91:
43:
362:
573:
began to make the
Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans made major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and became the
665:
By the 14th century, the
Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a flowering of miniatures that depicted pageantry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicled events.
452:
during the two centuries before Orhan bear the names of
Illkhanate rulers. The Seljuks were under the suzerainty of the Illkhanates and later the Turco-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane. The Ottoman Empire came into its own when
1782:
437:
expanded the principality; the polity and the people were named "Ottomans" by
Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing realm into an empire, taking
651:. His contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on love and romance. Yaziji-Oglu produced a religious epic on Mohammed's life, drawing from the stylistic advances of the previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms.
555:, states that the name Turk, as a political term, shall be understood to include all citizens of the Turkish Republic, without distinction of, or reference to race or religion.
669:
By the late 18th century, European influences in painting were clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition.
623:(1757–1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's style, placing greater emphasis on technical perfection, which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the
1789:
1145:
1719:
846:
1799:
1589:
1108:
1015:
892:
258:, in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the entirety of the six centuries that it existed. Their descendants are the present-day
1831:
1172:
616:(1642–1698), whose rigorous and simplified style found favour with an empire at its peak of territorial extent and governmental burdens.
1918:
1619:
1724:
1182:
829:
809:
2022:
1519:
1192:
722:
1987:
1256:
1328:
1167:
2150:
2071:
1863:
1851:
1768:
1450:
1323:
1187:
1982:
1276:
876:
790:
1460:
1435:
1404:
1079:
1246:
1067:
1008:
2116:
2076:
2050:
2004:
1745:
1492:
1140:
702:
547:, but starting from 1924, every citizen of the newly found Turkish Republic became considered as "Turk". Article 88 of
514:
502:
1374:
1291:
1281:
1125:
971:
332:
1714:
273:
Reliable information about the early history of the
Ottoman Turks remains scarce, but they take their Turkish name
2012:
1977:
1883:
1841:
1135:
917:
712:
1836:
1662:
1603:
1209:
1001:
988:
490:
2109:
2055:
1905:
1895:
1389:
1177:
1032:
564:
356:
1673:
1455:
1204:
552:
548:
2081:
2045:
2027:
1994:
1965:
1480:
936:
506:
1740:
1045:
900:
1130:
526:
510:
2145:
1888:
1647:
1636:
1118:
683:
2123:
1629:
1472:
406:
1697:
1298:
1084:
1060:
316:
1943:
1704:
1419:
1214:
498:
344:
113:
641:
Ottoman poetry included epic-length verse but is better known for shorter forms such as the
1928:
1913:
1657:
597:
The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late 15th century by a new style pioneered by
454:
8:
1652:
1414:
1055:
647:
606:
340:
292:
2037:
1089:
522:
1960:
1219:
1096:
1072:
825:
805:
763:
636:
591:
518:
216:
1485:
497:. The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the
2091:
1933:
1286:
967:
960:
872:
786:
707:
660:
365:
312:
931:
586:
is a monotheistic religion that focuses heavily on learning the central text of the
381:
1950:
1709:
1507:
1040:
955:
598:
458:
320:
235:
1313:
620:
531:
433:, first established a principality as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son
1955:
1809:
1750:
1512:
1271:
678:
373:
336:
284:
117:
2017:
1970:
1024:
946:
717:
695:
690:
570:
544:
462:
377:
328:
259:
255:
243:
194:
147:
96:
613:
543:
Not all
Ottoman Empire citizens were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were
2139:
1938:
1878:
1692:
1363:
1350:
1318:
1308:
1303:
727:
601:(1429–1520), which became the basis for Ottoman calligraphy, focusing on the
398:
308:
181:
168:
1575:
605:
version of the script, which became the standard for copying the Quran (see
430:
424:
296:
1824:
1794:
1684:
1524:
1502:
1409:
1101:
1050:
494:
486:
402:
288:
247:
834:
A History of the
Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
814:
A History of the
Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
1624:
1333:
1199:
866:
780:
482:
443:
267:
129:
1873:
1497:
304:
1340:
774:
767:
755:
1868:
1641:
1568:
1551:
1345:
324:
323:, enabled the Ottoman Turks to control all major land routes between
1224:
612:
The next great change in
Ottoman calligraphy came from the style of
1667:
1399:
1113:
478:
418:
410:
385:
251:
100:
1819:
1424:
645:. For example, the epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his
529:, assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed
1814:
1584:
1558:
1239:
1234:
993:
624:
474:
434:
369:
300:
280:
164:
134:
1804:
291:" was altered to "Ottoman" when it was transliterated into some
2086:
1563:
1546:
1394:
439:
401:
in the 13th century, when they migrated from their homeland in
263:
50:
642:
602:
587:
583:
414:
307:
into their realm. By the 1350s, they had begun crossing into
42:
1580:
619:
The late calligraphic style of the
Ottomans was created by
513:
retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement
836:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 311-353.
