95:
340:
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468:, states that "Even though most Muslims reject violence, the extremists' use of sacred texts lends their actions authenticity and recruiting power". (Freedom 24) He goes on to say, "The radicals insist that their central claim – God's desire for Islam's triumph – requires no interpretation. According to them, true Muslims will pursue it by any means necessary, including dissimulation, civil
191:. The Inquisition was the monarchy's way of making sure their people stayed within Catholic Christianity. Selengut said, "The inquisitions were attempts at self-protection and targeted primarily "internal enemies" of the church". The driving force of the Inquisition was the Inquisitors, who were responsible for spreading the truth of Christianity. Selengut continues, saying:
184:
of Edessa, Anna
Comnena, Michael the Syrian, etc.) make no such allegation about the Crusaders in Jerusalem. According to the Syriac Chronicle, all the Christians had already been expelled from Jerusalem before the Crusaders arrived. Presumably this would have been done by the Fatimid governor to prevent their possible collusion with the Crusaders.
183:
Shafer adds that, "When the crusaders captured
Jerusalem in 1099, they killed Muslims, Jews, and native Christians indiscriminately". Contrary to what Shafer alleges, however, no eyewitness source refers to Crusaders killing native Christians in Jerusalem, and early Eastern Christian sources (Matthew
178:
The
Crusades were very much holy wars waged to maintain Christianity's theological and social control. On their way to conquering the Holy Land from the Muslims by force of arms, the crusaders destroyed dozens of Jewish communities and killed thousands because the Jews would not accept the Christian
460:
is used. As
Steffen says, though, "Jihad in these uses is always defensive. Not only does 'jihad' not endorse acts of military aggression, but 'jihad' is invoked in Qur'anic passages to indicate how uses of force are always subject to restraint and qualification". This kind of jihad differs greatly
137:
says, "When
Christianity came to power in the empire of Constantine, it proceeded to almost viciously repress all non-Christians and all Christians who did not line up with official Orthodox ideology, policy, and practice". An example of Christians who didn't line up with Orthodox ideology is the
455:
in Arabic means 'struggle'. The struggle can be a struggle of implementing the
Islamic values in daily activities, a struggle with others to counter arguments against Islam, or self-defense when physically attacked because of belief in Islam. According to Steffen, there are portions of the Quran
195:
The inquisitors generally saw themselves as educators helping people maintain correct beliefs by pointing out errors in knowledge and judgment... Punishment and death came only to those who refused to admit their errors ... during the
Spanish Inquisitions of the fifteenth century, the clear
483:. According to Ellens, the al-Qaeda members who took part in the terrorist attacks did so out of their belief that, by doing it, they would "enact a devastating blow against the evil of secularized and non-Muslim America. They were cleansing this world, God's temple".
125:
Ever since
Christianity was established, some of those in authority have sought to expand and control the church, often through the fanatical use of force. Grant Shafer says, "Jesus of Nazareth is best known as a preacher of nonviolence".
73:, that spiritual quest can only be fulfilled through some kind of relationship with ultimacy, whether or not that takes the form as a "transcendent other". Religion has power to meet this need for meaning and transcendent relationship.
890:
79:
It presents itself in such a way that those who find their way into it come to express themselves in ways consistent with the particular vision of ultimacy at the heart of this religious form.
216:. Many Christians were killed for having rival viewpoints. The Reformation set off a chain of sectarian wars between the Catholics and the sectarian Protestants, culminating in the
46:
that could otherwise be expressed in one's other involvements and participation, including employment, role, and partisan affinities. Historically, the term was applied in
447:
has increasingly become an internationally recognized term. Bin Laden's concept, though, is very different from the actual meaning of the term. In the religious context,
1483:
Shafer, Grant. "Hell, Martyrdom, and War: Violence in Early
Christianity." The Destructive Power of Religion: Violence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Vol. 3. Ed.
290:. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims. Shīʿas believe
1171:
901:
196:
distinction between confession and innocence and remaining in error became muddled.... The investigators had to invent all sorts of techniques, including
2914:
85:
It is present to the moral consciousness as a live option that addresses spiritual need and satisfies human longing for meaning, power, and belonging.
2995:
5420:
142:, who "refused to accept repentant clergy who had formerly given way to apostasy when persecuted". Fanatical Christian activity continued into the
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1341:
179:
faith. Jews had to be killed in the religious campaign because their very existence challenged the sole truth espoused by the
Christian Church.
6326:
615:
6278:
3631:
863:
475:
According to certain observers this disregard for others and rampant use of violence is markedly different from the peaceful message that
479:
is meant to employ. Although fanatic jihadists have committed many terroristic acts throughout the world, perhaps the best known is the
5314:
5241:
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1540:
5119:
1518:
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377:
5565:
5405:
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1492:
Steffen, Lloyd. Holy War, Just War: Exploring the Moral Meaning of Religious Violence. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
94:
3199:
5425:
1108:
996:
952:
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2909:
620:
425:
6008:
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1448:, ed. The Destructive Power of Religion: Violence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Vol. 3. Westport: Praegers, 2004.
6218:
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1803:
1428:
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1287:
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1456:, ed. Destructive Power of Religion: Violence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Vol 4. Westport: Praegers, 2004.
339:
6321:
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1958:
6138:
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5236:
4255:
4196:
4083:
3962:
3894:
2302:
1940:
1859:
1440:
Edwards, John. "Review: Was the Spanish Inquisition Truthful?" The Jewish Quarterly Review 87 (1997): 351-66.
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3339:
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6346:
6148:
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2091:
1478:
Selengut, Charles. Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.
451:
most nearly means "working urgently for a certain godly objective, generally an imperialist one". The word
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2085:
1837:
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116:
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1470:
Moran, Seán Farrell, "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology," in Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day,
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513:
based on religious lines by demand of Muslims to burn the subcontinent if not given separate land.
