190:
252:
363:
217:
on various state officials, not necessarily restricted to the highest. Among these were
Genoese officials stationed in various Mediterranean ports, whose role included helping Genoese merchants and sailors in difficulties with the local authorities. Great Britain reciprocated by appointing
321:, respectively. The capitouls of Toulouse were granted transmittable nobility. In many other smaller towns the first consul was the equivalent of a mayor today, assisted by a variable number of secondary consuls and jurats. His main task was to levy and collect tax.
263:, with his right hand on the town ordinances, committing himself to recognize the autonomy of the town's commune, while sitting on a pedestal. The consul administering the oath is forced to go on his knees, symbolizing Alphonse's lordship and the town's loyalty.
397:
which conferred executive powers upon three consuls, elected for a period of ten years. In reality, the first consul, Bonaparte, dominated his two colleagues and held supreme power, soon making himself consul for life (1802) and eventually, in 1804,
238:
also took the form of "Consul" in the early stages of its government. The
Consulate of the Republic of Pisa was the major government institution present in Pisa from 1087 to 1189. Despite losing space within the government since 1190 in favor of the
139:
It was not uncommon for an organization under Roman private law to copy the terminology of state and city institutions for its own statutory agents. The founding statute, or contract, of such an organisation was called
126:(an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired). Consuls were elected to office and held power for one year. There were always two consuls in power at any time.
479:
Francesco
Riganti, Carlo Luigi Costantini, Duke Bonelli-Crescenzi, Antonio Bassi, Gioacchino Pessuti, Angelo Stampa, Domenico Maggi, provisional consuls (15 February – 20 March 1798)
219:
657:
as "in
American politics, a person who having failed to secure an office from the people is given one by the Administration on condition that he leave the country".
660:
In most governments, the consul is the head of the consular section of an embassy, and is responsible for all consular services such as immigrant and non-immigrant
288:
610:
516:
Rome was occupied by France (11 July – 28 September 1799) and again by Naples (30 September 1799 – 23 June 1800), bringing an end to the Roman
Republic.
613:, there were again consuls of the republic, 14 March 1841 – 13 March 1844 (ruling jointly, but occasionally styled "first consul", "second consul"):
590:
621:(d. 1853) (the lasts of the aforementioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army) Thereafter all republican rulers were styled "president".
222:
to Genoa from 1722. This institution, with its name, was later emulated by other powers and is reflected in the modern usage of the word (see
431:
375:
807:
568:, the term for "consul" is "hypatos" (ὕπατος), which translates as "supreme one", and hence does not necessarily imply a joint office.
463:, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls. Bologna already had consuls at some parts of its Medieval history.
19:
This article is about the term "Consul" as a high-ranking government office-holder. For the term "Consul" in modern diplomacy, see
427:
367:
802:
556:
492:
Brigi, Calisti, Francesco
Pierelli, Giuseppe Rey, Federico Maria Domenico Michele, Zaccaleoni, consuls (September – 24 July 1799)
189:
529:
596:
193:
812:
614:
337:
559:) was headed 1 April 1821 – 15 November 1821 by three consuls: Lambros Nakos, Ioannis Logothetis & Ioannis Filon
787:
647:
as "an official appointed by a government to reside in a foreign country and represent its interests there."
472:
394:
792:
677:
A less common modern usage is when the consul of one country takes a governing role in the host country.
618:
256:
822:
649:
582:
413:
145:
512:, Prince Gibrielli, Marchese Camillo Massimo, Giovanni Ricci (29 November 1798 - 12 December 1798)
817:
797:
739:
Bell, Brenda (1989). "Roman
Literary Attitudes to Foreign Terms and the Carthaginian 'sufetes'".
636:
630:
585:
was governed by "consuls of the republic", with two consuls alternating in power every 4 months:
223:
95:
28:
20:
578:
486:
448:
672:
157:
111:
78:
24:
768:
I consoli e i magistrati del comune di Pisa dalla comparsa del consolato (1080/1085) al 1189
601:
12 June 1814 – 3 October 1814, JosĂ© Gaspar RodrĂguez de
Francia y Velasco; he stayed on as "
605:" 3 October 1814 – 20 September 1840 (from 6 June 1816 styled "perpetual supreme dictator")
371:
8:
399:
748:
537:
500:
occupation (27 November – 12 December 1798), which installed a
Provisional Government:
444:
423:
409:
383:
299:
120:(509 to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the highest level of the
497:
482:
268:
210:
66:
243:, for some periods of the 13th century some citizens were again elected as consuls.
602:
548:
head of state, styled consul, 28 March 1821 – 26 May 1821: Stamatellos
Antonopoulos
525:
524:
Among the many petty local republics that were formed during the first year of the
460:
390:
357:
235:
197:
70:
50:
661:
272:
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689:
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329:
122:
117:
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455:, had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the
293:
509:
107:
58:
251:
541:
417:
386:
752:
695:
87:
62:
259:
and Count of Toulouse takes an oath before the Consuls of the town of
240:
706:
184:
665:
552:
528:, prior to the creation of a unified Provisional Government at the
505:
318:
310:
306:
302:
475:(15 February 1798 – 23 June 1800) was headed by multiple consuls:
94:
This usage contrasts with modern terminology, where a consul is a
718:
452:
333:
200:
in the 12th century, for which he served eight terms as a consul.
