Rare-earth element

3836:, citing an unnamed Ministry of Commerce official, reported that China will "further reduce quotas for rare-earth exports by 30 percent at most next year to protect the precious metals from over-exploitation." The government in Beijing further increased its control by forcing smaller, independent miners to merge into state-owned corporations or face closure. At the end of 2010, China announced that the first round of export quotas in 2011 for rare earths would be 14,446 tons, which was a 35% decrease from the previous first round of quotas in 2010. China announced further export quotas on 14 July 2011 for the second half of the year with total allocation at 30,184 tons with total production capped at 93,800 tonnes. In September 2011, China announced the halt in production of three of its eight major rare-earth mines, responsible for almost 40% of China's total rare-earth production. In March 2012, the US, EU, and Japan confronted China at WTO about these export and production restrictions. China responded with claims that the restrictions had environmental protection in mind. In August 2012, China announced a further 20% reduction in production. The United States, Japan, and the European Union filed a joint lawsuit with the World Trade Organization in 2012 against China, arguing that China should not be able to deny such important exports. 4835:

rare-earth minerals has accelerated over the past two decades. In 1990, China accounted for only 27% of such minerals. In 2009, world production was 132,000 metric tons; China produced 129,000 of those tons. According to the report, recent patterns suggest that China will slow the export of such materials to the world: "Owing to the increase in domestic demand, the Government has gradually reduced the export quota during the past several years." In 2006, China allowed 47 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 12 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers to export. Controls have since tightened annually; by 2011, only 22 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 9 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers were authorized. The government's future policies will likely keep in place strict controls: "According to China's draft rare-earth development plan, annual rare-earth production may be limited to between 130,000 and 140,000 during the period from 2009 to 2015. The export quota for rare-earth products may be about 35,000 and the Government may allow 20 domestic rare-earth producers and traders to export rare earths."

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most commonly used to increase the body mass of pigs, and it was discovered that REEs increase the digestibility and nutrient use of pigs' digestive systems. Studies point to a dose-response when considering toxicity versus positive effects. While small doses from the environment or with proper administration seem to have no ill effects, larger doses have been shown to have negative effects specifically in the organs where they accumulate. The process of mining REEs in China has resulted in soil and water contamination in certain areas, which when transported into aquatic bodies could potentially bio-accumulate within aquatic biota. Furthermore, in some cases, animals that live in REE-contaminated areas have been diagnosed with organ or system problems. REEs have been used in freshwater fish farming because it protects the fish from possible diseases. One main reason why they have been avidly used in animal livestock feeding is that they have had better results than inorganic livestock feed enhancers.

3009:(A-Type granitoids) have very high concentrations of alkaline elements and very low concentrations of phosphorus; they are deposited at moderate depths in extensional zones, often as igneous ring complexes, or as pipes, massive bodies, and lenses. These fluids have very low viscosities and high element mobility, which allows for the crystallization of large grains, despite a relatively short crystallization time upon emplacement; their large grain size is why these deposits are commonly referred to as pegmatites. Economically viable pegmatites are divided into Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) and Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF) types; NYF types are enriched in rare-earth minerals. Examples of rare-earth pegmatite deposits include Strange Lake in Canada and Khaladean-Buregtey in Mongolia. Nepheline syenite (M-Type granitoids) deposits are 90% feldspar and feldspathoid minerals. They are deposited in small, circular massifs and contain high concentrations of 3815:

elements are more prevalent in the following industries: renewable energy technology, military equipment, glass making, and metallurgy. Increased demand has strained supply, and there is growing concern that the world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths. In several years from 2009 worldwide demand for rare-earth elements is expected to exceed supply by 40,000 tonnes annually unless major new sources are developed. In 2013, it was stated that the demand for REEs would increase due to the dependence of the EU on these elements, the fact that rare-earth elements cannot be substituted by other elements and that REEs have a low recycling rate. Furthermore, due to the increased demand and low supply, future prices are expected to increase and there is a chance that countries other than China will open REE mines. In addition there are over a hundred ongoing mining projects with many options outside of China.

2550:. In those days, the first separation was into two main groups, the cerium earths (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium) and the yttrium earths (scandium, yttrium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Europium, gadolinium, and terbium were either considered as a separate group of rare-earth elements (the terbium group), or europium was included in the cerium group, and gadolinium and terbium were included in the yttrium group. In the latter case, the f-block elements are split into half: the first half (La–Eu) form the cerium group, and the second half (Gd–Yb) together with group 3 (Sc, Y, Lu) form the yttrium group. The reason for this division arose from the difference in 4794:, "Slashing their exports of rare-earth metals ... is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valuable finished goods to the world rather than lowly raw materials." Furthermore, China currently has an effective monopoly on the world's REE Value Chain. (All of the refineries and processing plants that transform the raw ore into valuable elements.) In the words of Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese politician from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, "The Middle East has oil; we have rare earths ... it is of extremely important strategic significance; we must be sure to handle the rare earth issue properly and make the fullest use of our country's advantage in rare-earth resources." 4584:

supply chain would help mitigate some of the pollution at the extraction point. This means recycling and reusing REEs that are already in use or reaching the end of their life cycle. A study published in 2014 suggests a method to recycle REEs from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries, demonstrating a recovery rate of 95.16%. Rare-earth elements could also be recovered from industrial wastes with practical potential to reduce environmental and health impacts from mining, waste generation, and imports if known and experimental processes are scaled up. A study suggests that "fulfillment of the circular economy approach could reduce up to 200 times the impact

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like metals, they can speciate depending on the soil condition being either motile or adsorbed to soil particles. Depending on their bio-availability, REEs can be absorbed into plants and later consumed by humans and animals. The mining of REEs, use of REE-enriched fertilizers, and the production of phosphorus fertilizers all contribute to REE contamination. Furthermore, strong acids are used during the extraction process of REEs, which can then leach out into the environment and be transported through water bodies and result in the acidification of aquatic environments. Another additive of REE mining that contributes to REE environmental contamination is

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REEs from coal fly ash by using citrate and oxalate who are strong organic ligand and capable of complexing or precipItating with REE. The other one is from secondary resources such as electronic, industrial waste and municipal waste. E-waste contains a significant concentration of REEs, and thus is the primary option for REE recycling now. According to a study, approximately 50 million metric tons of electronic waste are dumped in landfills worldwide each year. Despite the fact that e-waste contains a significant amount of rare-earth elements (REE), only 12.5% of e-waste is currently being recycled for all metals.

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dependent on the type of REE present in the soil, hence there are a multitude of factors that influence this process. Agricultural plants are the main type of vegetation affected by REE contamination in the environment, the two plants with a higher chance of absorbing and storing REEs being apples and beets. Furthermore, there is a possibility that REEs can leach out into aquatic environments and be absorbed by aquatic vegetation, which can then bio-accumulate and potentially enter the human food chain if livestock or humans choose to eat the vegetation. An example of this situation was the case of the

4683: 2567:; those with low atomic numbers are referred to as light rare-earth elements (LREE), those with high atomic numbers are the heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), and those that fall in between are typically referred to as the middle rare-earth elements (MREE). Commonly, rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 to 61 (lanthanum to promethium) are classified as light and those with atomic numbers 62 and greater are classified as heavy rare-earth elements. Increasing atomic numbers between light and heavy rare-earth elements and decreasing 4492:

additives for livestock which has resulted in increased production such as larger animals and a higher production of eggs and dairy products. However, this practice has resulted in REE bioaccumulation within livestock and has impacted vegetation and algae growth in these agricultural areas. Additionally while no ill effects have been observed at current low concentrations the effects over the long term and with accumulation over time are unknown prompting some calls for more research into their possible effects.

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anomalies) of specific elements along the series and are graphically recognizable as positive or negative "peaks" along the REE patterns. The anomalies can be numerically quantified as the ratio between the normalized concentration of the element showing the anomaly and the predictable one based on the average of the normalized concentrations of the two elements in the previous and next position in the series, according to the equation:

928: 13263: 16909: 11171: 2742:"rare earth" is quite scarce. The longest-lived isotope of promethium has a half-life of 17.7 years, so the element exists in nature in only negligible amounts (approximately 572 g in the entire Earth's crust). Promethium is one of the two elements that do not have stable (non-radioactive) isotopes and are followed by (i.e. with higher atomic number) stable elements (the other being 2661:). Five different crystal structures are known, depending on the element and the temperature. The X-phase and the H-phase are only stable above 2000 K. At lower temperatures, there are the hexagonal A-phase, the monoclinic B-phase, and the cubic C-phase, which is the stable form at room temperature for most of the elements. The C-phase was once thought to be in 2770:, can produce a broad separation between light and heavy REE. The larger ionic radii of LREE make them generally more incompatible than HREE in rock-forming minerals, and will partition more strongly into a melt phase, while HREE may prefer to remain in the crystalline residue, particularly if it contains HREE-compatible minerals like 4324:, rare-earth elements differ from other elements, in that when looked at analytically, they are virtually inseparable, having almost the same chemical properties. However, in terms of their electronic and magnetic properties, each one occupies a unique technological niche that nothing else can. For example, "the rare-earth elements 2572:(europium) and 64 (gadolinium). The actual metallic densities of these two groups overlap, with the "light" group having densities from 6.145 (lanthanum) to 7.26 (promethium) or 7.52 (samarium) g/cc, and the "heavy" group from 6.965 (ytterbium) to 9.32 (thulium), as well as including yttrium at 4.47. Europium has a density of 5.24. 4247:. The research team found a mud layer 2 to 4 meters beneath the seabed with concentrations of up to 0.66% rare-earth oxides. A potential deposit might compare in grade with the ion-absorption-type deposits in southern China that provide the bulk of Chinese REO mine production, which grade in the range of 0.05% to 0.5% REO. 3041:." "I believe that rareearth resources undersea are much more promising than on-land resources," said Kato. "oncentrations of rare earths were comparable to those found in clays mined in China. Some deposits contained twice as much heavy rare earths such as dysprosium, a component of magnets in hybrid car motors." 3113:. A direct consequence is that, during the formation of coordination bonds, the REE behaviour gradually changes along the series. Furthermore, the lanthanide contraction causes the ionic radius of Ho (0.901 Å) to be almost identical to that of Y (0.9 Å), justifying the inclusion of the latter among the REE. 3109:

geochemical system (CHArge-and-RAdius-Controlled) where elements with similar charge and radius should show coherent geochemical behaviour, and in non-CHARAC systems, such as aqueous solutions, where the electron structure is also an important parameter to consider as the lanthanide contraction affects the

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It has been argued that the geopolitical importance of rare earths has been exaggerated in the literature on the geopolitics of renewable energy, underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production. This especially concerns neodymium. Due to its role in permanent magnets used for

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of REEs. This higher level was related to the high levels of REEs present in the vegetables they cultivated, the soil, and the water from the wells, indicating that the high levels were caused by the nearby mine. However the levels found were not high enough to cause health effects. Analysis of REEs

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Near mining and industrial sites, the concentrations of REEs can rise to many times the normal background levels. Once in the environment, REEs can leach into the soil where their transport is determined by numerous factors such as erosion, weathering, pH, precipitation, groundwater, etc. Acting much

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It is possible to observe the serial trend of the REE by reporting their normalized concentrations against the atomic number. The trends that are observed in "spider" diagrams are typically referred to as "patterns", which may be diagnostic of petrological processes that have affected the material of

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Experiments exposing rats to various cerium compounds have found accumulation primarily in the lungs and liver. This resulted in various negative health outcomes associated with those organs. REEs have been added to feed in livestock to increase their body mass and increase milk production. They are

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Currently, people take two essential resources into consideration for the secure supply of REEs: one is to extract REEs from primary resources like mines harboring REE-bearing ores, regolith-hosted clay deposits, ocean bed sediments, coal fly ash, etc. A work developed a green system for recovery of

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However, the Malaysian authorities confirmed that as of October 2011, Lynas was not given any permit to import any rare-earth ore into Malaysia. On February 2, 2012, the Malaysian AELB (Atomic Energy Licensing Board) recommended that Lynas be issued a temporary operating license subject to meeting a

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These concerns have intensified due to the actions of China, the predominant supplier. Specifically, China has announced regulations on exports and a crackdown on smuggling. On September 1, 2009, China announced plans to reduce its export quota to 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015 to conserve scarce

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of rare-earth double sulfates with sodium and potassium. The sodium double sulfates of the cerium group are poorly soluble, those of the terbium group slightly, and those of the yttrium group are very soluble. Sometimes, the yttrium group was further split into the erbium group (dysprosium, holmium,

1031:

These metals tarnish slowly in air at room temperature and react slowly with cold water to form hydroxides, liberating hydrogen. They react with steam to form oxides and ignite spontaneously at a temperature of 400 °C (752 °F). These elements and their compounds have no biological function

3080:

Lu). REE usually appear as trivalent ions, except for Ce and Eu which can take the form of Ce and Eu depending on the redox conditions of the system. Consequentially, REE are characterized by a substantial identity in their chemical reactivity, which results in a serial behaviour during geochemical

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who led a study of Pacific Ocean seabed mud, published results indicating the mud could hold rich concentrations of rare-earth minerals. The deposits, studied at 78 sites, came from "ot plumes from hydrothermal vents pull these materials out of seawater and deposit them on the seafloor, bit by bit,

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of primary minerals enriches insoluble elements by leaching out silica and other soluble elements, recrystallizing feldspar into clay minerals such kaolinite, halloysite, and montmorillonite. In tropical regions where precipitation is high, weathering forms a thick argillized regolith, this process

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abundance than does cerium and the LREE. This has economic consequences: large ore bodies of LREE are known around the world and are being exploited. Ore bodies for HREE are more rare, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of HREE originates in the "ion-absorption clay" ores of

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of rare earths make them incompatible with the crystal lattices of most rock-forming minerals, so REE will undergo strong partitioning into a melt phase if one is present. REE are chemically very similar and have always been difficult to separate, but the gradual decrease in ionic radius from light

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has been the focus of a US$ 100 million cleanup that is proceeding in 2011. After having accomplished the hilltop entombment of 11,000 truckloads of radioactively contaminated material, the project is expected to entail in summer, 2011, the removal of "more than 80,000 steel barrels of radioactive

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production, which affects photosynthesis and inhibits the growth of the plants. However, the impact of REE contamination on vegetation is dependent on the plants present in the contaminated environment: not all plants retain and absorb REEs. Also, the ability of the vegetation to intake the REE is

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REE recycling and reuse have been increasingly focused on in recent years. The main concerns include environmental pollution during REE recycling and increasing recycling efficiency. Literature published in 2004 suggests that, along with previously established pollution mitigation, a more circular

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in the late 2010s. As China has shut down domestic mines due to the detrimental environmental impact, it has largely outsourced rare-earth mining to Kachin State. Chinese companies and miners illegally set up operations in Kachin State without government permits, and instead circumvent the central

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REE is increasing in demand due to the fact that they are essential for new and innovative technology that is being created. These new products that need REEs to be produced are high-technology equipment such as smart phones, digital cameras, computer parts, semiconductors, etc. In addition, these

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are a representation of provenance. The rare-earth element concentrations are not typically affected by sea and river waters, as rare-earth elements are insoluble and thus have very low concentrations in these fluids. As a result, when sediment is transported, rare-earth element concentrations are

3375:

According to the general shape of the patterns or thanks to the presence (or absence) of so-called "anomalies", information regarding the system under examination and the occurring geochemical processes can be obtained. The anomalies represent enrichment (positive anomalies) or depletion (negative

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deposits; heavy rare-earth elements are incorporated into the residual clay by absorption. This kind of deposit is only mined for REE in Southern China, where the majority of global heavy rare-earth element production occurs. REE-laterites do form elsewhere, including over the carbonatite at Mount

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throughout the series causes chemical variations. Europium is exempt of this classification as it has two valence states: Eu and Eu. Yttrium is grouped as heavy rare-earth element due to chemical similarities. The break between the two groups is sometimes put elsewhere, such as between elements 63

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and radioactive waste from it. The ore to be processed has very low levels of thorium, and Lynas founder and chief executive Nicholas Curtis said "There is absolutely no risk to public health." T. Jayabalan, a doctor who says he has been monitoring and treating patients affected by the Mitsubishi

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The rare-earth elements (REEs) are vital to modern technologies and society and are amongst the most critical elements. Despite this, typically only around 1% of REEs are recycled from end-products. Recycling and reusing REEs is not easy: these elements are mostly present in tiny amounts in small

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in rare-earth ores present a potential hazard and improper handling of these substances can result in extensive environmental damage. In May 2010, China announced a major, five-month crackdown on illegal mining in order to protect the environment and its resources. This campaign is expected to be

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REEs are naturally found in very low concentrations in the environment. Mines are often in countries where environmental and social standards are very low, leading to human rights violations, deforestation, and contamination of land and water. Generally, it is estimated that extracting 1 tonne of

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has said that it has no plans to impose such restrictions. Many Danish politicians have expressed concerns that other nations, including China, could gain influence in thinly populated Greenland, given the number of foreign workers and investment that could come from Chinese companies in the near

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REEs have been used in agriculture to increase plant growth, productivity, and stress resistance seemingly without negative effects for human and animal consumption. REEs are used in agriculture through REE-enriched fertilizers which is a widely used practice in China. In addition, REEs are feed

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orbitals. The lanthanide contraction has a direct effect on the geochemistry of the lanthanides, which show a different behaviour depending on the systems and processes in which they are involved. The effect of the lanthanide contraction can be observed in the REE behaviour both in a CHARAC-type

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panel investigation was completed and no construction has been halted. Lynas is on budget and on schedule to start producing in 2011. The IAEA concluded in a report issued in June 2011 that it did not find any instance of "any non-compliance with international radiation safety standards" in the

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of each element. Partition coefficients are responsible for the fractionation of trace elements (including rare-earth elements) into the liquid phase (the melt/magma) into the solid phase (the mineral). If an element preferentially remains in the solid phase it is termed 'compatible', and if it

3000:

pipes at the core of igneous complexes; they consist of fine-grained calcite and hematite, sometimes with significant concentrations of ankerite and minor concentrations of siderite. Large carbonatite deposits enriched in rare-earth elements include Mount Weld in Australia, Thor Lake in Canada,

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A 2011 report "China's Rare-Earth Industry", issued by the US Geological Survey and US Department of the Interior, outlines industry trends within China and examines national policies that may guide the future of the country's production. The report notes that China's lead in the production of

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The geochemical study of the REE is not carried out on absolute concentrations – as it is usually done with other chemical elements – but on normalized concentrations in order to observe their serial behaviour. In geochemistry, rare-earth elements are typically presented in normalized "spider"

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and water), with high concentrations of alkaline elements, and high element mobility that the rare earths are strongly partitioned into. This melt may also rise along pre-existing fractures, and be emplaced in the crust above the subducting slab or erupted at the surface. REE-enriched deposits

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as has been demonstrated at large mine in Batou (Mongolia). The rare-earth mining and smelting process can release airborne fluoride which will associate with total suspended particles (TSP) to form aerosols that can enter human respiratory systems. Research from Baotou, China shows that the

3160:

Solar System material. However, other normalizing standards can be applied depending on the purpose of the study. Normalization to a standard reference value, especially of a material believed to be unfractionated, allows the observed abundances to be compared to the initial abundances of the

5253:, REE have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of REE comes from only a handful of sources, almost entirely as a byproduct of mining other elements in commercially exploitable concentrations they occur alongside. 4005:

is under consideration by NioCorp Development Ltd who hopes to open a niobium, scandium, and titanium mine there. That mine may be able to produce as much as 7200 tonnes of ferro niobium and 95 tonnes of scandium trioxide annually, although, as of 2022, financing is still in the works.

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On August 29, 2014, the WTO ruled that China had broken free-trade agreements, and the WTO said in the summary of key findings that "the overall effect of the foreign and domestic restrictions is to encourage domestic extraction and secure preferential use of those materials by Chinese

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It follows the recommendation from the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Review Board in July, and marks a major milestone in the company's effort to turn the project into an operating mine. Avalon claims Nechalacho is "the most advanced large heavy rare earth development project in the

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wind turbines, it has been argued that neodymium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy. But this perspective has been criticized for failing to recognize that most wind turbines have gears and do not use permanent magnets.

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with carbon black and then sent a 1-second current pulse through the mixture, heating it to 3,000 °C (5,430 °F). The fly ash contains microscopic bits of glass that encapsulate the metals. The heat shatters the glass, exposing the rare earths. Flash heating also converts

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Jyothi, Rajesh Kumar; Thenepalli, Thriveni; Ahn, Ji Whan; Parhi, Pankaj Kumar; Chung, Kyeong Woo; Lee, Jin-Young (September 10, 2020). "Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste".

