649:
2807:
614:
1051:
1017:
1033:
2831:
2765:
354:
74:
2795:
60:
2727:
107:
2819:
2752:
4390:
2781:
393:
379:
595:
2739:
635:
4379:
768:. In all these cities the Pisans were granted privileges and immunity from taxation, but had to contribute to their defense in case of attack. In the 12th century, the Pisan quarter in the eastern part of Constantinople had grown to 1,000 people. The well-known "Società dei Vermigli" was established in
1153:
With
Florence's domination began an unstoppable decline of the city which, in the past centuries had spread its Romanesque architectural style, even in Sardinian churches. Suffocated the commercial and merchant traffic, which had characterized its efficiency for centuries, some of the most important
1213:(English: Council of Elders) Was a government institution present in multiple italian city-states in the past. It was a council formed by a small number, varying from place to place, of "elders", considered wise, chosen from among the most powerful noble families of the city itself.
668:
The territory subjected to the
Republic of Pisa has had important variations over the centuries. During the period of great political and economic expansion, the republic had its own consoles with commercial farms and warehouses in many seaside cities:
888:, essential outlet to dominate the western Mediterranean, while the area that intersected the Arno with the Valdera was defended by the castles of Appiano, Petriolo, Montecuccoli and finally, by order of foundation, that of
1137:
However, the control of the
Republic by the Visconti did not last long, in fact Pisa maintained its independence and dominion over that part of the Tuscan coast and beyond until 1406, when it was occupied by the mercenaries
511:. When the Pisans subsequently ousted the Genoese from Sardinia, a new conflict and rivalry was born between the two maritime republics. Between 1030 and 1035 Pisa went on to successfully defeat several rival towns in the
1050:
1032:
1016:
864:
The important Pisan port, key to the entire state economy, was defended by some towers on the sea and on the land side by a fortified system of fortresses on the hills behind, having
4459:
1436:
2854:
4429:
492:
467:
The power of Pisa as a mighty maritime nation began to grow and reached its apex in the 11th century when it acquired traditional fame as one of the main historical
546:
granted them the right to name their own consuls, advised by a
Council of Elders. This was simply a confirmation of the present situation, because at the time the
1429:
1088:, fought right in front of the Pisan port, which marked the beginning of the decline of the power of the city, with the renunciation of any claim on
3449:
825:
in 1284, the territory of the
Republic gradually became more continental, limiting itself to the coast and to the immediate hinterland that from
318:
3481:
4112:
3464:
2704:
1422:
487:. It expanded its influence through the sack of Reggio di Calabria in the south of Italy in 1005. Pisa was in continuous conflict with the
4439:
4076:
3006:
2849:
538:
In 1060, Pisa engaged in its first battle against Genoa and the Pisan victory helped to consolidate its position in the
Mediterranean.
452:
secured valuable commercial positions for Pisan traders, thereafter the city grew in wealth and power. Pisa was a historical rival to
4454:
4210:
814:
4117:
3682:
1787:
2894:
4360:
3523:
4157:
3432:
3240:
2089:
1807:
1114:
Given the difficult economic and political situation of the now decadent
Republic, on February 13, 1399, the lord of Pisa
3486:
3349:
2602:
2345:
2293:
4205:
3790:
3417:
3250:
3011:
2484:
2155:
1166:
and the
Upezzinghi, to escape the Florentine domination, emigrated to other Italian city-states, in particular to the
3437:
3412:
3255:
2596:
2204:
528:
484:
4434:
3809:
3090:
2976:
2697:
1445:
106:
3933:
3845:
3692:
3687:
3518:
3386:
2859:
2614:
947:, which served as the cornerstone of the mountain defensive system on the Lucca border that ran from the ancient
648:
1379:
Banchieri e famiglie mercantili nel
Mediterraneo aragonese: l'emigrazione dei pisani in Sicilia nel Quattrocento
3881:
3469:
2946:
2590:
2494:
2438:
1596:
623:
was built during the
Republic's heyday (11th and 12th centuries) and financed by the spoils and loot from the
73:
4132:
3963:
3850:
3381:
3376:
2479:
2413:
2212:
1944:
1867:
1718:
1127:
613:
496:
4464:
3891:
3830:
3815:
3667:
3528:
2981:
980:
713:
543:
542:
recognized in 1077 the new "laws and customs of the sea" instituted by the Pisans, and Holy Roman Emperor
535:. Roger declined due to other commitments. With no land support, the Pisan attack against Palermo failed.
