305:
a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. The range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan, continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at
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20:
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Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus
290:
The rockets had a demoralizing effect on the enemy due to the noise and bursting light. The rockets could be of various sizes but usually consisted of a tube of soft hammered iron about 8 inches (20 cm) long and 1.5 to 3 inches (3.8 to 7.6 cm) in diameter, closed at one end and strapped to a shaft of
838:
Rocket artillery cannot usually match the accuracy and sustained rate of fire of conventional gun artillery. They may be capable of very destructive strikes by delivering a large mass of explosives simultaneously, thus increasing the shock effect and giving the target less time to take cover. Modern
402:
Congreve introduced a standardised formula for the making of gunpowder at
Woolwich and introduced mechanical grinding mills to produce powder of uniform size and consistency. Machines were also employed to ensure the packing of the powder was perfectly uniform. His rockets were more elongated, had a
403:
much larger payload, and were mounted on sticks; this allowed them to be launched from the sea at a greater range. He also introduced shot into the payload, which added shrapnel damage to the incendiary capability of the rocket. By 1805 he was able to introduce a comprehensive weapons system to the
740:. While these latter weapons were captured at Luzon and proved effective in subsequent testing, it is not clear that they were ever used against American troops, in contrast to the more common 20 and 40 cm types, which clearly contributed to the 37,870 American casualties sustained at Luzon.
584:
because of their visual resemblance to a church musical organ and alluding to the sound of the weapon's rockets, were mounted on trucks or light tanks, while the early German
Nebelwerfer ordnance pieces were mounted on a small wheeled carriage which was light enough to be moved by several men and
418:
hole. They could be fired up to two miles, the range being set by the degree of elevation of the launching frame, although at any range they were fairly inaccurate and had a tendency for premature explosion. They were as much a psychological weapon as a physical one, and they were rarely or never
515:
designed a rocket with a combination of tail fins and directed nozzles for the exhaust. This imparted a spin to the rocket during flight, which stabilized its trajectory and greatly improved its accuracy, although it did sacrifice somewhat of the maximum range. Hale rockets were enthusiastically
419:
used except alongside other types of artillery. Congreve designed several different warhead sizes from 3 to 24 pounds (1.4 to 10.9 kg). The 24 pounds (11 kg) type with a 15 foot (4.6 m) guide pole was the most widely used variant. Different warheads were used, including explosive,
717:. They were often used at night to conceal their launching sites and increase their disruptiveness and psychological effectiveness. The Japanese 20 cm rockets were launched from tubes or launching troughs, while the larger rockets were launched from steel ramps reinforced with wooden
394:
during Emmet's
Rebellion in 1803. But this seems far less likely given the fact that the British had been exposed to Indian rockets since 1780 at the latest, and that a vast quantity of unused rockets and their construction equipment fell into British hands at the end of the
860:
While gun artillery shells are smaller than rockets, the gun itself must be very large to match the range of rockets. Therefore, rockets typically have longer range while the rocket launchers remain small enough to mount on mobile vehicles. Extremely large guns like the
379:. He was told that "the British at Seringapatam had suffered more from the rockets than from the shells or any other weapon used by the enemy". "In at least one instance", an eyewitness told Congreve, "a single rocket had killed three men and badly wounded others".
724:
The
Japanese also deployed a limited number of 447mm rocket launchers, termed 45 cm Rocket Mortars by United States personnel who test-fired them at the close of the war. Their projectiles consisted of a 1,500 lb cylinder filled with propellant and
875:: If the artillery barrage was intended as a preparation for an attack, and it usually is, a short but intense barrage will give the enemy less time to prepare by, for instance, dispersing or entering prepared fortifications such as trenches and bunkers.
878:
The higher accuracy of gun artillery means that it can be used to attack an enemy close to a friendly force. This, combined with the higher capacity for sustained fire, makes gun artillery more suitable than rocket artillery for defensive
801:
pressed into service the Pinaka MBRL against
Pakistani forces. Despite the system still being under development, it was still able to perform successfully, after which the Indian Army showed interest in inducting the system into service.
826:
system's vehicle suspension, gun artillery must usually be braced against recoil. In this state they are immobile, and cannot change position easily. Rocket artillery is much more mobile and can change position easily. This
291:
bamboo about 4 ft (1 m) long. The iron tube acted as a combustion chamber and contained well-packed black powder propellant. A rocket carrying about one pound (~500 gm) of powder could travel almost 1,000 yards (~900 m).