314:
169:
165:
161:
42:
23:. For "Consul" as a colonial or occupying administrator, see
65:
through antiquity and the Middle Ages, in particular in the
393:
government in November 1799, the French Republic adopted a
362:
325:
260:
116:
A consul held the highest elected political office of the
332:
often used also the title of "consul" in its Greek form "
434:(third consul), consuls (12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804)
16:
Magistrate or title in various republics and city-states
156:
While many cities, including the Gallic states and the
420:, provisional consuls (10 November – 12 December 1799)
57:, and subsequently also an important title under the
692:(similar modern position in San Marino's government)
246:
185:Medieval city-states, communes and municipalities
779:
160:, had a double-headed chief magistracy, another
519:
213:, unlike ancient Rome, bestowed the title of
765:
466:
351:
281:
581:and various other short-lived regimes, the
540:(from 26 May 1821, under the Senate of the
438:
144:, 'law'. The people elected each year were
624:
591:JosĂ© Gaspar RodrĂguez de Francia y Velasco
129:
712:
234:In addition to the Genoese Republic, the
361:
250:
188:
49:) was the title of one of the two chief
485:, Giacomo De Mattheis, Panazzi, Reppi,
61:. The title was used in other European
780:
572:
298:of the north and roughly similar with
741:Classical Association of South Africa
685:Differently named, but same function
635:In modern terminology, a consul is a
496:Consular rule was interrupted by the
489:, consuls (20 March – September 1798)
738:
589:12 October 1813 – 12 February 1814,
555:) (from 15 November 1821, under the
530:First National Assembly at Epidaurus
346:
204:
597:Fulgencio Yegros y Franco de Torres
305:. The most prominent were those of
229:
194:Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone
13:
287:) was an office equivalent to the
27:. For other uses of the word, see
14:
834:
808:Latin political words and phrases
595:12 February 1814 – 12 June 1814,
366:A portrait of the three consuls,
338:List of Hypati and Dukes of Gaeta
247:Other uses in the Medieval period
134:
368:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
766:Ceccarelli Lemut, Maria Luisa.
451:in the Central Italian city of
101:
803:Military ranks of ancient Rome
759:
732:
609:After a few presidents of the
551:The Consulate of East Greece (
151:
148:, members of the upper class.
1:
641:American Heritage Dictionary
615:Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán
313:, which came to be known as
267:Throughout most of southern
164:was often used, such as the
7:
698:(Roman gubernatorial style)
680:
619:Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero
257:Alphonse, Count of Poitiers
81:. The related adjective is
10:
839:
721:, see each present country
670:
628:
520:Revolutionary Greece, 1821
447:, proclaimed in 1796 as a
355:
105:
18:
813:Collective heads of state
467:Roman Republic, 1798–1800
457:Presidente del Magistrato
352:French Republic 1799–1804
73:, then revived in modern
557:Areopagus of East Greece
439:Bolognese Republic, 1796
405:The office was held by:
177:, or native styles like
631:Consul (representative)
625:Modern uses of the term
577:In between a series of
432:Charles-François Lebrun
428:Jean-Jacques Cambacérès
376:Charles-François Lebrun
224:Consul (representative)
130:Other uses in antiquity
29:Consul (disambiguation)
21:Consul (representative)
713:Sources and references
650:The Devil's Dictionary
617:(b. 1792 – d. 1862) +
487:Ennio Quirino Visconti
449:French client republic
414:Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
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673:Administrative consul
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158:Carthaginian Republic
112:List of Roman consuls
79:First French Republic
25:Administrative consul
788:Ancient Roman titles
504:Prince Giambattista
793:Heads of government
573:Paraguay, 1813–1844
196:, statesman of the
719:WorldStatesmen.org
702:Modern UN System
445:Bolognese Republic
424:Napoleon Bonaparte
410:Napoleon Bonaparte
384:Napoleon Bonaparte
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372:Napoleon Bonaparte
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255:In this painting,
209:The city-state of
202:
67:Republics of Genoa
823:Diplomats by role
611:Provisional Junta
536:The Consulate of
483:Liborio Angelucci
430:(second consul),
347:French Revolution
205:Republic of Genoa
85:, from the Latin
77:, notably in the
830:
772:
771:
763:
757:
756:
736:
637:type of diplomat
603:supreme dictator
526:Greek Revolution
461:chief magistrate
443:The short-lived
426:(first consul),
358:French Consulate
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285:
236:Republic of Pisa
230:Republic of Pisa
198:Genoese Republic
96:type of diplomat
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389:against the
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271:, a consul (
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102:Roman consul
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59:Roman Empire
46:
38:
34:
33:
542:Peloponnese
418:Roger Ducos
292: [
152:City-states
63:city-states
51:magistrates
782:Categories
696:Consularis
498:Neapolitan
146:patricians
88:consularis
747:: 29–36.
707:Consulate
666:passports
564:Note: in
391:Directory
319:capitouls
37:(abbrev.
753:24591869
726:Specific
681:See also
653:defines
643:defines
553:Livadeia
544:) had a
532:, were:
506:Borghese
459:, i.e.,
311:Toulouse
307:Bordeaux
303:aldermen
289:Ă©chevins
83:consular
47:consules
453:Bologna
400:emperor
336:" (see
334:Hypatos
300:English
283:consule
241:PodestĂ
220:consuls
175:Duumvir
53:of the
45:plural
751:
655:Consul
645:consul
639:. The
579:juntas
546:single
382:After
315:jurats
277:consul
273:French
269:France
215:consul
179:Meddix
75:states
35:Consul
749:JSTOR
662:visas
566:Greek
538:Argos
330:Gaeta
326:Dukes
296:]
211:Genoa
170:sufet
166:Punic
162:title
43:Latin
374:and
324:The
317:and
309:and
261:Agen
110:and
71:Pisa
69:and
39:cos.
340:).
328:of
279:or
226:).
142:lex
784::
745:32
743:.
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416:,
412:,
402:.
370:,
294:fr
275::
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98:.
91:.
41:;
755:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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