Rare-earth element

3825:, citing an unnamed Ministry of Commerce official, reported that China will "further reduce quotas for rare-earth exports by 30 percent at most next year to protect the precious metals from over-exploitation." The government in Beijing further increased its control by forcing smaller, independent miners to merge into state-owned corporations or face closure. At the end of 2010, China announced that the first round of export quotas in 2011 for rare earths would be 14,446 tons, which was a 35% decrease from the previous first round of quotas in 2010. China announced further export quotas on 14 July 2011 for the second half of the year with total allocation at 30,184 tons with total production capped at 93,800 tonnes. In September 2011, China announced the halt in production of three of its eight major rare-earth mines, responsible for almost 40% of China's total rare-earth production. In March 2012, the US, EU, and Japan confronted China at WTO about these export and production restrictions. China responded with claims that the restrictions had environmental protection in mind. In August 2012, China announced a further 20% reduction in production. The United States, Japan, and the European Union filed a joint lawsuit with the World Trade Organization in 2012 against China, arguing that China should not be able to deny such important exports. 4824:

rare-earth minerals has accelerated over the past two decades. In 1990, China accounted for only 27% of such minerals. In 2009, world production was 132,000 metric tons; China produced 129,000 of those tons. According to the report, recent patterns suggest that China will slow the export of such materials to the world: "Owing to the increase in domestic demand, the Government has gradually reduced the export quota during the past several years." In 2006, China allowed 47 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 12 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers to export. Controls have since tightened annually; by 2011, only 22 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 9 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers were authorized. The government's future policies will likely keep in place strict controls: "According to China's draft rare-earth development plan, annual rare-earth production may be limited to between 130,000 and 140,000 during the period from 2009 to 2015. The export quota for rare-earth products may be about 35,000 and the Government may allow 20 domestic rare-earth producers and traders to export rare earths."

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most commonly used to increase the body mass of pigs, and it was discovered that REEs increase the digestibility and nutrient use of pigs' digestive systems. Studies point to a dose-response when considering toxicity versus positive effects. While small doses from the environment or with proper administration seem to have no ill effects, larger doses have been shown to have negative effects specifically in the organs where they accumulate. The process of mining REEs in China has resulted in soil and water contamination in certain areas, which when transported into aquatic bodies could potentially bio-accumulate within aquatic biota. Furthermore, in some cases, animals that live in REE-contaminated areas have been diagnosed with organ or system problems. REEs have been used in freshwater fish farming because it protects the fish from possible diseases. One main reason why they have been avidly used in animal livestock feeding is that they have had better results than inorganic livestock feed enhancers.

2998:(A-Type granitoids) have very high concentrations of alkaline elements and very low concentrations of phosphorus; they are deposited at moderate depths in extensional zones, often as igneous ring complexes, or as pipes, massive bodies, and lenses. These fluids have very low viscosities and high element mobility, which allows for the crystallization of large grains, despite a relatively short crystallization time upon emplacement; their large grain size is why these deposits are commonly referred to as pegmatites. Economically viable pegmatites are divided into Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) and Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF) types; NYF types are enriched in rare-earth minerals. Examples of rare-earth pegmatite deposits include Strange Lake in Canada and Khaladean-Buregtey in Mongolia. Nepheline syenite (M-Type granitoids) deposits are 90% feldspar and feldspathoid minerals. They are deposited in small, circular massifs and contain high concentrations of 3804:

elements are more prevalent in the following industries: renewable energy technology, military equipment, glass making, and metallurgy. Increased demand has strained supply, and there is growing concern that the world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths. In several years from 2009 worldwide demand for rare-earth elements is expected to exceed supply by 40,000 tonnes annually unless major new sources are developed. In 2013, it was stated that the demand for REEs would increase due to the dependence of the EU on these elements, the fact that rare-earth elements cannot be substituted by other elements and that REEs have a low recycling rate. Furthermore, due to the increased demand and low supply, future prices are expected to increase and there is a chance that countries other than China will open REE mines. In addition there are over a hundred ongoing mining projects with many options outside of China.

