1463:
27 of the
Constitution, has not so far been used. The President cannot initiate a referendum, but must wait for an application by a majority of the Seanad (Senate) and one-third of the DĂĄil. Generally, owing to the way in which the Seanad is elected, the Government's coalition controls a majority of the seats, and strong party discipline means that Senators rarely go against their own party, so getting Seanad support for a referendum is difficult. If the Seanad were to be reformed, this power could potentially become much more significant. Similarly, the President has a latent role in resolving disputes between the DĂĄil and the Seanad. The President may convene a special committee to resolve questions of privilege between the DĂĄil and the Seanad with regard to
480:, though some cabinets in the 19th century proved extremely short-lived. In earlier times, if a prime minister died, became incapacitated, or resigned unexpectedly, a governor-general might be able to choose a temporary prime minister from among several senior ministers, while the governing party decided on a new leader who would then be duly appointed prime minister. Today, however, the practice of appointing â on prime-ministerial advice â a permanent deputy prime minister, who becomes acting prime minister when needed, has largely removed even this discretion from the governor-general.
3557:
3569:
282:. Campbell initially refused to redistribute ministerial portfolios on the sole advice of the premier, who lacked the confidence of his cabinet. Subsequently, during a period when Queensland had a "Premier who is not leader" and the governing party had a "Leader who is not Premier", there was speculation on the potential exercise of vice-regal reserve power by Campbell, in dismissing the premier in the absence of a parliamentary
669:, but beyond the appointment of a prime minister, there are in practice few circumstances in modern British government where these prerogatives could be justifiably exercised; they have rarely been exercised in the last century. In October 2003 the Government made public the following prerogatives but it said at the time that a comprehensive catalogue of prerogative powers could not be supplied:
1060:, who, in this instance, represents the whole Cortes Generales) before nominating his candidate for the presidency, according to Section 99 of Title IV. Often minor parties form part of a larger major party, and through that membership it can be said that the monarch fulfills the constitutional mandate of consulting with party representatives with Congressional representation.
499:
called by the governor or governor-general. However, all elections since responsible government was introduced, including snap elections, have been requested by the incumbent premier or prime minister, and are accordingly not examples of use of the reserve powers. A prime minister who has lost the confidence of the House will conventionally either advise a
472:. Finally, it may happen if a Prime Minister is maneuvered out of their position by their own party, retires or resigns for personal reasons, or dies in office. Though the power of appointment is listed among the reserve powers, in fact the governor-general abides by strict conventions, and has always appointed the leader of the dominant faction in the
899:"arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions", and invests the monarch with the responsibility of overseeing that the forms of the constitution are observed. It is through this constitutional language that wider "reserve powers" are granted to the monarch. It is through this clause and his position as commander-in-chief of the
554:, refused to make the appointments, until the Colonial Office intervened in Ballance's favour. This incident markedly reduced the discretionary powers of the Governor. Though these remained the same in law for the time being, later Governors and governments considered that there would be far fewer scenarios in which their use would be appropriate.
140:, have stated that reserve powers are a good thing in that they allow for a head of state to handle an unforeseen crisis and that the use of convention to limit the use of reserve powers allows for more gradual and subtle constitutional evolution than is possible through formal amendment of a written constitution. Others, such as
573:, but also by many in Muldoon's own party and cabinet. At the time, the option of Beattie dismissing Muldoon and replacing him, without waiting for Muldoon's resignation, was reportedly discussed. Muldoon eventually relented under pressure from his own cabinet, making the use of Beattie's reserve powers unnecessary.
495:" or "during the Governor-General's pleasure". Conventionally, the governor-general follows the advice of the prime minister or another appropriate minister in matters of appointment and dismissal. Likewise, by convention, the Government as a whole remains in office as long as it keeps the confidence of the House.
1171:. The King, however, is not subordinate to the Government and thus could play an independent role as moral authority, but the prevailing convention, expressed in the preparatory works of the 1974 Instrument of Government, is that the King should stay away from anything which could reasonably be interpreted as
132:. In such an order, the reserve powers are thought to be the means by which the monarch and his or her viceregal representatives can legitimately exist as "constitutional guardians" or "umpires", tasked with guaranteeing that Cabinet and parliament adhere to the fundamental constitutional principles of the
823:, leader of the Labour Party, which had the largest number of seats in the Commons but not an overall majority, to attempt to form a government. Subsequently, Wilson asked that if the government were defeated on the floor of the House of Commons, the Queen would grant a dissolution, which she agreed to.
1458:
By the second of these powers, the
President may refuse to assent to legislation passed by Parliament when he or she considers it to be unconstitutional. The President refers the matter to the Supreme Court, which makes the final decision. This power has been used several times by various Presidents.