4444:
4235:
3953:
3799:
3581:
3491:
3391:
3277:
3245:
2930:
2690:
2608:
2560:
2251:
1738:
4424:
4290:
3918:
3738:
3645:
3618:
3553:
3427:
2961:
2887:
2554:
2548:
2499:
2489:
1919:
1904:
1767:
968:
920:
231:
4469:
4414:
4320:
4086:
4009:
3973:
2991:
2956:
2951:
2666:
1949:
987:
854:
705:
59:
4419:
4335:
4325:
4305:
4275:
4230:
3928:
3770:
3702:
3672:
3652:
3533:
3209:
3174:
2971:
2572:
1924:
1777:
1713:
1159:
1085:
991:
822:
386:
286:
531:
to conquer Sicily that would last over three decades, with the prospect of a joint attack against
65:
4449:
4215:
3978:
3835:
3805:
3780:
3697:
3657:
3596:
3495:
3260:
3230:
2660:
2335:
2227:
2189:
1684:
1614:
624:
551:
3913:
3901:
3677:
3662:
3354:
2996:
2620:
2566:
2514:
2504:
2340:
2283:
1954:
1143:
1123:
779:
For some years of that century, Pisa was the most prominent merchant and military ally of the
4220:
4147:
4127:
4041:
3990:
3748:
3728:
3538:
3132:
3100:
2986:
2966:
2880:
2584:
2428:
2380:
2366:
2194:
1934:
1847:
1797:
1476:
1459:
563:
4071:
3886:
3775:
3753:
3407:
3305:
3189:
3057:
2632:
2509:
2448:
2433:
2356:
2320:
2276:
2266:
2044:
2016:
1822:
1666:
1564:
1508:
1194:
1147:
900:
457:
372:
299:
1103:
conquest of Sardinia began, which deprived the city of the dominion over the giudicati of
421:) was an independent state existing from the 11th to the 15th century and centered on the
8:
4355:
4345:
4300:
4066:
4031:
4026:
3743:
3364:
3300:
3220:
2654:
2385:
2288:
2271:
2261:
2116:
2039:
1862:
1857:
1792:
1692:
1602:
1395:
956:
932:
877:
195:
523:, provoking more resentment from the Genoese. In 1063, the Pisans approached the Norman
4330:
4315:
4295:
4152:
4093:
4046:
3968:
3825:
3795:
3785:
3760:
3733:
3640:
3633:
3569:
3325:
3320:
3037:
2836:
2811:
2770:
2713:
2578:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2443:
2408:
2403:
2361:
2325:
2184:
2079:
2001:
1974:
1914:
1817:
1802:
1640:
1620:
1184:
784:
733:
725:
468:
4280:
4270:
4142:
4056:
4021:
3948:
3938:
3716:
3586:
3500:
3330:
3310:
3284:
3272:
3067:
3062:
3047:
3042:
3027:
2744:
2423:
2418:
2351:
2310:
2304:
2145:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
1852:
1832:
1782:
1772:
1753:
1189:
1167:
1077:
976:
896:
826:
620:
524:
512:
461:
453:
442:
156:
4350:
4172:
4122:
4103:
4098:
4051:
3958:
3896:
3876:
3864:
3820:
3623:
3603:
3591:
3454:
3052:
2915:
2907:
2823:
2640:
2222:
2217:
2140:
2069:
1939:
1909:
1877:
1733:
1678:
1657:
1635:
1414:
1139:
1115:
948:
846:
810:
780:
757:
721:
709:
694:
598:
578:
awarded Pisa supremacy over Corsica and Sardinia and at the same time elevated the
547:
539:
480:
414:
359:
143:
34:
3422:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4137:
4061:
3923:
3442:
3340:
3225:
3125:
3032:
2731:
2163:
2131:
2126:
2106:
1969:
1929:
1899:
1882:
1842:
1827:
1812:
1743:
1728:
1645:
1625:
1498:
1179:
1100:
838:
579:
483:
the city grew into a very important commercial and naval center and controlled a
133:
2021:
4393:
4340:
4310:
4255:
4162:
4036:
3983:
3943:
3613:
3608:
3459:
3359:
3315:
3267:
3215:
3169:
3137:
3095:
3072:
2799:
2646:
2542:
2536:
2136:
2111:
1984:
1979:
1964:
1959:
1894:
1889:
1872:
1837:
1630:
1608:
1552:
1491:
791:
729:
508:
500:
97:
1234:
4408:
4265:
3906:
3476:
3164:
3142:
3001:
2330:
2168:
1672:
1546:
1518:
1063:
971:. On the Florentine road to block the access to Pisa there was the castle of
908:
865:
769:
745:
659:
575:
555:
550:(the nominal feudal sovereign of Pisa) had already been excluded from power.