68:. In the late nineteenth century, due to improvements in the power and range of conventional artillery, the use of early military rockets declined; they were finally used on a small scale by both sides during the
84:-series and numerous other systems employed on a smaller scale by the Western allies and Japan. In modern use, the rockets are often guided by an internal guiding system or GPS in order to maintain accuracy.
1217:
375:, London, who set on a vigorous research and development programme at the Arsenal's laboratory; after development work was complete, the rockets were manufactured in quantity further north, near
462:, where over 25,000 rockets were launched, causing severe incendiary damage to the city. The rockets were also adapted for the purpose of flares for signalling and battlefield illumination.
705:. Their deployment was limited relative to other mortar types and the projectiles on the 40 cm launcher were so large and heavy that they had to be loaded using small hand-operated
854:, leaving a clear smoke trail showing exactly where the barrage came from. Since the barrage does not take much time to execute, however, the rocket artillery can move away quickly.
822:
Rockets produce no or little recoil, while conventional gun artillery systems produce significant recoil. Unless firing within a very small arc with the possibility of wrecking a
709:, but they were extremely accurate and had a pronounced psychological effect on opposing troops, who called them "Screaming Mimis", a nickname originally applied to the German
835:, however, which imposes its own restrictions. Launchers may be sighted by the firing arcs of the rockets, and their fire can damage themselves or neighbouring vehicles.
500:, various countries were quick to adopt the weapon and establish special rocket brigades. The British created the British Army Rocket Brigade in 1818, followed by the
882:
The accuracy of gun artillery and its ability to be rapidly laid to engage targets makes it the system of choice for the engagement of moving targets and to deliver
117:
were used (albeit mostly as a psychological weapon). Fire arrows were also used in multiple launch systems and transported via carts. Devices such as the Korean
831:" ability makes the platform difficult to target. A rocket artillery piece could, conceivably, fire on the move. Rocket systems produce a significant amount of
363:
program in 1801. Several rocket cases were collected from Mysore and sent to
Britain for analysis. The development was chiefly the work of Col. (later Sir)
585:
could easily be deployed nearly anywhere, while also being towed by most vehicles. The
Germans also had self-propelled rocket artillery in the form of the
1071:
893:
vehicles now have the capability to fire guided rockets, eliminating the accuracy disadvantage at the cost of increased cost and decreased reliability.
631:
rocket artillery tanks (converted from M4 Sherman medium tanks) in France and Italy. In 1945, the
British Army also fitted some M4 Shermans with two
1303:
466:
utilized the rocket in his life-saving apparatus, in which the rocket was launched at a shipwreck with an attached line to help rescue the victims.
851:
857:
Gun artillery can use a forward observer to correct fire, thus achieving further accuracy. This is usually not practical with rocket artillery.
733:, which produced a blast crater approximately the size of an American 1,000 lb bomb. In effect, this made the 447mm projectile a type of
132:
The use of war-rockets is well documented in
Medieval Europe. In 1408 Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy used 300 incendiary rockets in the
1289:
1246:
1201:
256:
414:. The original rocket design had the guide pole side-mounted on the warhead, this was improved in 1815 with a base plate with a
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casing, which made them more weatherproof and allowed a larger amount of gunpowder, increasing their destructive power. Mughal
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were able to fire hundreds of fire arrows simultaneously. The use of medieval rocket artillery was picked up by the invading
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computer-controlled conventional artillery have recently begun to acquire the possibility to do something similar through
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752:
424:
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650:, adding to the already intense bombardment by the guns of heavy warships to soften up Japanese-held islands before the
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658:, the Marines made use of rocket artillery trucks in a similar fashion as the Soviet Katyusha, but on a smaller scale.
23:
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The
Western Allies of World War II employed little rocket artillery. During later periods of the war, British and
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535:, the use of military rockets declined; they were finally used on a small scale by both sides during the
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The rocket had a "cylindro-conoidal" warhead and was launched in pairs from half troughs on simple metal
364:
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rocket artillery demonstrates extreme accuracy, comparable with the best guided gun artillery systems.