1454:
cannot automatically expect to appeal to the people by calling a general election. The question of whether or not the
Taoiseach has lost the confidence of the DĂĄil could be a discretionary matter for the President to decide â in principle, the President could refuse to dissolve the DĂĄil on the advice
1108:
outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to
Article 91, within fifteen days that a bill has been passed by the Cortes Generales, the monarch shall give assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum on the advice of the president
503:
and new elections, or tender their resignation. If a defeated prime minister refuses to do either of these two things, the governor-general could use the reserve powers to either dismiss the prime minister (see above), or dissolve
Parliament without the prime minister's advice. Likewise, if the prime
531:
argue any refusal of royal assent would lead to a constitutional crisis. Others, such as
Professor Philip Joseph, believe the Governor-General does retain the power to refuse royal assent to Bills in exceptional circumstances - such as the abolition of democracy. A similar controversial power is the
171:
to give his royal assent, only the second time in
Belgium's history the monarch elected to do so. Instead, he requested that the cabinet declare him unable to reign for a day, which it did, thereby assuming the king's constitutional powers. All members of the government then signed the bill, passing
1462:
In addition to these powers, the
President has various other discretionary powers in the Constitution, which are of lesser political significance (in normal circumstances). The President may decide to call a referendum on legislation "of great national significance". This power, granted by Article
507:
A governor-general can also refuse a prime minister's request to dissolve
Parliament and hold elections. If a prime minister has been defeated by a vote of no confidence, a refusal by the governor-general to dissolve Parliament would, in effect, force the prime minister to resign and make way for a
382:
to dissolve the legislature and call a new election only 51 days after the recent provincial election. Clark had advised
Guichon to dissolve the legislature as, in her view, the appointment of a Speaker would have resulted in frequent tie votes and an untenable position. Guichon refused this advice
1088:
explicitly says that the monarch is not subject to any responsibility but for his acts to be valid must be endorsed by the Government and will not be valid without such an endorsement. The only exception is that the monarch is free to appoint and remove the members of private and military advisors
922:
The King is Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and exercises the
1732:
and Greg Roberts, âAhern leads, but Joh rulesâ, Sydney Morning Herald, 27 November 1987. Cited in Geoff Barlow & JF Corkery, "Sir Walter Campbell Queensland Governor and his role in Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen's resignation, 1987", 23. Owen Dixon Society eJournal (Gold Coast, Queensland: Bond
498:
The governor-general can also dissolve Parliament and call elections without prime-ministerial advice. Dissolving Parliament and calling for elections is part of the governor-general's normal duties; every parliamentary dissolution and subsequent general election in New Zealand's history has been
120:
royal assent, in effect, amounts to a decision to neither grant nor refuse assent, but to delay taking a decision for an undetermined period). There are usually strict constitutional conventions concerning when these powers may be used, and these conventions are enforced by public pressure. Using
1070:
After each renewal of the Congress and the other cases provided for under the Constitution, the King shall, after consultation with the representatives appointed by the political groups with parliamentary representation, and through the Speaker of the Congress, nominate for the Presidency of the
152:
In Belgium a constitutional provision explicitly states that no act of the monarch is valid without the signature of a member or members of the government, which thereby becomes solely responsible, hence excluding any reserve power for the crown. In legal terminology, a competence vested in 'the
156:
Constitutional precedence has even established the unwritten but binding rule that the Monarch must give assent to any parliamentary decision, regardless of any other considerations (which can only be advanced in private audience with government members, not imposed), as soon as the government
627:
exercises his powers "only in accordance with the advice of (a) the Cabinet; or (b) the Prime Minister except where he is required to act (c) in accordance with the advice of any other person or authority or (e) in his own deliberate judgment (in which case he shall exercise an independent
647:
could be introduced, and a new government formed. Prime Minister Telavi responded that, under the Constitution, he was only required to convene Parliament once a year (for a vote on the budget), and was thus under no obligation to summon it until December. The Opposition turned to the
435:
affairs. They also had a real choice in selecting premiers â parliaments of the period being composed of independent members who formed loose and shifting factions â and were not always obliged to act on the advice of their ministers. As New Zealand's political system matured, the
440:
increasingly instructed the governors to follow the advice of local ministers, and the powers of the office have continually shrunk. Important remnants of these early powers remain. The governor-general has a number of reserve powers, which may be used on behalf of King
1455:
of a Taoiseach who has not yet been defeated in a vote of no-confidence, but who appears likely to be defeated were such a vote to be held. This power has not so far been used, but it could be a crucial power in the event of the collapse of a governing coalition.
476:. The governor-general retains the theoretical power to appoint as prime minister a member of the House of Representatives who clearly does not have the support of a majority of MPs, but no governor-general has sought to use this power since New Zealand gained
1227:
for all decisions except the appointment of the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice. However, the President has the authority to dissolve the government or parliament, grant pardon to criminals, block bills/budgets by the legislature or declare an emergency.
144:, believe or believed that reserve powers are vestigial and potentially open to abuse. Evatt felt that the reserve powers could be codified and still serve their intended function in a responsible government system, as they do in Ireland, Japan, and Sweden.
412:
stated "the reserve power is indeed, under our Constitution, an absolutely essential safeguard of democracy. It takes the place of the legal and judicial safeguards provided in the United States by written Constitutions, enforceable in the courts."
1628:
In the Constitution, as interpreted by the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court (judgment no. 9 of 1970 ), parliamentary immunity is not a subjective right of the individual member of Parliament, but a prerogative of the Parliament as a
1538:
The President of the Republic can refuse to sign laws he deems clearly against the Constitution, while less obvious cases are dealt with later on by the Constitutional Court. If the rejected law is passed again by a majority in the
1470:
The exercise of these powers is entirely at the President's discretion, for which the President is neither legally nor politically responsible. However, prior to their exercise, the President is bound, in most cases, to consult the
1435:
However, the President has certain reserve powers, also known as "discretionary powers" in Ireland, which can be exercised by the President at his or her discretion â without, or even contrary to, the Government's advice.
1077:
The candidate nominated in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing subsection shall submit to the Congress the political program of the Government he or she intends to form and shall seek the confidence of the
1328:" (parliament). Article 81 of the German constitution states the possibility that the President can by this means keep a government capable of action even in case of loss of a constructive majority in the Bundestag.
3243:
1112:
No provision within the Constitution invests the monarch with the ability to veto legislation directly, however no provision forbids the denial of royal assent â effectively a veto. When the media asked King
2907:
512:
for factors which might guide the governor-general in making a decision on whether or not to grant a dissolution in those circumstances. A governor-general could also legally refuse a request for a
1467:, and with regard to speeding the passage of urgent bills through the Seanad. Again, owing to the method by which the Seanad is elected, disputes of this nature tend not to emerge in practice.
1378:
The President has the right to refuse his signature to laws passed by the parliament (veto) in certain circumstances. These may be formal errors in the law-making process or violations of the
1009:
g. To be informed of the affairs of State and, for this purpose, to preside over the meetings of the Council of Ministers whenever, he sees fit, at the President of the Government's request.
1300:
criticized Article 16 for allowing an ambitious politician the opportunity to become a dictator. However, he made no move to put away his reserve powers after he himself became president.
340:
to no longer recognize Tupper as prime minister and disapprove of several appointments Tupper had recommended. On the second occasion, which took place in 1925 and came to be known as the
1211:
or regulation bypassing the normal processes. In most states, the head of state's ability to exercise reserve powers is explicitly defined and regulated by the text of the constitution.
200:, formally establishing the autonomy and equal status of Commonwealth governments, governors-general ceased to be advised in any way by the British government. For example, the first
1394:
The President has the right to pardon criminals for federal crimes with the countersignature of a member of the cabinet. The refusal of a pardon does not need a countersignature.