2539:. In those days, the first separation was into two main groups, the cerium earths (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium) and the yttrium earths (scandium, yttrium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Europium, gadolinium, and terbium were either considered as a separate group of rare-earth elements (the terbium group), or europium was included in the cerium group, and gadolinium and terbium were included in the yttrium group. In the latter case, the f-block elements are split into half: the first half (La–Eu) form the cerium group, and the second half (Gd–Yb) together with group 3 (Sc, Y, Lu) form the yttrium group. The reason for this division arose from the difference in 4783:, "Slashing their exports of rare-earth metals ... is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valuable finished goods to the world rather than lowly raw materials." Furthermore, China currently has an effective monopoly on the world's REE Value Chain. (All of the refineries and processing plants that transform the raw ore into valuable elements.) In the words of Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese politician from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, "The Middle East has oil; we have rare earths ... it is of extremely important strategic significance; we must be sure to handle the rare earth issue properly and make the fullest use of our country's advantage in rare-earth resources." 4573:

supply chain would help mitigate some of the pollution at the extraction point. This means recycling and reusing REEs that are already in use or reaching the end of their life cycle. A study published in 2014 suggests a method to recycle REEs from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries, demonstrating a recovery rate of 95.16%. Rare-earth elements could also be recovered from industrial wastes with practical potential to reduce environmental and health impacts from mining, waste generation, and imports if known and experimental processes are scaled up. A study suggests that "fulfillment of the circular economy approach could reduce up to 200 times the impact

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like metals, they can speciate depending on the soil condition being either motile or adsorbed to soil particles. Depending on their bio-availability, REEs can be absorbed into plants and later consumed by humans and animals. The mining of REEs, use of REE-enriched fertilizers, and the production of phosphorus fertilizers all contribute to REE contamination. Furthermore, strong acids are used during the extraction process of REEs, which can then leach out into the environment and be transported through water bodies and result in the acidification of aquatic environments. Another additive of REE mining that contributes to REE environmental contamination is

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REEs from coal fly ash by using citrate and oxalate who are strong organic ligand and capable of complexing or precipItating with REE. The other one is from secondary resources such as electronic, industrial waste and municipal waste. E-waste contains a significant concentration of REEs, and thus is the primary option for REE recycling now. According to a study, approximately 50 million metric tons of electronic waste are dumped in landfills worldwide each year. Despite the fact that e-waste contains a significant amount of rare-earth elements (REE), only 12.5% of e-waste is currently being recycled for all metals.

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dependent on the type of REE present in the soil, hence there are a multitude of factors that influence this process. Agricultural plants are the main type of vegetation affected by REE contamination in the environment, the two plants with a higher chance of absorbing and storing REEs being apples and beets. Furthermore, there is a possibility that REEs can leach out into aquatic environments and be absorbed by aquatic vegetation, which can then bio-accumulate and potentially enter the human food chain if livestock or humans choose to eat the vegetation. An example of this situation was the case of the

4672: 2556:; those with low atomic numbers are referred to as light rare-earth elements (LREE), those with high atomic numbers are the heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), and those that fall in between are typically referred to as the middle rare-earth elements (MREE). Commonly, rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 to 61 (lanthanum to promethium) are classified as light and those with atomic numbers 62 and greater are classified as heavy rare-earth elements. Increasing atomic numbers between light and heavy rare-earth elements and decreasing 4481:

additives for livestock which has resulted in increased production such as larger animals and a higher production of eggs and dairy products. However, this practice has resulted in REE bioaccumulation within livestock and has impacted vegetation and algae growth in these agricultural areas. Additionally while no ill effects have been observed at current low concentrations the effects over the long term and with accumulation over time are unknown prompting some calls for more research into their possible effects.

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anomalies) of specific elements along the series and are graphically recognizable as positive or negative "peaks" along the REE patterns. The anomalies can be numerically quantified as the ratio between the normalized concentration of the element showing the anomaly and the predictable one based on the average of the normalized concentrations of the two elements in the previous and next position in the series, according to the equation:

917: 13252: 16898: 11160: 2731:"rare earth" is quite scarce. The longest-lived isotope of promethium has a half-life of 17.7 years, so the element exists in nature in only negligible amounts (approximately 572 g in the entire Earth's crust). Promethium is one of the two elements that do not have stable (non-radioactive) isotopes and are followed by (i.e. with higher atomic number) stable elements (the other being 2650:). Five different crystal structures are known, depending on the element and the temperature. The X-phase and the H-phase are only stable above 2000 K. At lower temperatures, there are the hexagonal A-phase, the monoclinic B-phase, and the cubic C-phase, which is the stable form at room temperature for most of the elements. The C-phase was once thought to be in 2759:, can produce a broad separation between light and heavy REE. The larger ionic radii of LREE make them generally more incompatible than HREE in rock-forming minerals, and will partition more strongly into a melt phase, while HREE may prefer to remain in the crystalline residue, particularly if it contains HREE-compatible minerals like 4313:, rare-earth elements differ from other elements, in that when looked at analytically, they are virtually inseparable, having almost the same chemical properties. However, in terms of their electronic and magnetic properties, each one occupies a unique technological niche that nothing else can. For example, "the rare-earth elements 2561:(europium) and 64 (gadolinium). The actual metallic densities of these two groups overlap, with the "light" group having densities from 6.145 (lanthanum) to 7.26 (promethium) or 7.52 (samarium) g/cc, and the "heavy" group from 6.965 (ytterbium) to 9.32 (thulium), as well as including yttrium at 4.47. Europium has a density of 5.24. 4236:. The research team found a mud layer 2 to 4 meters beneath the seabed with concentrations of up to 0.66% rare-earth oxides. A potential deposit might compare in grade with the ion-absorption-type deposits in southern China that provide the bulk of Chinese REO mine production, which grade in the range of 0.05% to 0.5% REO. 3030:." "I believe that rareearth resources undersea are much more promising than on-land resources," said Kato. "oncentrations of rare earths were comparable to those found in clays mined in China. Some deposits contained twice as much heavy rare earths such as dysprosium, a component of magnets in hybrid car motors." 3102:. A direct consequence is that, during the formation of coordination bonds, the REE behaviour gradually changes along the series. Furthermore, the lanthanide contraction causes the ionic radius of Ho (0.901 Å) to be almost identical to that of Y (0.9 Å), justifying the inclusion of the latter among the REE. 3098:

geochemical system (CHArge-and-RAdius-Controlled) where elements with similar charge and radius should show coherent geochemical behaviour, and in non-CHARAC systems, such as aqueous solutions, where the electron structure is also an important parameter to consider as the lanthanide contraction affects the

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It has been argued that the geopolitical importance of rare earths has been exaggerated in the literature on the geopolitics of renewable energy, underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production. This especially concerns neodymium. Due to its role in permanent magnets used for

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of REEs. This higher level was related to the high levels of REEs present in the vegetables they cultivated, the soil, and the water from the wells, indicating that the high levels were caused by the nearby mine. However the levels found were not high enough to cause health effects. Analysis of REEs

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Near mining and industrial sites, the concentrations of REEs can rise to many times the normal background levels. Once in the environment, REEs can leach into the soil where their transport is determined by numerous factors such as erosion, weathering, pH, precipitation, groundwater, etc. Acting much

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It is possible to observe the serial trend of the REE by reporting their normalized concentrations against the atomic number. The trends that are observed in "spider" diagrams are typically referred to as "patterns", which may be diagnostic of petrological processes that have affected the material of

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Experiments exposing rats to various cerium compounds have found accumulation primarily in the lungs and liver. This resulted in various negative health outcomes associated with those organs. REEs have been added to feed in livestock to increase their body mass and increase milk production. They are

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Currently, people take two essential resources into consideration for the secure supply of REEs: one is to extract REEs from primary resources like mines harboring REE-bearing ores, regolith-hosted clay deposits, ocean bed sediments, coal fly ash, etc. A work developed a green system for recovery of

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However, the Malaysian authorities confirmed that as of October 2011, Lynas was not given any permit to import any rare-earth ore into Malaysia. On February 2, 2012, the Malaysian AELB (Atomic Energy Licensing Board) recommended that Lynas be issued a temporary operating license subject to meeting a

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These concerns have intensified due to the actions of China, the predominant supplier. Specifically, China has announced regulations on exports and a crackdown on smuggling. On September 1, 2009, China announced plans to reduce its export quota to 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015 to conserve scarce

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of rare-earth double sulfates with sodium and potassium. The sodium double sulfates of the cerium group are poorly soluble, those of the terbium group slightly, and those of the yttrium group are very soluble. Sometimes, the yttrium group was further split into the erbium group (dysprosium, holmium,

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These metals tarnish slowly in air at room temperature and react slowly with cold water to form hydroxides, liberating hydrogen. They react with steam to form oxides and ignite spontaneously at a temperature of 400 °C (752 °F). These elements and their compounds have no biological function

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Lu). REE usually appear as trivalent ions, except for Ce and Eu which can take the form of Ce and Eu depending on the redox conditions of the system. Consequentially, REE are characterized by a substantial identity in their chemical reactivity, which results in a serial behaviour during geochemical

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who led a study of Pacific Ocean seabed mud, published results indicating the mud could hold rich concentrations of rare-earth minerals. The deposits, studied at 78 sites, came from "ot plumes from hydrothermal vents pull these materials out of seawater and deposit them on the seafloor, bit by bit,

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of primary minerals enriches insoluble elements by leaching out silica and other soluble elements, recrystallizing feldspar into clay minerals such kaolinite, halloysite, and montmorillonite. In tropical regions where precipitation is high, weathering forms a thick argillized regolith, this process

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abundance than does cerium and the LREE. This has economic consequences: large ore bodies of LREE are known around the world and are being exploited. Ore bodies for HREE are more rare, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of HREE originates in the "ion-absorption clay" ores of

