-55876-241-8 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3341:0-8130-0981-2 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3322:0-933121-92-X 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3299:90-04-12822-0 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3257:0-688-10256-5 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3197: 3195:0-7864-2562-8 3191: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3160: 3158:9781442201309 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3080: 3072: 3070:9780819179418 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3020:9781135456702 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2928: 2926:9780226775463 2922: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2837: 2835:9780253007971 2831: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2810: 2808:9780415966924 2804: 2800: 2799: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2776:(28): 88–89. 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2522:Dendi Kingdom 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2512:Saadi dynasty 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2502:Sonni dynasty 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2434:Samsou Keïna 2433: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2331: 2318: 2316:9 April 1588 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2306:9 April 1588 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2264:Askia Ishaq I 2262: 2261: 2258:2 March 1539 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2216:3 March 1493 2215: 2212:(First Reign) 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2169: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2074:Muhammad Dao 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1962: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779:Kosai Dariya 1778: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559:, led by the 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1496:camel cavalry 1493: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1460:Leo Africanus 1457: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1251:Yoruba people 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Mandé peoples 1216: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1189:Camel cavalry 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1055:Saadi dynasty 1052: 1048: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:Saadi dynasty 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1003: 993: 991: 987: 982: 980: 974: 971: 966: 963: 962:in Timbuktu. 961: 956: 953: 949: 945: 939: 935: 933: 929: 922: 918: 917:Tomb of Askia 913: 908: 898: 891: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 864: 862: 861: 856: 851: 849: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 823: 813: 811: 807: 806:Sonni dynasty 803: 799: 798:kankoro-sigui 795: 791: 790:Mari Djata II 787: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 754: 753:North African 750: 749:Sahara Desert 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 722: 717: 713: 709: 708: 703: 697: 693: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 661: 646: 632: 627: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 595: 591: 590:Askia Ishaq I 585: 583: 582:Muhammad Ture 579: 574: 572: 567: 566:(1493–1591). 