851:
that had defeated the country. It states that sovereignty rests with the Japanese citizenry, not the Emperor who is merely the symbol of the State and the unity of the people.
228:
While the reserve power to dismiss a government has not been used in the United Kingdom since 1834, this power has been exercised more recently in Australia, on two occasions:
1270:(which has always been an inspiration for the successive French Republics), to give six months of dictatorial power to a citizen in case of an imminent danger of invasion.
3121:
2184:
793:
460:
and the related power to accept a prime minister's resignation. This power is exercised every time a general election results in a change of government, most recently
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3211:
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3201:
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The inspiration for this disposition in the Constitution was the institutional chaos and lack of government authority which contributed to the French debacle in the
337:
3423:
3081:
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minister tenders their resignation, the governor-general could theoretically refuse to accept it, and dissolve Parliament against the Prime Minister's advice.
2353:
1155:
does not have any constitutional responsibility for the governance of the Realm, with strictly ceremonial and representative functions remaining. Under the
953:
and independent. Receiving government advice does not necessarily bind the monarch into executing said advice, except where prescribed by the Constitution.
523:) no longer has the power to refuse royal assent to any bill properly passed by the House of Representatives â former law professor and Prime Minister Sir
1339:
and asks the President to do so. The German President has exercised this right three times since the founding of the Federal Republic in 1949. President
648:
Governor-General. On 3 July, Italeli exercised his reserve powers in ordering Parliament to convene, against the Prime Minister's wishes, on 30 July.
643:, which gave the Opposition a majority of one in Parliament. The Opposition immediately called for the government to reconvene Parliament, so that a
2648:
3259:
772:", where direct monarchical assent is required for a bill affecting, directly or by implication, the prerogative, hereditary revenuesâincluding
1379:
1309:
1251:
to exercise exceptional powers in case of a national emergency. During this time, the President may not use his prerogative to dissolve the
3291:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2864:
2859:
1651:
946:
1391:. The president can also dissolve the Bundestag if no candidate won the absolute majority of the members of parliament after three votes.
2854:
2734:
519:
The power to withhold royal assent to Bills is controversial. Many constitutional commentators believe that the governor-general (or the
1815:
949:
established by Juan Carlos I, the monarch exercises prerogatives after having solicited government advice, while remaining politically
1784:
2831:
2826:
2668:
1546:
Given his monocratic nature, this organ joins in itself prerogatives that in all other collegial organs are attributed collectively.
1432:. For the most part, these ceremonial duties may be performed only on the authority, and with the binding advice, of the Government.
681:
might refuse to dissolve Parliament if she could identify an alternative prime minister able to command a cross-party majority. See
586:
259:
In both cases an election was held very soon afterwards and, again in both cases, the dismissed government was massively defeated by
2261:
1946:
153:
King' thus very often means the government, as opposed to formal laws which require a (sometimes qualified) parliamentary majority.
3227:
2673:
217:
201:
208:, was instructed by the British Dominions Office in 1922 to withhold the royal assent on any bill passed by the two houses of the
3028:
660:
598:
488:
2601:
746:
To delay a bill's assent through the use of his or her reserve powers in near-revolutionary situations, thereby vetoing the bill
3312:
2821:
2045:
703:
To dismiss a prime minister and his or her government on the monarch's own authority. This was last done in Britain in 1834 by
558:
391:
357:
2181:
1037:
has been announced by the monarch, political parties nominate their candidates to stand for the presidency of the government.
605:. The situation was resolved when Queen Elizabeth II, at the request of Simmonds, terminated Inniss's commission as governor.
3339:
2341:
2139:
1316:
to prevent a situation in which the executive could effectively rule without legislative approval, which was the case in the
252:
635:
was requested by the Opposition to act without (and indeed against) the Prime Minister's advice. On 28 June, Prime Minister
324:
The reserve power of dismissal has never been used in Canada, although other reserve powers have been employed to force the
3453:
2641:
1729:
473:
3536:
1616:
172:
it into law. The bicameral legislature approved a proposition that Baudouin was capable of reigning again the next day.
2218:
1975:
1927:
1715:
1049:
673:
To refuse to dissolve Parliament when requested by the prime minister. This was last reputedly considered in 1910, but
547:
289:
These are among several exercises of the reserve powers in Australia in the 20th century at state and federal levels.
3307:
2849:
2166:
2114:
1484:
1324:. However, in case of a "legislative emergency" the German President can accept legislation without approval of the "
1255:
and call early elections. He must still consult the Prime Minister, the leaders of both houses of Parliament and the
469:
461:
2693:
1256:
551:
3573:
3392:
2714:
2634:
602:
543:
428:
422:
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1534:
can call for new elections for both or only one of the chambers, except during the last six months of his term.
796:, which sought to transfer from the monarch to Parliament the power to authorise military strikes against Iraq.
674:
614:
333:
168:
1517:
1285:
ruled itself incompetent to judge measures of a legislative nature issued by the President under Article 16.
1001:
457:
246:
1139:
86:) or a wholly written constitution that consists of a text augmented by additional conventions, traditions,
3488:
3302:
2243:
2098:
1372:
1224:
1053:
750:
524:
492:
395:
249:
213:
2077:"On the Constitution of New Zealand: An Introduction to the Foundations of the Current Form of Government"
2046:"On the Constitution of New Zealand: An Introduction to the Foundations of the Current Form of Government"
1235:, the President's power expanded dramatically; effectively (s)he is no longer a ceremonial head of state.
483:
The governor-general has a number of other legal powers. They may dismiss an incumbent prime minister and
3442:
2964:
2709:
1824:, "Griffith, Barton and the early governor-generals: aspects of Australia's constitutional development",
1403:
1022:
i. To exercise the right of clemency in accordance with the law, which may not authorize general pardons.
863:(the elected supreme federal ruler, commonly glossed as âKingâ) has no reserve powers. Article 40 of the
345:
233:
193:
62:
in a parliamentary system, and most reserve powers are usable only in certain exceptional circumstances.
50:(or their representative) without the approval of another branch or part of the government. Unlike in a
800:
These powers could be exercised in an emergency such as a constitutional crisis (such as surrounded the
516:
from a prime minister in whom the House has confidence, but such a refusal would be extremely unlikely.