498:
2862:
1305:
6336:
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2515:
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47:
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to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the
69:: Human beings have a spiritual longing for understanding and meaning, and given the mystery of
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1935:
1930:
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1906:
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302:(the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to
272:
248:
1076:
523:
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6033:
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1876:
1820:
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1756:
1609:
1431:" Destructive Power of Religion: Violence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Vol 4. Ed.
1350:
575:
480:
187:
Another prominent form of fanaticism according to some came a few centuries later with the
51:
50:
to denigrate non-Christian religions, and subsequently acquired its current usage with the
3214:
2118:
1401:"BBC - History - British History in depth: The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies"
8:
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979:. Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics (1st ed.).
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580:
502:
373:
188:
31:
62:
Lloyd Steffen cites several features associated with religious fanaticism or extremism:
6419:
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5357:
5144:
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4942:
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4206:
4181:
4108:
4088:
3909:
3857:
3845:
3823:
3415:
3373:
3246:
3071:
3066:
3061:
2882:
2666:
2642:
2021:
1945:
1693:
1639:
1220:
1114:
680:
642:
585:
362:
229:
3527:
3076:
2694:
2424:
1081:
Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North
6476:
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6341:
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5435:
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5319:
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4427:
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4245:
4201:
4186:
4169:
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3833:
3719:
3485:
3455:
3435:
3256:
3051:
3032:
3027:
2963:
2926:
2647:
2562:
2485:
2383:
2373:
2341:
2329:
2297:
2274:
2256:
2152:
2007:
1915:
1901:
1864:
1852:
1681:
1600:
1552:
1224:
1212:
1188:
1150:
1145:
1122:
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1054:
1044:
1002:
992:
948:
842:
684:
670:
610:
595:
560:
413:
405:
381:
347:
329:
244:
233:
102:
sect having convulsions and spasms as a result of religious fanaticism. Engraving by
3939:
3537:
3187:
2931:
666:
6429:
6311:
6208:
5820:
5780:
5728:
5723:
5640:
5610:
5520:
5410:
5274:
5226:
5221:
4785:
4750:
4723:
4481:
4466:
4341:
4265:
4115:
4093:
4001:
3862:
3641:
3604:
3460:
3445:
3393:
3177:
3157:
3125:
3120:
3091:
3086:
3010:
3000:
2819:
2783:
2775:
2746:
2659:
2579:
2574:
2537:
2527:
2453:
2391:
2233:
2070:
1920:
1578:
1484:
1453:
1445:
1432:
1202:
1192:
1096:
818:
662:
658:
308:(excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either
217:
134:
4078:
535:
Teaching in a World of Violent Extremism. N.p., Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2021.
6480:
5109:
5089:
4579:
4471:
4461:
4130:
3798:
3589:
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3500:
3465:
3398:
3108:
3081:
3056:
3005:
2978:
2766:
2709:
2480:
1997:
1798:
1724:
1664:
1619:
1588:
1345:
1140:
1072:
838:
600:
565:
429:
421:
409:
393:
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284:
831:
The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām
428:. Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and
5231:
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4780:
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3219:
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1832:
1815:
1634:
1614:
1583:
1318:
1118:
492:
103:
3182:
2434:
6495:
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3929:
3766:
3704:
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3490:
3388:
3319:
3251:
3241:
3209:
3140:
3037:
3015:
2943:
2839:
2802:
2721:
2629:
2080:
2031:
1736:
1216:
1197:
1036:
984:
590:
389:
151:
130:
3828:
1100:
5294:
5196:
5057:
4745:
4740:
4718:
4708:
4589:
4021:
3956:
3899:
3884:
3850:
3475:
3383:
2401:
2292:
2287:
2138:
2108:
1982:
1950:
1698:
1669:
1656:
1274:
570:
550:
366:
3522:
2189:
1466:
Johnson, J. T. "Opinion, Jihad and Just War." First Things (2002):12-14.
5216:
5191:
5015:
4983:
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4835:
4728:
4619:
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3229:
3042:
2552:
2500:
2470:
2307:
2161:
2053:
1977:
1842:
1778:
1729:
1461:
Farr, Thomas. "Islam's Way to Freedom." First Things 187 (2008): 24-28.
1244:
937:
New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World
506:
358:
299:
260:
213:
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143:
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4614:
4218:
3996:
3944:
3684:
3329:
3309:
2867:
2792:
2731:
2495:
2475:
2396:
2048:
2016:
1987:
1766:
1761:
1746:
1207:
545:
264:
256:
252:
239:
43:
35:
27:
4026:
2887:
5129:
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3811:
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3724:
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2894:
2704:
2689:
2654:
2637:
2619:
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2228:
2207:
2202:
2179:
2174:
2133:
2128:
2065:
2002:
1925:
1896:
1847:
1788:
1741:
1319:"The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi"
1040:
988:
555:
209:
159:
139:
99:
70:
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2113:
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2611:
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2547:
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2522:
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2429:
2368:
2212:
2197:
2075:
2036:
1992:
1783:
1720:
1624:
1527:
944:
770:
Selengut, Charles. "Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence."
605:
469:
417:
401:
369:
351:
295:
287:
167:
147:
39:
1126:
1058:
1006:
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4545:
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2736:
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2510:
2060:
2026:
1869:
1570:
1245:
Scott Shane; Souad Mekhennet & Robert F. Worth (8 May 2010).