830:
Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451-1522
810:
Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329-1451
392:
361:
816:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp.175-221.
594:, calligraphy became one of the foremost of the arts.
489:
over the course of several centuries, with an advanced
331:
to find other ways to trade with Asians. Following the
299:, gradually began incorporating other Turkish-speaking
867:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
781:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
756:"The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831-1914"
262:, who comprise the majority of the population in the
48:
590:
and Islamic culture has historically tended towards
335:, the Ottoman Turkish identity ceased to exist; the
295:
over time. The Ottoman principality, expanding from
468:
959:
266:, which was established shortly after the end of
2137:
785:. Princeton University Press. pp. 167–188.
525:and negotiated the significantly more favorable
521:on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the
206:Among peasantry and non-elite urban population.
871:. Princeton University Press. pp. 67–68.
832:". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.).
812:". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.).
319:, which had served as the capital city of the
1009:
447:
422:
274:
180:Muslims of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the
31:
473:The Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the
1016:
1002:
592:discouraging or prohibiting figurative art
193:Muslims of Anatolia and some parts of the
954:
869:"Europe and the Islamic World: A History"
747:
517:on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the
360:
287:alongside the Ottoman Empire; the name "
783:Europe and the Islamic World: A History
538:
393:Migration to Anatolia from Central Asia
2138:
997:
167:of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the
962:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition
857:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
753:
627:script as well as the Nesih script.
442:(present-day İznik) and crossed the
327:and Europe. This development forced
311:and eventually came to dominate the
254:in the 13th century and founded the
83:Regions with significant populations
397:The Ottomans first became known to
13:
1441:(reform and constitutional period)
1023:
703:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire
429:. Ertugrul, leader of the nomadic
413:. The Ottoman Turks established a
14:
2162:
1329:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1292:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
982:
849:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
333:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1324:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
469:Ottoman Empire until World War I
446:in 1362. All coins unearthed in
89:
41:
1405:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
966:. University of Chicago Press.
885:
860:
839:
515:abolished the Ottoman sultanate
47:Painting of an Ottoman Turkish
1146:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
893:"Turkish Constitution of 1924"
845:Bréhier, Louis René. (1912). "
819:
799:
577:
339:, which was written using the
209:
200:
187:
174:
158:
1:
2151:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
735:
565:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
357:History of the Turkish people
937:Resources in other libraries
899:(in Turkish). Archived from
740:
343:, developed into the modern
7:
1590:Vassal and tributary states
672:
654:
507:Turkish War of Independence
505:. Following the successful
421:, the capital of which was
49:
10:
2167:
911:
658:
634:
562:
558:
461:'s well-defended capital,
417:in Western Anatolia under
354:
350:
2104:
2064:
2036:
2003:
1904:
1859:
1850:
1767:
1733:
1683:
1611:
1602:
1539:
1471:
1433:
1372:
1361:
1264:
1255:
1163:
1156:
1109:Decline and modernization
1031:
932:Resources in your library
630:
551:, which was based on the
527:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
511:Turkish national movement
368:from 1579/1580 depicting
153:
146:
141:
128:
123:
112:
107:
87:
82:
65:
60:
40:
29:
1637:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1173:Foreign Affairs Ministry
684:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
679:Ottoman Turkish language
380:around 1299. Located at
337:Ottoman Turkish language
30:
1630:Agha of the Janissaries
1277:List of Ottoman sultans
754:Shaw, Stanford (1978).
407:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
1832:Science and technology
1282:Roman succession claim
897:T.C. Anayasa Mahkemesi
574:standard of opulence.
485:(excluding Iran), and
448:
423:
389:
317:fall of Constantinople
275:
239:
32:
1705:Dragoman of the Fleet
1420:Dragoman of the Porte
1210:Armenian Constitution
1097:Stagnation and reform
851:Catholic Encyclopedia
457:captured the reduced
382:Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi
364:
355:Further information:
142:Related ethnic groups
114:Old Anatolian Turkish
1425:Outer Palace Service
1341:Inner Palace Service
539:Definition of a Turk
509:that ended with the
182:Vilayet of the Hejaz
169:Vilayet of the Hejaz
1620:Classic period army
1461:Chamber of Deputies
1436:Imperial Government
648:Alexander the Great
607:Islamic calligraphy
341:Perso-Arabic script
250:, they migrated to
244:Turkic ethnic group
26:
16:Turkic ethnic group
1247:Translation Office
1131:2nd Constitutional
1119:1st Constitutional
1073:Sultanate of Women
903:on 26 August 2011.
637:Turkish literature
519:Republic of Turkey
390:
372:, who founded the
347:Turkish language.
293:European languages
283:, who founded the
264:Republic of Turkey
246:. Originally from
24:
2133:
2132:
2100:
2099:
2092:Star and crescent
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1598:
1597:
1535:
1534:
1287:Ottoman Caliphate
1168:Foreign relations
956:Itzkowitz, Norman
918:Library resources
878:978-0-691-14705-5
792:978-0-691-14705-5
713:Ottoman Armenians
661:Ottoman miniature
553:1921 Constitution
549:1924 Constitution
535:(National Pact).
366:Ottoman miniature
329:Western Europeans
313:Mediterranean Sea
228:
227:
72:12,590,352 (1884)
69:15,044,846 (1914)
2158:
1864:Social structure
1857:
1856:
1710:Imperial Arsenal
1609:
1608:
1443:
1382:
1380:(classic period)
1375:Imperial Council
1370:
1369:
1262:
1261:
1161:
1160:
1018:
1011:
1004:
995:
994:
977:
965:
905:
904:
889:
883:
882:
864:
858:
843:
837:
823:
817:
803:
797:
796:
778:
772:
771:
751:
569:The conquest of
523:Treaty of Sèvres
459:Byzantine Empire
451:
428:
405:westward to the
321:Byzantine Empire
303:and non-Turkish
278:
240:Osmanlı Türkleri
220:
213:
207:
204:
198:
191:
185:
178:
172:
162:
95:
93:
92:
75:7,000,000 (1831)
61:Total population
54:
45:
35:
33:Osmanlı Türkleri
27:
23:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2146:Ottoman dynasty
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2096:
2060:
2032:
1999:
1900:
1889:Ottoman Turkish
1846:
1755:
1729:
1679:
1674:Modernized army
1658:Sekban-i Djedid
1594:
1531:
1486:Shaykh al-Islām
1467:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1272:Ottoman dynasty
1251:
1152:
1027:
1022:
985:
980:
974:
947:Primary sources
943:
942:
941:
926:
925:
921:
914:
909:
908:
891:
890:
886:
879:
865:
861:
844:
840:
824:
820:
804:
800:
793:
779:
775:
752:
748:
743:
738:
675:
663:
657:
639:
633:
580:
567:
561:
541:
471:
395:
384:in the city of
359:
353:
315:. In 1453, the
224:
223:
214:
210:
205:
201:
192:
188:
179:
175:
163:
159:
154:
133:
118:Ottoman Turkish
116:
90:
88:
78:
56:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Nizam-i Djedid
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1576:Mutasarrifates
1573:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Reis ül-Küttab