565: 564:Askia dynasty 554: 553:Sonni dynasty 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 496: 494: 493:Dendi Kingdom 491: 490: 482: 480: 477: 476: 468: 466: 465:Saadi dynasty 463: 462: 459: 453: 450: 443: 442: 439: 436: 429: 428: 425: 424: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 401: 399: 396: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 372: 368: 365: 359: 355: 351: 345: 341: 338: 332: 328: 324: 318: 314: 310: 309:Sonni dynasty 304: 295: 292: 286: 277: 274: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 226: 223: 222:Askia Ishaq I 220: 214: 211: 210:Askia Isma'il 208: 202: 199: 196: 190: 187: 184: 178: 175: 172: 166: 163: 160: 154: 151: 148: 142: 138: 134: 132: 128: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 111: 107: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 65: 61: 58: 55: 51: 44: 39: 29: 22: 19: 5963:Contemporary 5813:Indo-Persian 5801:Nazi Germany 5745:Contemporary 5647:Vijayanagara 5546:Great Seljuk 5505: 5457:Thessalonica 5385:Golden Horde 5025:Carthaginian 4804:Neo-Assyrian 4789:Neo-Sumerian 4684: 4364:Prostitution 4334:Demographics 4220:Human rights 4205:Constitution 4136: 4070:French Sudan 4034: 4015:Ghana Empire 3900:Prostitution 3840:Demographics 3830:Coat of arms 3701:Human rights 3686:Constitution 3527:Bornu Empire 3521: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3382: 3362: 3350: 3331: 3312: 3289: 3268: 3242: 3230:. 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UNESCO 2603:40458020 2491:See also 2423:Hargani 2379:Al-Amin 2107:Karbifo 1900:Yosiboi 1746:Kukorai 1669:Ali Fai 1592:(2005). 1494:, and a 1492:infantry 1478:Military 1466:Religion 1181:Amenokal 1177:Surgukoy 1078:Wanzarbe 780:of Mālī. 773:Timbuktu 756:slaves, 545:Timbuktu 391:Currency 6161:largest 6156:Empires 6136:Swedish 6131:Spanish 6126:Russian 6089:Italian 6064:Chinese 6052:English 6047:British 6042:Belgian 6017:Vietnam 6007:Tay son 5953:Tsarist 5948:Russian 5943:Ottoman 5909:Dzungar 5904:Khoshut 5877:Mexican 5872:Maratha 5855:Pahlavi 5835:Safavid 5830:Iranian 5757:Haitian 5720:Chinese 5680:Ashanti 5652:Wagadou 5578:Eastern 5573:Western 5556:Timurid 5516:Tibetan 5506:Songhai 5496:Serbian 5417:Almohad 5407:Idrisid 5311:Samanid 5301:Tahirid 5296:Iranian 5274:Kannauj 5254:Genoese 5190:Chinese 5183:Eastern 5178:Western 5166:Fatimid 5161:Abbasid 5156:Umayyad 5129:Burmese 5089:Ayyubid 5084:Angevin 5054:Xianbei 5042:Eastern 5037:Western 4983:Magadha 4946:Iranian 4939:Xiongnu 4924:Hittite 4833:Chinese 4821:Kassite 4770:Ancient 4762:Empires 4685:Songhai 4670:Shilluk 4640:Massina 4530:Bagirmi 4451:Outline 4397:Cuisine 4389:Culture 4374:Slavery 4317:Society 4298:Tourism 4276:Economy 4169:Regions 4138:Cercles 4132:Borders 4007:History 3944:Outline 3920:Slavery 3835:Cuisine 3808:Culture 3789:Tourism 3757:Economy 3711:Slavery 3655:Regions 3625:Borders 3514:History 3206:Sources 2841:7 April 2401:Ismail 1867:Fadazu 1757:Kenken 1628:c. 849 1625:Za Koi 1620:c. 849 1617:c. 837 1567:by the 1557:kurmina 1550:Berbers 1531:Ayourou 1456:Maghreb 1288:Economy 1279:Culture 1258:nomadic 1185:Berbers 1173:Hombori 1164:admiral 1106:Gorouol 1102:Kokorou 1086:Gothèye 1070:Songhai 1029:of the 990:Taghaza 955:gold". 944:mosques 874:Sankore 802:Takedda 794:Musa II 745:Sanhaja 649:History 335:• 325:begins 321:• 311:begins 307:• 131:Emperor 70:Songhai 53:Capital 6099:Mongol 6084:German 6079:French 6069:Danish 6012:Dainam 5987:Tongan 5975:Somali 5970:Sokoto 5936:'Alawi 5914:Kalmyk 5894:Mongol 5887:Second 5867:Korean 5818:Mughal 5808:Indian 5791:German 5784:Second 5774:French 5767:Second 5703:Second 5675:Afghan 5667:Modern 5593:Kyrgyz 5588:Uighur 5583:Second 5563:Turkic 5531:Toltec 5467:Epirus 5452:Nicaea 5375:Mongol 5328:Yamato 5264:Huetar 5122:Second 5059:Rouran 5008:Shunga 5003:Maurya 4978:Kushan 4951:Median 4929:Hunnic 4887:Harsha 4700:Tunjur 4690:Takrur 4680:Sokoto 4665:Sennar 4660:Saloum 4610:Kaarta 4560:Darfur 4550:Dagbon 4535:Bamana 4525:Alodia 4472:Portal 4349:Health 4174:Rivers 4144:Cities 4050:Kaarta 3997: 3860:Health 3825:Cinema 3820:Anthem 3630:Cities 3592:Crisis 3394: 3369: 3338: 3319: 3296: 3277: 3254: 3192: 3155: 3067: 3017: 2923: 2832: 2805: 2780: 2601: 2368:Harun 1702:Karai 1636:Takoi 1561:balama 1527:Kabara 1517:. 