1172:"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language"
397:
361:, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the
317:
268:
197:
163:
129:
The start of Christian fanatic rule came with the Roman Emperor
5114:
4993:
4978:
4797:
4686:
4671:
4629:
4407:
4285:
3559:
3314:
3304:
2938:
2899:
2741:
2349:
2319:
2043:
1088:
1032:
980:
654:
650:
304:
3505:
200:, to ascertain whether ... new converts' beliefs were genuine.
38:
that is related to one's own, or one's group's, devotion to a
4810:
4584:
4564:
4549:
4125:
3951:
3746:
3609:
3564:
3544:
2726:
2123:
1969:
1751:
834:
443:
437:
309:
276:
120:
1306:
Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization
1025:"Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology"
4735:
4624:
2557:
1496:
155:
4634:
4599:
3274:
2633:
408:
that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably
294:
is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider
291:
1170:
Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.).
1271:
Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"
1247:"Imam's Path From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad"
927:
837:: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at
1539:
977:
Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists
1238:
1077:"The Philosopher of the Muslim Revolt, Sayyid Qutb"
354:
have promoted the overthrow of secular governments.
255:in the 7th century CE. The original schism between
89:
792:
790:
154:were attempts by the Catholics, sanctioned by the
1429:Genocide or Jesus: A God of Conquest or Pacifism?
1018:
1016:
923:
921:
6493:
1288:Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror"
827:): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem"
1139:
966:
964:
891:"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism"
787:
166:. However many Catholics see the crusades as a
1013:
918:
864:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'"
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
472:, and the killing of innocents". (Freedom 24)
1512:
1477:
1426:
796:
769:
641:Bernhardt, Reinhold (2007). "Fanaticism". In
616:Violence against Muslims in independent India
461:from the kind most commonly discussed today.
172:Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence
1491:
1465:
1439:
1375:
961:
721:
709:
697:
634:
1482:
1452:
1444:
1387:
1363:
802:
781:
757:
745:
733:
365:in Egypt, was influential in promoting the
1519:
1505:
1316:
1163:
372:in the 1960s. When he was executed by the
1460:
1206:
1196:
1180:Journal of Language and Social Psychology
1065:
1022:
640:
501:-ideologies are quite predominant in the
4054:
1083:. The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series.
392:that would reflect Qutb's ideas for the
338:
93:
30:designation used to indicate uncritical
5346:
1339:Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism
970:
208:Christian fanaticism increased between
6494:
931:; Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia, eds. (2021).
817:
5345:
4503:
4053:
1538:
1500:
1264:
1169:
1029:Routledge Handbook of Political Islam
888:
1071:
861:
621:Violence against Christians in India
13:
5315:Religions and spiritual traditions
1541:Religious groups and denominations
1420:
388:to replace the government with an
273:political and religious succession
14:
6528:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6279:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5421:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1027:. In Akbarzadeh, Shahram (ed.).
647:The Brill Dictionary of Religion
464:Thomas Farr, in an essay titled
170:. Charles Selengut, in his book
90:Examples of religious fanaticism
4886:Evolutionary origin of religion
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1332:
1310:
1299:
1281:
1133:
882:
855:
667:10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00024
529:
110:
5237:Separation of church and state
3895:Polytheistic reconstructionism
1474:, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 17–30.
1472:The Irish Terrorism Experience
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
1:
2873:Traditional Sabahan religions
524:Religious Zionism, § Ideology
324:), and therefore deemed them
16:Fanaticism towards a religion
1526:
1487:. Westport: Praegers, 2004.
1435:. Westport: Praegers, 2004.
1023:Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2012).
870:. The Globe and Mail Opinion
862:Khan, Sheema (12 May 2018).
628:
378:regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser
7:
5095:National religiosity levels
4320:Nauruan Indigenous religion
3875:Hellenism (modern religion)
539:
486:
57:
10:
6533:
4504:
1348:by Dale C. Eikmeier. From
516:
511:partition of British India
490:
251:with the emergence of the
237:
227:
114:
6461:
6380:
6297:
6169:
5914:
5639:
5356:
5352:
5341:
5250:
5175:
4951:
4859:
4796:
4514:
4510:
4499:
4062:
4049:
3974:
3797:
3779:Transcendental Meditation
3672:
3659:
3624:
3372:
3349:
3338:
3265:
3228:
2952:
2848:
2830:
2774:
2765:
2682:
2610:
2461:
2452:
2410:
2382:
2340:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2221:
2188:
2160:
2151:
2101:
1968:
1655:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1354:, Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.
941:Santa Barbara, California
396:that he yearned for. The
283:) after the death of the
117:Christianity and violence
5406:Central African Republic
2420:Vietnamese folk religion
1811:Charismatic Christianity
1198:10.1177/0261927X19868494
973:"The Jihadists pre-9/11"
971:Aydınlı, Ersel (2018) .
509:, even resulting in the
435:Since Osama bin Laden's
400:has been influential on
384:formed the organization
223:
212:and the recently formed
42: – a form of human
5300:New religious movements
4938:Theories about religion
4891:Evolutionary psychology
3920:Modern Finnish paganism
1887:Independent Catholicism
1293:New York Times Magazine
1101:10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40
505:, especially since the
275:to the guidance of the
5949:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3935:Erzyan native religion
3784:Unitarian Universalism
3163:Native American Church
1931:Oneness Pentecostalism
466:Islam's Way to Freedom
386:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
355:
271:was disputed over the
249:early history of Islam
202:
181:
107:
6269:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5566:São Tomé and Príncipe
5426:Republic of the Congo
3632:Aboriginal Australian
2283:Chinese folk religion
1093:Yale University Press
889:Hasan, Usama (2012).
342:
193:
176:
97:
6517:Age of Enlightenment
6502:Religious fanaticism
5891:United Arab Emirates
4682:Religious experience
4056:Historical religions
2440:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1772:Schwenkfelder Church
1095:. pp. 370–380.