2999:
2943:
2719:
1919:
1868:
1472:
1359:. Both Brandt and Kohl were reelected with larger majorities. Most recently, on 1 July 2005, President
1118:
1048:), and other circumstances provided for in the Constitution, the monarch meets with and interviews the
876:
754:
741:
640:
624:
532:
ability to refuse to make Orders and regulations advised by the Government or by individual Ministers.
318:
3361:
3344:
2793:
1417:
does not possess executive powers: executive powers are held by the Government, which is headed by a
1282:
500:
361:
98:
1897:
2798:
2776:
1443:
Refusing to dissolve the DĂĄil on the advice of a Taoiseach who has lost the confidence of the DĂĄil.
1336:
1252:
1164:
864:
325:
197:
31:
2488:
941:, Article 117, Articles 122 through 124, outlines the monarch's role in the country's independent
453:
reigns, but the government rules, so long as it has the support of the House of Representatives".
3526:
3468:
3356:
2781:
2729:
2678:
2321:
1528:
1503:
1429:
1220:
992:
749:
To refuse the royal assent of a parliamentary bill on the advice of ministers, last exercised by
644:
520:
465:
408:
cannot work without a formal head of state who is possessed of certain reserve powers." Further,
353:
349:
283:
271:
75:
71:
1663:
1281:
needed those emergency powers to foil a military plot to take over the government. In 1962, the
1183:
Reserve powers can also be written into a republican constitution that separates the offices of
3531:
3483:
3317:
3019:
2808:
2765:
2657:
2308:
1911:
1559:
1244:
1156:
1114:
868:
620:
484:
477:
431:, exercised considerable power, with exclusive authority over some matters such as foreign and
405:
306:
267:
129:
2514:
1297:
535:
There have been a handful of occasions when reserve powers were used, or at least considered.
220:
in 1933, the Irish governor-general was formally advised exclusively by the Irish government.
1884:
1488:
1451:
1196:
1126:
1085:
888:
860:
844:
693:
688:
To appoint a prime minister of his own choosing. This was last done in Britain in 1963 when
582:
332:, refused to step down after his party did not win a majority in the House of Commons during
275:
239:
205:
122:
1838:
677:
later changed his mind. Harold Wilson, leading a minority government in 1974, was told that
3478:
3473:
3413:
2411:
1791:
1555:
1414:
1313:
1232:
1160:
1125:" ("I am the King of Spain, and not that of Belgium") – a reference to King
1015:
900:
872:
682:
601:. Inniss believed that the bill was unconstitutional, and would soon be struck down by the
509:
341:
314:
55:
54:
of government, the head of state (or their representative) is generally constrained by the
27:
3009:
2206:
1943:
8:
3418:
2816:
2452:
2434:
2386:
1540:
1496:
1248:
1204:
988:
848:
368:
321:"to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada."
279:
165:
51:
1368:
788:âor the personal property or interests of the Crown to be heard in Parliament. In 1999,
468:
and resigns instead of advising a dissolution of Parliament; the last such occasion was
3498:
3493:
3458:
3327:
2949:
2786:
2704:
2304:
1572:
1475:, an advisory body consisting of a mixture of senior ex-officio and nominated members.
1188:
1152:
1034:
942:
892:
801:
789:
328:
to resign on two occasions: The first took place in 1896, when the Prime Minister, Sir
302:
189:
2609:
1273:
Article 16 rule has only been exercised once, in 1961, during a crisis related to the
3408:
3371:
2746:
2489:"Don Juan Carlos, sobre el matrimonio gay: 'Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica'"
2337:
2162:
2135:
2110:
2049:
1998:
1971:
1923:
1809:
1711:
1422:
1278:
896:
769:
723:
593:, used his reserve powers to refuse assent to a bill passed by the government of Sir
298:
1293:
912:
216:. However, no such bill was introduced during Healy's period in office. By the time
3322:
3004:
2969:
2959:
2562:
2287:
2193:
1771:
1612:
1587:
1510:
1340:
1263:
1172:
1041:
1004:, to confer civil and military honours and distinctions in conformity with the law.
972:
832:
816:
697:
594:
372:
286:. Ultimately, Campbell was praised for his handling of the undesirable situation.
185:
137:
1382:
inherent to the new law. This reserve power has been used 8 times as of May 2013.
3403:
3349:
2275:
2225:
2188:
2156:
1950:
1821:
1775:
1577:
1317:
1192:
805:
704:
437:
260:
20:
2354:"When and how Parliament meets is outside Agong's powers, says former top judge"
1360:
792:, acting on the advice of the government, refused to signify her consent to the
432:
157:
presents it for royal signature and thus assumes full political responsibility.
3334:
2102:
1321:
1267:
950:
779:
774:
632:
542:
advised the Governor to make several new appointments to the (since abolished)
528:
375:
329:
87:
79:
1385:
The President nominates the first candidate for Chancellor put to vote in the
569:, to make urgent regulations desired not only by the incoming Prime Minister,
128:
Most constitutional monarchies employ a system that includes the principle of
3589:
3561:
3463:
2740:
2325:
2072:
2041:
1990:
1763:
1582:
1352:
1184:
904:
820:
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590:
566:
539:
513:
446:
409:
379:
47:
1133:. The King gave his royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was
2933:
1916:
The Veiled Sceptre: Reserve Powers of Heads of State in Westminster Systems
1759:
1348:
1274:
1097:
976:
and to call for elections under the terms provided for in the Constitution.
840:
812:
804:
of 1909) or in wartime. They would also be very relevant in the event of a
689:
678:
651:
In the end, the Governor-General dismissed the Prime Minister from office.
636:
450:
266:
In Queensland in 1987, during a tense period of leadership succession, the
105:
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2404:
2402:
2400:
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specifies only three powers of the Agong: to reject a request to dissolve
2954:
2626:
2076:
1751:
1703:
1592:
1563:
1464:
1356:
981:
c. To Call for a referendum in the cases provided for in the Constitution
811:
For example, in the hung parliament in 1974, the serving Prime Minister,
570:
565:, had just lost an election, but refused to advise the Governor-General,
562:
442:
384:
236:
141:
136:
and responsible government itself. Some constitutional scholars, such as
133:
59:
2015:
2988:
2724:
2588:
2397:
2329:
2002:
1963:
1266:
in 1940. On a larger scale, this is consistent with a tradition of the
401:
209:
101:
35:
2096:
1869:"Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada"
449:
describes the use of these powers as based on the principle that "The
1864:
1567:
1450:
The first of these means that a Taoiseach who has been defeated by a
1418:
1387:
1325:
923:
functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws
310:
121:
these powers in contravention of tradition would generally provoke a
1428:
The President's powers are principally defined by Article 13 of the
1052:
represented in the Congress of Deputies, and then consults with the
1130:
933:, Article 62, delineates the powers of the monarch, while Title IV
274:, exercised reserve power in declining to follow the advice of the
181:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2278:(1 October 1981). "Modern Royal Assent Procedure at Westminster".