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:Palace Schools
1348:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1299:Imperial Harem
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1268:
1266:
1265:House of Osman
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:Decline thesis
1080:Transformation
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:Constantinople
1058:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:Ottoman Empire
1021:
1020:
1013:
1006:
998:
992:
991:
984:
983:External links
981:
979:
978:
972:
951:
950:
949:
940:
939:
934:
928:
927:
916:
915:
913:
910:
907:
906:
884:
877:
859:
847:Turkish Empire
838:
826:İnalcık, Halil
818:
806:İnalcık, Halil
798:
791:
773:
745:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
725:
720:
718:Ottoman Greeks
715:
710:
700:
699:
698:
696:Turkish people
691:Turkic peoples
688:
687:
686:
674:
671:
659:Main article:
656:
653:
635:Main article:
632:
629:
599:Şeyh Hamdullah
579:
576:
571:Constantinople
563:Main article:
560:
557:
540:
537:
470:
467:
463:Constantinople
394:
391:
378:Ottoman Empire
374:House of Osman
352:
349:
285:House of Osman
260:Turkish people
256:Ottoman Empire
226:
225:
222:
221:
219:and by elites.
208:
199:
186:
173:
156:
155:
151:
150:
148:Turkish people
144:
143:
139:
138:
126:
125:
121:
120:
110:
109:
105:
104:
97:Ottoman Empire
85:
84:
80:
79:
77:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
46:
38:
37:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2163:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Ottoman court
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Naval battles
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:Kapudan Pasha
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:Reform period
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Haseki sultan
1307:
1305:
1304:Valide sultan
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:United States
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:Classical Age
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Osman's Dream
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
990:
987:
986:
975:
973:0-226-38806-9
969:
964:
963:
957:
953:
952:
948:
945:
944:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
924:
923:Ottoman Turks
919:
902:
898:
894:
888:
880:
874:
870:
863:
856:
852:
848:
842:
835:
831:
827:
822:
815:
811:
807:
802:
794:
788:
784:
777:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
746:
729:
728:Ottoman Kurds
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:Ottoman Arabs
706:
705:
704:
701:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
676:
670:
667:
662:
652:
650:
649:
644:
638:
628:
626:
622:
621:Mustafa Râkim
617:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
575:
572:
566:
556:
554:
550:
546:
536:
534:
533:
532:Misak-ı Milli
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
464:
460:
456:
450:
445:
441:
436:
432:
427:
426:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Ottoman Turks
218:
212:
203:
196:
190:
183:
177:
170:
166:
161:
157:
152:
149:
145:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
111:
106:
102:
98:
86:
81:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
53:
52:
44:
39:
34:
28:
25:Ottoman Turks