623:, a towed rocket launcher. The United States Army built and deployed a small number of turret-mounted
511:
One persistent problem with the rockets was their lack of aerodynamic stability. The British engineer
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248:
1021:"Technology on the Spot: The Trials of the Congreve Rocket in India in the Early Nineteenth Century"
1337:"Range and Accuracy Improvement of Artillery Rocket Using Fixed Canards Trajectory Correction Fuze"
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but it is an open question if MRSI is really practical in a combat situation. On the other hand,
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of this period were innovative, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes that tightly packed the
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in 1846 a volunteer brigade of rocketeers was pivotal in the surrender of Mexican forces at the
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314:
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The earliest successful utilization of metal-cylinder rocket artillery is associated with the
794:. Global Positioning and Inertial Navigation terminal guidance systems have been introduced.
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propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range).
49:
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883:
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By the late nineteenth century, due to improvements in the power and range of conventional
8:
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with different rocket artillery. An unconventional Sherman conversion was the turretless
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rockets for use by the British military from prototypes created by the Irish nationalist
221:
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52:). Fire arrows were also used in multiple launch systems and transported via carts. The
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The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500–1605
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from Congreve's original work; these weapons were successively employed during the
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600:. An oddity in the subject of rocket artillery during this time was the German "
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136:. The city dwellers coped with this tactic by covering their roofs with dirt.
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355:'s rocket experiences, including Munro's book of 1789, eventually led to the
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442:"Use of rockets from boats" - An illustration from William Congreve's book.
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After the rockets were successfully used during Napoleon's defeat at the
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Frederick C. Durant III; Stephen Oliver Fought; John F. Guilmartin, Jr.
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The Soviet Union continued its development of the Katyusha during the
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and incendiary. They were manufactured at a special facility near the
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A painting showing the British forces confronted with Mysorean rockets
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as the projectile. The use of rocket artillery dates back to medieval
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According to Stephen Oliver Fought and John F. Guilmartin, Jr. in
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From Gunpowder to Guns: the story of the two Lea Valley armouries
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these rockets were used with minimal effect against the British.
1304:"ARDE's Pinaka rocket system generates Rs 2,500 crore business"
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106:
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The Congreve rockets are also famous for inspiring the lawyer
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217:
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159:
110:
41:
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heavy tank chassis that was armed with a 380 mm rocket
251:. Another battle where these missiles were deployed was the
814:
635:, the same as used on ground attack aircraft and known as "
632:
383:
213:
174:
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is highly mobile and are used in similar fashion to other
580:-series. The Soviet Katyushas, nicknamed by German troops
274:
Rocket being lighted by Mysorean soldier (Illustration by
473:
to pen the words the "rockets' red glare" in what became
177:
rockets were described by European visitors, including
382:
It has been suggested that Congreve may have adapted
101:
Illustration of a Korean rocket launcher of the 1500s
1203:
Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology
805:
72:. Modern rocket artillery was first employed during
1199:
985:
Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History
869:
have been rendered obsolete by long range missiles.
129:who in turn used them on the European battlefield.
947:
568:Modern rocket artillery was first employed during
399:in 1799, at least 4 years before Emmet's rockets.
139:
109:as some form of artillery dates back to medieval
1382:
1166:
1157:, p. 107, McGill-Queens University Press, Canada
981:
1169:"Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D."
671:Type 4 40 cm (16 in) Rocket Launcher
576:family of rocket ordnance designs, and Soviet
667:Type 4 20 cm (8 in) Rocket Launcher
850:Rocket artillery typically has a very large
646:made heavy use of rocket artillery on their
1310:. Archived from the original on 2015-04-03.
685:, and United States Army troops during the
1174:. National Aerospace Laboratories, India.
933:Nicholas Michael and G A Embleton (1983).
713:tube-launched rocket mortar series in the
80:family of rocket ordnance designs, Soviet
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1335:Raza, Ali; Wang, Hua (10 January 2022).
1334:
809:
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331:
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96:
18:
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786:Modern rocket artillery such as the US
1383:
1263:, Hendon: Middlesex University Press,
208:successfully established the powerful
1074:from the original on 18 November 2011
935:Armies of Medieval Burgundy 1364–1477
1129:History of rocketry and space travel
743:
1142:Rockets, missiles, and space travel
797:During the Kargil war of 1999, the
753:Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher
446:These rockets were used during the
425:Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills
321:
13:
788:M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System
492:, on display at Paris naval museum
235:Tipu Sultan used them against the
162:'s reign during the 16th century,
16:Class of rockets used as artillery
14:
1412:
1181:from the original on 3 March 2012
1167:Roddam Narasimha (2 April 1985).
806:Rocket artillery vs gun artillery
783:, and also exported them widely.
1292:from the original on 2015-03-31.
1249:from the original on 2007-08-14.
1104:from the original on 2015-12-09.