929:Gallagher, Eugene V.
576:Nonviolent extremism
481:September 11 attacks
328:for their perceived
52:Age of Enlightenment
20:Religious fanaticism
6507:Religious practices
6284:Trinidad and Tobago
6179:Antigua and Barbuda
5347:Religion by country
4408:Cult of Magna Mater
2910:Philippine Dayawism
2491:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2239:Chinese Manichaeism
1911:Jehovah's Witnesses
1716:Proto-Protestantism
991:. pp. 65–109.
643:von Stuckrad, Kocku
581:Religious terrorism
503:Indian subcontinent
374:Egyptian government
189:Spanish Inquisition
48:Christian antiquity
24:religious extremism
6219:Dominican Republic
5265:Abrahamic prophets
4359:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2883:Aliran Kepercayaan
2086:Non-denominational
2008:Modernist Salafism
1694:Oriental Orthodoxy
1427:Anderson, Paul. "
1388:Ellens, J. Harold.
1364:Ellens, J. Harold.
1344:2007-06-09 at the
1278:(1 November 2001).
1251:The New York Times
947:. pp. 13–15.
898:Quiliam Foundation
868:The Globe and Mail
797:Selengut, Charles.
746:Ellens, J. Harold.
586:Religious violence
497:Violence based on
426:ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh
406:Islamic terrorists
402:jihadist movements
363:Muslim Brotherhood
356:
292:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
247:dates back to the
230:Islam and violence
108:
6489:
6488:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6452:
5441:Equatorial Guinea
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
4876:Cognitive science
4495:
4494:
4428:Mysteries of Isis
4202:Frankish paganism
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
3789:White Brotherhood
3655:
3654:
3620:
3619:
2944:Sundanese Wiwitan
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2486:Brahma Sampradaya
2448:
2447:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2229:Assianism/Uatsdin
2147:
2146:
1916:British Israelism
1902:Nontrinitarianism
1865:Plymouth Brethren
1860:Nondenominational
1794:Congregationalism
1682:Eastern Orthodoxy
1630:Reconstructionist
1454:Ellens, J. Harold
1446:Ellens, J. Harold
1189:SAGE Publications
1146:The Looming Tower
1110:978-0-300-22290-6
1043:. pp. 9–26.
998:978-1-315-56139-4
954:978-1-4408-6235-9
841:. pp. 1–20.
819:Izutsu, Toshihiko
611:Hindu nationalism
596:Violent extremism
561:Religious ecstasy
420:, as well as the
414:Ayman al-Zawahiri
382:Ayman al-Zawahiri
348:Ayman al-Zawahiri
245:Islamic extremism
234:Islamic extremism
158:, to conquer the
6524:
6512:Pejorative terms
6479:
6469:
6468:
6347:Papua New Guinea
6322:Marshall Islands
6149:Northern Ireland
5354:
5353:
5343:
5342:
5227:Secular theology
5222:Secular humanism
4512:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4376:Ancestral Pueblo
4051:
4050:
3670:
3669:
3347:
3346:
2772:
2771:
2528:Shaiva Siddhanta
2459:
2458:
2392:Korean shamanism
2271:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2158:
2157:
2071:Mahdawi movement
1941:Swedenborgianism
1921:Christadelphians
1567:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:J. Harold Ellens
1479:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1433:J. Harold Ellens
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1317:Trevor Stanley.
1314:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:(23 March 2003).
1285:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1210:
1200:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1073:Polk, William R.
1069:
1063:
1062:
1031:(1st ed.).
1020:
1011:
1010:
968:
959:
958:
925:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:on 2 August 2014
906:
900:. Archived from
895:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
859:
853:
852:
815:
800:
794:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
688:
659:Brill Publishers
638:
424:terrorist group
398:Qutbist ideology
277:Muslim community
218:wars of religion
83:A 'live' option:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6449:
6376:
6357:Solomon Islands
6293:
6165:
6069:North Macedonia
5910:
5635:
5348:
5329:
5290:Mass gatherings
5258:
5253:
5246:
5185:
5180:
5171:
5110:Religiocentrism
5090:National church
4958:
4955:
4947:
4862:
4855:
4792:
4714:Bodies of water
4506:
4491:
4276:Jamaican Maroon
4058:
4033:
3970:
3800:
3793:
3664:
3662:
3651:
3616:
3590:Trinidad Orisha
3375:
3368:
3341:
3334:
3261:
3224:
3200:Washat Dreamers
2955:
2948:
2844:
2826:
2753:
2727:Srilankan Vedda
2678:
2606:
2481:Sri Vaishnavism
2444:
2406:
2378:
2336:
2243:
2217:
2184:
2143:
2097:
2022:Twelver Shi'ism
1964:
1826:Neo-charismatic
1799:Presbyterianism
1651:
1543:
1530:
1525:
1423:
1421:Further reading
1418:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1376:Steffen, Lloyd.
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1346:Wayback Machine
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1141:Lawrence Wright
1138:
1134:
1119:j.ctv1bvnfdq.40
1111:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1021:
1014:
999:
969:
962:
955:
939:. Vol. 1.
926:
919:
910:
908:
904:
893:
887:
883:
873:
871:
860:
856:
849:
839:Keio University
816:
803:
795:
788:
780:
776:
768:
764:
756:
752:
744:
740:
732:
728:
722:Steffen, Lloyd.
720:
716:
710:Steffen, Lloyd.
708:
704:
698:Steffen, Lloyd.