19:
2122:
2117:Bibliography
2115:
2108:
2077:Coat of arms
2051:Christianity
2005:Demographics
1988:of Armenians
1929:Illumination
1914:Architecture
1795:Central bank
1746:Conscription
1672:
1663:Mansure Army
1646:
1618:
1525:Hakham Bashi
1493:Christianity
1440:
1390:Grand Vizier
1379:
1231:Civil codes
1205:Constitution
1051:Ghaza thesis
961:
922:
901:the original
896:
887:
868:
862:
854:
850:
841:
833:
821:
813:
801:
782:
776:
759:
749:
723:Ottoman Jews
668:
664:
646:
640:
618:
611:
596:
581:
568:
542:
530:
487:North Africa
472:
403:Central Asia
396:
272:
248:Central Asia
231:
229:
211:
202:
189:
176:
160:
21:Ethnic group
18:
1944:Shadow play
1790:Agriculture
1783:Reformation
1779:Enlargement
1625:Janissaries
1334:Kizlar Agha
1319:Hanımefendi
1314:Kadınefendi
1126:Dissolution
1056:Interregnum
989:BBC website
614:Hâfiz Osman
578:Calligraphy
503:partitioned
483:Middle East
444:Dardanelles
268:World War I
130:Sunni Islam
2140:Categories
1961:Literature
1874:Ottomanism
1569:Sanjakbeys
1552:Beylerbeys
1540:Provincial
1257:Government
1220:Family law
736:References
431:Kayı tribe
305:Christians
217:literature
137:(minority)
132:(majority)
2013:Armenians
1978:Education
1934:Miniature
1884:Languages
1869:Devshirme
1842:Transport
1642:Timariots
1508:Bulgarian
1400:Kazaskers
1362:Central (
1346:Kapi Agha
1215:Electoral
1141:Abolition
1136:Partition
828:(1989). "
808:(1989). "
760:Cambridge
741:Citations
465:in 1453.
455:Mehmed II
345:Latinized
242:) were a
108:Languages
2124:Category
2038:Religion
1951:Clothing
1837:Taxation
1800:Currency
1741:Aviation
1715:Admirals
1668:Hamidieh
1604:Military
1585:Kadiluks
1559:Vilayets
1513:Armenian
1451:Assembly
1188:Treaties
1157:Politics
1114:Tanzimat
958:(1980).
673:See also
655:Painting
582:Because
479:Caucasus
419:Ertugrul
411:Anatolia
399:the West
386:Istanbul
376:and the
252:Anatolia
124:Religion
101:Anatolia
2110:Outline
2065:Symbols
2056:Judaism
1983:Schools
1956:Cuisine
1919:Mosques
1906:Culture
1896:Slavery
1852:Society
1815:Sultani
1776:By era
1769:Economy
1751:Weapons
1564:Sanjaks
1547:Eyalets
1520:Judaism
1473:Millets
1410:Nişancı
1395:Viziers
1240:Halakha
1235:Mecelle
1178:Safavid
1090:Köprülü
1033:History
912:Sources
559:Culture
475:Balkans
370:Osman I
351:History
301:Muslims
281:Osman I
276:Osmanlı
236:Turkish
195:Balkans
165:Muslims
135:Alevism
2087:Tughra
2072:Anthem
2018:Greeks
1971:Poetry
1456:Senate
1225:Düstur
970:
920:about
875:
789:
768:162768
766:
631:Poetry
499:Allies
481:, the
477:, the
440:Nicaea
415:beylik
309:Europe
99:(esp.
94:
55:, 1657
51:sipahi
2046:Islam
2028:Women
1995:Media
1966:Prose
1939:Music
1820:Kuruş
1734:Other
1725:Ships
1581:Kazas
1503:Ullah
1481:Islam
1364:Porte
1102:Tulip
764:JSTOR
643:gazel
625:sülüs
603:Nesih
588:Quran
584:Islam
545:Turks
449:Söğüt
435:Osman
425:Söğüt
297:Söğüt
289:Osman
279:from
2082:Flag
2023:Jews
1925:Art
1825:Lira
1810:Para
1805:Akçe
1698:List
1685:Navy
1612:Army
1193:Wars
1046:Rise
968:ISBN
873:ISBN
787:ISBN
501:and
495:navy
493:and
491:army
325:Asia
230:The
1498:Rūm
1200:Law
609:).
409:in
215:In
2142::
1651::
1623::
895:.
855:15
853:.
762:.
758:.
270:.
238::
1583:/
1366:)
1017:e
1010:t
1003:v
976:.
881:.
795:.
770:.
388:.
234:(
197:.
184:.
171:.
103:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