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of rare earths make them incompatible with the crystal lattices of most rock-forming minerals, so REE will undergo strong partitioning into a melt phase if one is present. REE are chemically very similar and have always been difficult to separate, but the gradual decrease in ionic radius from light

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has been the focus of a US$ 100 million cleanup that is proceeding in 2011. After having accomplished the hilltop entombment of 11,000 truckloads of radioactively contaminated material, the project is expected to entail in summer, 2011, the removal of "more than 80,000 steel barrels of radioactive

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production, which affects photosynthesis and inhibits the growth of the plants. However, the impact of REE contamination on vegetation is dependent on the plants present in the contaminated environment: not all plants retain and absorb REEs. Also, the ability of the vegetation to intake the REE is

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REE recycling and reuse have been increasingly focused on in recent years. The main concerns include environmental pollution during REE recycling and increasing recycling efficiency. Literature published in 2004 suggests that, along with previously established pollution mitigation, a more circular

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in the late 2010s. As China has shut down domestic mines due to the detrimental environmental impact, it has largely outsourced rare-earth mining to Kachin State. Chinese companies and miners illegally set up operations in Kachin State without government permits, and instead circumvent the central

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REE is increasing in demand due to the fact that they are essential for new and innovative technology that is being created. These new products that need REEs to be produced are high-technology equipment such as smart phones, digital cameras, computer parts, semiconductors, etc. In addition, these

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are a representation of provenance. The rare-earth element concentrations are not typically affected by sea and river waters, as rare-earth elements are insoluble and thus have very low concentrations in these fluids. As a result, when sediment is transported, rare-earth element concentrations are

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According to the general shape of the patterns or thanks to the presence (or absence) of so-called "anomalies", information regarding the system under examination and the occurring geochemical processes can be obtained. The anomalies represent enrichment (positive anomalies) or depletion (negative

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deposits; heavy rare-earth elements are incorporated into the residual clay by absorption. This kind of deposit is only mined for REE in Southern China, where the majority of global heavy rare-earth element production occurs. REE-laterites do form elsewhere, including over the carbonatite at Mount

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throughout the series causes chemical variations. Europium is exempt of this classification as it has two valence states: Eu and Eu. Yttrium is grouped as heavy rare-earth element due to chemical similarities. The break between the two groups is sometimes put elsewhere, such as between elements 63

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and radioactive waste from it. The ore to be processed has very low levels of thorium, and Lynas founder and chief executive Nicholas Curtis said "There is absolutely no risk to public health." T. Jayabalan, a doctor who says he has been monitoring and treating patients affected by the Mitsubishi

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The rare-earth elements (REEs) are vital to modern technologies and society and are amongst the most critical elements. Despite this, typically only around 1% of REEs are recycled from end-products. Recycling and reusing REEs is not easy: these elements are mostly present in tiny amounts in small

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in rare-earth ores present a potential hazard and improper handling of these substances can result in extensive environmental damage. In May 2010, China announced a major, five-month crackdown on illegal mining in order to protect the environment and its resources. This campaign is expected to be

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REEs are naturally found in very low concentrations in the environment. Mines are often in countries where environmental and social standards are very low, leading to human rights violations, deforestation, and contamination of land and water. Generally, it is estimated that extracting 1 tonne of

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has said that it has no plans to impose such restrictions. Many Danish politicians have expressed concerns that other nations, including China, could gain influence in thinly populated Greenland, given the number of foreign workers and investment that could come from Chinese companies in the near

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REEs have been used in agriculture to increase plant growth, productivity, and stress resistance seemingly without negative effects for human and animal consumption. REEs are used in agriculture through REE-enriched fertilizers which is a widely used practice in China. In addition, REEs are feed

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orbitals. The lanthanide contraction has a direct effect on the geochemistry of the lanthanides, which show a different behaviour depending on the systems and processes in which they are involved. The effect of the lanthanide contraction can be observed in the REE behaviour both in a CHARAC-type

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panel investigation was completed and no construction has been halted. Lynas is on budget and on schedule to start producing in 2011. The IAEA concluded in a report issued in June 2011 that it did not find any instance of "any non-compliance with international radiation safety standards" in the

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of each element. Partition coefficients are responsible for the fractionation of trace elements (including rare-earth elements) into the liquid phase (the melt/magma) into the solid phase (the mineral). If an element preferentially remains in the solid phase it is termed 'compatible', and if it

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pipes at the core of igneous complexes; they consist of fine-grained calcite and hematite, sometimes with significant concentrations of ankerite and minor concentrations of siderite. Large carbonatite deposits enriched in rare-earth elements include Mount Weld in Australia, Thor Lake in Canada,

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A 2011 report "China's Rare-Earth Industry", issued by the US Geological Survey and US Department of the Interior, outlines industry trends within China and examines national policies that may guide the future of the country's production. The report notes that China's lead in the production of