434:
273:
4383:
4190:
3995:
3765:
3369:
3235:
3184:
3159:
1703:
1558:
1538:
1081:
1040:
995:
885:
858:
749:
655:
4285:
4225:
4195:
3548:
3179:
2256:
2121:
1281:
A History of the Crusades, Vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
1058:
907:, its borders were very fluctuating having as contested castles those of
583:
245:
3543:
3152:
1276:
1044:– a spoil from one of Pisa's many campaigns against Islamic strongholds
1003:
960:
761:
2780:
429:. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose
2682:
1523:
940:
936:
850:
602:
166:
1283:, ed. Harry W. Hazard (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press), 405.
990:
was administered in the name of the republic by the Pisan counts of
813:
from 1115 to 1184. Pisan merchants were among the initiators of the
594:
4200:
4185:
4180:
4081:
3115:
3110:
2241:
1723:
1528:
1471:
1131:
1104:
1093:
1007:
924:
916:
904:
889:
869:
830:
798:
571:
516:
488:
449:
430:
324:
169:
772:
and was reported in the defense of the city against the attack by
441:
trade for a century, before being surpassed and superseded by the
3147:
2872:
1503:
1464:
1163:
1155:
1108:
1089:
999:
972:
964:
952:
928:
881:
873:
842:
804:
773:
741:
737:
690:
686:
682:
678:
634:
532:
520:
422:
519:
in North Africa. In 1051–1052, Admiral Jacopo Ciurini conquered
3840:
2011:
1403:
1119:
912:
717:
674:
567:
559:
207:
3120:
2903:
1989:
1513:
1486:
944:
765:
753:
698:
670:
640:
The territorial extent of the Republic of Pisa (12th century)
438:
138:
3628:
3105:
1481:
1023:
834:
426:
120:
1265:(in Italian). Biblioteca de Storia Patria. pp. 48–67.
1026:
built by the Republic as a defence against Saracen pirates
562:
in 1088. Four years later, Pisan and Genoese ships helped
491:
for control of the Mediterranean. In alliance with Genoa,
1118:
sold the city and the countryside for the sum of 200,000
1277:"The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492"
790:
Its influence also extended to the major islands of the
1320:
Le repubbliche marinare: Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia
994:
with the castles located in numerous cities such as of
943:. The main strongholds were the Verruca fortress, near
100:
for 'Know that I am a worthy sign of the city')
4460:
States and territories established in the 10th century
1444:
3387:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
736:granted them special mooring and trading rights),
868:as the seat of the captaincy of the upper hills,
589:
485:significant Mediterranean merchant fleet and navy
4430:Populated coastal places in the Republic of Pisa
4406:
1335:Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (1351–1402)
2630:
1364:Memorie istoriche di piu uomini illustri Pisani
2888:
2698:
1430:
1332:
26:
1833:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
1134:and obtain the appointment as Lord of Pisa.
986:The Maremma territory south of the port of
507:). This victory gave Pisa supremacy in the
90:
2895:
2881:
2850:Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics
2705:
2691:
1437:
1423:
1322:(in Italian). Newton Compton; 1st edition.
105:
593:
16:Italian maritime republic (c. 1000–1406)
1788:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
1304:. Giardini. pp. 19, 61, 62, 64–65.