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in California made the United States the leading producer. Today, the Indian and South African deposits still produce some rare-earth concentrates, but they were dwarfed by the scale of Chinese production. In 2017, China produced 81% of the world's rare-earth supply, mostly in

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preferentially partitions into the melt phase it is described as 'incompatible'. Each element has a different partition coefficient, and therefore fractionates into solid and liquid phases distinctly. These concepts are also applicable to metamorphic and sedimentary petrology.

4851:. The USGS study team has located a sizable area of rocks in the center of an extinct volcano containing light rare-earth elements including cerium and neodymium. It has mapped 1.3 million metric tons of desirable rock, or about ten years of supply at current demand levels. 4230:. Due to the rising prices of rare earths, extraction of these oxides has become economically viable. The country currently exports around 3,000 tonnes per year, representing around 2% of world production. Similar resources are suspected in the western United States, where 2555:

erbium, and thulium) and the ytterbium group (ytterbium and lutetium), but today the main grouping is between the cerium and the yttrium groups. Today, the rare-earth elements are classified as light or heavy rare-earth elements, rather than in cerium and yttrium groups.

4488:. Ce, Ga, and Nd are important in electronics and are used in the production of LCD and plasma screens, fiber optics, and lasers, and in medical imaging. Additional uses for rare-earth elements are as tracers in medical applications, fertilizers, and in water treatment. 4014:

in Angola and other sources as they become available. The company are targeting production in late 2023, before ramping up to full capacity in 2024. Pensana aim to produce 12,500 metric tons of separated rare earths, including 4,500 tons of magnet metal rare earths.

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The chemical properties of the REEs are so similar that they are expected to show similar toxicity in humans. Mortality studies show REEs are not highly toxic. Long term (18 months) inhalation of dust containing high levels (60%) of REEs has been shown to cause

7098: 9757:

Amato, A.; Becci, A.; Birloaga, I.; De Michelis, I.; Ferella, F.; Innocenzi, V.; Ippolito, N. M.; Pillar Jimenez Gomez, C.; Vegliò, F.; Beolchini, F. (May 1, 2019). "Sustainability analysis of innovative technologies for the rare earth elements recovery".

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in South Africa, the world's highest grade rare earths and thorium mine, closed in 1963, but has been gearing to go back into production. Over 80% of the infrastructure is already complete. Other mines include the Nolans Project in Central Australia, the

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phase incorporates cerium and the LREE preferentially. The smaller size of the HREE allows greater solid solubility in the rock-forming minerals that make up Earth's mantle, and thus yttrium and the HREE show less enrichment in Earth's crust relative to

2774:. The result is that all magma formed from partial melting will always have greater concentrations of LREE than HREE, and individual minerals may be dominated by either HREE or LREE, depending on which range of ionic radii best fits the crystal lattice. 4062:, the proposed rare-earth mining project 'Matamulas' may provide, according to its developers, up to 2,100 Tn/year (33% of the annual UE demand). However, this project has been suspended by regional authorities due to social and environmental concerns. 5959:

P. Belli; R. Bernabei; F. Cappella; R. Cerulli; C. J. Dai; F. A. Danevich; A. d'Angelo; A. Incicchitti; V. V. Kobychev; S. S. Nagorny; S. Nisi; F. Nozzoli; D. Prosperi; V. I. Tretyak; S. S. Yurchenko (2007). "Search for α decay of natural Europium".

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Borst, Anouk M.; Smith, Martin P.; Finch, Adrian A.; Estrade, Guillaume; Villanova-de-Benavent, Cristina; Nason, Peter; Marquis, Eva; Horsburgh, Nicola J.; Goodenough, Kathryn M.; Xu, Cheng; Kynický, Jindřich; Geraki, Kalotina (September 1, 2020).

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manufacturers." China declared that it would implement the ruling on September 26, 2014, but would need some time to do so. By January 5, 2015, China had lifted all quotas from the export of rare earths, but export licenses will still be required.

4560:

It is, however, possible to filter out and recover any rare-earth elements that flow out with the wastewater from mining facilities. However, such filtering and recovery equipment may not always be present on the outlets carrying the wastewater.

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The rare-earth elements patterns observed in igneous rocks are primarily a function of the chemistry of the source where the rock came from, as well as the fractionation history the rock has undergone. Fractionation is in turn a function of the

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plant, "is wary of Lynas's assurances. The argument that low levels of thorium in the ore make it safer doesn't make sense, he says, because radiation exposure is cumulative." Construction of the facility has been halted until an independent

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for rare-earth deposits under the protection of United States military forces. Since 2009 the USGS has conducted remote sensing surveys as well as fieldwork to verify Soviet claims that volcanic rocks containing rare-earth metals exist in

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While REEs are not major pollutants, the increase application of REEs in new technologies has increased the need to understand their safe levels of exposure for humans. One side effect of mining REEs can be exposure to harmful radioactive

4557:, in Inner Mongolia, where much of the world's rare-earth supply is refined, has caused major environmental damage. China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology estimated that cleanup costs in Jiangxi province at $ 5.5 billion. 4104:

imports practically all of its rare earth elements from China. The EU Critical Raw Materials Act of 2023 has set in action the required policy adjustments for Europe to start producing two-thirds of the lithium-ion batteries required for

3796:, although it had only 36.7% of reserves. Australia was the second and only other major producer with 15% of world production. All of the world's heavy rare earths (such as dysprosium) come from Chinese rare-earth sources such as the 4120:

In 2024 American Rare Earths Inc. disclosed that its reserves near Wheatland Wyoming totaled 2.34 billion metric tons, possibly the world's largest and larger than a separate 1.2 million metric ton deposit in northeastern Wyoming.

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of Delafontaine. Due to the difficulty in separating the metals (and determining the separation is complete), the total number of false discoveries was dozens, with some putting the total number of discoveries at over a hundred.

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Zhong, Buqing; Wang, Lingqing; Liang, Tao; Xing, Baoshan (October 2017). "Pollution level and inhalation exposure of ambient aerosol fluoride as affected by polymetallic rare earth mining and smelting in Baotou, north China".

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In January 2013 a Japanese deep-sea research vessel obtained seven deep-sea mud core samples from the Pacific Ocean seafloor at 5,600 to 5,800 meters depth, approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of the island of

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Pagano, Giovanni; Aliberti, Francesco; Guida, Marco; Oral, Rahime; Siciliano, Antonietta; Trifuoggi, Marco; Tommasi, Franca (2015). "Rare earth elements in human and animal health: State of art and research priorities".

2167:. It took another 30 years for researchers to determine that other elements were contained in the two ores ceria and yttria (the similarity of the rare-earth metals' chemical properties made their separation difficult). 1032:

other than in several specialized enzymes, such as in lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenases in bacteria. The water-soluble compounds are mildly to moderately toxic, but the insoluble ones are not. All isotopes of

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report said the Lynas investment was $ 730 million, and the projected share of the global market it would fill put at "about a sixth." An independent review initiated by the Malaysian Government, and conducted by the

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and environmental concerns as the reasons for a nationwide crackdown on its rare-earth mineral production sector. However, non-environmental motives have also been imputed to China's rare-earth policy. According to

4553:

concentrated in the South, where mines – commonly small, rural, and illegal operations – are particularly prone to releasing toxic waste into the general water supply. However, even the major operation in

9150:

Volokh, A. A.; Gorbunov, A. V.; Gundorina, S. F.; Revich, B. A.; Frontasyeva, M. V.; Chen Sen Pal (June 1, 1990). "Phosphorus fertilizer production as a source of rare-earth elements pollution of the environment".

8701:

Wencai Zhang; Mohammad Rezaee; Abhijit Bhagavatula; Yonggai Li; John Groppo; Rick Honaker (2015). "A Review of the Occurrence and Promising Recovery Methods of Rare Earth Elements from Coal and Coal By-Products".

2952:, or erupted at the surface. Typical REE enriched deposits types forming in rift settings are carbonatites, and A- and M-Type granitoids. Near subduction zones, partial melting of the subducting plate within the 8574: 5838: 4009:

In the UK, Pensana has begun construction of their US$ 195 million rare-earth processing plant which secured funding from the UK government's Automotive Transformation Fund. The plant will process ore from the

4580:

electronic parts and they are difficult to separate chemically. For example, recovery of neodymium requires manual disassembly of hard disk drives because shredding the drives only recovers 10% of the REE.

8662: 3016:

Rare-earth elements can also be enriched in deposits by secondary alteration either by interactions with hydrothermal fluids or meteoric water or by erosion and transport of resistate REE-bearing minerals.

1114:) is provided here. Some of the rare-earth elements are named after the scientists who discovered them, or elucidated their elemental properties, and some after the geographical locations where discovered. 8393: 2507:(due in part to their similar chemical properties), making the rare-earth elements relatively expensive. Their industrial use was very limited until efficient separation techniques were developed, such as 7644: 3269: 16575: 8269: 3910:, which has profited from this extractive industry. As of March 2022, 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing the area of 10936: 10893: 1071:), in practice this is spread thin across trace impurities, so to obtain rare earths at usable purity requires processing enormous amounts of raw ore at great expense, thus the name "rare" earths. 7677: 3035:

over tens of millions of years. One square patch of metal-rich mud 2.3 kilometers wide might contain enough rare earths to meet most of the global demand for a year, Japanese geologists report in

16590: 7564: 4457:

Other important uses of rare-earth elements are applicable to the production of high-performance magnets, alloys, glasses, and electronics. Ce and La are important as catalysts, and are used for

4267:

have made the extraction of rare earths from these materials less expensive. Recycling plants operate in Japan, where an estimated 300,000 tons of rare earths are found in unused electronics. In

6744: 8205: 8432: 3165:. Normalization is carried out by dividing the analytical concentrations of each element of the series by the concentration of the same element in a given standard, according to the equation: 2940:(200 to 600 km depth). This melt becomes enriched in incompatible elements, like the rare-earth elements, by leaching them out of the crystalline residue. The resultant magma rises as a 3922:

As a result of the increased demand and tightening restrictions on exports of the metals from China, some countries are stockpiling rare-earth resources. Searches for alternative sources in

2189:

In 1842 Mosander also separated the yttria into three oxides: pure yttria, terbia, and erbia (all the names are derived from the town name "Ytterby"). The earth giving pink salts he called

10561: 3732:

Sea and river waters typically have low rare-earth element concentrations. However, aqueous geochemistry is still very important. In oceans, rare-earth elements reflect input from rivers,

7719: 7542: 8492: 8334: 7702: 7099:"New evidence shows massive and rapid expansion of illicit rare earths industry in Myanmar, fuelling human rights abuses, environmental destruction and funding military-linked militias" 4756:

If the proper safety standards are followed, REE mining is relatively low impact. Molycorp (before going bankrupt) often exceeded environmental regulations to improve its public image.

2834:, contains small but potentially useful amounts of yttrium. Of the above yttrium minerals, most played a part in providing research quantities of lanthanides during the discovery days. 2753:

of the Earth, the dense rare-earth elements were incorporated into the deeper portions of the planet. Early differentiation of molten material largely incorporated the rare earths into

5114:"Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Dehydrogenases of XoxF4 and XoxF5 Clades Are Differentially Distributed Among Methylotrophic Bacteria and They Reveal Different Biochemical Properties" 4655:

Analysis of people living near mines in China had many times the levels of REEs in their blood, urine, bone, and hair compared to controls far from mining sites, suggesting possible

8523:. 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference. Milos, Greece: European Commission for the 'Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe's Rare Earth ore deposits'. 6252:

Bau, Michael (April 1, 1996). "Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: evidence from Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and lanthanide tetrad effect".

3081:

processes rather than being characteristic of a single element of the series. Sc, Y, and Lu can be electronically distinguished from the other rare earths because they do not have

10992: 4797:

One possible example of market control is the division of General Motors that deals with miniaturized magnet research, which shut down its US office and moved its entire staff to

4312:

into oxides, which are more soluble and extractable. Using hydrochloric acid at concentrations less than 1% of conventional methods, the process extracted twice as much material.

10784: 6937: 10869: 7218: 5908:

M. V. Abrashev; N. D. Todorov; J. Geshev (September 9, 2014). "Raman spectra of R 2O3 (R—rare earth) sesquioxides with C-type bixbyite crystal structure: A comparative study".

5656:Но с гадолиния начинается иттриевая подгруппа редкоземельных элементов, а это значит, что на электронных оболочках его атомов должны быть электроны с антипараллельными спинами. 2996:, like the ones found in Africa and the Canadian Shield. Ferrocarbonatites are the most common type of carbonatite to be enriched in REE, and are often emplaced as late-stage, 7250: 6437:"Sedimentary carbonate‐hosted giant Bayan Obo REE‐Fe‐Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin" 3866:

in that country, future supplies of critical ores were possibly constrained. Additionally, it was speculated that the PRC could again reduce rare-earth exports to counter-act

7586: 3366: 3322: 16561: 10838: 6906: 7745: 4887:(1942)) features a struggle between two rival mining cartels to control a plot of land in a fictional African country, which contains rich minable rare-earth ore deposits. 5889: 6775: 4969:. The ending "-ide" normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to wide current usage, "lanthanide" is still allowed and is roughly analogous to rare-earth element. 9098: 7053: 9121: 8578: 6998: 5831: 3382: 8683:

Sorokin, Anatoliy P., et al. "Distribution of Rare Earth and Selected Trace Elements in Combustion Products of Yerkovetskoe Brown Coal Deposit (Amur Region, Russia)."

6688: 4626:

in China, where the water was contaminated due to a REE-enriched fertilizer being used in a nearby agricultural area. The aquatic environment became contaminated with

3950:

are ongoing. Mines in these countries were closed when China undercut world prices in the 1990s, and it will take a few years to restart production as there are many

7801: 6152:

Kato, Yasuhiro; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takaya, Yutaro; Kitamura, Kenichi; Ohta, Junichiro; Toda, Ryuichi; Nakashima, Takuya; Iwamori, Hikaru (2011).

8183: 4128:, Norway, making it Europe's largest known rare-earth element deposit. The mining firm predicted that it would finish developing the first stage of mining in 2030. 3149:

diagrams, in which concentration of rare-earth elements are normalized to a reference standard and are then expressed as the logarithm to the base 10 of the value.

1251:

filters, energy-efficient light bulbs (part of triphosphor white phosphor coating in fluorescent tubes, CFLs and CCFLs, and yellow phosphor coating in white LEDs),

15553: 8658: 7291: 7077: 4156:

to Kuantan. Within two years, Lynas was said to expect the refinery to be able to meet nearly a third of the world's demand for rare-earth materials, not counting

3675: 3627: 3579: 2795:: even-numbered REE at abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered REE at abundances of about 1% each. Similar compositions are found in xenotime or gadolinite. 2615:

Due to their chemical similarity, the concentrations of rare earths in rocks are only slowly changed by geochemical processes, making their proportions useful for

2087:

A mnemonic for the names of the sixth-row elements in order is "Lately college parties never produce sexy European girls that drink heavily even though you look".

1013:. Compounds containing rare earths have diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic materials, and industrial processes. 8401: 4660:

in street dust in China suggest "no augmented health hazard". Similarly, analysis of cereal crops in mining areas in China found levels too low for health risks.

2730:

As seen in the chart, rare-earth elements are found on Earth at similar concentrations to many common transition metals. The most abundant rare-earth element is

10665: 8462: 4089:

On 12 January 2023, Swedish state-owned mining company LKAB announced that it had discovered a deposit of over 1 million tonnes of rare earths in the country's

8636: 6411: 8277: 6562:

Massari, Stefania; Ruberti, Marcello (March 1, 2013). "Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies".

13056: 8243: 6131: 4465:. Nd is important in magnet production in traditional and low-carbon technologies. Rare-earth elements in this category are used in the electric motors of 4295:

and sludge, are a potential source of critical elements including rare-earth elements (REE) with estimated amounts in the range of 50 million metric tons.

3092:" which represents a higher-than-expected decrease in the atomic/ionic radius of the elements along the series. This is determined by the variation of the 10933: 10890: 10635: 8020: 7832: 13066: 7771: 7669: 7556: 13116: 8038: 6752: 5575: 8209: 8057: 7871: 7612: 3027:

Weld in Australia. REE may also be extracted from placer deposits if the sedimentary parent lithology contains REE-bearing, heavy resistate minerals.

2210:

tried also to separate the crude yttria and found the same substances that Mosander obtained, but Berlin named (1860) the substance giving pink salts

13213: 13091: 11214: 10401:

Zhuang, Maoqiang; Wang, Liansen; Wu, Guangjian; Wang, Kebo; Jiang, Xiaofeng; Liu, Taibin; Xiao, Peirui; Yu, Lianlong; Jiang, Ying (August 29, 2017).

9682: 8424: 7901: 5679: 4985: 4971: 4958: 6839: 6655: 16568: 6806: 3960: 10558: 5163:

Malhotra, Nemi; Hsu, Hua-Shu; Liang, Sung-Tzu; Roldan, Marri Jmelou M.; Lee, Jiann-Shing; Ger, Tzong-Rong; Hsiao, Chung-Der (September 16, 2020).

4820:

reported that "China ... in July announced the latest in a series of annual export reductions, this time by 40% to precisely 30,258 tonnes."

13096: 13071: 12517: 10609: 6869: 3018: 1009:, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft 8123: 7534: 13051: 12767: 10689: 8614: 8524: 8345: 6968: 4652:

fluoride concentration in the air near REE mines is higher than the limit value from WHO, but the health effects of this exposure are unknown.

4140:

was reported to be "hurrying to finish" a US$ 230 million rare-earth refinery on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia's industrial port of

3847:

in the United States), prices of rare earths dropped. The price of dysprosium oxide was US$ 994/kg in 2011, but dropped to US$ 265/kg by 2014.

9251: 8484: 7691: 7028: 4501:

rare earth element creates around 2,000 tonnes of waste, partly toxic, including 1 ton of radioactive waste. The largest mining site of REEs,

2563:

The classification of rare-earth elements is inconsistent between authors. The most common distinction between rare-earth elements is made by

16580: 13180: 9576:

Sprecher, Benjamin; Xiao, Yanping; Walton, Allan; Speight, John; Harris, Rex; Kleijn, Rene; Visser, Geert; Kramer, Gert Jan (April 1, 2014).

9323: 9286: 7998: 2791:

Southern China. Some versions provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the HREE being present in ratios reflecting the

13190: 13185: 10223:

Chen, X. A., et al. "A twenty-year follow-up study on health effects-following long-term exposure to thorium dusts." HEIR 2004 (2005): 139.

6545: 4176:. In mid-2011, after protests, Malaysian government restrictions on the Lynas plant were announced. At that time, citing subscription-only 4073:

project contained not only the 6th largest deposit by tonnage outside of China but also the highest grade of rare-earth elements of the 6.

2328:") an oxide of a mixture of elements such as yttrium, ytterbium, iron, uranium, thorium, calcium, niobium, and tantalum. This mineral from 1090:, a black mineral composed of cerium, yttrium, iron, silicon, and other elements. This mineral was extracted from a mine in the village of 14575: 8299: 7934: 6605:

Liu, Shuang-Liang; Fan, Hong-Rui; Liu, Xuan; Meng, Jianyin; Butcher, Alan R.; Yann, Lahaye; Yang, Kui-Feng; Li, Xiao-Chun (June 1, 2023).

13126: 13086: 13081: 13041: 9392:

Barros, Óscar; Costa, Lara; Costa, Filomena; Lago, Ana; Rocha, Verónica; Vipotnik, Ziva; Silva, Bruna; Tavares, Teresa (March 13, 2019).

4574: 4039: 3797: 3013:. For the most part, these deposits are small but important examples include Illimaussaq-Kvanefeld in Greenland, and Lovozera in Russia. 10988: 8301:

Report of the International Review Mission on the Radiation Safety Aspects of a Proposed Rare Earths Processing Facility (Lynas Project)

13101: 13036: 12822: 5715:

Rare earth elements: a new approach to the nexus of supply, demand and use: exemplified along the use of neodymium in permanent magnets

4592:, "secondary waste is subjected to chemical and or bioleaching followed by solvent extraction processes for clean separation of REEs." 2936:

zones. In a rift setting, the alkaline magma is produced by very small degrees of partial melting (<1%) of garnet peridotite in the

10861: 10776: 7210: 7133: 6929: 4540:

Mining, refining, and recycling of rare earths have serious environmental consequences if not properly managed. Low-level radioactive

2695:

of these sesquioxides corresponds to eight unit cells of fluorite or cerium dioxide, with 32 cations instead of 4. This is called the

13195: 13175: 12962: 10271:"A human health risk assessment of rare earth elements in soil and vegetables from a mining area in Fujian Province, Southeast China" 9631:

Yang, Xiuli; Zhang, Junwei; Fang, Xihui (August 30, 2014). "Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries".