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The geochemical study of the REE is not carried out on absolute concentrations – as it is usually done with other chemical elements – but on normalized concentrations in order to observe their serial behaviour. In geochemistry, rare-earth elements are typically presented in normalized "spider"

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and water), with high concentrations of alkaline elements, and high element mobility that the rare earths are strongly partitioned into. This melt may also rise along pre-existing fractures, and be emplaced in the crust above the subducting slab or erupted at the surface. REE-enriched deposits

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as has been demonstrated at large mine in Batou (Mongolia). The rare-earth mining and smelting process can release airborne fluoride which will associate with total suspended particles (TSP) to form aerosols that can enter human respiratory systems. Research from Baotou, China shows that the

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Solar System material. However, other normalizing standards can be applied depending on the purpose of the study. Normalization to a standard reference value, especially of a material believed to be unfractionated, allows the observed abundances to be compared to the initial abundances of the

5242:, REE have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of REE comes from only a handful of sources, almost entirely as a byproduct of mining other elements in commercially exploitable concentrations they occur alongside. 3994:

is under consideration by NioCorp Development Ltd who hopes to open a niobium, scandium, and titanium mine there. That mine may be able to produce as much as 7200 tonnes of ferro niobium and 95 tonnes of scandium trioxide annually, although, as of 2022, financing is still in the works.

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On August 29, 2014, the WTO ruled that China had broken free-trade agreements, and the WTO said in the summary of key findings that "the overall effect of the foreign and domestic restrictions is to encourage domestic extraction and secure preferential use of those materials by Chinese

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It follows the recommendation from the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Review Board in July, and marks a major milestone in the company's effort to turn the project into an operating mine. Avalon claims Nechalacho is "the most advanced large heavy rare earth development project in the

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wind turbines, it has been argued that neodymium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy. But this perspective has been criticized for failing to recognize that most wind turbines have gears and do not use permanent magnets.

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with carbon black and then sent a 1-second current pulse through the mixture, heating it to 3,000 °C (5,430 °F). The fly ash contains microscopic bits of glass that encapsulate the metals. The heat shatters the glass, exposing the rare earths. Flash heating also converts

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Jyothi, Rajesh Kumar; Thenepalli, Thriveni; Ahn, Ji Whan; Parhi, Pankaj Kumar; Chung, Kyeong Woo; Lee, Jin-Young (September 10, 2020). "Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste".

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in California made the United States the leading producer. Today, the Indian and South African deposits still produce some rare-earth concentrates, but they were dwarfed by the scale of Chinese production. In 2017, China produced 81% of the world's rare-earth supply, mostly in

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preferentially partitions into the melt phase it is described as 'incompatible'. Each element has a different partition coefficient, and therefore fractionates into solid and liquid phases distinctly. These concepts are also applicable to metamorphic and sedimentary petrology.

4840:. The USGS study team has located a sizable area of rocks in the center of an extinct volcano containing light rare-earth elements including cerium and neodymium. It has mapped 1.3 million metric tons of desirable rock, or about ten years of supply at current demand levels. 4219:. Due to the rising prices of rare earths, extraction of these oxides has become economically viable. The country currently exports around 3,000 tonnes per year, representing around 2% of world production. Similar resources are suspected in the western United States, where 2544:

erbium, and thulium) and the ytterbium group (ytterbium and lutetium), but today the main grouping is between the cerium and the yttrium groups. Today, the rare-earth elements are classified as light or heavy rare-earth elements, rather than in cerium and yttrium groups.

4477:. Ce, Ga, and Nd are important in electronics and are used in the production of LCD and plasma screens, fiber optics, and lasers, and in medical imaging. Additional uses for rare-earth elements are as tracers in medical applications, fertilizers, and in water treatment. 4003:

in Angola and other sources as they become available. The company are targeting production in late 2023, before ramping up to full capacity in 2024. Pensana aim to produce 12,500 metric tons of separated rare earths, including 4,500 tons of magnet metal rare earths.

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The chemical properties of the REEs are so similar that they are expected to show similar toxicity in humans. Mortality studies show REEs are not highly toxic. Long term (18 months) inhalation of dust containing high levels (60%) of REEs has been shown to cause

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Amato, A.; Becci, A.; Birloaga, I.; De Michelis, I.; Ferella, F.; Innocenzi, V.; Ippolito, N. M.; Pillar Jimenez Gomez, C.; Vegliò, F.; Beolchini, F. (May 1, 2019). "Sustainability analysis of innovative technologies for the rare earth elements recovery".