696:
692:
677:
639:
635:
631:
601:Hindu terrorism
566:Just war theory
542:
532:
519:
495:
489:
456:where military
430:Anwar al-Awlaki
410:Osama bin Laden
394:Islamic revival
344:Osama bin Laden
326:worthy of death
285:Islamic prophet
242:
236:
228:Main articles:
226:
123:
115:Main articles:
113:
98:Members of the
92:
77:Attractiveness:
67:Spiritual needs
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6530:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6139:United Kingdom
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5232:Secularization
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5212:Deconstruction
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5065:Fundamentalism
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4543:
4541:Call to prayer
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Disaffiliation
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:Greco-Buddhism
4221:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Tambor de Mina
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3362:Guanche church
3353:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3267:Tibeto-Burmese
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3175:
3173:Nuu-chah-nulth
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Muscogee Creek
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2939:Sumbese Marapu
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2858:Batak Parmalim
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
2166:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:Bible Students
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1877:Restorationism
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:Evangelicalism
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1331:
1309:
1298:
1280:
1263:
1237:
1162:
1155:
1132:
1109:
1064:
1049:
1012:
997:
960:
953:
917:
881:
854:
847:
823:"The Infidel (
801:
786:
782:Shafer, Grant.
774:
762:
758:Shafer, Grant.
750:
738:
734:Shafer, Grant.
726:
714:
702:
690:
675:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
528:
518:
515:
493:saffron terror
488:
485:
225:
222:
152:religious wars
112:
109:
104:Bernard Picart
91:
88:
87:
86:
80:
74:
59:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6529:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6472:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6382:South America
6379:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6289:United States
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6171:North America
6168:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:Liechtenstein
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Guinea-Bissau
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5340:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Organizations
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Vegetarianism
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Homosexuality
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Neurotheology
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Folk religion
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Imperial cult
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Discordianism
3985:
3983:
3982:Anthroposophy
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Mari religion
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Neo-Theosophy
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:New Acropolis
3703:
3701:
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3350:North African
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2803:Vattisen Yaly
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2722:Kirat Mundhum
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2081:Milah Abraham
2079:
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2019:
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2015:
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1737:Protestantism
1735:
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1405:www.bbc.co.uk
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1156:0-375-41486-X
1152:
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1143:(2006). "2".
1142:
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1052:
1050:9781138577824
1046:
1042:
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1034:
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1026:
1019:
1017:
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1004:
1000:
994:
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978:
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965:
956:
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946:
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938:
934:
930:
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869:
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848:983-9154-70-2
844:
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793:
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694:
686:
682:
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676:9789004124332
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
633:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Religious war
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
534:
533:
527:
526:
525:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:communalistic
494:
484:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
462:
459:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:Salafi-jihadi
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Islamic state
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:false Muslims
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
235:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
201:
199:
192:
190:
185:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
131:Constantine I
127:
122:
118:
105:
101:
96:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:or obsessive
33:
29:
25:
21:
5886:Turkmenistan
5846:Saudi Arabia
5591:South Africa
5581:Sierra Leone
5386:Burkina Faso
5295:Names of God
5242:Unaffiliated
5197:Antireligion
5058:Universalism
5032:
5006:Assimilation
4871:Anthropology
4746:Supernatural
4741:Spirituality
4709:Sacred space
4697:Purification
4570:Denomination
4524: /
4332:Paleo-Balkan
4298:Mesopotamian
4138:Cook Islands
4109:Old Prussian
4022:UFO religion
3961:
3957:Zalmoxianism
3885:Neoshamanism
3742:Spiritualism
3625:Other ethnic
3514:
3340:Traditional
3300:Bongthingism
3188:Acoma Pueblo
3131:Mesoamerican
2850:Austronesian
2671:
2667:Neo-Buddhism
2599:
2595:Neo-Hinduism
2516:Swaminarayan
2354:
2303:Salvationist
2288:Confucianism
2139:Samaritanism
2109:Ali-Illahism
2090:
1957:
1951:Unitarianism
1892:Old Catholic
1699:Nestorianism
1657:Christianity
1644:
1610:Conservative
1471:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1349:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1312:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1275:The Guardian
1273:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1184:
1178:
1165:
1144:
1135:
1080:
1067:
1028:
976:
936:
909:. Retrieved
902:the original
897:
884:
872:. Retrieved
867:
857:
830:
824:
777:
765:
753:
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
646:
636:
571:Mass suicide
551:Cult suicide
530:Bibliography
521:
520:
496:
476:
474:
465:
463:
457:
452:
448:
442:
436:
434:
367:Pan-Islamist
357:
333:
321:
313:
303:
280:
243:
203:
194:
186:
182:
177:
171:
128:
124:
111:Christianity
82:
76:
66:
61:
23:
19:
18:
6337:New Zealand
6274:Saint Lucia
6224:El Salvador
6129:Switzerland
6064:Netherlands
5836:Philippines
5764:South Korea
5759:North Korea
5649:Afghanistan
5596:South Sudan
5486:Ivory Coast
5270:Deification
5217:Objectivism
5192:Agnosticism
5150:Persecution
5140:Video games
5105:Populations
5016:Proselytism
4984:Monasticism
4975:Clericalism
4965:Agriculture
4956:and society
4921:Soteriology
4881:Comparative
4851:Transtheism
4836:Panentheism
4620:Monasticism
4413:Gallo-Roman
4315:Micronesian
4281:Manichaeism
4229:Hermeticism
4197:Continental
4192:Anglo-Saxon
4072:Paleolithic
4067:Prehistoric
4017:Scientology
3880:Italo-Roman
3735:Radha Soami
3715:New Thought
3555:Espiritismo
3496:Waaqeffanna
3436:Fon and Ewe
3374:Sub-Saharan
3257:Satsana Phi
3043:Ghost Dance
2996:Californian
2974:Anishinaabe
2900:Karo Pemena
2879:Indonesian
2553:Lingayatism
2501:Mahanubhava
2471:Vaishnavism
2402:Jeungsanism
2325:Folk Taoism
2308:Xiantiandao
2162:Zoroastrian
1821:Charismatic
1816:Pentecostal
1779:Anglicanism
1730:Waldensians
1665:Catholicism
1324:26 February
1208:10871/37355
1191:: 706–734.