9205: 8149: 3701:, controls the enrichment of MREE compared to LREE and HREE. Depletion of LREE relative to HREE may be due to the crystallization of 2383:

had not yet been discovered. (This is promethium, a radioactive element whose most stable isotope has a half-life of just 18 years.)

2379:

made it possible to assign atomic numbers to the elements. Moseley found that the exact number of lanthanides had to be 15, but that

1064: 10586: 7437: 7240: 5422: 4525:), which is produced during the combustion of diesel and released as exhaust, contributing heavily to soil and water contamination. 13031: 12995: 7381: 6489: 6456: 5341: 13417: 11114: 10834: 6898: 5507: 4193:(IAEA) in 2011 to address concerns of radioactive hazards, found no non-compliance with international radiation safety standards. 16600: 14515: 10958: 10753: 6713: 3171: 3161:

element. Normalization also removes the pronounced 'zig-zag' pattern caused by the differences in abundance between even and odd

2842:(which typically contains a few percent of yttrium). Uranium ores from Ontario have occasionally yielded yttrium as a byproduct. 8968:

Rim, Kyung-Taek (September 1, 2016). "Effects of rare earth elements on the environment and human health: A literature review".

7737: 5233: 14570: 13076: 13026: 6783: 4714: 2308: 9939:"Comprehensive Understandings of Rare Earth Element (REE) Speciation in Coal Fly Ashes and Implication for REE Extractability" 9090: 9064: 7050: 2691:

lattice and the anions sit inside the tetrahedra of cations), except that one-quarter of the anions (oxygen) are missing. The

2367:

The exact number of rare-earth elements that existed was highly unclear, and a maximum number of 25 was estimated. The use of

16610: 14510: 13121: 13046: 12957: 11207: 8558: 8551:

Hydrometallurgical recovery process of rare-earth elements from waste: main application of acid leaching with devised diagram

8376: 8082: 6990: 6087: 6027: 5799: 5761: 5723: 5607: 5559: 5453: 3975:

project has the potential to supply about 10% of the $ 1 billion of REE consumption that occurs in North America every year.

7645:"Building an independent and sustainable supply of magnet metal rare earths for the Electric Vehicle and Offshore Wind OEMs" 6681: 2200:

In 1842 the number of known rare-earth elements had reached six: yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, erbium, and terbium.

2186:

and pure lanthana. Didymia, although not further separable by Mosander's techniques, was in fact still a mixture of oxides.

13300: 11175: 9578:"Life Cycle Inventory of the Production of Rare Earths and the Subsequent Production of NdFeB Rare Earth Permanent Magnets" 4809: 3157: 3142: 2985: 1243:; jewelry - for its hardness and optical properties; do-it-yourself high temperature ceramics and cements based on water), 8845: 8208:[Chronology of Events at the Rare Earth Factory, Red Hill] (in Malay). Penang Consumer Association. Archived from 7960: 7809: 4454:

and magnets. In the US, more than half of REEs are used for catalysts; ceramics, glass, and polishing are also main uses.

4450:

The uses, applications, and demand for rare-earth elements have expanded over the years. Globally, most REEs are used for

3811:, was under development in 2018 and is positioned to become the first significant dysprosium producer outside of China. 13807: 12555: 12510: 8175: 6351: 4976: 4114: 9447: 8939: 7720:"UK's first magnet refinery given huge financial boost as first ever strategy for supply of critical minerals published" 7340: 7074: 4161: 16958: 16585: 15365: 12990: 12947: 10000:

Liu, Pan; Zhao, Simin; Xie, Nan; Yang, Lufeng; Wang, Qian; Wen, Yinghao; Chen, Hailong; Tang, Yuanzhi (April 4, 2023).

9529:"Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact" 8746: 7317: 5696: 4824: 4190: 2275: 1224: 5882:"The Crystal Structure of the Modification C of the Sesquioxides of the Rare Earth Metals, and of Indium and Thallium" 2398:

that he had discovered element 72 was untrue. Hafnium is an element that lies in the periodic table immediately below

2258: 16605: 14611: 13163: 10657: 10327: 8454: 8024: 7403: 5305: 4993: 2838:

is occasionally recovered as a byproduct of heavy-sand processing, but is not as abundant as the similarly recovered

1235:; as refractory material - in metal alloys used in jet engines, and coatings of engines and industrial gas turbines; 8644: 7587:"Long-discussed niobium mine in southeast Nebraska is ready to move forward, if it gathers $ 1 billion in financing" 7185: 6118: 2131:

from the gadolinite but failed to recognize other elements in the ore. After this discovery in 1794, a mineral from

933:

Refined rare-earth oxides are heavy, gritty powders usually brown or black, but can be lighter colors as shown here.

16323: 14298: 11200: 10536: 7516: 6400: 5274: 4912: 4485: 4079:

has been reported to have exported rare-earth ore to China, about US$ 1.88 million worth during May and June 2014.

3907: 3137:, rare-earth elements can be used to infer the petrological mechanisms that have affected a rock due to the subtle 7459: 4801:

in 2006 (China's export quota only applies to the metal but not products made from these metals such as magnets).

3889:

of rare earths from Myanmar in December 2021, exceeding 20,000 tonnes. Rare earths were discovered near Pangwa in

14056: 13111: 12985: 8235: 6435:

Chao E. C. T., Back J. M., Minkin J., Tatsumoto M., Junwen W., Conrad J. E., McKee E. H., Zonglin H., Qingrun M.

2095:

Rare earths were mainly discovered as components of minerals. Ytterbium was found in the "ytterbite" (renamed to

1696: 10807: 9225: 6128: 4630:

and resulted in the water hyacinth becoming three times more concentrated in cerium than its surrounding water.

2992:-rich immiscible liquid from. These liquids are most commonly forming in association with very deep Precambrian 2738:, having 68 parts per million (about as common as copper). The exception is the highly unstable and radioactive 15593: 13266: 13148: 12503: 10328:"Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China" 9700:

Deng, Bing; Wang, Xin; Luong, Duy Xuan; Carter, Robert A.; Wang, Zhe; Tomson, Mason B.; Tour, James M. (2022).

7840: 4234:-era mines are believed to have discarded large amounts of rare earths, because they had no value at the time. 4197:

number of conditions. On 2 September 2014, Lynas was issued a 2-year full operating stage license by the AELB.

4066: 4001:, the deposit has been mined, off and on, since 1951. A second large deposit of REEs at Elk Creek in southeast 2964:

Alkaline magmas enriched with rare-earth elements include carbonatites, peralkaline granites (pegmatites), and

12722: 10627: 7779: 4332:(Nd) can both be embedded inside glass and they completely cut out the glare from the flame when one is doing 3863: 3121:

The application of rare-earth elements to geology is important to understanding the petrological processes of

2274:

The samaria earth was further separated by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886, and a similar result was obtained by

1036:

are radioactive, and it does not occur naturally in the earth's crust, except for a trace amount generated by

16900: 14458: 13323: 13140: 13061: 12951: 10068:

Chua, H (June 18, 1998). "Bio-accumulation of environmental residues of rare earth elements in aquatic flora

7486: 6518: 6439: 3990: 3914:, and an exponential increase from 2016. Land has also been seized from locals to conduct mining operations. 3788: 3002: 2902: 4046:

has urged Greenland to restrict Chinese development of rare-earth projects there, but as of early 2013, the

16948: 15707: 14528: 14521: 14493: 9477:. Reuse and Recycling / UN SGDs: How can Sustainable Chemistry Contribute? / Green Chemistry in Education. 7863: 7619: 4169: 3858:

supplied between 85% and 95% of the global demand for the 17 rare-earth powders, half of them sourced from

3729:

unaffected by the fluid and instead the rock retains the rare-earth element concentration from its source.

2512: 2345: 2300: 2254: 2025: 1689: 1028:

because they are not actually scarce, although historically it took a long time to isolate these elements.

7893: 4082:

In May 2012, researchers from two universities in Japan announced that they had discovered rare earths in

2320:

In 1839 the third source for rare earths became available. This is a mineral similar to gadolinite called

16912: 15558: 15416: 14936: 14918: 13170: 6831: 6647: 2932:, an uncommon kind of magmatism that occurs in tectonic settings where there is rifting or that are near 2522:

concentrates contain small amounts of scandium and other rare-earth elements, which could be analysed by

2368: 2223: 1221: 17: 12732: 12727: 11076: 6814: 1239:- for measuring oxygen and pH of hot water solutions, i.e. in fuel cells; ceramic electrolyte - used in 16953: 15623: 14538: 14303: 13627: 13005: 8888:"Application of rare-earth elements in the agriculture of China and its environmental behavior in soil" 5028: 4981: 4726: 3693:

melts, the following observations apply: anomalies in europium are dominated by the crystallization of

2112: 1228: 1020:

deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties, but have different electrical and

11186: 10606: 9470: 7159: 6861: 6304: 4613:

of soil and water around production areas, which has impacted vegetation in these areas by decreasing

3779:. Through the 1950s, South Africa was the world's rare earth source, from a monazite-rich reef at the 16420: 15876: 15426: 15411: 15384: 15034: 14864: 12938: 11159: 11139: 11118: 5512: 5014: 4585: 4533: 4502: 3824: 3327: 3283: 3044:

The global demand for rare-earth elements (REEs) is expected to increase more than fivefold by 2030.

2589: 2543: 1544: 14545: 10686: 8604: 8515: 6960: 5881: 16767: 16508: 15675: 15568: 15436: 14550: 13293: 12540: 10177:"Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review" 9255: 7463: 7024: 4997: 4292: 3894: 3056:. One of the most common classifications divides REE into 3 groups: light rare earths (LREE - from 2160: 1350: 1305: 1213: 1173: 13158: 9345:

Pereao, Omoniyi; Bode-Aluko, Chris; Fatoba, Olanrewaju; Laatikaine, Katri; Petrik, Leslie (2018).

7020: 4588:

and up to 70 times the cost due to the REE mining." In most of the reported studies reviewed by a

3529:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{REE}}_{i}}{{\text{REE}}_{i}^{*}}}={\frac {_{n}\times 2}{_{n}+_{n}}}} 2422:

procedures for separating and purifying rare-earth elements. This method was first applied to the

2174:, an assistant of Berzelius, separated ceria by heating the nitrate and dissolving the product in 16548: 16240: 15471: 15355: 14975: 14859: 14385: 13597: 13254: 13223: 12717: 12674: 12545: 9315: 8369:

Turning a Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamäe Site, Estonia

6899:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic", Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242" 6606: 4808:

on shipments of rare-earth oxides (but not alloys) to Japan on 22 September 2010, in response to

4184: 4059: 4047: 2597: 2073: 10714:"Strategic evaluations and mining process optimization towards a strong global REE supply chain" 10326:

Sun, Guangyi; Li, Zhonggen; Liu, Ting; Chen, Ji; Wu, Tingting; Feng, Xinbin (December 1, 2017).

9278: 8821: 7990: 6542: 4124:

In June 2024, Rare Earths Norway found a rare-earth oxide deposit of 8.8 million metric tons in

2148: 16871: 16851: 16762: 16757: 15796: 15722: 15228: 15223: 14968: 14498: 13904: 13782: 13777: 12744: 12571: 8308: 7923: 6227: 4210:

Significant quantities of rare-earth oxides are found in tailings accumulated from 50 years of

3677:

the normalized concentrations of the respectively previous and next elements along the series.

3089: 2767: 2107:, Sweden and termed "rare" because it had never yet been seen. Arrhenius's "ytterbite" reached 1973: 1681: 1016:

Scandium and yttrium are considered rare-earth elements because they tend to occur in the same

14781: 14555: 13914: 12977: 10403:"Health risk assessment of rare earth elements in cereals from mining area in Shandong, China" 6305:"Rare earth elements in seawater: particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation" 5087: 4505:

in China produced more than 70,000 tons of radioactive waste, that contaminated ground water.

16707: 16622: 16356: 16233: 15952: 15930: 15881: 15431: 15189: 15053: 13827: 13650: 13464: 13218: 12799: 11135: 5165:"An Updated Review of Toxicity Effect of the Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Aquatic Organisms" 4023: 3682: 2792: 2372: 2289: 2124: 1704: 1685: 1263:

lenses (due to high refractive index and very low thermal expansion), battery cathodes (LYP)

1240: 15518: 15138: 14021: 7993:[North Korea Rare Earth exports to China increased significantly from May to June]. 7021:"DS431: China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum" 5549: 3088:

A distinguishing factor in the geochemical behaviour of the REE is linked to the so-called "

2386:

Using these facts about atomic numbers from X-ray crystallography, Moseley also showed that

1078:

properties, rare-earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated in

16782: 16214: 16070: 15783: 15278: 15172: 14788: 14488: 14483: 13864: 13310: 12900: 12584: 11243: 11030: 10485: 10414: 10339: 10282: 10243: 10081: 10013: 9950: 9885: 9829: 9767: 9713: 9640: 9589: 9540: 9482: 9358: 9160: 9122:"The Energy Transition Will Need More Rare Earth Elements. Can We Secure Them Sustainably?" 8977: 8899: 8787: 8711: 6571: 6386: 6316: 6261: 6165: 5969: 5917: 5398: 4813: 4619: 4462: 3955: 3780: 2937: 2295:

Further spectroscopic analysis between 1886 and 1901 of samaria, yttria, and samarskite by

2171: 1331: 1301: 1260: 14582: 13632: 9202: 4771: 4759:

In Greenland, there is a significant dispute on whether to start a new rare-earth mine in

3983: 3713:. On the other hand, the depletion of HREE relative to LREE may be due to the presence of 3632: 3584: 3542: 8: 16924: 16866: 16841: 16724: 16498: 16455: 16415: 16381: 16115: 16082: 15940: 15754: 15734: 15466: 15294: 15273: 15075: 15029: 14761: 14184: 13715: 13286: 12817: 10583: 7429: 6482: 5372: 4873: 3899: 3744: 3717:, as garnet preferentially incorporates HREE into its crystal structure. The presence of 3085:

valence electrons, whereas the others do, but the chemical behaviour is almost the same.

3031: 2750: 2601: 2100: 1700: 1244: 1037: 1021: 915: 14129: 11034: 10489: 10418: 10343: 10286: 10247: 10085: 10042: 10017: 10001: 9954: 9889: 9833: 9771: 9717: 9644: 9593: 9544: 9486: 9362: 9164: 8981: 8903: 8791: 8776:"Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies" 8715: 8700: 7373: 6575: 6460: 6320: 6265: 6169: 5973: 5921: 5489:

Gschneidner K. A., Cappellen, ed. (1987). "1787–1987 Two hundred Years of Rare Earths".

5479:. Unfortunately this mnemonic doesn't distinguish very well between terbium and thulium. 5402: 5349: 5330:. (Internet Version 2009) (89th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis. 5264: 4696:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2822:, which derives its typical yellow fluorescence from some of the accompanying HREE. The 16819: 16814: 16627: 16460: 15987: 15965: 15960: 15918: 15891: 15851: 15305: 15199: 15153: 15065: 15024: 15007: 14890: 14885: 14606: 14587: 14400: 14324: 14088: 13889: 13884: 13578: 12905: 10443: 10402: 10371: 10201: 10176: 10152: 10119: 9982: 9914: 9873: 9853: 9801: 9734: 9701: 9506: 9420: 9393: 9001: 8931: 8837: 8727: 7245: 6285: 5941: 5414: 5388: 5140: 5113: 4938: 4805: 4784: 4610: 4458: 4178: 3010: 2688: 2523: 2500: 2120: 2029: 1673: 1610: 1346: 1181: 1079: 910: 16125: 15360: 13607: 10295: 10270: 10093: 9469:

Jowitt, Simon M.; Werner, Timothy T.; Weng, Zhehan; Mudd, Gavin M. (October 1, 2018).

6721: 6328: 6199: 5226: 5225:

Haxel G.; Hedrick J.; Orris J. (2002). Peter H. Stauffer; James W. Hendley II (eds.).

5199: 5164: 4038:. Pre-feasibility drilling at this site has confirmed significant quantities of black 2798:

Well-known minerals containing yttrium, and other HREE, include gadolinite, xenotime,

16687: 16503: 16477: 16465: 16450: 16361: 16209: 16036: 15935: 15866: 15548: 15543: 15483: 15476: 15441: 15204: 15019: 14927: 14675: 14628: 14505: 14365: 14355: 14320: 14310: 14278: 14221: 14216: 14119: 13407: 13365: 13000: 12870: 12094: 11058: 10859: 10745: 10511: 10448: 10430: 10363: 10355: 10308: 10300: 10206: 10157: 10139: 10097: 10047: 10029: 9974: 9966: 9919: 9901: 9857: 9845: 9805: 9793: 9739: 9664: 9656: 9613: 9605: 9558: 9510: 9498: 9425: 9374: 9346: 9184: 9176: 9172: 8993: 8923: 8915: 8841: 8731: 8554: 8372: 8371:. Volume 28 of NATO science series: Disarmament technologies. Springer. p. 229. 8340: 6628: 6587: 6332: 6277: 6181: 6093: 6083: 6033: 6023: 5805: 5795: 5767: 5757: 5719: 5692: 5667:

B. Smith Hopkins: "Chemistry of the rarer elements", D. C. Heath & Company, 1923.

5651: 5603: 5555: 5449: 5418: 5301: 5204: 5186: 5145: 4989: 4933: 4917: 4883: 4589: 4244: 3951: 3870:

imposed by the US and EU countries. Rare-earth metals serve as crucial materials for

3867: 3808: 3737: 3733: 3037: 2965: 2542:

were available, the separation of the rare earths was primarily achieved by repeated

2415: 2250: 2207: 2203: 1933: 1856: 1550: 1500: 1474: 1462: 1394: 1335: 1256: 1177: 616: 13622: 13491: 13442: 11181: 10375: 9986: 9005: 8935: 6623: 6583: 6289: 5981: 5945: 5535: 5448:. Vol. 31. Contributor: Matthias Bohnet (6th ed.). Wiley-VCH. p. 24. 2249:

was listed in the periodic table of elements with a molecular mass of 138. In 1879,

1111: 16789: 16717: 16712: 16280: 16258: 16218: 16194: 16158: 16130: 16110: 16058: 15903: 15843: 15638: 15421: 15389: 15377: 15258: 15143: 15060: 15002: 14638: 14633: 14597: 14436: 14179: 14164: 14141: 14114: 13685: 13657: 13481: 13452: 13427: 13402: 13385: 13235: 13153: 12929: 12794: 12752: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12158: 11863: 11692: 11521: 11440: 11359: 11332: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11048: 11038: 10989:"EU, U.S. exploring new sources of Rare Earth Minerals, should China limit exports" 10934:"Tech's Mineral Infrastructure – Time to Emulate China's Rare Earth Policies." 10725: 10501: 10493: 10438: 10422: 10347: 10290: 10255: 10251: 10196: 10188: 10147: 10131: 10089: 10037: 10021: 9958: 9938: 9909: 9893: 9837: 9783: 9775: 9729: 9721: 9648: 9597: 9548: 9490: 9415: 9405: 9366: 9168: 9056: 9035: 8985: 8907: 8829: 8795: 8719: 7968: 6618: 6579: 6324: 6269: 6173: 6154:"Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements" 5977: 5933: 5925: 5863: 5684: 5406: 5194: 5176: 5135: 5125: 4923: 4844: 4570: 4510: 4470: 4284: 4272: 4256: 4106: 4083: 3871: 3581:

is the normalized concentration of the element whose anomaly has to be calculated,

3130: 3126: 3093: 2956:(80 to 200 km depth) produces a volatile-rich magma (high concentrations of CO 2754: 2504: 2451: 2156: 2152: 1985: 1821: 1813: 1805: 1761: 1757: 1745: 1677: 1621: 1614: 1293: 1056: 14766: 13964: 13832: 13612: 9841: 9652: 8723: 8307:. (29 May – 3 June 2011). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2011. Archived from 4030:. Additionally, in 2010, a large deposit of rare-earth minerals was discovered in 16846: 16794: 16425: 16288: 16143: 16053: 16043: 16031: 16010: 15886: 15871: 15653: 15648: 15488: 15399: 15283: 15268: 15263: 15044: 14958: 14739: 14562: 14533: 14268: 14093: 13812: 13745: 13521: 13469: 13432: 13106: 12967: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 10940: 10902: 10897: 10693: 10613: 10590: 10565: 10497: 9209: 8100: 7081: 7057: 6549: 6443: 6135: 5477: 5410: 5250: 4656: 3890: 3885:

in Myanmar is the world's largest source of rare earths. In 2021, China imported

3740:

sources; this is important in the investigation of ocean mixing and circulation.