895:Inland, in perennial struggle with the
4407:
2712:
1366:(in Italian). Nabu Press. p. 202.
601:sailing in a ship flying the cross of
495:with the defeat of the Saracen leader
2876:
2686:
1418:
1317:
1299:
815:1113–1115 Balearic Islands expedition
704:Pisan troops were among the first to
92:Urbis me dignum pisane noscite signum
3433:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1376:
1333:Bueno de Mesquita, Daniel Meredith.
1313:
1311:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1260:
1256:
1254:
716:. With significant presences in the
708:, and were led by their archbishop,
448:The republic's participation in the
13:
4440:Romanesque architecture in Tuscany
2902:
1400:The Normans in the South 1016–1130
1347:
1146:who ordered the annexation to the
14:
4481:
2597:United Provinces of Central Italy
1410:
1308:
1286:
1251:
4455:1406 disestablishments in Europe
4389:
4388:
4377:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2779:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2725:
1446:List of historic states of Italy
1049:
1031:
1015:
647:
633:
612:
474:
391:
377:
352:
72:
58:
4118:Orders, decorations, and medals
2579:Provisional Government of Milan
1370:
1302:Storia della Repubblica di Pisa
983:was long disputed by Volterra.
111:Map of Pisa in the 11th century
1778:City of Fiume and its District
1356:
1341:
1326:
1275:Charles Julian Bishko (1975),
1269:
1227:
1207:
724:and in the Crusader states of
590:Territories and administration
1:
2213:County of Apulia and Calabria
1719:Campagna e Marittima Province
1337:. Cambridge University Press.
1220:
1092:and with the sale of part of
1076:The rivalry between Pisa and
732:(where the Byzantine Emperor
493:Sardinia was captured in 1016
261:
44:
1099:Furthermore, from 1323, the
981:Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina
714:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
582:to the rank of metropolitan
272:• Participation in the
7:
4158:Water supply and sanitation
3582:Italian geographical region
3450:Monarchy and the World Wars
3392:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3278:War of the Sicilian Vespers
2931:Timeline of Italian history
2615:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2609:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2561:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1739:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1173:
1154:Pisan families such as the
1126:of the Pisan branch of the
177:Governanti della repubblica
10:
4486:
4077:Inventions and discoveries
3487:Fall of the Fascist regime
3470:Fourth War of Independence
3428:Expedition of the Thousand
3418:Second War of Independence
2555:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2549:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1950:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
1920:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1905:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1350:Medieval knights 1100–1476
1084:and resulted in the naval
1071:
1066:(built 12th–14th century)
4373:
4171:
4017:
4008:
3872:
3863:
3851:Security and intelligence
3724:
3715:
3577:
3568:
3511:
3438:Third War of Independence
3413:First War of Independence
3400:
3293:
3202:
3083:
3020:
2939:
2923:
2914:
2845:
2788:
2777:
2720:
2667:Free Territory of Trieste
2527:
2457:
2396:
2379:
2303:
2240:
2203:
2185:Principality of Benevento
2177:
2154:
2099:
2088:
2030:
2000:
1752:
1702:
1656:
1587:
1574:
1537:
1452:
975:, the scene of important
855:Castiglione della Pescaia
706:conquer Jerusalem in 1099
331:
313:
309:
296:
283:
270:
255:
251:
241:
237:
225:
213:
201:
189:
185:
175:
162:
152:
126:
116:
104:
86:
54:
43:
21:
3529:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
3524:Institutional referendum
2855:Coat of Arms of the Navy
2573:Italian United Provinces
1925:Principality of Piombino
1714:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1200:
1086:Battle of Meloria (1284)
992:Della Gherardesca family
387:Principality of Piombino
4435:Gothic sites in Tuscany
4052:Emigration and diaspora
3261:Guelphs and Ghibellines
3246:the Sardinian Judicates
2661:Italian Social Republic
2336:Principality of Taranto
2228:Principality of Taranto
2190:Principality of Salerno
1945:Bishopric of Tarantasia
1768:Bishopric of Bressanone
1685:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1263:Le Repubbliche Del Mare
1239:Encyclopedia Britannica
625:Mahdia campaign of 1087
232:Gabriele Maria Visconti
220:Consiglio degli Anziani
3934:Science and technology
3882:Italian regions by GDP
3683:Marine protected areas
3355:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2567:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2341:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2245:(from the 9th century)
1955:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1144:Muzio Attendolo Sforza
1124:Gian Galeazzo Visconti
833:, with the islands of
605:
504:
418:
298:• Annexed by the
91:
27:
4133:Public administration
3241:the Holy Roman Empire
2585:Republic of San Marco
2367:Crown Colony of Malta
2195:Principality of Capua
1935:Marquisate of Saluzzo
1798:County of Santa Fiora
1460:Etruscan civilization
1064:Leaning Tower of Pisa
597:
564:Alfonso VI of Castile
529:conducting a campaign
127:Common languages
4361:World Heritage Sites
3816:Council of Ministers
3554:Coronavirus pandemic
2952:Currency and coinage
2381:French Revolutionary
2321:State of the Presidi
2045:Republic of Florence
2017:Domini di Terraferma
1667:Exarchate of Ravenna
1565:Western Roman Empire
1509:Nuragic civilization
1396:Norwich, John Julius
1377:Petralia, Giuseppe.