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in South Africa, the world's highest grade rare earths and thorium mine, closed in 1963, but has been gearing to go back into production. Over 80% of the infrastructure is already complete. Other mines include the Nolans Project in Central Australia, the

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phase incorporates cerium and the LREE preferentially. The smaller size of the HREE allows greater solid solubility in the rock-forming minerals that make up Earth's mantle, and thus yttrium and the HREE show less enrichment in Earth's crust relative to

2763:. The result is that all magma formed from partial melting will always have greater concentrations of LREE than HREE, and individual minerals may be dominated by either HREE or LREE, depending on which range of ionic radii best fits the crystal lattice. 4051:, the proposed rare-earth mining project 'Matamulas' may provide, according to its developers, up to 2,100 Tn/year (33% of the annual UE demand). However, this project has been suspended by regional authorities due to social and environmental concerns. 5948:

P. Belli; R. Bernabei; F. Cappella; R. Cerulli; C. J. Dai; F. A. Danevich; A. d'Angelo; A. Incicchitti; V. V. Kobychev; S. S. Nagorny; S. Nisi; F. Nozzoli; D. Prosperi; V. I. Tretyak; S. S. Yurchenko (2007). "Search for α decay of natural Europium".

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Borst, Anouk M.; Smith, Martin P.; Finch, Adrian A.; Estrade, Guillaume; Villanova-de-Benavent, Cristina; Nason, Peter; Marquis, Eva; Horsburgh, Nicola J.; Goodenough, Kathryn M.; Xu, Cheng; Kynický, Jindřich; Geraki, Kalotina (September 1, 2020).

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manufacturers." China declared that it would implement the ruling on September 26, 2014, but would need some time to do so. By January 5, 2015, China had lifted all quotas from the export of rare earths, but export licenses will still be required.

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It is, however, possible to filter out and recover any rare-earth elements that flow out with the wastewater from mining facilities. However, such filtering and recovery equipment may not always be present on the outlets carrying the wastewater.

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The rare-earth elements patterns observed in igneous rocks are primarily a function of the chemistry of the source where the rock came from, as well as the fractionation history the rock has undergone. Fractionation is in turn a function of the

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plant, "is wary of Lynas's assurances. The argument that low levels of thorium in the ore make it safer doesn't make sense, he says, because radiation exposure is cumulative." Construction of the facility has been halted until an independent

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for rare-earth deposits under the protection of United States military forces. Since 2009 the USGS has conducted remote sensing surveys as well as fieldwork to verify Soviet claims that volcanic rocks containing rare-earth metals exist in

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While REEs are not major pollutants, the increase application of REEs in new technologies has increased the need to understand their safe levels of exposure for humans. One side effect of mining REEs can be exposure to harmful radioactive

4546:, in Inner Mongolia, where much of the world's rare-earth supply is refined, has caused major environmental damage. China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology estimated that cleanup costs in Jiangxi province at $ 5.5 billion. 4093:

imports practically all of its rare earth elements from China. The EU Critical Raw Materials Act of 2023 has set in action the required policy adjustments for Europe to start producing two-thirds of the lithium-ion batteries required for

3785:, although it had only 36.7% of reserves. Australia was the second and only other major producer with 15% of world production. All of the world's heavy rare earths (such as dysprosium) come from Chinese rare-earth sources such as the 4109:

In 2024 American Rare Earths Inc. disclosed that its reserves near Wheatland Wyoming totaled 2.34 billion metric tons, possibly the world's largest and larger than a separate 1.2 million metric ton deposit in northeastern Wyoming.

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of Delafontaine. Due to the difficulty in separating the metals (and determining the separation is complete), the total number of false discoveries was dozens, with some putting the total number of discoveries at over a hundred.

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Zhong, Buqing; Wang, Lingqing; Liang, Tao; Xing, Baoshan (October 2017). "Pollution level and inhalation exposure of ambient aerosol fluoride as affected by polymetallic rare earth mining and smelting in Baotou, north China".

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In January 2013 a Japanese deep-sea research vessel obtained seven deep-sea mud core samples from the Pacific Ocean seafloor at 5,600 to 5,800 meters depth, approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of the island of

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Pagano, Giovanni; Aliberti, Francesco; Guida, Marco; Oral, Rahime; Siciliano, Antonietta; Trifuoggi, Marco; Tommasi, Franca (2015). "Rare earth elements in human and animal health: State of art and research priorities".