3110: 2949: 2758: 2735: 2547: 2447: 2296: 2077: 1977: 1669: 1570: 1558: 1425:

firesteel (flint) products, single-mode fiber optical amplifiers (as a dopant of

1418: 1410: 1342: 15121: 13755: 13617: 9494: 2402:, and hafnium and zirconium have very similar chemical and physical properties. 1098:; four of the rare-earth elements bear names derived from this single location. 16824: 16747: 16513: 16403: 16398: 16376: 16163: 16150: 16093: 16026: 16014: 15908: 15749: 15717: 15618: 15372: 15344: 15309: 15250: 14808: 14803: 14771: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14601: 14444: 14360: 14136: 14075: 13949: 13802: 13797: 13750: 13740: 13730: 13501: 13392: 13380: 13350: 12915: 12910: 12880: 12875: 12860: 12526: 11223: 11043: 11018: 10570: 10426: 9897: 9779: 9311: 8609: 8600: 5588:

Spedding F., Daane A. H.: "The Rare Earths", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961.

5473: 4928: 4904: 4735: 4640: 4466: 4153: 4110: 4101: 4043: 3793: 3768: 2910: 2684: 2411: 2395: 2333: 2069: 2037: 1969: 1892: 1513: 1509: 1426: 1236: 13934: 13541: 11151: 10730: 10713: 10351: 9553: 9528: 9410: 8989: 5022: 3980: 3979:

signed an agreement in October 2010 to supply Japan with rare earths from its

1055:

Though rare-earth elements are technically relatively plentiful in the entire

16942: 16861: 16371: 16006: 15816: 15633: 15628: 15493: 15330: 15314: 15182: 15168: 15049: 15012: 14943: 14875: 14869: 14854: 14749: 14734: 14642: 14293: 14146: 14109: 14083: 13924: 13869: 13720: 13705: 13531: 13375: 12317: 11062: 10919: 10698: 10434: 10359: 10304: 10269:

Li, Xiaofei; Chen, Zhibiao; Chen, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Yonghe (October 1, 2013).

10192: 10143: 10101: 10033: 9970: 9905: 9849: 9797: 9660: 9609: 9577: 9562: 9502: 9443: 9378: 9180: 9040: 9023: 8997: 8919: 7347: 6632: 6591: 6336: 6281: 6185: 6097: 6078:

Jébrak, Michel; Marcoux, Eric; Laithier, Michelle; Skipwith, Patrick (2014).

6037: 5688: 5190: 5130: 5060: 4790: 4741:

panel investigation is completed, which is expected by the end of June 2011.

4575:

Renewable energy § Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements

4333: 4160:. The Kuantan development brought renewed attention to the Malaysian town of 4069:

listed Peak Resources announced in February 2012, that their Tanzanian-based

3947: 3162: 3138: 3053: 2976:-rich fluids, which can be produced by partial melting of hydrous-carbonated 2953: 2616: 2568: 2564: 2427: 2376: 2349: 2304: 2285: 2108: 1929: 1896: 1665: 1646: 1123: 1107: 786: 29: 15503: 13939: 13735: 10860:

James T. Areddy, David Fickling And Norihiko Shirouzu (September 23, 2010).

10025: 9962: 9394:"Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Wastewater Towards a Circular Economy" 8887: 7309: 5809: 5771: 5648:

Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond

2846: 2650:

In their oxides, most rare-earth elements only have a valence of 3 and form

2644: 2458: 16804: 16739: 16692: 16388: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16253: 16248: 15913: 15771: 15498: 15453: 15323: 15319: 15287: 15177: 15099: 15070: 14995: 14990: 14980: 14880: 14798: 14729: 14684: 14415: 14395: 14380: 14344: 14339: 14315: 14231: 14124: 14001: 13822: 13792: 13710: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13662: 13573: 13474: 13230: 12895: 12890: 12644: 12579: 12371: 12200: 11905: 11305: 11238: 10515: 10452: 10367: 10312: 10210: 10051: 9978: 9923: 9743: 9725: 9668: 9617: 9429: 9370: 8927: 8866: 7670:"Pensana confirms $ 494m capital cost for its Saltend, Longonjo operations" 6153: 5469: 5208: 5149: 5018: 4852: 4474: 4325: 4321: 4011: 3935: 3882: 3784: 3748: 3725: 3145:

of some rare earths relative to others depending on the processes at work.

3134: 3122: 2898: 2878: 2762: 2535: 2508: 2419: 2136: 2033: 1981: 1692: 1378: 1232: 1010: 947: 828: 695: 469: 15508: 14031: 14026: 14016: 13979: 13969: 13909: 13842: 13355: 10379: 10161: 10135: 9188: 7407: 6273: 2480:, where X is a mixture of rare-earth elements and sometimes thorium), and 2218:. This confusion led to several false claims of new elements, such as the 16856: 16836: 16809: 16635: 16393: 16293: 15991: 15980: 15975: 15923: 15801: 15791: 15660: 15116: 15085: 15080: 15039: 14948: 14724: 14699: 14694: 14663: 14420: 14375: 14283: 14263: 13996: 13919: 13879: 13787: 13767: 13511: 13496: 13486: 13422: 13342: 13010: 12885: 12639: 12425: 12389: 12380: 12290: 12272: 12263: 11300: 11053: 10915: 10120:"Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds" 7613:"NioCorp Superalloy Materials The Elk Creek Superalloy Materials Project" 6607:"Global rare earth elements projects: New developments and supply chains" 6515:"Cox C. 2008. Rare earth innovation. Herndon (VA): The Anchor House Inc;" 6446:. 1997. United States Geological Survey. 29 February 2008. Bulletin 2143. 6123: 4868: 4839: 4614: 4276: 4211: 4076: 3972: 3964: 3832: 3804: 3052:

The REE geochemical classification is usually done on the basis of their

2969: 2921: 2807: 2662: 2651: 2605: 2391: 2337: 2175: 1566: 1422: 1358: 1354: 1296:

and alkali-resistant glass, flint, hydrogen storage, battery-electrodes,

1166: 1075: 1041: 870: 842: 835: 765: 751: 744: 10530: 10506: 10002:"Green Approach for Rare Earth Element (REE) Recovery from Coal Fly Ash" 9788: 9347:"Rare earth elements removal techniques from water/wastewater: a review" 8688: 7557:"Mining Venture Draws $ 200 Million in Tax Incentives and Red Flags (1)" 7512: 5958: 5937: 5644:Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Серебро — Нильсборий и далее 5266: 5181: 4528: 4223: 3324:

the analytical concentration of the element measured in the sample, and

2777:

Among the anhydrous rare-earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral

2749:

The rare-earth elements are often found together. During the sequential

2340:. The Russian chemist R. Harmann proposed that a new element he called " 1110:

and symbol, the etymology of their names, and their main uses (see also

16799: 16729: 16699: 16682: 16660: 16470: 16340: 16335: 16048: 15996: 15821: 15744: 15643: 15538: 15216: 15126: 15111: 15094: 15090: 14847: 14616: 14350: 14246: 14226: 14157: 13991: 13772: 13641: 13637: 13526: 13370: 12784: 12434: 12362: 12335: 12308: 11968: 11950: 11923: 11754: 11745: 11484: 11155: 8911: 8800: 8775: 7160:"Illegal rare earth mining harms environment in Myanmar's Kachin state" 4828: 4760: 4480:

Ce, La, and Nd are important in alloy making, and in the production of

4280: 4145: 4031: 3968: 3759: 3698: 2977: 2933: 2882: 2870: 2815: 2799: 2743: 2739: 2718: 2609: 2551: 2380: 2325: 2280: 2268: 2096: 1989: 1817: 1792: 1773: 1765: 1661: 1640: 1503: 1494: 1402: 1252: 1087: 1033: 998: 939: 877: 821: 800: 779: 518: 504: 483: 355: 348: 149: 14011: 13974: 13516: 9683:"Rare earth elements for smartphones can be extracted from coal waste" 9601: 8124:"Rare Earths Discovery Near Wheatland So Big It Could Be World Leader" 8056:

Chee, Foo Yun; Blenkinsop, Philip; Chee, Foo Yun (November 13, 2023).

5929: 5547: 4898: 2920:

Enriched deposits of rare-earth elements at the surface of the Earth,

2390:(element 72) would not be a rare-earth element. Moseley was killed in 2132: 1345:, polishing powder, yellow colors in glass and ceramics, catalyst for 16831: 16777: 16677: 16655: 16640: 16442: 16173: 16065: 16001: 15898: 15811: 15766: 15702: 15687: 15533: 15404: 15194: 14985: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14621: 14410: 14390: 14273: 14236: 13929: 13894: 13725: 13645: 13506: 12840: 12809: 12664: 12654: 12649: 12443: 12416: 12407: 12254: 12236: 12227: 12218: 12004: 11914: 11887: 11835: 11781: 11763: 11727: 11707: 11646: 11583: 11527: 11466: 11455: 11374: 11325: 11315: 11310: 10811: 8833: 6961:"El Reg man: Too bad, China – I was RIGHT about hoarding rare earths" 6483:"The Rare-Earth Elements—Vital to Modern Technologies and Lifestyles" 6177: 5713: 5032: 4848: 4816:. On September 2, 2010, a few days before the fishing boat incident, 4481: 4477:, hard disc drives, portable electronics, microphones, and speakers. 4451: 4354: 4329: 4309: 4264: 4231: 4149: 4144:. The plant would refine ore — lanthanides concentrate from the 4096:

China processes about 90% of the world's REEs and 60% of the world's

4035: 4019: 3994: 3943: 3923: 3911: 3800: 3153: 3006: 2929: 2925: 2894: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2787: 2692: 2636: 2628: 2612:, but most promethium is synthetically produced in nuclear reactors. 2593: 2431: 2399: 2361: 2182:. It took him three more years to separate the lanthana further into 2128: 1956: 1846: 1446: 1280: 1248: 971: 967: 884: 863: 856: 737: 723: 716: 709: 546: 476: 455: 418: 376: 362: 334: 316: 272: 223: 179: 135: 126: 66: 13437: 13360: 11117:, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242, June 25, 2019, 11019:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" 10532:

Rare Earth Elements in Agriculture with Emphasis on Animal Husbandry

9874:"Adsorption of rare earth elements in regolith-hosted clay deposits" 8270:"Rare Earth ETF Jumps As Plans To Break China's Hold Suffer Setback" 7292:"Monoceros Mineral Resources invests in Steenkampskraal Rare Earths" 6745:"China to cut exports of 'rare earth' minerals vital to energy tech" 5907: 5536:

History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers

5265:

Keith R. Long; Bradley S. Van Gosen; Nora K. Foley; Daniel Cordier.

2917:) have been the principal ores of cerium and the light lanthanides. 904: 16772: 16482: 16410: 16098: 15826: 15806: 15727: 15563: 15461: 15394: 15163: 14922: 14793: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14463: 14334: 14258: 14006: 13959: 13590: 13565: 13553: 13278: 12832: 12789: 12398: 12299: 12182: 12164: 12139: 12130: 12103: 12076: 12040: 12031: 12013: 11941: 11932: 11826: 11698: 11664: 11574: 11565: 11556: 11547: 11502: 11421: 11403: 11338: 10777:"Seventeen Metals: 'The Middle East has oil, China has rare earth'" 8039:"Sweden's LKAB finds Europe's biggest deposit of rare-earth metals" 7741: 6436: 5393: 4838:

The United States Geological Survey is actively surveying southern

4831:

as the element that was most critical in terms of import reliance.

4718: 4541: 4219: 4125: 4113:. In 2024, an EU backed lithium mining project created large scale 4002: 3998: 3939: 3903: 3844: 3710: 3706: 3694: 3023: 2945: 2906: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2839: 2835: 2811: 2803: 2782: 2778: 2696: 2680: 2640: 2632: 2581: 2519: 2492: 2481: 2470: 2443: 2423: 2353: 2341: 2313: 2263: 2246: 2232: 2144: 2009: 1749: 1695:

detectors, a substrate for magneto-optical films, high performance

1602: 1589: 1538: 1470: 1414: 1153: 1025: 1002: 959: 849: 772: 681: 667: 651: 644: 623: 602: 574: 567: 553: 497: 490: 411: 309: 286: 216: 209: 202: 195: 163: 103: 89: 41: 10559:"Malaysia Rare Earths in Largest Would-Be Refinery Incite Protest" 6082:(2nd ed.). St. John's, NL: Geological Association of Canada. 5326:

C. R. Hammond. "Section 4; The Elements". In David R. Lide (ed.).

3803:

deposit. The Browns Range mine, located 160 km south east of

3096:

towards the nuclear charge due to the progressive filling of the 4

2503:

are more difficult to mine and extract than equivalent sources of

2394:

in 1915, years before hafnium was discovered. Hence, the claim of

1255:, gas mantles, additive to steel, aluminium and magnesium alloys, 927: 16667: 16650: 16430: 16298: 16228: 16204: 16103: 15739: 15665: 15300: 15240: 15233: 15148: 15106: 14953: 14932: 14913: 14895: 14837: 14776: 14744: 14689: 14405: 14329: 14189: 14169: 14098: 13760: 13667: 13585: 13548: 13536: 12659: 12495: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12353: 12344: 12326: 12281: 12209: 12191: 12121: 12067: 12049: 12022: 11995: 11977: 11959: 11869: 11799: 11772: 11736: 11718: 11682: 11673: 11655: 11637: 11536: 11475: 11365: 11320: 11192: 7275:

Leifert, H. (June 2010). "Restarting US rare earth production?".

5300:(77th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 10–12. 4804:

It was reported, but officially denied, that China instituted an

4648: 4549: 4545: 4304: 4227: 4141: 4097: 4070: 4027: 3976: 3859: 3702: 3368:

the concentration of the same element in the reference material.

2997: 2539: 2439: 2435: 2387: 2357: 2119:("earth" in the geological parlance of the day), which he called 2104: 2015: 1916: 1849:(in Latin, "Holmia"), the native city of one of its discoverers. 1840: 1734: 1728: 1711:

detectors, possibly in catalytic conversion of automobile fumes.

1207: 1201: 1091: 1049: 1045: 1006: 814: 807: 793: 758: 702: 688: 637: 595: 581: 560: 539: 525: 511: 441: 390: 369: 341: 327: 300: 293: 279: 265: 186: 142: 59: 9344: 8150:"Norway discovers Europe's largest deposit of rare earth metals" 5754:

Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation

5623: 5112:

Huang, Jing; Yu, Zheng; Chistoserdova, Ludmila (June 26, 2018).

2245:

There were no further discoveries for 30 years, and the element

2214:, and Delafontaine named the substance with the yellow peroxide 16752: 16138: 16021: 15861: 15670: 15613: 15523: 14963: 14592: 14251: 14241: 14204: 14194: 14174: 13986: 13837: 12245: 12173: 12058: 11986: 11896: 11878: 11844: 11808: 11790: 11619: 11610: 11601: 11493: 11446: 11412: 11394: 11349: 11170: 10944: 6352:"Rare Earths of the Grenville Sub-Province, Ontario and Quebec" 4627: 4554: 4268: 4090: 3931: 3927: 3776: 3747:

display long half-lives. Of particular interest are the La-Ce,

3718: 3714: 3690: 2993: 2941: 2914: 2886: 2874: 2845:

Well-known minerals containing cerium, and other LREE, include

2819: 2781:

that incorporates yttrium and the HREE, whereas the monoclinic

2771: 2731: 2257:

and found several new spectral lines in didymia. Also in 1879,

1879: 1860: 1738: 1708: 1653: 1595: 1325: 1297: 1095: 1086:

are sparse. The first rare-earth mineral discovered (1787) was

1068: 1060: 955: 730: 674: 588: 532: 462: 448: 425: 397: 383: 251: 244: 237: 156: 119: 96: 82: 50: 11152:"Rare-Earth Elements: The Intersection of Science and Society" 9091:"China Wrestles with the Toxic Aftermath of Rare Earth Mining" 9024:"Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries" 8774:

Zhou, Baolu; Li, Zhongxue; Chen, Congcong (October 25, 2017).

6862:"WRAPUP 4-US, EU, Japan take on China at WTO over rare earths" 5756:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. 5373:"Theoretical insights into the hydrophobicity of low index CeO 4093:

area, which would make it the largest such deposit in Europe.

3767:

Until 1948, most of the world's rare earths were sourced from

3743:

Rare-earth elements are also useful for dating rocks, as some

2810:, yttrotantalite, yttrotungstite, yttrofluorite (a variety of 2457:

The principal sources of rare-earth elements are the minerals

16672: 16645: 16199: 15970: 15833: 15697: 15605: 15211: 14828: 13457: 13447: 13412: 12776: 12459: 12148: 11853: 11511: 11385: 10535:(Dissertation). LMU München: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 9756: 9149: 6514: 6077: 4798: 4283:, that will produce 200 tons of rare earths a year from used 4260: 4215: 4165: 4157: 4137: 4055: 3855: 3840: 3772: 2890: 2722:

Abundance of elements in Earth's crust per million Si atoms (

2329: 2116: 2019: 1965: 1937: 1922: 1888: 1852: 1809: 1769: 1753: 1657: 1606: 1562: 1554: 1466: 1406: 1398: 1159: 658: 432: 170: 75: 8517:

China's rare earth ore deposits and beneficiation techniques

7894:"Hay tierras raras aquí y están... en un lugar de La Mancha" 5626:[Popular library of chemical elements. Gadolinium]. 5488: 5232:. United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02. 5227:"Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology" 3986:, however the deal was never realized due to disagreements. 3954:. Significant sites under development outside China include 3839:

In response to the opening of new mines in other countries (

3830:

resources and protect the environment. On October 19, 2010,

3156:, as these are believed to be the closest representation of 3141:

differences between the elements, which causes preferential

2948:, along pre-existing fractures, and can be emplaced deep in 2278:

by direct isolation from samarskite. They named the element

16351: 16168: 15856: 15759: 15712: 15131: 14842: 14209: 14199: 13874: 13397: 12112: 12085: 11628: 11592: 11430: 10972:

Simpson, S. (October 2011). "Afghanistan's Buried Riches".

9279:"South China Villagers Slam Pollution From Rare Earth Mine" 8058:"EU agrees mineral supply targets to cut reliance on China" 7346:. London: Insigner Beaufort Equity Research. Archived from 6804: 4776: 4749: 4738: 4288: 3264:{\displaystyle _{n}={\frac {_{\text{sam}}}{_{\text{std}}}}} 2585: 2496: 2140: 630: 609: 258: 230: 110: 8335:"Lynas gets full operating licence before TOL expiry date" 7802:"New Multi-Element Targets and Overall Resource Potential" 7692:"Pensana breaks ground at Saltend and secures ATF funding" 6151: 5224: 4827:

in its 2010 Critical Materials Strategy report identified

2961:

forming from these melts are typically S-Type granitoids.

15513: 14832: 14754: 13602: 11817: 11232: 10594: 9575: 8704:

International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization

8577:. Recycling International. March 26, 2013. Archived from 4745:

were announced by the Malaysian government in late June.

4263:

that have significant rare-earth components. Advances in

1618: 1083: 1017: 404: 10584:"UN investigation into Malaysia rare-earth plant safety" 9818: 9444:"Towards zero-waste valorization of rare earth elements" 9254:. China Mining Association. May 21, 2010. Archived from 6991:"China scraps quotas on rare earths after WTO complaint" 6303:

Alibo, Dia Sotto; Nozaki, Yoshiyuki (February 1, 1999).

2627:

Rare-earth elements occur in nature in combination with

2307:

that indicated the existence of an unknown element. The

1649:(1760–1852), to honor his investigation of rare earths. 27:

Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium

10474: 9937:

Liu, Pan; Huang, Rixiang; Tang, Yuanzhi (May 7, 2019).

8206:"Kronologi Peristiwa di Kilang Nadir Bumi, Bukit Merah" 7211:"EU stockpiles rare earths as tensions with China rise" 5624:"Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Гадолиний" 4042:, which contains about 1% rare-earth oxides (REO). The 2446:, and the other actinides in the materials produced in 10175:

Rim, Kyung Taek; Koo, Kwon Ho; Park, Jung Sun (2013).