1195:Republic of Florence
1148:Republic of Florence
1022:Pisan watchtower on
955:with the castles of
901:Republic of Florence
853:and the exclaves of
373:Republic of Florence
300:Republic of Florence
4465:Italian city-states
3892:Automotive industry
3831:Metropolitan cities
3377:Early Modern period
3350:Kingdom of Sardinia
3301:Italian city-states
2655:Free State of Fiume
2603:Kingdom of Sardinia
2346:Neapolitan Republic
2294:Kingdom of Sardinia
2289:Republic of Sassari
2117:Catepanate of Italy
2040:Republic of Cospaia
1863:Duchy of Montferrat
1858:March of Montferrat
1793:County of Guastalla
1693:Exarchate of Africa
1261:Lodolini, Armando.
1080:intensified in the
933:Santa Maria a Monte
257:• Established
4445:Maritime republics
3954:Telecommunications
3321:Maritime republics
2837:Republic of Ragusa
2812:Republic of Ancona
2771:Republic of Venice
2714:Maritime republics
2485:Lucca and Piombino
2362:Malta Protectorate
2326:Duke of San Donato
2080:Republic of Ancona
2002:Republic of Venice
1915:Duchy of Mirandola
1803:Duchy of Guastalla
1641:Duchy of Tridentum
1621:Duchy of Benevento
1588:Barbarian kingdoms
1348:Garuti, Giovanni.
1185:Maritime republics
1130:to become lord of
1096:to Genoa in 1299.
1056:The flag of Pisa (
807:from 1050 to 1295.
801:from 1207 to 1324.
785:Republic of Venice
734:Alexius I Comnenus
728:, particularly in
606:
548:marquis of Tuscany
469:Maritime Republics
419:Repubblica di Pisa
28:Repubblica di Pisa
4425:Geography of Pisa
4402:
4401:
4369:
4368:
4004:
4003:
3939:Southern question
3859:
3858:
3791:Political parties
3739:Foreign relations
3711:
3710:
3564:
3563:
3285:Kingdom of Naples
3273:Kingdom of Sicily
2870:
2869:
2745:Republic of Genoa
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2523:
2522:
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2352:Hospitaller Malta
2311:Kingdom of Naples
2305:Kingdom of Sicily
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2146:Duchy of Sorrento
2065:Republic of Genoa
2060:Republic of Siena
2055:Republic of Massa
2050:Republic of Lucca
1783:County of Gorizia
1773:Corsican Republic
1754:Holy Roman Empire
1318:Benvenuti, Gino.
1300:Benvenuti, Gino.