2207:"Parliament needs one yearly meeting only says defiant Tuvalu PM"
1168:
1134:
937:, Article 99, defines the monarch's role in government. Title VI
161:
1096:
Title IV of the Constitution invests the monarch with sanction (
2412:"Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España - Castellano - Error 404"
2372:
1953:". Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Retrieved on 22 April 2007.
1524:
1207:. Reserve powers may include, for instance, the right to issue
1064:
Title IV Government and Administration Section 99(1) & (2)
212:(the Irish parliament) that attempted to change or abolish the
94:
83:
2692:
1439:
The two most politically important discretionary powers are:
1200:
836:
309:, vests all executive power in the country's sovereign. King
895:
to the government, though does state in Article 56 that the
2544:
Musa, ABM (4 August 2011). "Rashtropotir Boiplobic Khoma".
908:
734:
To appoint bishops and archbishops of the Church of England
456:
The most visible reserve powers are the power to appoint a
427:
New Zealand's early governors, the predecessors of today's
184:, until the 1920s, most reserve powers were exercised by a
113:
2429:
2427:
2425:
1173:
partisan politics or criticism of the Government in office
1167:
and other cabinet ministers), which is responsible to the
1100:) and promulgation (publication) of laws, while Title III
794:
Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill
1027:
j. To exercise the High Patronage of the Royal Academies.
843:, the Emperor's role is defined in Chapter I of the 1947
404:, a constitutional scholar, has opined that "a system of
2587:, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Feb., 1963),
2334:
The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State 1922-1997
2107:
Bridled Power: New Zealand's Constitution and Government
815:, attempted to remain in power but was unable to form a
90:, etc., the monarch generally possesses reserve powers.
2934:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867â1982
2422:
1487:'s powers are defined by articles 87 through 90 of the
378:
used her reserve powers to deny the request of Premier
3516:
3441:
1421:(Prime Minister), who is chosen by and accountable to
3018:
2807:
2520:(in Spanish). Boletin Oficial del Estado. 2 June 2005
491:, or any other official who holds office "during the
3221:
Part II â Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
2132:
Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand
1331:Furthermore, the German President can dissolve the
1129:who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising
557:Almost a century later, in 1984, there was a brief
1843:Department of Justice Canada: Justice Laws Website
164:'s abortion laws was approved by parliament, King
2585:The French Experience of Exceptional Powers: 1961
2445:
2070:
2039:
2035:
2033:
1742:Barlow & Corkery "Sir Walter Campbell", 28-29
1058:Presidente de Congreso de los Diputados de España
3587:
3237:Part III â Equalization and regional disparities
3029:Part I â Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2453:"Constitución española de 1978: 08 - Wikisource"
2435:"Constitución española de 1978: 06 - Wikisource"
2387:"Constitución española de 1978: 04 - Wikisource"
1143:on 2 July, and came into effect on 3 July 2005.
665:In the UK, the monarch has numerous theoretical
387:to form a government, becoming the new premier.
2262:"Papers reveal Premier's dilemma in March 1974"
1997:, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, p. 48,
1710:(2 ed.), London: Frank Cass, p. 306,
831:Unlike most other constitutional monarchs, the
464:. It may also be exercised if a prime minister
192:, though the latter took precedence. After the
2741:Report on the Affairs of British North America
2209:, Radio New Zealand International, 2 July 2013
2030:
1839:"Constitution Act, 1867: III. Executive Power"
1683:
1681:
1679:
1495:can send official messages to the chambers of
218:the oath was abolished by the Irish Parliament
78:or partly unwritten constitution (such as the
2642:
2182:"Tuvaluâs Opposition waiting to hear from GG"
2129:
2090:
1558:of state into separate branches, normally an
696:as prime minister, on the advice of outgoing
297:The reserve powers in Canada fall within the
2109:(Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press.
1109:and the previous authorization of Congress.
97:; to dismiss a prime minister; to refuse to
65:
2735:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
1676:
1446:Referring legislation to the Supreme Court.
1404:President of India § Powers and duties
929:The Spanish Constitution of 1978, Title II
603:West Indies Associated States Supreme Court
240:dismissed the Government of New South Wales
2694:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
2656:
2649:
2635:
2336:(Phoenix Paperback 1999 Edition) page 580
1698:
1696:
1652:"Reserve Powers in an Australian Republic"
719:To commission officers in the armed forces
46:, is a power that may be exercised by the
3391:
2158:Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional Law
1863:
1687:
1649:
1191:. This was the case in Germany under the
1159:, the supreme executive authority is the
987:e. To appoint and dismiss members of the
367:At the provincial level, on 29 June 2017
188:on the advice of either the local or the
2314:
2154:
1117:if he would endorse the bill legalizing
1000:f. To issue the decrees approved in the
753:when she withheld royal assent from the
731:To create corporations via royal charter
576:
202:Governor-General of the Irish Free State
3010:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
2903:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
2599:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2274:
1693:
1543:, however, the President must sign it.
1335:(parliament) if the Chancellor loses a
1123:Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica
661:Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom
3588:
2219:"Tuvaluâs parliament convenes July 30"
1989:
1910:
1904:
1814:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1768:Evatt and Forsey on the reserve powers
1516:appoints a third of the judges of the
1320:. In particular, the president cannot
1040:Following the General Election of the
1014:h. To exercise supreme command of the
965:a. To Sanction and promulgate the laws
364:the new parliament, but Byng refused.