9870: 8747:"An electric jolt salvages valuable metals from waste" 7051:"China Trade - Invest Based On Rare Earth Price Hikes" 5162: 4775:

Global rare-earth-oxide production trends, 1956-2008 (

4172:

subsidiary, Asian Rare Earth, closed in 1994 and left

4018:

Also under consideration for mining are sites such as

2988:

of an alkaline primary magma, or by separation of a CO

2734:, which is actually the 25th most abundant element in 2163:

independently discovered the same oxide and called it

10891:

Backlash over the alleged China curb on metal exports

10063: 10061: 7241:"Canadian Firms Step Up Search for Rare-Earth Metals" 7186:"Is Myanmar's junta benefiting from rare-earth boom?" 4729:, widespread protests took place in Kuantan over the 3635: 3587: 3545: 3385: 3330: 3286: 3174: 10711: 10658:"Greenland votes, split on rare earth metals mining" 10113: 10111: 9468: 9391: 8101:"Thousands protest against lithium mining in Serbia" 8083:"Securing the EU's supply of critical raw materials" 5321: 5319: 5317: 5111: 4894: 4255:

Another recently developed source of rare earths is

3152:

Commonly, the rare-earth elements are normalized to

2558: 2155:. In 1803 they obtained a white oxide and called it 10959:"US Geological Survey: China's Rare-Earth Industry" 10835:"Amid Tension, China Blocks Vital Exports to Japan" 9699: 8514:Zhi Li, Ling; Yang, Xiaosheng (September 4, 2014). 7430:"Rare earths supply deal between Japan and Vietnam" 6682:"Rare Earth Elements: A Wrench in the Supply Chain" 6552:. Reuters. August 31, 2009. Retrieved Aug 31, 2009. 6543:"As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms" 5879: 3874:manufacturing and high-tech military applications. 2699:

structure, as it occurs in a mineral of that name (

2672:3 (no. 199), but is now known to be in space group 2450:. Plutonium-239 was very desirable because it is a 2028:– PET scan detectors, high-refractive-index glass, 1220:) as host for europium in television red phosphor, 10862:"China Denies Halting Rare-Earth Exports to Japan" 10808:"Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to China" 10232: 10058: 9475:Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 9316:"After China's Rare Earth Embargo, a New Calculus" 8886:Pang, Xin; Li, Decheng; Peng, An (March 1, 2002). 8485:"Discovery of rare earths around Minami-Torishima" 8236:"Mitsubishi Quietly Cleans Up Its Former Refinery" 8055: 7738:"Federal minister approves N.W.T. rare earth mine" 7075:"Rare earths are the next geopolitical chess game" 6832:"China halts rare earth production at three mines" 6687:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 6488:. United States Geological Survey. November 2014. 6119:"Rare earth elements plentiful in ocean sediments" 5683:. Vol. 31. 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Through the 1960s until the 1980s, the 3100:orbital which acts against the electrons of the 6 2193:; the one that yielded yellow peroxide he called 1760:(as part of the white triband phosphor coating), 1210:, where the first rare-earth ore was discovered. 1139: 16940: 11077:"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction" 10687:"The Difference Engine: More precious than gold" 10400: 8455:"Seabed offers brighter hope in rare-earth hunt" 8394:"Estonia's rare earth break China's market grip" 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6675: 6673: 5576:On Rare And Scattered Metals: Tales About Metals 4855:has estimated its value at about $ 7.4 billion. 4810:the detainment of a Chinese fishing boat captain 4051:future because of the law passed December 2012. 2469:, where R is a mixture of rare-earth elements), 2344:" should be present in this mineral, but later, 10268: 10072:(Mart.) Solms in Guangdong Province of China". 9522: 9520: 9310: 9017: 9015: 8605:"Japan Recycles Minerals From Used Electronics" 8098: 7374:"California mine digs in for 'green' gold rush" 6020:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 5508:"The History and Future of Rare Earth Elements" 4495: 4148:mine in Australia. The ore would be trucked to 2679:(no. 206). The structure is similar to that of 2240: 2115:professor, and his analysis yielded an unknown 1855:, wavelength calibration standards for optical 11136:"10 ways rare earth elements make life better" 9999: 8021:"Japan Discovers Domestic Rare Earths Reserve" 7528: 7526: 7270: 7268: 6821: 6561: 5680:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 5446:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 5049:. Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 118–122. 4980:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). 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Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 5785: 5783: 5781: 4131: 3030:In 2011, Yasuhiro Kato, a geologist at the 2766:REE (LREE) to heavy REE (HREE), called the 2405: 13301: 13287: 12518: 12504: 11215: 11201: 10987:Trakimavicius, Lukas (February 25, 2021). 10712:Barakos, G; Gutzmer, J; Mischo, H (2016). 10470: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10174: 9145: 9143: 9079: 8885: 8773: 8513: 8099:Ferreira Santos, Sofia (August 10, 2024). 6538: 6536: 6350:Rose, Edward Roderick (February 4, 1960). 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6013: 6011: 5551:The Structure of Rare-earth Metal Surfaces 5249:However, in contrast to ordinary base and 5024:Andrea Sella: "Insight: Rare-earth metals" 2713: 2178:. He called the oxide of the soluble salt 1477:, electric motors in electric automobiles 1357:flints for lighters, robust intrinsically 11052: 11042: 10729: 10505: 10442: 10294: 10200: 10151: 10041: 9913: 9787: 9733: 9552: 9419: 9409: 9203:"Can the US Rare-Earth Industry Rebound?" 9088: 9039: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8811: 8799: 8764: 8229: 8227: 7487:"Gần 10 năm chưa khai thác được đất hiếm" 6930:"China cuts mines vital to tech industry" 6742: 6622: 6369: 6254:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 6204:European Commission - European Commission 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6022:(2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5751: 5732: 5392: 5325: 5295: 5220: 5218: 5198: 5180: 5139: 5129: 5002: 4136:In early 2011, Australian mining company 2499:. Despite their high relative abundance, 1082:. Consequently, economically exploitable 11016: 10832: 10826: 9760:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 8881: 8879: 8233: 8173: 8147: 7861: 7338: 7290:Casey, Jessica, ed. (February 5, 2022). 7183: 6773: 5880:William Zachariasen (January 11, 1927). 5789: 5778: 4961:"Red Book" (p. 45) recommends that 4881:, but not to be confused with the movie 4770: 4527: 4168:, where a rare-earth mine operated by a 3758: 3280:indicates the normalized concentration, 2717: 1921:after the mythological northern land of 1118:Overview of rare-earth metal properties 1044:. They are often found in minerals with 12315: 10810:. The Anchor House, Inc. Archived from 10528: 10459: 9526: 9306: 9304: 9252:"Govt cracks whip on rare earth mining" 9140: 8599: 8367:Rofer, Cheryl K.; Tõnis Kaasik (2000). 8267: 8263: 8261: 7952: 7667: 7661: 7657:from the original on September 9, 2022. 7545:from the original on September 9, 2022. 7519:from the original on September 9, 2022. 6854: 6555: 6533: 6398: 6222: 6220: 5502: 5500: 5061:"Rare earths: Neither rare, nor earths" 5045:T Gray (2007). 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Retrieved 25 February 2021. 6774:Tony Jin (January 18, 2011). 6646:Ma, Damien (April 25, 2012). 6329:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00279-8 4944: 4347:Global REE consumption, 2015 4315: 3898:government by working with a 3789:Mountain Pass rare earth mine 3754: 2903:Mountain Pass rare earth mine 2687:(in which the cations form a 2348:, Galissard de Marignac, and 2018:, the city that later became 1353:catalyst for oil refineries, 1024:. The term 'rare-earth' is a 10498:10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.039 9527:Balaram, V. (July 1, 2019). 9173:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90059-4 9120:CHO, RENEE (April 5, 2023). 8023:. BrightWire. Archived from 7997:(in Korean). July 28, 2014. 7991:"북한, 올 5~6월 희토류 중국 수출 크게 늘어" 7900:(in Spanish). May 24, 2019. 6387:China's Rare Earth Dominance 6080:Geology of mineral resources 5718:. Berlin; London: Springer. 5411:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.208 4496:Environmental considerations 4414:US consumption of REE, 2018 3908:New Democratic Army – Kachin 2622: 2580:Rare-earth elements, except 2346:Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand 2241:Spectroscopic identification 2147:mineral, was re-examined by 2026:Positron emission tomography 1690:positron emission tomography 1361:coatings for turbine blades 1308:catalyst for oil refineries 7: 16537: 12861:Platinum-group metals (PGM) 12564:By periodic table structure 10564:September 11, 2014, at the 9495:10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.02.008 9057:"What colour is the cloud?" 8873:(Academic, New York, 1995). 8826:Mineral Commodity Summaries 7404:"Hoidas Lake, Saskatchewan" 6408:Mineral Commodity Summaries 5790:Brownlow, Arthur H (1996). 5752:Rollinson, Hugh R. (1993). 5444:Fritz Ullmann, ed. (2003). 4890: 4783:China has officially cited 4767:Geopolitical considerations 4673:Remediation after pollution 4600:Impact of REE contamination 4444: Metallurgy, 10% (10%) 4026:, and various locations in 3763:Global production 1950–2000 3072:Ho) and heavy (HREE - from 2377:Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley 2311:of the oxides then yielded 2299:, Lecoq de Boisbaudran and 2288:, and its oxide was named " 2091:Discovery and early history 1112:Applications of lanthanides 1101: 10: 16975: 13006:Goldschmidt classification 11714: 11543: 11462: 11381: 11345: 11247: 11044:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018 10574:, May 31, 2011 5:00 PM ET. 10571:Bloomberg Markets Magazine 10427:10.1038/s41598-017-10256-7 9898:10.1038/s41467-020-17801-5 9780:10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.029 8553:. INTECH. pp. 41–60. 7073:S. Burns (Feb. 16, 2021). 5910:Journal of Applied Physics 5890:Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 5476:programme, March 19, 2014 5013:Professor of Chemistry at 4727:Fukushima nuclear disaster 4568: 4565:Recycling and reusing REEs 4432: Polishing, 10% (10%) 4420: Catalysts, 60% (60%) 4369: Polishing, 12% (12%) 4298: 4287:, magnets, and batteries. 3971:project in Australia. The 3822: 2986:fractional crystallization 2928:, are related to alkaline 2309:fractional crystallization 2255:optical flame spectroscopy 1229:yttria-stabilized zirconia 1065:25th-most-abundant element 324: 192: 132: 72: 47: 16959:Sets of chemical elements 16890: 16738: 16621: 16547: 16543: 16532: 16491: 16441: 16334: 16330: 16317: 16184: 16124: 16081: 15951: 15842: 15782: 15686: 15604: 15600: 15587: 15452: 15343: 15249: 14906: 14674: 14474: 14074: 14067: 14063: 14050: 13857: 13678: 13564: 13341: 13334: 13330: 13317: 13244: 13206: 13139: 13019: 12976: 12937: 12928: 12853: 12831: 12808: 12775: 12765: 12743: 12673: 12585:2 (Alkaline earth metals) 12570: 12563: 12554: 12533: 12457: 12157: 11862: 11691: 11520: 11439: 11358: 11331: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11242: 11237: 11230: 11160:Science History Institute 11145: 11140:Science History Institute 11129: 11124: 11119:Science History Institute 11108: 11103: 11098: 10916:"Rare earths: Digging in" 10731:10.1016/j.jsm.2016.05.002 10529:Redling, Kerstin (2006). 10352:10.1007/s10653-017-9982-x 10181:Safety and Health at Work 9554:10.1016/j.gsf.2018.12.005 9411:10.3390/molecules24061005 9128:. Columbia Climate School 8990:10.1007/s13530-016-0276-y 8691:. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2023. 6903:Science History Institute 6442:January 20, 2022, at the 5513:Science History Institute 5118:Frontiers in Microbiology 5015:University College London 4690:This section needs to be 4534:Bayan Obo Mining District 4381: Metallurgy, 8% (8%) 3825:Rare earths trade dispute 2818:. Small amounts occur in 2590:supernova nucleosynthesis 2588:and thus are produced by 2575: 2261:isolated the new element 2008: 1955: 1915: 1878: 1839: 1791: 1727: 1639: 1588: 1545:Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets 1537: 1493: 1455:, and "didymos", meaning 1445: 1387:, and "didymos", meaning 1377: 1324: 1279: 1200: 1174:aluminium-scandium alloys 1152: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1001:or lanthanoids (although 918:coin for size comparison) 16768:Mergers and acquisitions 16509:Research and development 14874:Chemical & hormonal 14529:Communications equipment 10612:October 7, 2012, at the 10193:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12 9061:European Investment Bank 9041:10.3390/resources3010123 7341:"Great western minerals" 7025:World Trade Organization 6232:European Investment Bank 6018:Winter, John D. (2010). 5689:10.1002/14356007.a22_607 5131:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01366 4387: Batteries, 8% (8%) 4363: Magnets, 23% (23%) 4132:Malaysian refining plans 3906:, formerly known as the 3818: 3751:-Nd, and Lu-Hf systems. 2984:-rich primary magma, by 2513:liquid–liquid extraction 2406:Sources and purification 2161:Martin Heinrich Klaproth 2074:primordial radioisotopes 1666:computer bubble memories 1351:fluid catalytic cracking 1306:fluid catalytic cracking 1214:Yttrium aluminium garnet 15559:Painting and decorating 14583:Medical imaging systems 14516:Parts & peripherals 13224:systematic element name 13196:in East Asian languages 12546:Extended periodic table 11187:Encyclopædia Britannica 10896:April 15, 2018, at the 10692:April 23, 2018, at the 10597:, 30 May 2011 05:52 ET. 10236:Atmospheric Environment 10026:10.1021/acs.est.2c09273 9963:10.1021/acs.est.9b00005 8871:Tunable Lasers Handbook 8549:Um, Namil (July 2017). 7868:The Wall Street Journal 5381:Applied Surface Science 5092:Milken Institute Review 5088:"Rare Earths Explained" 4725:In May 2011, after the 4399: Ceramics, 6% (6%) 4339: 4048:government of Greenland 3997:. Originally opened by 2714:Geological distribution 2598:asymptotic giant branch 2301:Eugène-Anatole Demarçay 1814:magnetostrictive alloys 1806:neodymium based magnets 1772:systems, stabilizer of 1762:magnetostrictive alloys 1746:neodymium based magnets 1594:after the continent of 1330:after the dwarf planet 16872:State-owned enterprise 16852:Nonprofit organization 16763:Horizontal integration 14576:Scientific instruments 14539:Network infrastructure 13067:Electron configuration 13057:Electrical resistivity 12996:Electron configuration 12800:Post-transition metals 10589:June 22, 2022, at the 10478:Environmental Research 9726:10.1126/sciadv.abm3132 9371:10.5004/dwt.2018.22844 7080:June 15, 2022, at the 7056:June 26, 2022, at the 6134:July 10, 2011, at the 4780: 4537: 4438: "other", 5% (5%) 4375: "other", 9% (9%) 3764: 3683:partition coefficients 3671: 3623: 3575: 3530: 3362: 3318: 3265: 3090:lanthanide contraction 2768:lanthanide contraction 2727: 2647:), and oxygen anions. 2113:Royal Academy of Turku 1705:solid oxide fuel cells 1682:magnetic refrigeration 1405:lighting, colorant in 1137:Selected applications 16215:Private investigation 12901:Transuranium elements 10939:May 26, 2011, at the 10136:10.1289/ehp.96104s185 9878:Nature Communications 9208:May 14, 2012, at the 8828:. 2019. p. 132. 7782:on September 18, 2010 7561:news.bloombergtax.com 6838:. September 6, 2011. 6780:The China Perspective 6548:June 5, 2022, at the 6274:10.1007/s004100050159 5832:"Rare Earth Elements" 5712:Zepf, Volker (2013). 4774: 4624:Eichhornia crassipes) 4569:Further information: 4531: 4473:, generators in some 4024:Northwest Territories 3762: 3672: 3624: 3576: 3531: 3363: 3319: 3266: 3154:chondritic meteorites 2721: 2534:Before the time that 2418:) developed chemical 2373:X-ray crystallography 2125:Anders Gustav Ekeberg 1733:after the village of 1686:magnetocaloric effect 1543:after mine official, 1241:solid oxide fuel cell 1206:after the village of 33:in the periodic table 16783:Vertical integration 14789:Speciality chemicals 14629:Electrical equipment 14546:Consumer electronics 13117:Thermal conductivity 13092:Heat of vaporization 12534:Periodic table forms 11178:at Wikimedia Commons 11162:, September 24, 2019 10382:on February 25, 2021 10070:Eichhornia crassipes 9533:Geoscience Frontiers 9314:(October 29, 2010). 9201:Bourzac, Katherine. 9095:Yale Environment 360 8348:on September 4, 2014 8314:on November 12, 2011 8128:cowboystatedaily.com 7843:on February 13, 2013 7812:on November 18, 2010 7744:. November 4, 2013. 7513:"Mountain Pass Mine" 7436:. October 31, 2010. 7296:Global Mining Review 6786:on February 13, 2011 5650:] (in Russian). 4965:is used rather than 4847:near the village of 4814:Japanese Coast Guard 4393: Glass, 7% (7%) 4265:recycling technology 4060:Ciudad Real Province 3895:China–Myanmar border 3781:Steenkampskraal mine 3745:radioactive isotopes 3670:{\displaystyle _{n}} 3633: 3622:{\displaystyle _{n}} 3585: 3574:{\displaystyle _{n}} 3543: 3383: 3328: 3284: 3172: 3007:Peralkaline granites 2901:), bastnäsite (from 2726:axis is logarithmic) 2619:and dating fossils. 2303:yielded several new 2172:Carl Gustav Mosander 2149:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 1678:NMR relaxation agent 1401:, core material for 1302:refractive telescope 1261:refractive telescope 1048:, and less commonly 997:, and sometimes the 16949:Rare earth elements 16867:Sole proprietorship 16842:Joint-stock company 16116:Veterinary medicine 15941:Property management 15735:Passenger transport 14762:Commodity chemicals 14588:Optical instruments 14556:Video game consoles 14449:Musical instruments 14290:Media reproduction 13149:Element discoveries 12906:Superheavy elements 12866:Rare-earth elements 11176:Rare earth elements 11035:2019ERSS...49...36O 10974:Scientific American 10866:Wall Street Journal 10702:September 17, 2010. 10490:2015ER....142..215P 10419:2017NatSR...7.9772Z 10344:2017EnvGH..39.1469S 10287:2013Chmsp..93.1240L 10248:2017AtmEn.167...40Z 10086:1998ScTEn.214...79C 10018:2023EnST...57.5414L 9955:2019EnST...53.5369L 9890:2020NatCo..11.4386B 9834:2020JCPro.26722048J 9772:2019RSERv.106...41A 9718:2022SciA....8M3132D 9645:2014JHzM..279..384Y 9594:2014EnST...48.3951S 9545:2019GeoFr..10.1285B 9487:2018COGSC..13....1J 9363:2018DWatT.130...71P 9215:. October 29, 2010. 9165:1990ScTEn..95..141V 9126:State of the planet 8982:2016TxEHS...8..189R 8904:2002ESPR....9..143P 8792:2017Mine....7..203Z 8716:2015IJCPU..35..295Z 8603:(October 5, 2010). 8459:Nikkei Asian Review 8212:on December 4, 2020 8045:. January 13, 2023. 6997:. January 5, 2015. 6755:on October 21, 2010 6611:Ore Geology Reviews 6576:2013RePol..38...36M 6321:1999GeCoA..63..363S 6266:1996CoMP..123..323B 6170:2011NatGe...4..535K 5974:2007NuPhA.789...15B 5922:2014JAP...116j3508A 5468:Mentioned by Prof. 5403:2019ApSS..478...68F 5352:on November 4, 2016 5342:"Rare-earth metals" 5182:10.3390/ani10091663 4998:Electronic version. 4251:Waste and recycling 4170:Mitsubishi Chemical 4152:and transported by 4100:. As a result, the 3416: 3133:rock formation. In 3032:University of Tokyo 2972:crystallize from CO 2759:high field strength 2602:spontaneous fission 2584:, are heavier than 2501:rare-earth minerals 2101:Carl Axel Arrhenius 1701:ceramic electrolyte 1684:(using significant 1611:mercury-vapor lamps 1347:self-cleaning ovens 1245:yttrium iron garnet 1182:mercury-vapor lamps 1119: 1080:rare-earth minerals 1038:spontaneous fission 1022:magnetic properties 989:), also called the 983:rare-earth elements 31:Rare-earth elements 16815:Putting-out system 16324:Information sector 16245:Personal services 15852:Financial services 15324:offshore platforms 15173:advanced materials 15154:Ready-mix concrete 14607:Laser construction 14567:Clocks and watches 14401:Injection moulding 14372:Other fabrication 14325:household hardware 11182:Rare-earth element 10923:September 2, 2010. 10407:Scientific Reports 10130:(suppl 1): 85–95. 9320:The New York Times 8912:10.1007/BF02987462 8801:10.3390/min7110203 8647:on April 21, 2014. 8240:The New York Times 8180:The New York Times 7625:on August 19, 2021 7466:. October 31, 2010 7246:The New York Times 6868:. March 13, 2017. 5598:Qi, Dezhi (2018). 5516:. October 18, 2019 5371:Fronzi, M (2019). 4939:Rare-earth mineral 4863:In popular culture 4785:resource depletion 4781: 4538: 4459:petroleum refining 4179:Dow Jones Newswire 4115:protests in Serbia 3902:militia under the 3900:Border Guard Force 3868:economic sanctions 3864:2021 military coup 3765: 3734:hydrothermal vents 3667: 3619: 3571: 3526: 3400: 3358: 3314: 3261: 2814:), thalenite, and 2728: 2689:face-centred cubic 2600:stars. In nature, 2524:X-ray fluorescence 2486:(Ce,Na,Ca)(Ti,Nb)O 2410:During the 1940s, 2336:was documented by 2068:Promethium has no 2030:lutetium tantalate 1934:metal-halide lamps 1857:spectrophotometers 1674:MRI contrast agent 1551:Rare-earth magnets 1475:ceramic capacitors 1463:Rare-earth magnets 1395:Rare-earth magnets 1178:metal-halide lamps 1117: 16954:Metallic elements 16936: 16935: 16886: 16885: 16882: 16881: 16713:Natural resources 16558:Production-based 16528: 16527: 16524: 16523: 16466:Vocational school 16313: 16312: 16309: 16308: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15544:Electrical wiring 15530:Specialty trades 15484:Civil engineering 15339: 15338: 15013:Vulcanized rubber 14809:Cleaning products 14649:Electric lighting 14366:Surface finishing 14356:Powder metallurgy 14311:Metal fabrication 14057:Industrial sector 14046: 14045: 14042: 14041: 13945:Rare-earth metals 13853: 13852: 13276: 13275: 13135: 13134: 13097:Ionization energy 13072:Electronegativity 13062:Electron affinity 13001:Electronegativity 12991:Crystal structure 12986:Aqueous chemistry 12963:Nuclear stability 12958:Atomic properties 12924: 12923: 12871:Refractory metals 12849: 12848: 12795:Transition metals 12761: 12760: 12493: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12452: 12451: 11174:Media related to 11166: 11165: 10948:, 1 January 2010. 10814:on April 21, 2008 10632:High Country News 10012:(13): 5414–5423. 9602:10.1021/es404596q 9213:Technology Review 8560:978-953-51-3401-5 8378:978-0-7923-6187-9 8341:Malaysian Insider 8027:on July 23, 2012. 7971:on August 8, 2012 7701:. July 22, 2022. 7410:on March 31, 2009 7339:Lunn, J. (2006). 7279:. pp. 20–21. 6905:. June 25, 2019. 6817:on July 24, 2011. 6749:The Hill's E Wire 6463:on August 6, 2020 6158:Nature Geoscience 6089:978-1-897095-73-7 6029:978-0-321-59257-6 5962:Nuclear Physics A 5930:10.1063/1.4894775 5801:978-0-13-398272-5 5763:978-0-582-06701-1 5725:978-3-642-35458-8 5609:978-0-12-813920-2 5579:, Sergei Venetsky 5561:978-1-86094-165-8 5455:978-3-527-30385-4 5346:Think GlobalGreen 4934:Rare-earth magnet 4918:Material passport 4884:This Gun for Hire 4879:This Gun for Hire 4711: 4710: 4590:scientific review 4471:electric vehicles 4285:fluorescent lamps 4245:Minami-Tori-Shima 4107:electric vehicles 3984:Lai Châu Province 3952:barriers to entry 3843:in Australia and 3809:Western Australia 3771:sand deposits in 3726:clastic sediments 3643: 3595: 3553: 3524: 3499: 3465: 3432: 3417: 3404: 3392: 3354: 3339: 3310: 3295: 3259: 3255: 3240: 3228: 3213: 3182: 3038:Nature Geoscience 2966:nepheline syenite 2793:Oddo–Harkins rule 2505:transition metals 2416:Manhattan Project 2267:from the mineral 2224:J. Lawrence Smith 2208:Marc Delafontaine 2204:Nils Johan Berlin 2049: 2048: 1758:fluorescent lamps 1615:fluorescent lamps 1510:Nuclear batteries 1257:cancer treatments 1074:Because of their 991:rare-earth metals 892: 891: 618:Mercury (element) 16:(Redirected from 16966: 16923: 16922: 16911: 16910: 16899: 16898: 16795:Enforced breakup 16790:Decentralization 16718:Physical capital 16545: 16544: 16534: 16533: 16332: 16331: 16319: 16318: 16195:Customer service 16111:Residential care 16059:Public relations 15867:Financial advice 15844:Asset management 15639:Department store 15602: 15601: 15589: 15588: 15569:Site preparation 15417:Telecom networks 15385:Waste management 15361:Gas distribution 15045:Synthetic fibers 14772:Industrial gases 14511:Computer systems 14445:Medical supplies 14072: 14071: 14065: 14064: 14052: 14051: 13482:Animal husbandry 13453:Medicinal plants 13339: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13319: 13318: 13303: 13296: 13289: 13280: 13279: 13265: 13264: 13253: 13252: 13236:Dmitri Mendeleev 13164:1869 predictions 13154:Dmitri Mendeleev 12935: 12934: 12773: 12772: 12753:Aufbau principle 12665:18 (Noble gases) 12568: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12556:Sets of elements 12520: 12513: 12506: 12497: 12496: 12462: 12461: 12448: 12446: 12439: 12437: 12430: 12428: 12421: 12419: 12412: 12410: 12403: 12401: 12394: 12392: 12385: 12383: 12376: 12374: 12367: 12365: 12358: 12356: 12349: 12347: 12340: 12338: 12331: 12329: 12322: 12320: 12313: 12311: 12304: 12302: 12295: 12293: 12286: 12284: 12277: 12275: 12268: 12266: 12259: 12257: 12250: 12248: 12241: 12239: 12232: 12230: 12223: 12221: 12214: 12212: 12205: 12203: 12196: 12194: 12187: 12185: 12178: 12176: 12169: 12167: 12153: 12151: 12144: 12142: 12135: 12133: 12126: 12124: 12117: 12115: 12108: 12106: 12099: 12097: 12090: 12088: 12081: 12079: 12072: 12070: 12063: 12061: 12054: 12052: 12045: 12043: 12036: 12034: 12027: 12025: 12018: 12016: 12009: 12007: 12000: 11998: 11991: 11989: 11982: 11980: 11973: 11971: 11964: 11962: 11955: 11953: 11946: 11944: 11937: 11935: 11928: 11926: 11919: 11917: 11910: 11908: 11901: 11899: 11892: 11890: 11883: 11881: 11874: 11872: 11858: 11856: 11849: 11847: 11840: 11838: 11831: 11829: 11822: 11820: 11813: 11811: 11804: 11802: 11795: 11793: 11786: 11784: 11777: 11775: 11768: 11766: 11759: 11757: 11750: 11748: 11741: 11739: 11732: 11730: 11723: 11721: 11712: 11710: 11703: 11701: 11687: 11685: 11678: 11676: 11669: 11667: 11660: 11658: 11651: 11649: 11642: 11640: 11633: 11631: 11624: 11622: 11615: 11613: 11606: 11604: 11597: 11595: 11588: 11586: 11579: 11577: 11570: 11568: 11561: 11559: 11552: 11550: 11541: 11539: 11532: 11530: 11516: 11514: 11507: 11505: 11498: 11496: 11489: 11487: 11480: 11478: 11471: 11469: 11460: 11458: 11451: 11449: 11435: 11433: 11426: 11424: 11417: 11415: 11408: 11406: 11399: 11397: 11390: 11388: 11379: 11377: 11370: 11368: 11354: 11352: 11343: 11341: 11233: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11194: 11193: 11173: 11150: 11149: 11134: 11133: 11113: 11112: 11096: 11095: 11085: 11084: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11056: 11046: 11014: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10955: 10949: 10930: 10924: 10913: 10907: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10781:Business Insider 10772: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10709: 10703: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10664:. June 4, 2021. 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10623: 10617: 10604: 10598: 10581: 10575: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10509: 10472: 10457: 10456: 10446: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10378:. Archived from 10338:(6): 1469–1486. 10323: 10317: 10316: 10298: 10281:(6): 1240–1246. 10266: 10260: 10259: 10230: 10224: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10204: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10155: 10115: 10106: 10105: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10045: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9949:(9): 5369–5377. 9934: 9928: 9927: 9917: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9791: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9737: 9706:Science Advances 9697: 9691: 9690: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9588:(7): 3951–3958. 9573: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9539:(4): 1285–1303. 9524: 9515: 9514: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9423: 9413: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9258:on July 25, 2011 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9232:. March 20, 2015 9222: 9216: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9147: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9086: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9019: 9010: 9009: 8965: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8883: 8874: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8834:10.3133/70202434 8818: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8771: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8698: 8692: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8581:on July 29, 2017 8571: 8565: 8564: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8529: 8522: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8400:. Archived from 8389: 8383: 8382: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8344:. Archived from 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8276:. Archived from 8265: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7967:. Archived from 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7939: 7928: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7839:. Archived from 7828: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7808:. Archived from 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7778:. Archived from 7768: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7726:. July 22, 2022. 