2156:. It took another 30 years for researchers to determine that other elements were contained in the two ores ceria and yttria (the similarity of the rare-earth metals' chemical properties made their separation difficult). 1021:

other than in several specialized enzymes, such as in lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenases in bacteria. The water-soluble compounds are mildly to moderately toxic, but the insoluble ones are not. All isotopes of

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report said the Lynas investment was $ 730 million, and the projected share of the global market it would fill put at "about a sixth." An independent review initiated by the Malaysian Government, and conducted by the

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and environmental concerns as the reasons for a nationwide crackdown on its rare-earth mineral production sector. However, non-environmental motives have also been imputed to China's rare-earth policy. According to

4542:

concentrated in the South, where mines – commonly small, rural, and illegal operations – are particularly prone to releasing toxic waste into the general water supply. However, even the major operation in

9139:

Volokh, A. A.; Gorbunov, A. V.; Gundorina, S. F.; Revich, B. A.; Frontasyeva, M. V.; Chen Sen Pal (June 1, 1990). "Phosphorus fertilizer production as a source of rare-earth elements pollution of the environment".

8690:

Wencai Zhang; Mohammad Rezaee; Abhijit Bhagavatula; Yonggai Li; John Groppo; Rick Honaker (2015). "A Review of the Occurrence and Promising Recovery Methods of Rare Earth Elements from Coal and Coal By-Products".

2941:, or erupted at the surface. Typical REE enriched deposits types forming in rift settings are carbonatites, and A- and M-Type granitoids. Near subduction zones, partial melting of the subducting plate within the 8563: 5827: 3998:

In the UK, Pensana has begun construction of their US$ 195 million rare-earth processing plant which secured funding from the UK government's Automotive Transformation Fund. The plant will process ore from the

4569:

electronic parts and they are difficult to separate chemically. For example, recovery of neodymium requires manual disassembly of hard disk drives because shredding the drives only recovers 10% of the REE.

8651: 3005:

Rare-earth elements can also be enriched in deposits by secondary alteration either by interactions with hydrothermal fluids or meteoric water or by erosion and transport of resistate REE-bearing minerals.

1103:) is provided here. Some of the rare-earth elements are named after the scientists who discovered them, or elucidated their elemental properties, and some after the geographical locations where discovered. 8382: 2496:(due in part to their similar chemical properties), making the rare-earth elements relatively expensive. Their industrial use was very limited until efficient separation techniques were developed, such as 7633: 3258: 16564: 8258: 3899:, which has profited from this extractive industry. As of March 2022, 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing the area of 10925: 10882: 1060:), in practice this is spread thin across trace impurities, so to obtain rare earths at usable purity requires processing enormous amounts of raw ore at great expense, thus the name "rare" earths. 7666: 3024:

over tens of millions of years. One square patch of metal-rich mud 2.3 kilometers wide might contain enough rare earths to meet most of the global demand for a year, Japanese geologists report in

16579: 7553: 4446:

Other important uses of rare-earth elements are applicable to the production of high-performance magnets, alloys, glasses, and electronics. Ce and La are important as catalysts, and are used for

4256:

have made the extraction of rare earths from these materials less expensive. Recycling plants operate in Japan, where an estimated 300,000 tons of rare earths are found in unused electronics. In

6733: 8194: 8421: 3154:. Normalization is carried out by dividing the analytical concentrations of each element of the series by the concentration of the same element in a given standard, according to the equation: 2929:(200 to 600 km depth). This melt becomes enriched in incompatible elements, like the rare-earth elements, by leaching them out of the crystalline residue. The resultant magma rises as a 3911:

As a result of the increased demand and tightening restrictions on exports of the metals from China, some countries are stockpiling rare-earth resources. Searches for alternative sources in

2178:

In 1842 Mosander also separated the yttria into three oxides: pure yttria, terbia, and erbia (all the names are derived from the town name "Ytterby"). The earth giving pink salts he called

10550: 3721:

Sea and river waters typically have low rare-earth element concentrations. However, aqueous geochemistry is still very important. In oceans, rare-earth elements reflect input from rivers,

7708: 7531: 8481: 8323: 7691: 7088:"New evidence shows massive and rapid expansion of illicit rare earths industry in Myanmar, fuelling human rights abuses, environmental destruction and funding military-linked militias" 4745:

If the proper safety standards are followed, REE mining is relatively low impact. Molycorp (before going bankrupt) often exceeded environmental regulations to improve its public image.

2823:, contains small but potentially useful amounts of yttrium. Of the above yttrium minerals, most played a part in providing research quantities of lanthanides during the discovery days. 2742:

of the Earth, the dense rare-earth elements were incorporated into the deeper portions of the planet. Early differentiation of molten material largely incorporated the rare earths into

5103:"Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Dehydrogenases of XoxF4 and XoxF5 Clades Are Differentially Distributed Among Methylotrophic Bacteria and They Reveal Different Biochemical Properties" 4644:

Analysis of people living near mines in China had many times the levels of REEs in their blood, urine, bone, and hair compared to controls far from mining sites, suggesting possible

8512:. 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference. Milos, Greece: European Commission for the 'Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe's Rare Earth ore deposits'. 6241:

Bau, Michael (April 1, 1996). "Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: evidence from Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and lanthanide tetrad effect".