507:British Raj
359:Sayyid Qutb
300:First Fitna
214:Protestants
206:Reformation
204:During the
144:Middle Ages
6496:Categories
6327:Micronesia
6204:Costa Rica
6099:San Marino
6059:Montenegro
6039:Luxembourg
5896:Uzbekistan
5871:Tajikistan
5776:Kyrgyzstan
5749:Kazakhstan
5699:East Timor
5669:Bangladesh
5659:Azerbaijan
5576:Seychelles
5541:Mozambique
5526:Mauritania
5511:Madagascar
5401:Cape Verde
5183:irreligion
5178:Secularism
5085:Minorities
5053:Toleration
5048:Syncretism
5033:Fanaticism
5023:Disability
5011:Missionary
5001:Conversion
4989:Ordination
4911:Psychology
4906:Philosophy
4846:Polytheism
4826:Monotheism
4821:Henotheism
4662:Orthopraxy
4652:Ordination
4615:Meditation
4610:Indigenous
4575:Entheogens
4560:Conversion
4386:Pueblo III
4303:Babylonian
4293:Melanesian
4219:Gnosticism
4104:Lithuanian
3997:Fourth Way
3851:Circassian
3829:Dievturība
3752:Tensegrity
3685:Falun Gong
3330:Sanamahism
3310:Donyi-Polo
2922:Polynesian
2868:Kaharingan
2793:Burkhanism
2732:Ravidassia
2710:Śvetāmbara
2496:Pushtimarg
2476:Krishnaism
2412:Vietnamese
2397:Cheondoism
2330:Yao Taoism
2266:East Asian
2032:Isma'ilism
1988:Maturidism
1767:Mennonites
1762:Hutterites
1747:Anabaptism
1640:Humanistic
1410:2020-06-07
1351:Parameters
1127:2017942543
1059:2011025970
1007:2015050373
933:"Al-Qaeda"
911:2015-11-17
748:pp. 42–43.
546:Antitheism
491:See also:
376:under the
257:Kharijites
253:Kharijites
240:Kharijites
238:See also:
44:fanaticism
36:enthusiasm
28:pejorative
6445:Venezuela
6390:Argentina
6307:Australia
6259:Nicaragua
6234:Guatemala
6034:Lithuania
5856:Sri Lanka
5851:Singapore
5831:Palestine
5719:Indonesia
5709:Hong Kong
5531:Mauritius
5252:Overviews
5207:Criticism
5155:Terrorism
5130:Theocracy
5075:Happiness
5043:Pluralism
5028:Education
4954:Religion
4926:Salvation
4916:Sociology
4861:Religious
4841:Pantheism
4831:Nontheism
4724:Mountains
4702:Sacrifice
4657:Orthodoxy
4647:Mythology
4642:Mysticism
4531:Behaviour
4440:Canaanite
4423:Mithraism
4391:Pueblo IV
4381:Pueblo II
4286:Mazdakism
4261:Hungarian
4234:Mysteries
4143:Dravidian
3925:Hungarian
3841:Caucasian
3812:Godianism
3772:Agni Yoga
3762:Theosophy
3725:Rastafari
3700:Modekngei
3680:Brahmoism
3673:Syncretic
3665:movements
3663:religious
3575:Quimbanda
3523:Candomblé
3516:Diasporic
3295:Bathouism
3285:Benzhuism
3205:Tsimshian
3151:Purépecha
3072:Longhouse
3047:Sun Dance
2991:Blackfoot
2905:Malaysian
2895:Kapitayan
2705:Digambara
2690:Ayyavazhi
2655:Vajrayana
2620:Theravada
2533:Ganapatya
2506:Ramanandi
2435:Hoahaoism
2313:Yiguandao
2208:Yarsanism
2203:Shabakism
2190:Yazdânism
2180:Zurvanism
2175:Mazdaznan
2134:Rastafari
2129:Mandaeism
2003:Wahhabism
1983:Ash'arism
1946:Tolstoyan
1936:Spiritual
1926:Mormonism
1897:Judaizers
1870:Quakerism
1848:Methodist
1838:Irvingism
1789:Calvinism
1742:Adventism
1725:Moravians
1562:Abrahamic
1230:3 January
1225:195448888
1217:1552-6526
1149:. Knopf.
1085:New Haven
1041:Routledge
989:Routledge
821:(2006) .