1190:Republic of Genoa
1168:Kingdom of Sicily
1160:Della Gherardesca
1078:Republic of Genoa
977:Battle of Cascina
897:Republic of Lucca
884:with the plan of
823:defeat of Meloria
783:, surpassing the
621:Cathedral of Pisa
525:Roger I of Sicily
513:Emirate of Sicily
497:Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī
443:Republic of Genoa
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287:Battle of Meloria
227:• 1402–1406
215:• 1202–1312
203:• 1081–1189
157:Roman Catholicism
4477:
4470:Former republics
4415:Republic of Pisa
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4384:Italy portal
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2218:County of Aversa
2141:Byzantine Sicily
2127:Theme of Lucania
2097:
2096:
2075:Republic of Pisa
2070:Republic of Noli
1940:Duchy of Spoleto
1910:Duchy of Merania
1808:Kingdom of Italy
1734:Duchy of Ferrara
1679:Duchy of Perugia
1658:Byzantine Empire
1636:Duchy of Spoleto
1603:Ostrogothic rule
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1062:) flying on the
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949:lago di Bientina
811:Balearic Islands
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722:Byzantine Empire
695:Mazara del Vallo
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2132:Duchy of Naples
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1900:Duchy of Mantua
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2019:
2014:
2008:
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1997:
1995:
1994:
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1985:County of Nice
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1980:Duchy of Aosta
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1960:Savoyard state
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1895:Duchy of Milan
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1890:Duchy of Ivrea
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1352:. Soldiershop.
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1235:"Pisa | Italy"
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3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Years of Lead
3537:
3535:
3534:Economic Boom
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Fascist Italy
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Niçard exodus
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Magna Graecia
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2761:
2759:
2748:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Duchy of Sora
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2169:Muslim Sicily
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:Duchy of Rome
1671:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:Roman Kingdom
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:Magna Graecia
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1381:(in Italian).
1380:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
795:
793:
788:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:, the future
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
661:
660:Tower of Pisa
657:
650:
636:
626:
622:
615:
604:
600:
596:
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:Pope Urban II
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:Rise to power
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:Mediterranean
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
390:
388:
385:
384:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
361:
358:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
327:
326:
321:
320:
319:Grosso pisano
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
295:
291:
288:
282:
278:
275:
274:Third Crusade
269:
260:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
236:
233:
230:
224:
221:
218:
212:
209:
206:
200:
197:
194:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
108:
103:
99:
93:
89:
85:
75:
67:
61:
53:
42:
36:
29:
20:
4221:Architecture
4191:Quattrocento
4148:Social class
4128:Prostitution
4042:Demographics
3964:Trade unions
3907:Central Bank
3749:Human rights
3729:Constitution
3512:Contemporary
3482:World War II
3370:Italian Wars
3335:
3294:Early modern
3236:Papal States
3214:Italy under
3160:Ancient Rome
2757:
2643:(1861–1946)
2621:Papal States
2449:Transpadania
2074:
2022:Stato da Màr
1704:Papal States
1615:Lombard rule
1579:Early Modern
1567:(395–476 AD)