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The 666:Kukiya 549:Djenné 135: 90:Fulani 80:Arabic 75:Tuareg 6149:Lists 6104:Omani 6074:Dutch 5980:Isaaq 5931:Saadi 5899:Oirat 5882:First 5850:Qajar 5779:First 5762:First 5735:China 5708:Third 5568:First 5521:Tikal 5472:Morea 5442:Roman 5360:Latin 5355:Khmer 5350:Kanem 5316:Buyid 5242:Zagwe 5237:Aksum 5227:Chola 5134:First 5117:First 5104:Bornu 5099:Benin 5094:Aztec 5032:Roman 5013:Gupta 4998:Nanda 4934:White 4710:Wadai 4705:Waalo 4655:Niumi 4650:Niani 4615:Kaabu 4605:Jolof 4590:Gobir 4585:Ghana 4565:Dendi 4545:Cayor 4458:Index 4422:Music 4417:Media 4402:Films 4379:Women 3925:Sport 3890:Music 3885:Media 3850:Films 3505:Niger 3218:(PDF) 2599:JSTOR 2484:1845 2481:1842 2473:1842 2470:1823 2462:1823 2459:1805 2456:Tomo 2451:1805 2448:1798 2440:1798 2437:1793 2429:1793 2426:1779 2418:1779 2415:1761 2407:1640 2404:1635 2396:1635 2393:1618 2385:1618 2382:1612 2374:1612 2371:1599 2363:1599 2360:1591 2352:1591 2333:Name 2268:1539 2203:1493 2187:1464 2171:Name 2157:1464 2154:1456 2146:1456 2143:1449 2135:1449 2132:1442 2124:1442 2121:1434 2113:1434 2110:1426 2102:1426 2099:1418 2091:1418 2088:1410 2080:1410 2077:1402 2069:1402 2066:1394 2058:1394 2055:1386 2047:1386 2044:1378 2036:1378 2033:1370 2030:Musa 2025:1370 2022:1362 2014:1362 2011:1354 2003:1354 2000:1347 1992:1347 1989:1340 1981:1340 1978:1332 1964:Name 1950:1332 1947:1325 1944:Bada 1939:1325 1936:1295 1928:1295 1925:1275 1917:1275 1914:1255 1911:Duro 1906:1255 1903:1235 1895:1235 1892:1215 1884:1215 1881:1196 1873:1196 1870:1177 1862:1177 1859:1158 1851:1158 1848:1139 1840:1139 1837:1120 1829:1120 1826:1101 1818:1101 1815:1082 1807:1082 1804:1063 1796:1063 1793:1044 1785:1044 1782:1025 1774:1025 1771:1005 1763:1005 1647:Akoi 1603:Name 1565:dendi 1511:wonky 1507:janky 1490:, an 1484:hikoy 1415:qadis 1406:Qadis 1384:qadis 1346:Julla 1331:Bilma 1318:Sahel 1239:Hausa 1235:Wolof 1191:army. 1160:Hikoy 1135:kurma 1118:Dendi 1110:Karma 1098:Sikié 1074:Niger 970:Jihad 839:Mossi 734:Yemen 707:Malik 702:Saney 521:Sahel 364:Dendi 350:Niger 100:Mooré 95:Hausa 85:Mande 5919:Bogd 5845:Zand 5823:Sikh 5730:Qing 5725:Ming 5657:Wari 5625:Tran 5610:Dinh 5380:Yuan 5370:Mali 5279:Pala 5269:Inca 5220:Yuan 5210:Song 5205:Liao 5200:Tang 4973:Kush 4855:Dʿmt 4720:Wuli 4675:Sine 4635:Mali 4625:Kong 4555:Daju 4540:Baol 4407:Flag 3995:Mali 3855:Flag 3570:2012 3392:ISBN 3367:ISBN 3336:ISBN 3317:ISBN 3294:ISBN 3275:ISBN 3252:ISBN 3190:ISBN 3153:ISBN 3065:ISBN 3015:ISBN 2921:ISBN 2900:2023 2843:2022 2830:ISBN 2803:ISBN 2778:ISSN 2357:Nuh 1845:Tib 1760:993 1752:993 1749:981 1741:981 1738:969 1730:969 1727:957 1719:957 1716:945 1708:945 1705:933 1697:933 1694:921 1686:921 1683:909 1675:909 1672:897 1664:897 1661:885 1653:885 1650:873 1642:873 1639:861 1631:861 1529:and 1519:hike 1399:qadi 1344:The 1329:via 1310:Akan 1306:Lobi 1302:Bure 1231:Fula 1227:Arab 1196:The 1143:Mali 1133:The 1094:Téra 952:hajj 915:The 888:The 810:Méma 743:The 716:zuwa 712:zuwa 694:and 640:Name 547:and 515:The 383:1550 378:Area 369:1901 356:1591 342:1591 329:1493 315:1468 5997:Mac 5434:Oyo 5343:Edo 5215:Jīn 5195:Sui 4848:Jin 4843:Han 4838:Qin 4580:Gao 3228:(1) 1658:Ku 1546:guy 1223:Gur 921:Gao 919:in 872:of 670:Gao 610:to 541:Gao 273:Gao 57:Gao 6231:: 5630:Ho 5620:Ly 3390:. 3386:. 3311:. 3250:. 3224:. 3220:. 3147:. 3059:. 3009:. 2967:. 2949:. 2878:^ 2862:. 2851:^ 2774:28 2772:. 2768:. 2744:^ 2690:. 2611:^ 2595:67 2593:. 2589:. 1542:gu 1434:. 1417:. 1333:, 1304:, 1300:, 1253:. 1245:, 1241:, 1237:, 1233:, 1229:, 1221:, 1112:, 1108:, 1104:, 1100:, 1096:, 1092:, 1088:, 1084:, 1080:, 596:. 557:c. 535:. 297:c. 279:c. 32:c. 4777:) 4773:( 4754:e 4747:t 4740:v 4506:e 4499:t 4492:v 3987:e 3980:t 3973:v 3497:e 3490:t 3483:v 3400:. 3375:. 3344:. 3325:. 3302:. 3283:. 3260:. 3235:. 3226:1 3198:. 3161:. 3107:. 3073:. 3023:. 2977:. 2953:. 2902:. 2872:. 2845:. 2811:. 2784:. 2694:. 2629:. 2605:. 1208:. 724:( 633:, 555:(

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