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7696: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7649: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7624: 7618:. Archived from 7617: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7353:on April 9, 2008 7352: 7345: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7310:"About The Mine" 7306: 7300: 7299: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7140:. August 9, 2022 7130: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7105:. August 9, 2022 7095: 7089: 7071: 7065: 7062:seekingalpha.com 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6895: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6813:. Archived from 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6782:. Archived from 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6751:. Archived from 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6724:on July 26, 2011 6720:. Archived from 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6626: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6564:Resources Policy 6559: 6553: 6540: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6447: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6405: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6356: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6178:10.1038/ngeo1185 6149: 6143: 6129:Fundmastery Blog 6115: 6102: 6101: 6075: 6042: 6041: 6015: 5986: 5985: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5886: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5827: 5814: 5813: 5787: 5776: 5775: 5749: 5730: 5729: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5396: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5348:. Archived from 5338: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5312: 5311: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5184: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5133: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5067:. March 23, 2014 5057: 5051: 5050: 5042: 5036: 5025: 5011: 5000: 4955: 4924:Pensana Salt End 4907: 4902: 4901: 4845:Helmand Province 4743:New restrictions 4706: 4703: 4697: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4664:On animal health 4571:Circular economy 4524: 4523: 4522: 4463:diesel additives 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4352: 4303:One study mixed 4257:electronic waste 4084:Ehime Prefecture 3888: 3872:electric vehicle 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3644: 3641: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3596: 3593: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3466: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3094:shielding effect 2709: 2678: 2660: 2490: 2479: 2468: 2452:fissile material 2448:nuclear reactors 2332:in the southern 2153:Wilhelm Hisinger 2081: 2078:fission products 2066: 2060: 2057: 2044: 1997: 1986:nuclear medicine 1944: 1904: 1867: 1828: 1822:hard disk drives 1780: 1716: 1628: 1622:relaxation agent 1577: 1571:nuclear reactors 1527: 1525: 1520: 1482: 1434: 1366: 1313: 1294:refractive index 1268: 1189: 1120: 1116: 930: 907: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 319: 312: 303: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 189: 182: 173: 166: 159: 152: 145: 138: 129: 122: 113: 106: 99: 92: 85: 78: 69: 62: 53: 44: 38: 37: 21: 16974: 16973: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16939: 16938: 16937: 16932: 16931: 16878: 16847:Nationalization 16734: 16704:Primary inputs 16625: 16617: 16550: 16549:Classification 16539: 16520: 16487: 16437: 16421:Social networks 16338: 16326: 16305: 16289:Business travel 16191:Administrative 16180: 16164:Amusement parks 16128: 16120: 16094:Dentist offices 16077: 15947: 15914:Pension funding 15887:Risk management 15872:Holding company 15838: 15778: 15690: 15682: 15654:Specialty store 15649:Online shopping 15596: 15575: 15448: 15335: 15245: 14902: 14860:Pharmaceuticals 14804:Aroma compounds 14740:Petroleum jelly 14670: 14659:Home appliances 14654:Electric motors 14602:spotting scopes 14563:Instrumentation 14476: 14470: 14452:Office supplies 14059: 14038: 14022:Dimension stone 13956:Other minerals 13901:Mining of ores 13849: 13674: 13560: 13507:Other livestock 13393:Permanent crops 13326: 13313: 13307: 13277: 13272: 13240: 13202: 13131: 13107:Oxidation state 13015: 12972: 12920: 12916:Minor actinides 12911:Major actinides 12876:Precious metals 12845: 12827: 12804: 12757: 12739: 12669: 12655:16 (Chalcogens) 12650:15 (Pnictogens) 12550: 12529: 12524: 12494: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12453: 12444: 12442: 12435: 12433: 12426: 12424: 12417: 12415: 12408: 12406: 12399: 12397: 12390: 12388: 12381: 12379: 12372: 12370: 12363: 12361: 12354: 12352: 12345: 12343: 12336: 12334: 12327: 12325: 12318: 12316: 12309: 12307: 12300: 12298: 12291: 12289: 12282: 12280: 12273: 12271: 12264: 12262: 12255: 12253: 12246: 12244: 12237: 12235: 12228: 12226: 12219: 12217: 12210: 12208: 12201: 12199: 12192: 12190: 12183: 12181: 12174: 12172: 12165: 12163: 12149: 12147: 12140: 12138: 12131: 12129: 12122: 12120: 12113: 12111: 12104: 12102: 12095: 12093: 12086: 12084: 12077: 12075: 12068: 12066: 12059: 12057: 12050: 12048: 12041: 12039: 12032: 12030: 12023: 12021: 12014: 12012: 12005: 12003: 11996: 11994: 11987: 11985: 11978: 11976: 11969: 11967: 11960: 11958: 11951: 11949: 11942: 11940: 11933: 11931: 11924: 11922: 11915: 11913: 11906: 11904: 11897: 11895: 11888: 11886: 11879: 11877: 11870: 11868: 11854: 11852: 11845: 11843: 11836: 11834: 11827: 11825: 11818: 11816: 11809: 11807: 11800: 11798: 11791: 11789: 11782: 11780: 11773: 11771: 11764: 11762: 11755: 11753: 11746: 11744: 11737: 11735: 11728: 11726: 11719: 11717: 11708: 11706: 11699: 11697: 11683: 11681: 11674: 11672: 11665: 11663: 11656: 11654: 11647: 11645: 11638: 11636: 11629: 11627: 11620: 11618: 11611: 11609: 11602: 11600: 11593: 11591: 11584: 11582: 11575: 11573: 11566: 11564: 11557: 11555: 11548: 11546: 11537: 11535: 11528: 11526: 11512: 11510: 11503: 11501: 11494: 11492: 11485: 11483: 11476: 11474: 11467: 11465: 11456: 11454: 11447: 11445: 11431: 11429: 11422: 11420: 11413: 11411: 11404: 11402: 11395: 11393: 11386: 11384: 11375: 11373: 11366: 11364: 11350: 11348: 11339: 11337: 11226: 11221: 11147: 11131: 11110: 11094: 11089: 11088: 11075: 11074: 11070: 11015: 11008: 10998: 10996: 10991:. Energy Post. 10985: 10981: 10970: 10966: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10941:Wayback Machine 10932:Mills, Mark P. 10931: 10927: 10914: 10910: 10903:Daily Telegraph 10898:Wayback Machine 10889: 10885: 10875: 10873: 10858: 10854: 10844: 10842: 10831: 10827: 10817: 10815: 10804: 10800: 10790: 10788: 10773: 10769: 10759: 10757: 10744: 10743: 10739: 10710: 10706: 10694:Wayback Machine 10685: 10681: 10671: 10669: 10656: 10655: 10651: 10641: 10639: 10624: 10620: 10614:Wayback Machine 10605: 10601: 10591:Wayback Machine 10582: 10578: 10566:Wayback Machine 10556: 10552: 10542: 10540: 10527: 10523: 10473: 10460: 10399: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10324: 10320: 10267: 10263: 10231: 10227: 10222: 10218: 10173: 10169: 10116: 10109: 10066: 10059: 9998: 9994: 9935: 9931: 9869: 9865: 9817: 9813: 9755: 9751: 9712:(6): eabm3132. 9698: 9694: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9629: 9625: 9574: 9570: 9525: 9518: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9390: 9386: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9312:Bradsher, Keith 9309: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9283:Radio Free Asia 9275: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9224: 9223: 9219: 9210:Wayback Machine 9200: 9196: 9148: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9118: 9114: 9104: 9102: 9087: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9053: 9049: 9020: 9013: 8966: 8955: 8945: 8943: 8884: 8877: 8865: 8861: 8851: 8849: 8820: 8819: 8812: 8772: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8751:www.science.org 8743: 8739: 8699: 8695: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8641:Solvay — Rhodia 8635: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8601:Tabuchi, Hiroko 8598: 8594: 8584: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8547: 8543: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8489:UTokyo Research 8483: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8404:on May 13, 2012 8390: 8386: 8379: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8280:on July 3, 2011 8266: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8232: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8054: 8050: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7974: 7972: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7829: 7825: 7815: 7813: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7751: 7749: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7705: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7539:Metal Tech News 7531: 7524: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7493:(in Vietnamese) 7483: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7337: 7333: 7323: 7321: 7316:. May 3, 2016. 7308: 7307: 7303: 7288: 7284: 7273: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7164:Radio Free Asia 7158: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7132: 7131: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7082:Wayback Machine 7072: 7068: 7058:Wayback Machine 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6897: 6896: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6830: 6829: 6822: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6678: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6652:Foreign Affairs 6648:"China Digs It" 6644: 6640: 6603: 6599: 6560: 6556: 6550:Wayback Machine 6541: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6444:Wayback Machine 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6301: 6297: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6150: 6146: 6136:Wayback Machine 6117:Powell, Devin, 6116: 6105: 6090: 6076: 6045: 6030: 6016: 5989: 5957: 5953: 5906: 5902: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5817: 5802: 5788: 5779: 5764: 5750: 5733: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5641: 5640:Reprinted from 5633: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5546: 5542: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5487: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5324: 5315: 5308: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5259: 5251:precious metals 5242: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5161: 5157: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5031:, Interview on 5023: 5012: 5003: 4970: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4903: 4896: 4893: 4865: 4769: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4666: 4657:bioaccumulation 4636: 4634:On human health 4607: 4602: 4577: 4567: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4498: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4318: 4301: 4253: 4240: 4208: 4203: 4134: 3956:Steenkampskraal 3920: 3918:Other countries 3891:Chipwi Township 3887:US$ 200 million 3886: 3880: 3878:Myanmar (Burma) 3827: 3821: 3757: 3661: 3657: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3613: 3609: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3517: 3513: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3119: 3111:ionic potential 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3050: 2991: 2983: 2980:to produce a CO 2975: 2959: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2676: 2671: 2659: 2655: 2625: 2578: 2561: 2548:crystallization 2532: 2495:ion-adsorption 2489: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2426:for separating 2408: 2297:William Crookes 2243: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2070:stable isotopes 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2042: 1995: 1978:stainless steel 1942: 1902: 1865: 1826: 1778: 1714: 1670:neutron capture 1626: 1575: 1559:neutron capture 1523: 1521: 1518: 1480: 1432: 1419:welding goggles 1364: 1343:oxidizing agent 1311: 1266: 1237:electroceramics 1231:(YSZ) (used in 1219: 1208:Ytterby, Sweden 1187: 1141: 1104: 979: 978: 977: 976: 975: 974: 970: 958: 938: 931: 922: 921: 920: 908: 895: 894: 893: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 317: 310: 301: 294: 287: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 187: 180: 171: 164: 157: 150: 143: 136: 127: 120: 111: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76: 67: 60: 51: 42: 34: 32: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16972: 16962: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16934: 16933: 16930: 16929: 16917: 16905: 16892: 16891: 16888: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16880: 16879: 16877: 16876: 16875: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16829: 16828: 16827: 16825:Temporary work 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16787: 16786: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16748:Centralization 16744: 16742: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16702: 16697: 16696: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16670: 16665: 16664: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16632: 16630: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16595: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16564: 16555: 16553: 16541: 16540: 16530: 16529: 16526: 16525: 16522: 16521: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16514:Basic research 16506: 16501: 16495: 16493: 16489: 16488: 16486: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16474: 16473: 16468: 16458: 16453: 16447: 16445: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16435: 16434: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16408: 16407: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16345: 16343: 16328: 16327: 16315: 16314: 16311: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16302: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16283: 16278: 16277: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16243: 16238: 16237: 16236: 16231: 16223: 16222: 16221: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16153: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16135: 16133: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16107: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16087: 16085: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16075: 16074: 16073: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16046: 16044:Legal services 16041: 16040: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16015:system testing 16004: 15999: 15985: 15984: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15957: 15955: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15938: 15928: 15927: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15877:Money transfer 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15848: 15846: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15836: 15831: 15830: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15788: 15786: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15775: 15774: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15750:Passenger rail 15747: 15742: 15732: 15731: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15718:Moving company 15715: 15710: 15705: 15694: 15692: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15679: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15658: 15657: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15624:Consumer goods 15621: 15619:Car dealership 15610: 15608: 15598: 15597: 15594:Service sector 15585: 15584: 15581: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15458: 15456: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15414: 15409: 15408: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15382: 15381: 15380: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15349: 15347: 15341: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15327: 15326: 15317: 15312: 15297: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15255: 15253: 15251:Heavy industry 15247: 15246: 15244: 15243: 15238: 15237: 15236: 15231: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15190:Metal refining 15187: 15186: 15185: 15183:Synthetic gems 15180: 15175: 15166: 15160:Other mineral 15158: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15136: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15104: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15058: 15057: 15056: 15050:Thermoplastics 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15017: 15016: 15015: 15010: 15000: 14999: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14930: 14925: 14910: 14908: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14876:contraceptives 14872: 14870:Blood products 14867: 14857: 14855:Fine chemicals 14852: 14851: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14759: 14758: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14735:Petrochemicals 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14680: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14668: 14667: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14636: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14595: 14585: 14580: 14579: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14553: 14543: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14518: 14513: 14503: 14502: 14501: 14499:Semiconductors 14496: 14494:Circuit boards 14491: 14480: 14478: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14447: 14442: 14439: 14434: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14363: 14361:Prefabrication 14358: 14353: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14318: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14294:Cassette tapes 14288: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14214: 14213: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14155: 14152: 14149: 14144: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14130:Vegetable oils 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14104: 14103:Dairy products 14101: 14096: 14091: 14080: 14078: 14076:Light industry 14069: 14061: 14060: 14048: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13984: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13954: 13953: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13682: 13680: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13665: 13658:Wild mushrooms 13655: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13635: 13633:Natural rubber 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13570: 13568: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13556: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13472: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13418:Tropical fruit 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13351:Arable farming 13347: 13345: 13336: 13328: 13327: 13324:Natural sector 13315: 13314: 13306: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13283: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13258: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13221: 13210: 13208: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13168: 13167: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13145: 13143: 13137: 13136: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13127:Vapor pressure 13124: 13119: 13114: 13112:Speed of sound 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13087:Heat of fusion 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13042:Critical point 13039: 13034: 13029: 13023: 13021: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12982: 12980: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12943: 12941: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12881:Coinage metals 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12857: 12855: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12837: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12814: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12770: 12763: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12749: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12679: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12565: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12537: 12535: 12531: 12530: 12527:Periodic table 12523: 12522: 12515: 12508: 12500: 12491: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12450: 12449: 12440: 12431: 12422: 12413: 12404: 12395: 12386: 12377: 12368: 12359: 12350: 12341: 12332: 12323: 12314: 12305: 12296: 12287: 12278: 12269: 12260: 12251: 12242: 12233: 12224: 12215: 12206: 12197: 12188: 12179: 12170: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12145: 12136: 12127: 12118: 12109: 12100: 12091: 12082: 12073: 12064: 12055: 12046: 12037: 12028: 12019: 12010: 12001: 11992: 11983: 11974: 11965: 11956: 11947: 11938: 11929: 11920: 11911: 11902: 11893: 11884: 11875: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11850: 11841: 11832: 11823: 11814: 11805: 11796: 11787: 11778: 11769: 11760: 11751: 11742: 11733: 11724: 11715: 11713: 11704: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11679: 11670: 11661: 11652: 11643: 11634: 11625: 11616: 11607: 11598: 11589: 11580: 11571: 11562: 11553: 11544: 11542: 11533: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11508: 11499: 11490: 11481: 11472: 11463: 11461: 11452: 11443: 11437: 11436: 11427: 11418: 11409: 11400: 11391: 11382: 11380: 11371: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11346: 11344: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11224:Periodic table 11220: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11197: 11191: 11190: 11179: 11164: 11163: 11143: 11142: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11099:External media 11093: 11092:External links 11090: 11087: 11086: 11081:Kirkus Reviews 11068: 11006: 10979: 10964: 10950: 10925: 10908: 10883: 10852: 10825: 10798: 10767: 10737: 10704: 10679: 10662:Deutsche Welle 10649: 10618: 10599: 10576: 10550: 10521: 10458: 10393: 10318: 10261: 10225: 10216: 10167: 10107: 10080:(1–3): 79–85. 10057: 9992: 9929: 9863: 9811: 9749: 9692: 9674: 9623: 9568: 9516: 9461: 9435: 9384: 9337: 9300: 9269: 9243: 9230:www.cancer.gov 9217: 9194: 9139: 9112: 9078: 9047: 9034:(1): 123–134. 9011: 8976:(3): 189–200. 8953: 8875: 8859: 8810: 8763: 8737: 8710:(6): 295–330. 8693: 8676: 8650: 8628: 8610:New York Times 8592: 8566: 8559: 8541: 8506: 8476: 8446: 8415: 8384: 8377: 8359: 8325: 8291: 8257: 8223: 8197: 8166: 8140: 8114: 8091: 8074: 8048: 8030: 8012: 7982: 7951: 7915: 7885: 7854: 7823: 7793: 7763: 7729: 7711: 7683: 7660: 7636: 7604: 7578: 7548: 7522: 7504: 7477: 7451: 7421: 7395: 7364: 7331: 7301: 7282: 7264: 7232: 7215:Financial Post 7202: 7176: 7151: 7138:Global Witness 7116: 7103:Global Witness 7090: 7086:MetalMiner.com 7066: 7042: 7012: 6982: 6951: 6920: 6883: 6853: 6820: 6797: 6766: 6735: 6705: 6669: 6638: 6597: 6554: 6532: 6506: 6474: 6448: 6428: 6391: 6368: 6342: 6315:(3): 363–372. 6295: 6260:(3): 323–333. 6244: 6216: 6200:"Press corner" 6191: 6164:(8): 535–539. 6144: 6103: 6088: 6043: 6028: 5987: 5968:(1–4): 15–29. 5951: 5916:(10): 103508. 5900: 5872: 5855: 5815: 5800: 5777: 5762: 5731: 5724: 5704: 5698:978-3527306732 5697: 5669: 5660: 5615: 5608: 5590: 5581: 5567: 5560: 5540: 5527: 5496: 5481: 5474:Business Daily 5461: 5454: 5436: 5374: 5363: 5333: 5313: 5306: 5288: 5257: 5214: 5155: 5104: 5078: 5052: 5037: 5001: 4996:. p. 51. 4949: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:Precious metal 4926: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4905:Geology portal 4892: 4889: 4864: 4861: 4768: 4765: 4736:United Nations 4731:Lynas refinery 4717:, the mine in 4709: 4708: 4689: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4641:pneumoconiosis 4635: 4632: 4620:water hyacinth 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4566: 4563: 4519: 4497: 4494: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4317: 4314: 4300: 4297: 4252: 4249: 4239: 4236: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4154:container ship 4133: 4130: 4111:energy storage 4102:European Union 4044:European Union 3961:Bokan Mountain 3919: 3916: 3879: 3876: 3820: 3817: 3794:Inner Mongolia 3756: 3753: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3638: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3590: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3548: 3537: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3427: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3397: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3306: 3300: 3290: 3272: 3271: 3251: 3245: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3208: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3177: 3163:atomic numbers 3158:unfractionated 3118: 3115: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3046: 2989: 2981: 2973: 2957: 2911:Kola Peninsula 2881:, britholite, 2873:, chevkinite, 2715: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2685:cerium dioxide 2669: 2657: 2654:(cerium forms 2624: 2621: 2577: 2574: 2565:atomic numbers 2560: 2557: 2531: 2530:Classification 2528: 2487: 2476: 2464: 2412:Frank Spedding 2407: 2404: 2396:Georges Urbain 2334:Ural Mountains 2305:spectral lines 2242: 2239: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2061: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2038:LED light bulb 2023: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1970:reducing agent 1962: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1940: 1930:X-ray machines 1926: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1893:vanadium steel 1885: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1742: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1516: 1514:luminous paint 1507: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1460: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1427:fluoride glass 1417:glass used in 1413:, additive in 1392: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1339: 1334:, named after 1328: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1217: 1211: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1170: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1103: 1100: 934: 932: 925: 924: 923: 916:US 1 cent 911:Rare-earth ore 909: 902: 901: 900: 899: 898: 890: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 664: 663: 656: 649: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 593: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 446: 438: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 323: 321: 314: 306: 305: 298: 291: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 228: 221: 214: 207: 200: 193: 191: 184: 176: 175: 168: 161: 154: 147: 140: 133: 131: 124: 116: 115: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80: 73: 71: 64: 56: 55: 48: 46: 36: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16971: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16944: 16928: 16927: 16918: 16916: 16915: 16906: 16904: 16903: 16894: 16893: 16889: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16862:Privatization 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16834: 16833: 16830: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16741: 16737: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16636:Externalities 16634: 16633: 16631: 16629: 16624: 16620: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16597:Market-based 16596: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16571: 16570: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16552: 16546: 16542: 16535: 16531: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16490: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16440: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16412: 16409: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16391: 16390: 16387: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16368:Audio-visual 16367: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16342: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16316: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16220: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16192: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16183: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16127: 16126:Entertainment 16123: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16089: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16080: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16051: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16024: 16023: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15963: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15933: 15932: 15929: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15882:Payment cards 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15850: 15849: 15847: 15845: 15841: 15835: 15832: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15817:Food delivery 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15797:Drink service 15795: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15785: 15781: 15773: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15765: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15737: 15736: 15733: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15691:& Storage 15689: 15685: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15662: 15659: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15634:Grocery store 15632: 15630: 15629:General store 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15615: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15590: 15586: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15486: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15455: 15451: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15386: 15383: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15371: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15346: 15342: 15332: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15315:Rail vehicles 15313: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15289: 15288:wind turbines 15285: 15282: 15280: 15279:Machine tools 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15257: 15256: 15254: 15252: 15248: 15242: 15239: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15222: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15191: 15188: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15170: 15169:Carbon fibers 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15141: 15140: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15109: 15108: 15105: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15063: 15062: 15059: 15055: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15022: 15021: 15018: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15005: 15004: 15001: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14977: 14974: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14946: 14945: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14905: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14886:Illegal drugs 14884: 14882: 14881:Generic drugs 14879: 14877: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14799:Agrochemicals 14797: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14782:Pure elements 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14763: 14760: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14750:Synthetic oil 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14687: 14686: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14644: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14631: 14630: 14627: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14612:Lens grinding 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14544: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14534:Mobile phones 14532: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14523: 14522:storage media 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14504: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14477:& optical 14473: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14454: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14304:Optical discs 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14261: 14260: 14257: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14215: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14147:Bottled water 14145: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14073: 14070: 14068:Manufacturing 14066: 14062: 14058: 14053: 14049: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13988: 13985: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13860: 13856: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13828:Sea cucumbers 13826: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13766: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13677: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13656: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13563: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13492:Dairy farming 13490: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13483: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13463: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13398:Apples et al. 13396: 13395: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13304: 13299: 13297: 13292: 13290: 13285: 13284: 13281: 