1559:Roman Empire
1539:Ancient Rome
1402:. Longmans:
1399:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1301:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1209:
1152:
1136:
1120:gold florins
1113:
1098:
1082:13th century
1075:
1057:
1041:Pisa Griffin
1039:
996:Guardistallo
985:
894:
886:Porto Pisano
880:and finally
863:
859:Porto Ercole
820:
789:
778:
703:
667:
537:
515:and conquer
478:
466:
447:
410:
408:
342:Succeeded by
341:
336:
323:
317:
219:
176:
88:Motto:
87:
79:Coat of arms
4286:Italophilia
4246:Coat of arm
4196:Cinquecento
4072:Immigration
4022:Aristocracy
3887:Agriculture
3781:Nationality
3754:LGBT rights
3668:Earthquakes
3549:Mani pulite
3465:World War I
3408:Unification
3401:Late modern
3365:Renaissance
3210:Middle Ages
3203:Middle Ages
3180:Roman Italy
2947:Citizenship
2858: [
2669:(1947–1954)
2663:(1943–1945)
2657:(1920–1924)
2649:(1882–1960)
2633:unification
2623:(1814–1870)
2617:(1815–1866)
2611:(1816–1861)
2605:(1814–1860)
2599:(1859–1860)
2593:(1849–1850)
2587:(1848–1849)
2569:(1815–1859)
2563:(1814–1859)
2557:(1814–1859)
2551:(1814–1829)
2545:(1815–1847)
2539:(1815–1848)
2429:Parthenopea
2390:(1792–1815)
2348:(1647–1648)
2314:(1282–1816)
2296:(1324–1861)
2257:Agugliastra
2122:Longobardia
1759:independent
1609:Vandal rule
1059:Pisan cross
584:archdiocese
574:. In 1092,
552:Pisa sacked
479:During the
337:Preceded by
265: 1000
246:Middle Ages
48: 1000
4409:Categories
4356:Traditions
4346:Television
4331:Philosophy
4296:Literature
4236:Cathedrals
4206:Settecento
4067:Healthcare
4032:Corruption
4027:Censorship
3786:Parliament
3744:Government
3544:Maxi Trial
3492:Resistance
3221:Ostrogoths
3153:Messapians
3038:Villanovan
3028:Prehistory
3021:Prehistory
2500:Pontecorvo
2458:Monarchies
2444:Subalpinia
2409:Cispadania
2404:Cisalpinia
2386:Napoleonic
2093:(774–1139)
2005:(697–1797)
1707:(754–1870)
1669:(584–751)
1617:(568–774)
1244:2020-10-13
1221:References
1004:Riparbella
961:Vicopisano
827:Migliarino
821:After the
762:Alexandria
527:, who was
471:of Italy.
433:dominated
167:Oligarchic
163:Government
4316:Mythology
4291:Libraries
4211:Ottocento
4153:Terrorism
4094:Languages
4047:Education
3969:Transport
3919:Companies
3826:Provinces
3796:President
3761:Judiciary
3734:Elections
3646:Volcanoes
3641:Volcanism
3634:Apennines
3619:Mountains
3587:Peninsula
3570:Geography
3501:Civil War
3226:Byzantium
3133:Etruscans
3068:Canegrate
3063:Golasecca
3048:Rinaldone
3043:Terramare
3033:Neolithic
2475:Guastalla
2465:Benevento
2397:Republics
2252:Judicates
2100:Byzantine
1757:and other
1695:(585–698)
1687:(554–752)
1681:(554–752)
1675:(533–751)
1660:(584–751)
1611:(435–534)
1605:(493–553)
1599:(476–493)
1590:(476–774)
1524:Iapygians
1390:Citations
1101:Aragonese
941:Vecchiano
937:Pontedera
921:Montopoli
878:Rosignano
851:Giannutri
776:in 1187.
726:Palestine
720:, in the
603:St George
505:Mogehidus
464:on land.
431:merchants
279:1189–1192
153:Religion
4394:Category
4281:Internet
4271:Folklore
4201:Seicento
4186:Trecento
4181:Duecento
4143:Religion
4104:Regional
4082:Italians
4057:Gambling
3949:Taxation
3776:Military
3717:Politics
3519:Republic
3306:Florence
3231:Lombards
3170:Republic
3116:Samnites
3111:Picentes
3053:Apennine
3012:Railways
2992:Military
2940:By topic
2924:Overview
2908:articles
2434:Piedmont
2284:Oristano
2277:Logudoro
2267:Cagliari
2242:Sardinia
1975:Piedmont
1724:Holy See
1575:Medieval
1529:Picentes
1472:Samnites
1174:See also
1132:Piombino
1105:Cagliari
1094:Sardinia
1008:Suvereto
925:Lajatico
917:Peccioli
905:Volterra
892:(1392).
870:Crespina
831:Piombino
799:Sardinia
787:itself.
710:Dagobert
599:Dagobert
572:Valencia
558:city of
544:Henry IV
517:Carthage
489:Saracens
458:Florence
450:Crusades
425:city of
325:aquilino
314:Currency
170:republic
4351:Theatre
4326:Palaces
4306:Museums
4276:Gardens
4261:Fashion
4251:Cuisine
4231:Castles
4173:Culture
4123:Poverty
4099:Italian
4010:Society
3991:Welfare
3959:Tourism
3929:Exports
3897:Banking
3877:Economy
3865:Economy
3821:Regions
3703:Valleys
3673:Islands
3653:Beaches
3624:Prealps
3604:Geology
3592:Climate
3256:Normans
3216:Odoacer
3165:Kingdom
3148:Ligures
3084:Ancient
3058:Nuragic
3007:Postage
2982:Judaism
2972:Genetic
2962:Fashion
2957:Economy
2916:History
2515:Corsica
2505:Tuscany
2470:Etruria
2419:Liguria
2272:Gallura
2262:Arborea
2178:Lombard
1878:Tuscany
1868:Trieste
1504:Ligures
1465:Etruria
1406:, 1967.