685:247529383
629:Citations
556:Extremism
441:in 1998,
322:munāfiḳūn
210:Catholics
162:from the
160:Holy Land
150:. These
146:with the
140:Donatists
100:Jansenist
71:existence
6471:Category
6435:Suriname
6425:Paraguay
6410:Colombia
6317:Kiribati
6244:Honduras
6214:Dominica
6189:Barbados
6154:Scotland
6114:Slovenia
6109:Slovakia
6084:Portugal
5954:Bulgaria
5876:Thailand
5826:Pakistan
5806:Mongolia
5801:Maldives
5796:Malaysia
5684:Cambodia
5631:Zimbabwe
5606:Tanzania
5456:Ethiopia
5451:Eswatini
5431:Djibouti
5396:Cameroon
5381:Botswana
5325:Timeline
5320:Scholars
5280:Founders
5145:Violence
5100:Politics
4970:Business
4933:Theology
4677:Prophecy
4667:Paganism
4555:Covenant
4522:Apostasy
4457:Scythian
4398:Rapa Nui
4352:Thracian
4347:Illyrian
4337:Albanian
4308:Sumerian
4251:Harappan
4187:Germanic
4182:Georgian
4175:Selk'nam
4160:Etruscan
4148:Egyptian
4126:Druidism
4089:Armenian
4012:Satanism
3992:Eckankar
3915:Estonian
3900:Romanian
3890:Ossetian
3870:Germanic
3819:Armenian
3808:African
3801:paganism
3730:Sant Mat
3720:Rajneesh
3695:Meivazhi
3690:Japanese
3647:Siberian
3580:Santería
3550:Convince
3416:Bushongo
3320:Kiratism
3247:Hmongism
3114:Wocekiye
3099:Jivaroan
3067:Iroquois
3062:Ho-Chunk
3023:Cherokee
2956:American
2927:Hawaiian
2840:Sarnaism
2810:Tungusic
2798:Tengrism
2788:Mongolic
2717:Sarnaism
2648:Nichiren
2625:Mahayana
2612:Buddhism
2590:Sant Mat
2580:Sauraism
2575:Smartism
2570:Shaktism
2563:Balinese
2548:Kaumaram
2543:Kapalika
2538:Kashmiri
2523:Shaivism
2463:Hinduism
2430:Caodaism
2374:Ryukyuan
2369:Tenrikyo
2364:Shugendō
2342:Japanese
2213:Yazidism
2198:Ishikism
2076:Quranism
2049:Khawarij
1998:Salafism
1993:Atharism
1882:Esoteric
1853:Holiness
1843:Lutheran
1804:Reformed
1784:Baptists
1757:Brethren
1721:Hussites
1709:Assyrian
1625:Haymanot
1579:Orthodox
1528:Religion
1342:Archived
1075:(2018).
1037:New York
985:New York
945:ABC-CLIO
874:19 April
606:Hindutva
540:See also
487:Hinduism
470:coercion
418:al-Qaeda
370:ideology
352:al-Qaeda
330:apostasy
310:infidels
296:Abu Bakr
288:Muhammad
174:, said:
168:just war
148:Crusades
58:Features
40:religion
6440:Uruguay
6415:Ecuador
6395:Bolivia
6372:Vanuatu
6299:Oceania
6249:Jamaica
6229:Grenada
6184:Bahamas
6144:England
6134:Ukraine
6089:Romania
6049:Moldova
6009:Ireland
6004:Iceland
5999:Hungary
5989:Germany
5979:Finland
5974:Estonia
5969:Denmark
5964:Czechia
5959:Croatia
5944:Belgium
5939:Belarus
5934:Austria
5929:Andorra
5924:Albania
5901:Vietnam
5811:Myanmar
5786:Lebanon
5704:Georgia
5664:Bahrain
5654:Armenia
5616:Tunisia
5586:Somalia
5571:Senegal
5556:Nigeria
5546:Namibia
5536:Morocco
5501:Liberia
5496:Lesotho
5446:Eritrea
5416:Comoros
5391:Burundi
5366:Algeria
5310:Outline
5275:Deities
5202:Atheism
5120:Science
5038:Freedom
4896:History
4863:studies
4816:Dualism
4806:Animism
4771:Worship
4751:Symbols
4692:Liturgy
4605:Goddess
4565:Deities
4546:Laicism
4536:Beliefs
4515:Aspects
4487:Zapotec
4482:Vainakh
4450:Yahwism
4435:Semitic
4364:Iranian
4266:Hurrian
4256:Hittite
4246:Guanche
4239:Orphism
4170:Fuegian
4165:Finnish
4153:Atenism
4099:Latvian
4084:Arabian
4027:Raëlism
4007:Jediism
4002:Goddess
3975:De novo
3863:Druidry
3757:Thelema
3710:New Age
3595:Umbanda
3486:Tumbuka
3471:Odinala
3456:Lugbara
3376:African
3342:African
3290:Bimoism
3280:Burmese
3126:Mapuche
3092:Wyandot
3052:Guarani
3033:Choctaw
3028:Chilote
2969:Alaskan
2964:Abenaki
2915:Tagalog
2888:Kejawèn
2737:Sikhism
2700:Jainism
2660:Tibetan
2643:Amidism
2511:Warkari
2425:Đạo Mẫu
2275:Chinese
2257:Eastern
2234:Roshani
2153:Iranian
2061:Alevism
2054:Ibadism
2027:Zaydism
1704:Ancient
1675:Eastern
1635:Renewal
1620:Karaite
1601:Zionist
1589:Hasidic
1571:Judaism
1553:Western
1378:p. 224.
1187:(5–6).
784:p. 239.
760:p. 236.
736:p. 193.
724:p. 121.
712:p. 120.
700:p. 119.
645:(ed.).