367:, son of the Comptroller of the
263:, was almost defeated by Tipu's
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1220:from the original on 2013-12-02
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140:Metal-cylinder rocket artillery
1200:Van Riper; A. Bowdoin (2007).
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1127:Von Braun W, Ordway III F. I.
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1012:
991:. Cambridge University Press.
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715:European Theater of Operations
48:were used (albeit mostly as a
1:
1118:, New Cavendish Books, London
919:
769:("Trident") that launched an
642:In the Pacific, however, the
1144:, Chapman & Hall, London
572:, in the form of the German
359:beginning a military rocket
259:, later famous as the First
76:, in the form of the German
7:
1153:Patrick M. Geoghegan(2003)
1070:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
1068:"Rocket and missile system"
948:Andrew de la Garza (2016).
897:
54:first true rocket artillery
10:
1417:
914:Tactical ballistic missile
909:Rocket-assisted projectile
604:", a vehicle based on the
598:armoured fighting vehicles
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325:
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87:
1320:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
982:Alfred W. Crosby (2002).
212:and introduced the first
1362:10.3390/aerospace9010032
954:. Taylor & Francis.
904:List of rocket artillery
891:multiple rocket launcher
824:self-propelled artillery
792:self-propelled artillery
557:Rocket artillery on the
549:Multiple rocket launcher
257:Colonel Arthur Wellesley
253:Battle of Sultanpet Tope
247:, especially during the
185:fought between brothers
1019:Werrett, Simon (2012).
681:troops at Iwo Jima and
297:Encyclopædia Britannica
181:who witnessed the 1658
1037:10.1353/tech.2012.0090
1025:Technology and Culture
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774:anti-radiation missile
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663:Japanese Imperial Army
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475:the US National Anthem
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113:where devices such as
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44:where devices such as
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1282:"Japanese Defense 04"
937:. Osprey. p. 21.
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761:fitted some of their
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703:Kuril Island Campaign
675:United States Marines
556:
487:
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335:
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273:
166:rockets began to use
100:
22:
1155:Robert Emmet: a life
884:counter-battery fire
817:E launching rockets.
729:sticks detonated by
450:against the city of
377:Waltham Abbey, Essex
50:psychological weapon
1353:2022Aeros...9...32R
665:deployed the naval
210:Sultanate of Mysore
64:, the ruler of the
1286:battleofmanila.org
1259:Lewis, Jim (2009)
819:
756:
735:surface-to-surface
695:Manchuria Campaign
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562:LSM(R)-188 warship
537:American Civil War
498:Battle of Waterloo
494:
444:
349:
288:
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261:Duke of Wellington
249:Battle of Pollilur
241:East India Company
183:Battle of Samugarh
125:and spread to the
103:
70:American Civil War
27:
1269:978-1-904750-85-7
1239:"British Rockets"
744:Post-World War II
689:, as well Soviet
648:LSM(R) transports
633:60 lb RP3 rockets
526:Siege of Veracruz
520:, and during the
471:Francis Scott Key
456:naval bombardment
454:, and during the
397:Anglo-Mysore Wars
245:Anglo-Mysore Wars
198:Kingdom of Mysore
66:Kingdom of Mysore
56:was developed in
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619:troops used the
464:Henry Trengrouse
365:William Congreve
337:Congreve rockets
322:Congreve rockets
226:Mysorean rockets
179:François Bernier
164:Mughal artillery
150:Mughal artillery
146:Mysorean rockets
30:Rocket artillery
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654:would land. On
593:which equipped
564:of World War II
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516:adopted by the
490:Congreve rocket
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341:Napoleonic Wars
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328:Congreve rocket
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1078:19 December
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799:Indian army
738:barrel bomb
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574:Nebelwerfer
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479:War of 1812
477:during the
427:beside the
353:Tipu Sultan
351:The Indian
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276:Robert Home
243:during the
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115:fire arrows
105:The use of
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1385:Categories
1224:2013-02-07
1116:The Rocket
1004:6 December
967:6 December
920:References
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652:US Marines
602:Sturmtiger
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460:Copenhagen
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1094:"YouTube"
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669:and army
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429:River Lea
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1072:Archived
898:See also
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617:Canadian
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504:and the
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421:shrapnel
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644:US Navy
606:Tiger I
559:US Navy
386:-cased
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218:metal
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160:Akbar
111:China
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1367:ISSN
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1265:ISBN
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1187:2011
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1041:ISSN
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