1164:Caetani
1156:Alliata
1109:Gallura
1090:Corsica
1072:Decline
1000:Bibbona
973:Cascina
965:Asciano
957:Caprona
953:Serchio
951:to the
939:and in
929:Chianni
882:Livorno
874:Fauglia
843:Pianosa
839:Gorgona
805:Corsica
774:Saladin
758:Tripoli
742:Latakia
738:Antioch
697:and in
691:Trapani
687:Palermo
683:Messina
679:Salerno
658:on the
570:out of
533:Palermo
521:Corsica
439:Italian
415:Italian
285:•
144:Italian
117:Capital
35:Italian
4382:
4256:Design
4241:Cinema
4216:Anthem
4138:Racism
4087:People
4062:Health
3924:Energy
3914:Brands
3841:Comune
3836:Cities
3698:Rivers
3658:Canals
3341:Amalfi
3326:Venice
3185:Empire
3126:Veneti
3101:Latins
3073:Latial
2906:
2834:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2581:(1848)
2575:(1831)
2530:states
2495:Naples
2205:Norman
2012:Dogado
1883:Verona
1848:Mantua
1843:Istria
1823:Finale
1813:Ancona
1761:states
1581:states
1499:Veneti
1477:Latins
1404:London
1162:, the
1158:, the
969:Agnano
913:Palaia
899:, the
847:Giglio
718:Levant
675:Naples
568:El Cid
566:force
560:Mahdia
423:Tuscan
208:Consul
181:
134:Tuscan
31:
4341:Sport
4311:Music
4301:Media
4163:Women
4037:Crime
3902:Banks
3678:Lakes
3663:Caves
3614:Flora
3609:Fauna
3331:Genoa
3316:Milan
3311:Siena
3251:Arabs
3138:Celts
3121:Umbri
2997:Music
2967:Flags
2904:Italy
2862:]
2631:Post-
2480:Italy
2424:Lucca
2414:Italy
1965:Savoy
1873:Turin
1853:Milan
1838:Ivrea
1514:Umbri
1487:Celts
1201:Notes
945:Calci
766:Cairo
754:Jaffa
699:Tunis
671:Gaeta
556:Zirid
501:Latin
462:Lucca
454:Genoa
139:Latin
98:Latin
50:–1406
4266:Flag
3996:Wine
3984:road
3979:rail
3810:List
3800:List
3629:Alps
3494:and
3336:Pisa
3106:Osci
3002:Name
2987:LGBT
2510:Elba
2439:Rome
2388:eras
2384:and
2357:Gozo
2156:Arab
2139:and
1818:Ceva
1482:Osci
1142:and
1107:and
1038:The
1024:Elba
1006:and
988:Vada
967:and
909:Buti
903:and
866:Lari
857:and
849:and
835:Elba
770:Tyre
764:and
750:Acre
746:Tyre
619:The
554:the
460:and
437:and
427:Pisa
409:The
305:1406
292:1284
121:Pisa
66:Flag
4226:Art
3974:air
3766:Law
1577:and
1122:to
829:to
4411::
2860:it
1398:.
1310:^
1288:^
1279:,
1253:^
1237:.
1170:.
1150:.
1111:.
1010:.
1002:,
998:,
979:.
963:,
959:,
935:,
927:,
919:,
915:,
911:,
872:,
861:.
845:,
841:,
837:,
794::
760:,
756:,
752:,
748:,
744:,
740:,
701:.
693:,
689:,
685:,
681:,
677:,
673:,
586:.
503::
445:.
417::
322:,
262:c.
45:c.
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3808:(
3802:)
3798:(
2896:e
2889:t
2882:v
2706:e
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1438:e
1431:t
1424:v
1247:.
817:.
499:(
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96:(
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