517:Judaism
269:Muslims
198:torture
164:Muslims
26:, is a
6481:Portal
6420:Guyana
6400:Brazil
6367:Tuvalu
6264:Panama
6254:Mexico
6199:Canada
6194:Belize
6124:Sweden
6104:Serbia
6094:Russia
6079:Poland
6074:Norway
6054:Monaco
6024:Latvia
6019:Kosovo
5994:Greece
5984:France
5916:Europe
5881:Turkey
5866:Taiwan
5771:Kuwait
5744:Jordan
5734:Israel
5694:Cyprus
5679:Brunei
5674:Bhutan
5626:Zambia
5621:Uganda
5561:Rwanda
5516:Malawi
5476:Guinea
5466:Gambia
5371:Angola
5358:Africa
5167:Wealth
5115:Schism
5070:Growth
4994:Priest
4979:Clergy
4798:Theism
4781:Nature
4776:Astral
4719:Groves
4687:Ritual
4672:Prayer
4630:Novice
4580:Ethnic
4505:Topics
4477:Urartu
4472:Tongan
4467:Somali
4462:Slavic
4342:Dacian
4121:Celtic
4116:Basque
4094:Baltic
3945:Udmurt
3910:Uralic
3905:Slavic
3858:Celtic
3846:Abkhaz
3834:Romuva
3824:Baltic
3799:Modern
3642:Papuan
3605:Voodoo
3560:Kumina
3501:Yoruba
3491:Urhobo
3461:Maasai
3446:Lotuko
3394:Baluba
3384:Akamba
3357:Berber
3315:Heraka
3305:Dongba
3183:Pueblo
3178:Pawnee
3168:Navajo
3158:Muisca
3121:Lenape
3109:Lakota
3087:Seneca
3077:Mohawk
3011:Ohlone
2986:Apache
2979:Ojibwe
2954:Native
2820:Manchu
2815:Evenki
2776:Altaic
2767:Ethnic
2742:Khalsa
2695:Kalash
2585:Śrauta
2454:Indian
2384:Korean
2350:Shinto
2320:Taoism
2293:Luoism
2119:Baháʼí
2114:Bábism
2066:Ahmadi
2044:Sufism
2037:Alawis
1687:Church
1615:Reform
1596:Modern
1584:Haredi
1390:p. 35.
1366:p. 45.
1256:13 May
1223:
1215:
1153:
1125:
1117:
1107:
1089:London
1057:
1047:
1033:London
1005:
995:
981:London
951:
845:
799:p. 70.
772:p. 22.
683:
673:
655:Boston
651:Leiden
314:kuffār
305:takfīr
267:among
265:Shīʿas
263:, and
261:Sunnīs
135:Ellens
6405:Chile
6362:Tonga
6352:Samoa
6342:Palau
6332:Nauru
6239:Haiti
6159:Wales
6119:Spain
6044:Malta
6014:Italy
5906:Yemen
5861:Syria
5841:Qatar
5816:Nepal
5791:Macau
5754:Korea
5739:Japan
5714:India
5689:China
5601:Sudan
5551:Niger
5506:Libya
5491:Kenya
5471:Ghana
5461:Gabon
5436:Egypt
5376:Benin
5285:Index
5256:lists
5125:State
4943:Women
4811:Deism
4786:Place
4766:Water
4761:Truth
4729:Trees
4585:Faith
4550:Laity
4445:Punic
4403:Roman
4369:Vedic
4327:Olmec
4214:Greek
4207:Norse
4131:Irish
3952:Wicca
3747:Subud
3637:Inuit
3610:Winti
3600:Vodou
3565:Obeah
3545:Comfa
3528:Bantu
3481:Serer
3466:Mbuti
3426:Dogon
3421:Dinka
3404:Kongo
3399:Bantu
3325:Qiang
3215:Yaqui
3146:Olmec
3136:Aztec
3057:Haida
3006:Miwok
3001:Kuksu
2932:Māori
2863:Dayak
2784:Turko
2747:Sects
2683:Other
2638:Thiền
2222:Other
2124:Druze
2102:Other
1978:Sunni
1970:Islam
1752:Amish
1670:Latin
1221:S2CID
1175:(PDF)
1115:JSTOR
905:(PDF)
894:(PDF)
835:Tokyo
825:Kāfir
681:S2CID
477:jihad
458:jihad
453:jihad
449:jihad
444:jihad
438:fatwa
334:ridda
316:) or
281:Ummah
224:Islam
121:Amish
22:, or
6430:Peru
6312:Fiji
6209:Cuba
5821:Oman
5781:Laos
5729:Iraq
5724:Iran
5641:Asia
5611:Togo
5521:Mali
5411:Chad
5254:and
5181:and
4756:Text
4736:Soul
4625:Monk
4590:Fire
4271:Inca
4079:Ainu
3963:list
3940:Sámi
3570:Palo
3538:Ketu
3533:Jejé
3451:Lozi
3431:Efik
3409:Zulu
3389:Akan
3242:Ahom
3234:Miao
3232:and
3220:Zuni
3193:Hopi
3141:Maya
3038:Crow
3016:Pomo
2673:list
2630:Chan
2601:list
2558:Nath
2356:list
2092:list
2017:Shia
1959:list
1646:list
1326:2015
1258:2010
1232:2022
1213:ISSN
1151:ISBN
1123:LCCN
1105:ISBN
1087:and
1055:LCCN
1045:ISBN
1035:and
1003:LCCN
993:ISBN
983:and
949:ISBN
876:2020
843:ISBN
671:ISBN
653:and
522:See
412:and
404:and
346:and
232:and
156:Pope
119:and
32:zeal
5160:War
4635:Nun
4600:God
3661:New
3506:Ifá
3476:San
3275:Bon
3230:Tai
3210:Ute
2634:Zen
2298:Nuo
1203:hdl
1193:doi
1097:doi
663:doi
416:of
350:of
336:).
133:.
6498::
4977:/
4548:/
3441:Ik
3252:Mo
1403:.
1290:,
1249:.
1219:.
1211:.
1201:.
1185:38
1183:.
1177:.
1121:.
1113:.
1103:.
1091::
1079:.
1053:.
1039::
1015:^
1001:.
987::
975:.
963:^
943::
935:.
920:^
896:.
866:.
833:.
829:.
804:^
789:^
679:.
669:.
661:.
657::
649:.
432:.
380:,
259:,
220:.
54:.
3518::
3045:/
2786:-
2636:/
2632:/
1909:/
1723:/
1520:e
1513:t
1506:v
1413:.
1328:.
1260:.
1234:.
1205::
1195::
1159:.
1129:.
1099::
1061:.
1009:.
957:.
914:.
878:.
851:.
687:.
665::
332:(
320:(
312:(
279:(
106:.
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