175:
3515:
3440:
3390:
3340:Individual ministerial responsibility
3289:
2986:
2932:
2763:
2691:
2630:
2557:
2555:
2064:
2018:. The Governor-General of New Zealand
1944:The Honourable John C. Bowen, 1937â50
1845:. Government of Canada. 29 March 1867
1702:
1504:President of the Council of Ministers
253:dismissed the Commonwealth Government
93:Typically these powers are: to grant
2908:Matters of a local or private nature
2543:
2532:
2241:
1962:
1355:did so at the request of Chancellor
1151:Much like the Emperor of Japan, the
581:A constitutional crisis occurred in
3537:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
1871:. Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada
1756:The King and His Dominion Governors
1708:The King and His Dominion Governors
1312:limits the powers available to the
1054:Speaker of the Congress of Deputies
879:, whom he has no power to dismiss.
762:To deploy the armed forces overseas
561:. The outgoing Prime Minister, Sir
16:Executive power in some governments
13:
3517:Provincial constitutions of Canada
3443:Interpretation of the Constitution
2552:
2244:"Mystery lifted on Queen's powers"
1970:, Toronto: Carswell, p. 253,
623:provides, in article 52, that the
466:loses the confidence of Parliament
14:
3607:
3308:Cabinet collective responsibility
2850:Peace, order, and good government
2764:
1762:, 1967; 3rd ed., introduction by
1758:, 1936; 2nd ed., introduction by
1656:University of Tasmania Law Review
1491:. The President of the Republic:
1485:President of the Italian Republic
1371:. Schröder unexpectedly lost the
835:has no reserve powers. Following
710:To summon and prorogue Parliament
654:
160:In 1990, when a law liberalising
3568:
3567:
3555:
2669:List of constitutional documents
1617:de:BundesprÀsident (Deutschland)
716:To dismiss and appoint ministers
3290:
2593:
2577:
2507:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2346:
2298:
2268:
2254:
2242:Dyer, Clare (21 October 2003).
2235:
2212:
2200:
2175:
2148:
2123:
2008:
1983:
1956:
1936:
1782:, University of London, 1987 -
1622:
1605:
1351:in 1972, and in 1982 President
728:To issue and withdraw passports
423:Governor-General of New Zealand
396:provincial lieutenant governors
390:No modern governor general has
2987:
2777:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
2674:Amendments to the Constitution
1857:
1831:
1745:
1736:
1723:
1643:
970:b. To summon and dissolve the
871:, to convene a meeting of the
631:In 2013, Governor-General Sir
615:Tuvaluan constitutional crisis
416:
245:On 11 November 1975, when the
1:
3424:Other unsuccessful amendments
2320:Letter 10 February 1999 from
2311:, page 373, 2nd edition, 1851
2134:(Second ed.). Brookers.
1636:
1367:at the request of Chancellor
1347:at the request of Chancellor
1214:
1195:and is still the case in the
1157:1974 Instrument of Government
958:It is incumbent upon the King
935:Government and Administration
247:Governor-General of Australia
3489:Interjurisdictional immunity
3313:Disallowance and reservation
2965:Statute of Westminster, 1931
2608:(in Italian). Archived from
2332:; reproduced in Alan Clark,
1968:Constitutional Law of Canada
1425:(House of Representatives).
1178:
1086:Spanish Constitution of 1978
891:does not specifically grant
889:Spanish Constitution of 1978
546:. Two successive Governors,
223:
7:
2865:Matters excepted from s. 92
2602:"Onorevoli intercettazioni"
2600:Buonomo, Giampiero (2013).
1549:
993:President of the Government
854:
765:To ratify and make treaties
713:To command the armed forces
346:William Lyon Mackenzie King
336:, leading Governor General
301:and belong specifically to
234:Governor of New South Wales
10:
3612:
3454:Indigenous self-government
2944:British North America Acts
2730:Constitutional Act of 1791
2720:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2715:Constitution of New France
2161:. Routledge. p. 331.
1920:Cambridge University Press
1650:Winterton, George (1993),
1408:
1401:
1303:
1140:BoletĂn Oficial del Estado
755:Scottish Militia Bill 1708
658:
612:
420:
147:
112:royal assent amounts to a
18:
3549:
3522:
3511:
3449:
3436:
3399:
3386:
3362:Parliamentary sovereignty
3303:At His Majesty's pleasure
3298:
3285:
3252:
3236:
3220:
3027:
2995:
2982:
2939:
2928:
2898:Administration of justice
2893:Property and civil rights
2873:
2840:
2772:
2759:
2700:
2687:
2664:
2515:"Disposiciones Generales"
2495:(in Spanish). 13 May 2006
1529:commutations of sentences
1249:President of the Republic
1238:
1231:During the regime of the
1146:
947:constitutional convention
907:undermined the attempted
608:
501:dissolution of Parliament
358:the Viscount Byng of Vimy
352:in the House of Commons,
292:
232:On 13 May 1932, when the
104:; and to refuse or delay
66:Constitutional monarchies
2799:Fathers of Confederation
2679:Quasi-constitutional law
1662:(2): 252, archived from
1598:
1478:
1397:
1290:Le Coup d'Ătat permanent
882:
826:
759:To declare war and peace
474:House of Representatives
198:1926 Imperial Conference
32:semi-presidential system
19:Not to be confused with
3527:Constitution of Alberta
3469:Equal authenticity rule
3357:Parliamentary privilege
2794:London Conference, 1866
2782:Quebec Conference, 1864
2565:. U.S. State Department
2328:'s press secretary) to
2155:Phillips, Fred (2013).
1780:The Crown and Australia
1509:may appoint up to five
1430:Constitution of Ireland
1221:President of Bangladesh
1050:political party leaders
819:. The Queen then asked
645:motion of no confidence
639:'s government had lost
284:motion of no confidence
3532:Constitution of Quebec
3484:Implied Bill of Rights
3318:Responsible government
3020:Constitution Act, 1982
3000:FultonâFavreau formula
2970:Newfoundland Act, 1949
2960:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
2888:Works and undertakings
2809:Constitution Act, 1867
2658:Constitution of Canada
2309:Parliamentary Practice
2130:Philip Joseph (2002).