13269: 13268: 13259: 13257: 13256: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13205: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13181:controversies 13179: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13169: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13138: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13102:Melting point 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13082:Heat capacity 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13037:Boiling point 13035: 13033: 13032:Atomic radius 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12975: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12927: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12896:Native metals 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12852: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12823:Dividing line 12821: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12764: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12660:17 (Halogens) 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12521: 12516: 12514: 12509: 12507: 12502: 12501: 12498: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12456: 12447: 12438: 12429: 12420: 12411: 12402: 12393: 12384: 12375: 12366: 12357: 12348: 12339: 12330: 12321: 12312: 12303: 12294: 12285: 12276: 12267: 12258: 12249: 12240: 12231: 12222: 12213: 12204: 12195: 12186: 12177: 12168: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12143: 12134: 12125: 12116: 12107: 12098: 12089: 12080: 12071: 12062: 12053: 12044: 12035: 12026: 12017: 12008: 11999: 11990: 11981: 11972: 11963: 11954: 11945: 11936: 11927: 11918: 11909: 11900: 11891: 11882: 11873: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11848: 11839: 11830: 11821: 11812: 11803: 11794: 11785: 11776: 11767: 11758: 11749: 11740: 11731: 11722: 11711: 11702: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11677: 11668: 11659: 11650: 11641: 11632: 11623: 11614: 11605: 11596: 11587: 11578: 11569: 11560: 11551: 11540: 11531: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11506: 11497: 11488: 11479: 11470: 11459: 11450: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11425: 11416: 11407: 11398: 11389: 11378: 11369: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11342: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11225: 11218: 11213: 11211: 11206: 11204: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11144: 11141: 11138:, animation, 11137: 11128: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11055: 11054:11250/2579292 11050: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11013: 11011: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10975: 10968: 10960: 10954: 10947: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10929: 10922: 10921: 10920:The Economist 10917: 10912: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10887: 10876:September 22, 10871: 10867: 10863: 10856: 10845:September 22, 10840: 10836: 10829: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10791:September 27, 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10760:September 26, 10755: 10751: 10747: 10746:"Value Chain" 10741: 10732: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10700: 10699:The Economist 10695: 10691: 10688: 10683: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10642:September 26, 10637: 10633: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10603: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10580: 10573: 10572: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10557:Lee, Yoolim, 10554: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10525: 10517: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10397: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10229: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10112: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10062: 10053: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9867: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9696: 9688: 9687:New Scientist 9684: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9521: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9305: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9273: 9257: 9253: 9247: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9198: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9146: 9144: 9132:September 27, 9127: 9123: 9116: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9083: 9071:September 17, 9066: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9018: 9016: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8817: 8815: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8768: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8562: 8556: 8552: 8545: 8526: 8519: 8518: 8510: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8380: 8374: 8370: 8363: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8336: 8329: 8310: 8303: 8302: 8295: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8262: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8228: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8102: 8095: 8084: 8078: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7919: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7837:Business Week 7834: 7827: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7760: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7674:Mining Weekly 7671: 7664: 7653: 7646: 7640: 7621: 7614: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7527: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7492: 7491:vnexpress.net 7488: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7414:September 24, 7409: 7405: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7257:September 15, 7252: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6539: 6537: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6491: 6484: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6401:"Rare Earths" 6395: 6388: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6237:September 25, 6233: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5883: 5876: 5865: 5859: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5673: 5664: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5307:0-8493-0477-6 5303: 5299: 5292: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5252: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4994:0-85404-438-8 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4818:The Economist 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4791:The Economist 4786: 4778: 4773: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4705: 4693: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4611:contamination 4605:On vegetation 4597: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4475:wind turbines 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4415: 4356: 4348: 4337: 4335: 4334:glass-blowing 4331: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206:Mine tailings 4201:Other sources 4198: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4012:Longonjo mine 4007: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991:Mountain Pass 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948:United States 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862:. After the 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711:clinopyroxene 3708: 3707:orthopyroxene 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3662: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3614: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3566: 3556: 3518: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3489: 3484: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3435: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3395: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3342: 3298: 3279: 3278: 3243: 3216: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3143:fractionation 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3055: 3054:atomic weight 3045: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3019:Argillization 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003:Mountain Pass 2999: 2995: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2954:asthenosphere 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:Earth's crust 2733: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2667: 2664: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2617:geochronology 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:precipitation 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2483: 2472: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:plutonium-239 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371:(obtained by 2370: 2369:X-ray spectra 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:Heinrich Rose 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324:(now called " 2323: 2322:uranotantalum 2318: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2286:Johan Gadolin 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Johan Gadolin 2106: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:strain gauges 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647:Johan Gadolin 1644: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601:Red and blue 1600: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1259:, camera and 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1108:atomic number 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:Earth's crust 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 929: 919: 917: 912: 906: 897: 888: 883: 881: 876: 874: 869: 867: 862: 860: 855: 853: 848: 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 825: 820: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 799: 797: 792: 790: 788:Rutherfordium 785: 783: 778: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 757: 755: 750: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 727: 722: 720: 715: 713: 708: 706: 701: 699: 694: 692: 687: 685: 680: 678: 673: 671: 666: 665: 662: 657: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 636: 634: 629: 627: 622: 620: 615: 613: 608: 606: 601: 599: 594: 592: 587: 585: 580: 578: 573: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 494: 489: 487: 482: 480: 475: 473: 468: 466: 461: 459: 454: 452: 447: 445: 440: 439: 436: 431: 429: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 352: 347: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 322: 320: 315: 313: 308: 307: 304: 299: 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 278: 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 255: 250: 248: 243: 241: 236: 234: 229: 227: 222: 220: 215: 213: 208: 206: 201: 199: 194: 190: 185: 183: 178: 177: 174: 169: 167: 162: 160: 155: 153: 148: 146: 141: 139: 134: 130: 125: 123: 118: 117: 114: 109: 107: 102: 100: 95: 93: 88: 86: 81: 79: 74: 70: 65: 63: 58: 57: 54: 49: 45: 40: 39: 19: 16925: 16913: 16901: 16820:Spinning-off 16805:Homesteading 16758:Conglomerate 16740:Organization 16693:Raw material 16688:Intermediate 16567: 16566: 16389:Broadcasting 16294:Cruise lines 16264:Maid service 16254:Dry cleaning 16225:Maintenance 15988:Architecture 15953:Professional 15772:Self storage 15676:Distribution 15454:Construction 15299:Other heavy 15224:Formed metal 15178:Mineral wool 15100:Safety glass 15071:Fused quartz 15066:Borosilicate 14730:Paraffin wax 14685:oil refining 14664:Transformers 14430:Other goods 14416:Stonemasonry 14396:Glassblowing 14381:Blow molding 14340:Locksmithing 14316:Boilermaking 13865:Fossil fuels 13663:Fungiculture 13618:Gutta-percha 13608:Frankincense 13603:Tree tapping 13574:Silviculture 13554:Fur trapping 13465:Horticulture 13413:Stone fruits 13260: 13248: 13231:Trivial name 13219:nomenclature 12891:Heavy metals 12886:Noble metals 12865: 12645:14 (Tetrels) 12541:Alternatives 11185: 11080: 11071: 11026: 11022: 10999:February 25, 10997:. Retrieved 10982: 10973: 10967: 10953: 10943: 10928: 10918: 10911: 10901: 10886: 10874:. Retrieved 10865: 10855: 10843:. Retrieved 10828: 10818:February 29, 10816:. Retrieved 10812:the original 10801: 10789:. Retrieved 10780: 10770: 10758:. Retrieved 10750:Investopedia 10749: 10740: 10724:(1): 26–35. 10721: 10717: 10707: 10697: 10682: 10670:. Retrieved 10661: 10652: 10640:. Retrieved 10631: 10621: 10602: 10579: 10569: 10553: 10541:. Retrieved 10531: 10524: 10507:11586/148470 10481: 10477: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10386:September 6, 10384:. Retrieved 10380:the original 10335: 10331: 10321: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10239: 10235: 10228: 10219: 10187:(1): 12–26. 10184: 10180: 10170: 10127: 10123: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10009: 10005: 9995: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9881: 9877: 9866: 9825: 9821: 9814: 9789:11566/264482 9763: 9759: 9752: 9709: 9705: 9695: 9686: 9677: 9636: 9632: 9626: 9585: 9581: 9571: 9536: 9532: 9478: 9474: 9464: 9452:. Retrieved 9438: 9401: 9397: 9387: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9328:. 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Retrieved 6509: 6497:. Retrieved 6477: 6465:. Retrieved 6461:the original 6451: 6431: 6421:February 14, 6419:. Retrieved 6407: 6394: 6359:. Retrieved 6345: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6235:. Retrieved 6231: 6209:November 30, 6207:. Retrieved 6203: 6194: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6139: 6122: 6079: 6019: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5938:10183/107858 5913: 5909: 5903: 5894: 5888: 5875: 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5792:Geochemistry 5791: 5753: 5714: 5707: 5678: 5672: 5663: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5632:. Retrieved 5630:(in Russian) 5627: 5618: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5574: 5570: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5530: 5518:. Retrieved 5511: 5493:. IS-RIC 10. 5490: 5484: 5470:Andrea Sella 5464: 5445: 5439: 5427:. Retrieved 5384: 5380: 5366: 5356:February 10, 5354:. Retrieved 5350:the original 5345: 5336: 5327: 5297: 5291: 5279:. Retrieved 5270: 5260: 5248: 5241:. Retrieved 5172: 5168: 5158: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5095:. Retrieved 5091: 5086:Lee, Jordy. 5081: 5069:. Retrieved 5064: 5055: 5047:The Elements 5046: 5040: 5019:Andrea Sella 4975: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4867:The plot of 4866: 4857: 4853:The Pentagon 4837: 4833: 4822: 4817: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4758: 4755: 4747: 4724: 4712: 4699: 4691: 4667: 4654: 4645: 4637: 4623: 4608: 4594: 4582: 4578: 4559: 4539: 4511:cerium oxide 4507: 4499: 4490: 4479: 4456: 4449: 4413: 4346: 4326:praseodymium 4322:Andrea Sella 4319: 4302: 4254: 4241: 4238:Ocean mining 4209: 4195: 4183: 4177: 4135: 4123: 4119: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4064: 4053: 4034:in southern 4017: 4008: 3988: 3981:northwestern 3936:South Africa 3921: 3883:Kachin State 3881: 3853: 3849: 3838: 3831: 3828: 3813: 3807:in northern 3798:polymetallic 3785:Western Cape 3766: 3742: 3731: 3723: 3688: 3679: 3538: 3374: 3370: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3151: 3147: 3135:geochemistry 3120: 3117:Applications 3105: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3082: 3051: 3048:Geochemistry 3043: 3036: 3029: 3015: 3005:in the USA. 2970:Carbonatites 2963: 2938:upper mantle 2922:carbonatites 2919: 2899:South Africa 2897:; rock from 2879:stillwellite 2844: 2797: 2776: 2748: 2729: 2723: 2673: 2665: 2652:sesquioxides 2649: 2626: 2614: 2579: 2569:atomic radii 2562: 2538:methods and 2536:ion exchange 2533: 2517: 2509:ion exchange 2456: 2420:ion-exchange 2409: 2385: 2366: 2321: 2319: 2312: 2294: 2279: 2273: 2262: 2251:Delafontaine 2244: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2164: 2137:Riddarhyttan 2094: 2086: 2064: 2055: 1974:decoy flares 1804:Additive in 1798: 1744:Additive in 1693:scintillator 1567:control rods 1456: 1452: 1388: 1384: 1379:Praseodymium 1287:to be hidden 1286: 1233:tooth crowns 1162: 1105: 1084:ore deposits 1073: 1054: 1030: 1015: 1011:heavy metals 994: 990: 986: 982: 980: 963: 951: 948:praseodymium 943: 935: 913: 896: 830:Darmstadtium 697:Protactinium 471:Praseodymium 16857:Partnership 16837:Cooperative 16810:Outsourcing 16800:Freelancing 16678:Commodities 16382:Video games 16357:Periodicals 16234:Landscaping 16169:Fairgrounds 16071:Advertising 15992:engineering 15976:Bookkeeping 15931:Real estate 15924:Reinsurance 15822:Restaurants 15792:Foodservice 15784:Hospitality 15767:Warehousing 15755:Ridesharing 15745:Car rentals 15477:Residential 15412:Remediation 15295:Automobiles 15117:Earthenware 15086:Glass fiber 15081:Float glass 14891:Supplements 14865:Antibiotics 14767:Fertilizers 14725:Mineral oil 14700:Diesel fuel 14683:Coal & 14643:fiber optic 14617:Microscopes 14571:GPS devices 14551:Televisions 14484:Electronics 14475:Electrical 14421:Woodworking 14376:3D printing 14335:Gunsmithing 14299:Phonographs 14284:Typesetting 14264:Bookbinding 14227:Dressmaking 14222:Accessories 14154:Soft drinks 14089:Animal feed 13880:Natural gas 13768:Aquaculture 13751:Sea urchins 13623:Maple syrup 13497:Fur farming 13487:Beef cattle 13423:Viticulture 13371:Fiber crops 13343:Agriculture 13267:WikiProject 13011:Term symbol 12841:Noble gases 12785:Lanthanides 12768:metallicity 12640:13 (Triels) 10484:: 215–220. 10413:(1): 9772. 10275:Chemosphere 9884:(1): 4386. 9639:: 384–388. 9404:(6): 1005. 9330:October 30, 9159:: 141–148. 8786:(11): 203. 8408:December 1, 7975:October 22, 7931:ASX Release 7752:November 5, 7699:Pensana PLC 7571:December 1, 7485:VnExpress. 7470:October 31, 6811:China Daily 6790:January 19, 6759:October 19, 6140:MarketWatch 6124:ScienceNews 5520:January 31, 5429:February 9, 5271:Geology.com 5175:(9): 1663. 4874:Dirty Story 4869:Eric Ambler 4840:Afghanistan 4615:chlorophyll 4357:, 24% (24%) 4277:La Rochelle 4212:uranium ore 4182:reports, a 4162:Bukit Merah 4077:North Korea 4054:In central 3973:Hoidas Lake 3965:Hoidas Lake 3833:China Daily 3805:Halls Creek 3139:atomic size 3131:metamorphic 3127:sedimentary 2808:fergusonite 2763:ionic radii 2757:rocks. The 2663:space group 2606:uranium-238 2491:), and the 2392:World War I 2352:found only 2338:Gustav Rose 2176:nitric acid 1992:monitoring 1968:, chemical 1899:technology 1897:fiber-optic 1799:hard to get 1662:X-ray tubes 1423:ferrocerium 1359:hydrophobic 1355:ferrocerium 1253:spark plugs 1167:Scandinavia 1076:geochemical 1042:uranium-238 999:lanthanides 995:rare earths 872:Livermorium 844:Copernicium 837:Roentgenium 767:Mendelevium 753:Einsteinium 746:Californium 18:Rare earths 16943:Categories 16730:Technology 16700:Innovation 16661:Well-being 16471:University 16404:Television 16341:Mass media 16336:Publishing 16174:Nightclubs 16083:Healthcare 16054:Consulting 16049:Management 15997:Inspection 15981:Tax advice 15961:Accounting 15892:Securities 15708:Intermodal 15644:Mail order 15539:Demolition 15472:Industrial 15467:Commercial 15390:Collection 15241:Cast metal 15127:Refractory 15095:fiberglass 15091:Glass wool 15054:thermosets 15030:Engineered 14959:Engineered 14954:Sawmilling 14848:Toiletries 14819:Explosives 14639:Electrical 14622:Telescopes 14489:Components 14247:Shoemaking 13965:Phosphorus 13858:Geological 13808:Microalgae 13651:Pine resin 13638:Palm sugar 13613:Gum arabic 13527:Beekeeping 13366:Vegetables 13311:industries 13191:for people 13186:for places 13159:1871 table 13052:Elasticity 13020:Data pages 12978:Properties 12854:Other sets 12810:Metalloids 11156:Ira Flatow 9828:: 122048. 8216:August 26, 8107:August 13, 7965:Asia Times 7515:. Mindat. 7190:Asia Times 7005:January 5, 6913:August 28, 6728:August 30, 6617:: 105428. 6457:"Overview" 5897:: 310–316. 5634:January 7, 5394:1902.02662 4967:lanthanide 4963:lanthanoid 4945:References 4829:dysprosium 4806:export ban 4761:Kvanefjeld 4713:After the 4482:fuel cells 4316:Properties 4310:phosphates 4281:Saint-Fons 4259:and other 4222:mining at 4146:Mount Weld 4032:Kvanefjeld 3969:Mount Weld 3946:, and the 3893:along the 3823:See also: 3755:Production 3699:Hornblende 3372:interest. 2998:brecciated 2978:lherzolite 2934:subduction 2926:pegmatites 2883:fluocerite 2871:lanthanite 2847:bastnäsite 2816:yttrialite 2800:samarskite 2788:chondritic 2761:and large 2744:technetium 2740:promethium 2645:bastnäsite 2610:promethium 2592:or by the 2552:solubility 2459:bastnäsite 2381:element 61 2326:samarskite 2281:gadolinium 2269:samarskite 2228:philippium 2220:mosandrium 2097:gadolinite 2034:refineries 1990:earthquake 1818:terfenol-D 1793:Dysprosium 1774:fuel cells 1766:terfenol-D 1641:Gadolinium 1504:Prometheus 1499:after the 1495:Promethium 1403:carbon arc 1385:leek-green 1134:Etymology 1088:gadolinite 1063:being the 1034:promethium 940:gadolinium 879:Tennessine 823:Meitnerium 802:Seaborgium 781:Lawrencium 520:Dysprosium 506:Gadolinium 485:Promethium 357:Technetium 350:Molybdenum 151:Phosphorus 16832:Ownership 16778:Monopsony 16656:Pollution 16641:Community 16551:standards 16456:Secondary 16443:Education 16426:Streaming 16099:Hospitals 16090:Medicine 16066:Marketing 16002:Surveying 15966:Assurance 15936:Brokerage 15899:Insurance 15827:Teahouses 15812:Fast food 15703:Air cargo 15688:Transport 15671:Brokerage 15661:Wholesale 15549:Elevators 15534:Cabinetry 15462:Buildings 15442:Telephone 15437:Satellite 15405:Recycling 15400:Hazardous 15366:Renewable 15345:Utilities 15306:Aerospace 15274:Hydraulic 15264:Conveyors 15259:Machinery 15164:Abrasives 15122:Porcelain 15076:Soda-lime 15035:Specialty 15025:Commodity 14986:Cardboard 14969:Composite 14907:Materials 14824:Fireworks 14814:Cosmetics 14794:Adhesives 14676:Chemicals 14634:Batteries 14506:Computers 14441:Jewellery 14427:Furniture 14411:Sintering 14391:Extrusion 14345:Machining 14321:Builders' 14274:Engraving 14269:Embossing 14252:Tailoring 14237:Hatmaking 14137:Beverages 14120:Preserved 14017:Limestone 13987:Quarrying 13960:Gemstones 13930:Palladium 13895:Tar sands 13890:Petroleum 13885:Oil shale 13731:Swordfish 13691:Anchovies 13532:Cochineal 13176:etymology 13027:Abundance 12952:in humans 12948:Abundance 12833:Nonmetals 12790:Actinides 11063:2214-6296 11029:: 36–40. 10435:2045-2322 10360:0269-4042 10305:0045-6535 10242:: 40–48. 10144:0091-6765 10102:0048-9697 10034:0013-936X 9971:0013-936X 9906:2041-1723 9858:219469381 9850:0959-6526 9806:115810707 9798:1364-0321 9766:: 41–53. 9661:0304-3894 9610:0013-936X 9563:1674-9871 9511:135249554 9503:2452-2236 9398:Molecules 9379:1944-3994 9357:: 71–86. 9293:March 16, 9181:0048-9697 9028:Resources 8998:2005-9752 8920:0944-1344 8842:239335855 8732:128509001 8429:USA Today 7944:April 11, 7464:AlJazeera 7388:March 22, 7357:April 19, 7195:March 27, 7169:March 27, 7144:March 27, 7109:March 27, 6944:August 8, 6698:March 13, 6633:0169-1368 6592:0301-4207 6525:April 19, 6499:March 13, 6467:April 21, 6337:0016-7037 6282:1432-0967 6186:1752-0908 6098:933724718 6038:262694332 5472:on a BBC 5419:118895100 5387:: 68–74. 5377:surfaces" 5243:March 13, 5191:2076-2615 5097:April 19, 5071:April 19, 5033:TRT World 4957:The 1985 4849:Khanashin 4753:project. 4503:Bayan Obo 4452:catalysts 4355:Catalysts 4330:neodymium 4328:(Pr) and 4232:gold rush 4150:Fremantle 4086:, Japan. 4040:lujavrite 4036:Greenland 4020:Thor Lake 3995:Las Vegas 3944:Greenland 3924:Australia 3912:Singapore 3854:In 2019, 3801:Bayan Obo 3695:feldspars 3602:− 3472:− 3451:× 3413:∗ 2950:the crust 2930:plutonism 2895:Australia 2832:Greenland 2828:eudialyte 2824:zirconium 2751:accretion 2693:unit cell 2637:carbonate 2629:phosphate 2623:Compounds 2594:s-process 2493:lateritic 2432:neptunium 2424:actinides 2400:zirconium 2364:) in it. 2362:columbium 2317:in 1901. 2290:gadolinia 2226:, or the 2129:beryllium 2127:isolated 1964:Infrared 1957:Ytterbium 1928:Portable 1887:Infrared 1847:Stockholm 1750:phosphors 1603:phosphors 1447:Neodymium 1341:Chemical 1281:Lanthanum 1249:microwave 1140:Abundance 972:neodymium 968:lanthanum 886:Oganesson 865:Moscovium 858:Flerovium 739:Berkelium 725:Americium 718:Plutonium 711:Neptunium 548:Ytterbium 478:Neodymium 457:Lanthanum 420:Tellurium 378:Palladium 364:Ruthenium 336:Zirconium 318:Strontium 274:Germanium 225:Manganese 181:Potassium 137:Aluminium 128:Magnesium 68:Beryllium 16902:Category 16773:Monopoly 16725:Services 16504:Language 16499:Creative 16483:Tutoring 16461:Tertiary 16431:Websites 16411:Internet 16362:Software 16348:Written 16269:Pet care 16229:Janitors 16219:security 16210:Staffing 16139:Gambling 16032:Interior 16013:, & 16007:Physical 15919:Property 15807:Catering 15740:Airlines 15728:Trucking 15564:Plumbing 15519:Dredging 15494:Railways 15427:Internet 15422:Cable TV 15356:Electric 15301:vehicles 15200:Aluminum 15107:Ceramics 15020:Plastics 14933:Currying 14923:deliming 14896:Vaccines 14838:Perfumes 14777:Pigments 14720:Kerosene 14715:Jet fuel 14710:Gasoline 14705:Fuel oil 14437:Bicycles 14351:smithing 14259:Printing 14217:Clothing 14185:Spinning 14165:Textiles 14115:Prepared 13935:Platinum 13905:Aluminum 13833:Scallops 13746:Lobsters 13721:Mackerel 13701:Sardines 13668:Truffles 13644:, & 13591:Firewood 13566:Forestry 13376:Oilseeds 13255:Category 13207:See also 13077:Hardness 12930:Elements 10993:Archived 10937:Archived 10894:Archived 10870:Archived 10839:Archived 10785:Archived 10754:Archived 10690:Archived 10672:April 7, 10666:Archived 10636:Archived 10610:Archived 10587:Archived 10562:Archived 10543:April 5, 10537:Archived 10516:26164116 10453:28852170 10376:31655372 10368:28550599 10313:23891580 10211:23516020 10052:36942728 10043:10077585 9987:85517653 9979:30912650 9924:32873784 9744:35138886 9669:25089667 9618:24576005 9448:Archived 9430:30871164 9324:Archived 9287:Archived 9206:Archived 9105:June 16, 9099:Archived 9065:Archived 9006:17407586 8946:July 29, 8940:Archived 8936:11359274 8928:12008295 8852:June 26, 8846:Archived 8780:Minerals 8663:Archived 8615:Archived 8525:Archived 8493:Archived 8463:Archived 8439:July 21, 8433:Archived 8284:June 30, 8274:Barron's 8250:March 9, 8244:Archived 8190:March 9, 8184:Archived 8159:June 12, 7999:Archived 7935:Archived 7902:Archived 7872:Archived 7847:March 9, 7746:Archived 7742:CBC News 7703:Archived 7678:Archived 7652:Archived 7591:Archived 7565:Archived 7543:Archived 7517:Archived 7444:June 21, 7438:Archived 7434:BBC News 7382:Archived 7324:July 19, 7318:Archived 7251:Archived 7219:Archived 7078:Archived 7054:Archived 7029:Archived 6999:Archived 6969:Archived 6938:Archived 6907:Archived 6870:Archived 6840:Archived 6689:Archived 6656:Archived 6546:Archived 6519:Archived 6490:Archived 6440:Archived 6412:Archived 6290:97399702 6132:Archived 5946:55024339 5839:Archived 5810:33044175 5772:27937350 5654:. 1977. 5423:Archived 5281:June 19, 5275:Archived 5234:Archived 5209:32947815 5150:29997591 5124:: 1366. 5065:BBC News 4974:(2005). 4891:See also 4719:Malaysia 4702:May 2019 4542:tailings 4224:Sillamäe 4220:loparite 4126:Telemark 4003:Nebraska 3999:Molycorp 3940:Tanzania 3904:Tatmadaw 3845:Molycorp 3024:laterite 2946:diatreme 2907:loparite 2867:parisite 2863:ancylite 2859:loparite 2855:allanite 2851:monazite 2840:monazite 2836:Xenotime 2826:mineral 2812:fluorite 2804:euxenite 2783:monazite 2779:xenotime 2697:bixbyite 2681:fluorite 2641:fluoride 2633:monazite 2582:scandium 2520:ilmenite 2482:loparite 2471:monazite 2444:actinium 2354:tantalum 2342:ilmenium 2314:europium 2264:samarium 2247:didymium 2233:decipium 2180:lanthana 2170:In 1839 2145:tungsten 2010:Lutetium 1816:such as 1768:, naval 1764:such as 1748:, green 1703:used in 1590:Europium 1539:Samarium 1471:didymium 1415:didymium 1304:lenses, 1154:Scandium 1102:Minerals 1026:misnomer 1003:scandium 960:samarium 851:Nihonium 774:Nobelium 683:Actinium 669:Francium 653:Astatine 646:Polonium 625:Thallium 604:Platinum 576:Tungsten 569:Tantalum 555:Lutetium 499:Europium 492:Samarium 413:Antimony 311:Rubidium 288:Selenium 218:Chromium 211:Vanadium 204:Titanium 197:Scandium 165:Chlorine 105:Fluorine 91:Nitrogen 43:Hydrogen 16926:Outline 16914:Commons 16668:Funding 16651:Culture 16628:outputs 16538:Related 16478:Testing 16451:Primary 16416:Hosting 16299:Tourism 16285:Travel 16281:Poverty 16259:Funeral 16241:Repairs 16205:Renting 16200:Leasing 16159:Arcades 16155:Venues 16131:leisure 16104:Nursing 16037:Product 16027:Fashion 16011:product 15857:Banking 15666:Auction 15524:Harbors 15504:Tunnels 15489:Bridges 15395:Dumping 15331:Weapons 15149:Plaster 15040:Pellets 14928:Tanning 14914:Leather 14745:Propane 14690:Bitumen 14593:Cameras 14433:Baggage 14406:Pottery 14386:Drawing 14330:Cutlery 14195:Carpets 14190:Weaving 14170:Carding 14099:Canning 14027:Granite 13950:Uranium 13940:Lithium 13813:Seaweed 13798:Oysters 13793:Mussels 13788:Abalone 13783:Tilapia 13778:Catfish 13761:Whaling 13716:Pollock 13711:Haddock 13696:Herring 13686:Fishing 13679:Aquatic 13586:Logging 13549:Hunting 13537:Shellac 13522:Poultry 13470:Flowers 13403:Berries 13386:Tobacco 13361:Legumes 13356:Cereals 13141:History 13047:Density 12675:Periods 12481:p-block 12476:d-block 12471:f-block 12466:s-block 11184:at the 11031:Bibcode 10486:Bibcode 10444:5575011 10415:Bibcode 10340:Bibcode 10283:Bibcode 10244:Bibcode 10202:3601293 10162:8722113 10153:1469566 10082:Bibcode 10014:Bibcode 9951:Bibcode 9915:7463018 9886:Bibcode 9830:Bibcode 9768:Bibcode 9735:8827657 9714:Bibcode 9641:Bibcode 9590:Bibcode 9541:Bibcode 9483:Bibcode 9481:: 1–7. 9454:June 7, 9421:6471397 9359:Bibcode 9262:June 3, 9189:2169646 9161:Bibcode 8978:Bibcode 8900:Bibcode 8869:(Ed.), 8788:Bibcode 8712:Bibcode 8062:Reuters 8043:Reuters 7908:May 24, 7898:ELMUNDO 7759:world". 7629:May 18, 7597:May 18, 7378:Reuters 6866:Reuters 6836:Reuters 6572:Bibcode 6361:May 18, 6317:Bibcode 6262:Bibcode 6166:Bibcode 5970:Bibcode 5918:Bibcode 5848:May 18, 5399:Bibcode 5169:Animals 5141:6028718 5029:YouTube 4812:by the 4692:updated 4649:Thorium 4550:uranium 4546:thorium 4461:and as 4305:fly ash 4299:Methods 4228:Estonia 4185:Barrons 4142:Kuantan 4098:lithium 4071:Ngualla 4028:Vietnam 4022:in the 3977:Vietnam 3860:Myanmar 3738:aeolian 3703:olivine 3123:igneous 2994:cratons 2701:(Mn,Fe) 2540:elution 2526:(XRF). 2440:thorium 2436:uranium 2388:hafnium 2358:niobium 2216:terbium 2191:terbium 2184:didymia 2165:ochroia 2133:Bastnäs 2105:Ytterby 2016:Lutetia 1917:Thulium 1861:magnets 1841:Holmium 1735:Ytterby 1729:Terbium 1654:garnets 1473:glass, 1411:enamels 1407:glasses 1202:Yttrium 1163:Scandia 1128:Symbol 1092:Ytterby 1050:uranium 1046:thorium 1007:yttrium 936:Legend: 816:Hassium 809:Bohrium 795:Dubnium 760:Fermium 704:Uranium 690:Thorium 639:Bismuth 597:Iridium 583:Rhenium 562:Hafnium 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