1892:Cite journal requires
1257:Constitutional Council
1245:Constitution of France
1223:must consult with the
1082:
1031:
927:
865:Malaysian constitution
621:Constitution of Tuvalu
538:In the 1890s, Premier
478:responsible government
406:responsible government
356:the Governor General,
307:Constitution Act, 1867
268:Governor of Queensland
130:responsible government
3596:Political terminology
3393:Constitutional debate
2705:Iroquois constitution
1489:Constitution of Italy
1452:vote of no-confidence
1402:Further information:
1209:emergency legislation
1197:French Fifth Republic
1127:Baudouin I of Belgium
1062:
955:
919:Title II, Articles 56
917:
875:; and to appoint the
861:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
845:Constitution of Japan
694:Sir Alec Douglas-Home
667:personal prerogatives
641:a crucial by-election
583:Saint Kitts and Nevis
577:Saint Kitts and Nevis
559:constitutional crisis
350:non-confidence motion
123:constitutional crisis
3414:Charlottetown Accord
2710:Mi'kmaq constitution
2016:"The Reserve Powers"
1922:. pp. 432â433.
1556:Separation of powers
1518:Constitutional Court
1415:President of Ireland
1337:motion of confidence
1233:caretaker government
1002:Council of Ministers
901:Spanish Armed Forces
873:Conference of Rulers
847:, as decided by the
742:prerogative of mercy
683:Lascelles Principles
510:Lascelles Principles
338:the Earl of Aberdeen
334:that year's election
196:was produced by the
116:of a bill, while to
3419:Calgary Declaration
2817:Canadian federalism
2292:10.1093/slr/2.3.133
1310:German constitution
1298:François Mitterrand
1205:Republic of Ireland
1102:The Cortes Generals
552:the Earl of Glasgow
544:Legislative Council
508:successor. See the
369:Lieutenant Governor
280:Joh Bjelke-Petersen
272:Sir Walter Campbell
194:Balfour Declaration
176:Commonwealth realms
108:to legislation (to
52:presidential system
44:discretionary power
3499:Dialogue principle
3459:Pith and substance
3328:King-in-Parliament
3253:Part VII â General
2950:Manitoba Act, 1870
2855:Trade and commerce
2787:Quebec Resolutions
2725:Quebec Act of 1774
2606:Golem Informazione
2546:Dainik Prothom Alo
2305:Thomas Erskine May
2280:Statute Law Review
2224:2013-09-21 at the
2187:2014-01-08 at the
1949:2008-12-20 at the
1867:(1 October 1947).
1573:Westminster system
1243:Article 16 of the
1203:republic, and the
1189:head of government
905:King Juan Carlos I
790:Queen Elizabeth II
585:in 1981, when the
548:the Earl of Onslow
383:and instead asked
214:Oath of Allegiance
190:British government
3583:
3582:
3562:Canada portal
3545:
3544:
3507:
3506:
3432:
3431:
3409:Meech Lake Accord
3382:
3381:
3372:Royal prerogative
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
2978:
2977:
2955:Alberta Act, 1905
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2755:
2754:
2747:Act of Union 1840
2583:Martin Harrison,
2457:es.wikisource.org
2439:es.wikisource.org
2391:es.wikisource.org
2342:978-0-7538-0765-1
2141:978-0-86472-399-4
2052:on 9 October 1999
1995:Freedom and Order
1914:(27 April 2018).
1826:Public Law Review
1733:University, 2007)
1511:senators for life
1279:Charles de Gaulle
1253:National Assembly
1163:(composed of the
1106:Drafting of Bills
567:Sir David Beattie
429:governors-general
344:, Prime Minister
299:royal prerogative
3603:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3513:
3512:
3494:Purposive theory
3438:
3437:
3388:
3387:
3323:Fusion of powers
3287:
3286:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3005:Victoria Charter
2984:
2983:
2930:
2929:
2838:
2837:
2805:
2804:
2761:
2760:
2689:
2688:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2597:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2360:. 12 August 2021
2350:
2344:
2318:
2312:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2276:Bennion, Francis
2272:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2230:Islands Business
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2194:Islands Business
2179:
2173:
2172:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2048:. Archived from
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1790:. Archived from
1789:
1772:George Winterton
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1613:German Knowledge
1609:
1588:George Winterton
1473:Council of State
1369:Gerhard Schröder
1341:Gustav Heinemann
1283:Council of State
1264:Battle of France
1042:Cortes Generales
1035:General Election
973:Cortes Generales
893:emergency powers
833:Emperor of Japan
817:working majority
737:To grant honours
698:Harold Macmillan
625:Governor-General
597:, the country's
595:Kennedy Simmonds
487:, an individual
373:British Columbia
342:KingâByng affair
319:governor general
186:governor-general
138:George Winterton
42:, also known as
3611:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3556:
3554:
3541:
3518:
3503:
3445:
3428:
3404:Triple-E Senate
3395:
3378:
3350:Question Period
3294:
3269:
3248:
3232:
3216:
3014:
2991:
2974:
2935:
2912:
2875:
2869:
2842:
2836:
2803:
2768:
2751:
2696:
2683:
2660:
2655:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2416:www.casareal.es
2410:
2409:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2358:malaysianow.com
2352:
2351:
2347:
2319:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2226:Wayback Machine
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2189:Wayback Machine
2180:
2176:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2099:Geoffrey Palmer
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2038:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1961:
1957:
1951:Wayback Machine
1941:
1937:
1930:
1909:
1905:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:Donald Markwell
1807:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:"Archived copy"
1783:
1776:Donald Markwell
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1578:Donald Markwell
1552:
1481:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1375:that followed.
1318:Weimar Republic
1306:
1292:(The Permanent
1241:
1217:
1193:Weimar Republic
1181:
1149:
1121:, he answered "
920:
885:
857:
829:
806:hung parliament
802:People's Budget
768:To refuse the "
705:King William IV
663:
657:
617:
611:
579:
525:Geoffrey Palmer
493:King's pleasure
438:Colonial Office
425:
419:
394:a bill, though
317:permitting the
313:in 1947 issued
295:
237:Sir Philip Game
226:
178:
150:
74:with either an
68:
24:
21:reserved powers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3550:
3547:
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3543:
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3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
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3509:
3508:
3505:
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3491:
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3447:
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3397:
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3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3345:Interpellation
3342:
3337:
3335:Implied repeal
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3279:
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3262:
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3079:
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3054:
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2918:
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2914:
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2911:
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2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2592:
2576:
2551:
2531:
2506:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2444:
2421:
2396:
2371:
2345:
2313:
2297:
2267:
2253:
2234:
2211:
2199:
2174:
2167:
2147:
2140:
2122:
2115:
2103:Matthew Palmer
2089:
2063:
2029:
2007:
1991:Forsey, Eugene
1982:
1977:978-0459239251
1976:
1955:
1935:
1929:978-1107056787
1928:
1903:
1894:|journal=
1856:
1830:
1744:
1735:
1722:
1717:978-0714614717
1716:
1704:Evatt, Herbert
1692:
1688:Winterton 1993
1675:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1551:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1480:
1477:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1410:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1363:dissolved the
1343:dissolved the
1322:rule by decree
1305:
1302:
1268:Roman Republic
1240:
1237:
1225:Prime Minister
1216:
1213:
1180:
1177:
1165:Prime Minister
1153:King of Sweden
1148:
1145:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1006:
997:
984:
978:
967:
945:. However, by
939:Judicial Power
884:
881:
877:Prime Minister
856:
853:
849:foreign powers
828:
825:
798:
797:
780:treasure trove
775:ultimus haeres
770:King's Consent
766:
763:
760:
757:
747:
744:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
724:King's Counsel
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
701:
686:
659:Main article:
656:
655:United Kingdom
653:
633:Iakoba Italeli
628:discretion)".
610:
607:
578:
575:
529:Matthew Palmer
527:and Professor
458:prime minister
421:Main article:
418:
415:
376:Judith Guichon
330:Charles Tupper
326:prime minister
315:Letters Patent
294:
291:
257:
256:
243:
225:
222:
177:
174:
149:
146:
88:letters patent
80:United Kingdom
67:
64:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3608:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Double aspect
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:Reserve power
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:Powers under
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:Confederation
2762:
2758:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2612:on 2012-08-01
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2516:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:Harold Wilson
2323:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2264:. 2005-10-28.
2263:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2232:, 3 July 2013
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2197:, 1 July 2013
2196:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2168:9781135338053
2164:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2116:0-19-558463-5
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2073:Kenneth Keith
2067:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:Kenneth Keith
2036:
2034:
2017:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1797:on 2009-02-25
1793:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Eugene Forsey
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1690:, p. 252
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1666:on 2017-02-16
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Eugene Forsey
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:appoints the
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:Karl Carstens
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:In his book,
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:head of state
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:gay marriages
1116:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1056:(officially,
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
994:
990:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
924:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
852:
850:
846:
842:
839:'s defeat in
838:
834:
824:
822:
821:Harold Wilson
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
795:
791:
787:
786:
785:bona vacantia
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
756:
752:
748:
745:
743:
740:To grant the
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
670:
668:
662:
652:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
622:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Probyn Inniss
588:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:John Ballance
536:
533:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
514:snap election
511:
505:
502:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
447:Kenneth Keith
444:
439:
434:
430:
424:
414:
411:
410:Eugene Forsey
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
388:
386:
381:
380:Christy Clark
377:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
290:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
254:
251:
250:Sir John Kerr
248:
244:
241:
238:
235:
231:
230:
229:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
173:
170:
167:
163:
158:
154:
145:
143:
142:Herbert Evatt
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:head of state
45:
41:
40:reserve power
37:
33:
29:
28:parliamentary
22:
3572:
3553:
3366:
2860:Criminal law
2841:Powers under
2614:. Retrieved
2610:the original
2605:
2595:
2584:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:"Bangladesh"
2545:
2522:. Retrieved
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2478:article 65.2
2474:
2469:article 53.3
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2415:
2390:
2362:. Retrieved
2357:
2348:
2333:
2316:
2300:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2256:
2248:the Guardian
2247:
2237:
2229:
2214:
2202:
2192:
2177:
2157:
2150:
2131:
2125:
2106:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2066:
2056:12 September
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2020:. Retrieved
2010:
1994:
1985:
1967:
1958:
1938:
1915:
1912:Twomey, Anne
1906:
1885:cite journal
1873:. Retrieved
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1825:
1799:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1779:
1767:
1760:Zelman Cowen
1755:
1747:
1738:
1730:Peter Bowers
1725:
1707:
1668:, retrieved
1664:the original
1659:
1655:
1645:
1624:
1607:
1545:
1537:
1482:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1423:DĂĄil Ăireann
1412:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1364:
1361:Horst Köhler
1349:Willy Brandt
1344:
1332:
1330:
1307:
1289:
1287:
1275:Algerian War
1272:
1261:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1182:
1150:
1138:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1104:, Chapter 2
1101:
1098:Royal Assent
1095:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1016:Armed Forces
1013:
1008:
999:
995:'s proposal.
986:
980:
975:
969:
964:
957:
956:
951:non-partisan
938:
934:
930:
928:
921:
918:
886:
858:
841:World War II
830:
813:Edward Heath
810:
799:
783:
773:
690:Elizabeth II
679:Elizabeth II
666:
664:
650:
637:Willy Telavi
630:
618:
580:
556:
537:
534:
518:
506:
497:
482:
455:
426:
400:
389:
366:
323:
296:
288:
265:
261:popular vote
258:
227:
179:
159:
155:
151:
127:
117:
109:
106:royal assent
92:
69:
43:
39:
25:
3479:Living tree
3474:Paramountcy
3292:Conventions
2946:, 1867â1982
2832:Section 125
2827:Section 121
2589:pp. 139-158
1964:Hogg, Peter
1752:H. V. Evatt
1593:H. V. Evatt
1564:legislature
1465:Money Bills
1357:Helmut Kohl
1247:allows the
1115:Juan Carlos
1071:Government.
722:To appoint
571:David Lange
563:Rob Muldoon
443:Charles III
417:New Zealand
385:John Horgan
348:, facing a
303:the monarch
180:Within the
134:rule of law
60:legislature
2989:Patriation
2876:Section 92
2843:Section 91
2616:2016-04-10
2330:Alan Clark
2322:Joe Haines
2286:(3): 138.
2003:B005JL56TA
1801:2009-02-25
1670:2013-01-17
1637:References
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1523:can grant
1497:Parliament
1215:Bangladesh
1161:Government
989:Government
869:Parliament
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613:See also:
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392:disallowed
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2883:Licensing
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