3070:

processes rather than being characteristic of a single element of the series. Sc, Y, and Lu can be electronically distinguished from the other rare earths because they do not have

10981: 4786:

One possible example of market control is the division of General Motors that deals with miniaturized magnet research, which shut down its US office and moved its entire staff to

4301:

into oxides, which are more soluble and extractable. Using hydrochloric acid at concentrations less than 1% of conventional methods, the process extracted twice as much material.

10773: 6926: 10858: 7207: 5897:

M. V. Abrashev; N. D. Todorov; J. Geshev (September 9, 2014). "Raman spectra of R 2O3 (R—rare earth) sesquioxides with C-type bixbyite crystal structure: A comparative study".

5645:Но с гадолиния начинается иттриевая подгруппа редкоземельных элементов, а это значит, что на электронных оболочках его атомов должны быть электроны с антипараллельными спинами. 2985:, like the ones found in Africa and the Canadian Shield. Ferrocarbonatites are the most common type of carbonatite to be enriched in REE, and are often emplaced as late-stage, 7239: 6426:"Sedimentary carbonate‐hosted giant Bayan Obo REE‐Fe‐Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin" 3855:

in that country, future supplies of critical ores were possibly constrained. Additionally, it was speculated that the PRC could again reduce rare-earth exports to counter-act

7575: 3355: 3311: 16550: 10827: 6895: 7734: 4876:(1942)) features a struggle between two rival mining cartels to control a plot of land in a fictional African country, which contains rich minable rare-earth ore deposits. 5878: 6764: 4958:. The ending "-ide" normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to wide current usage, "lanthanide" is still allowed and is roughly analogous to rare-earth element. 9087: 7042: 9110: 8567: 6987: 5820: 3371: 8672:

Sorokin, Anatoliy P., et al. "Distribution of Rare Earth and Selected Trace Elements in Combustion Products of Yerkovetskoe Brown Coal Deposit (Amur Region, Russia)."

6677: 4615:

in China, where the water was contaminated due to a REE-enriched fertilizer being used in a nearby agricultural area. The aquatic environment became contaminated with

3939:

are ongoing. Mines in these countries were closed when China undercut world prices in the 1990s, and it will take a few years to restart production as there are many

7790: 6141:

Kato, Yasuhiro; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takaya, Yutaro; Kitamura, Kenichi; Ohta, Junichiro; Toda, Ryuichi; Nakashima, Takuya; Iwamori, Hikaru (2011).

8172: 4117:, Norway, making it Europe's largest known rare-earth element deposit. The mining firm predicted that it would finish developing the first stage of mining in 2030. 3138:

diagrams, in which concentration of rare-earth elements are normalized to a reference standard and are then expressed as the logarithm to the base 10 of the value.

1240:

filters, energy-efficient light bulbs (part of triphosphor white phosphor coating in fluorescent tubes, CFLs and CCFLs, and yellow phosphor coating in white LEDs),

15542: 8647: 7280: 7066: 4145:

to Kuantan. Within two years, Lynas was said to expect the refinery to be able to meet nearly a third of the world's demand for rare-earth materials, not counting

3664: 3616: 3568: 2784:: even-numbered REE at abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered REE at abundances of about 1% each. Similar compositions are found in xenotime or gadolinite. 2604:

Due to their chemical similarity, the concentrations of rare earths in rocks are only slowly changed by geochemical processes, making their proportions useful for

2076:

A mnemonic for the names of the sixth-row elements in order is "Lately college parties never produce sexy European girls that drink heavily even though you look".

1002:. Compounds containing rare earths have diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic materials, and industrial processes. 8390: 4649:

in street dust in China suggest "no augmented health hazard". Similarly, analysis of cereal crops in mining areas in China found levels too low for health risks.

2719:

As seen in the chart, rare-earth elements are found on Earth at similar concentrations to many common transition metals. The most abundant rare-earth element is

10654: 8451: 4078:

On 12 January 2023, Swedish state-owned mining company LKAB announced that it had discovered a deposit of over 1 million tonnes of rare earths in the country's

8625: 6400: 8266: 6551:

Massari, Stefania; Ruberti, Marcello (March 1, 2013). "Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies".

13045: 8232: 6120: 4454:. Nd is important in magnet production in traditional and low-carbon technologies. Rare-earth elements in this category are used in the electric motors of 4284:

and sludge, are a potential source of critical elements including rare-earth elements (REE) with estimated amounts in the range of 50 million metric tons.

3081:" which represents a higher-than-expected decrease in the atomic/ionic radius of the elements along the series. This is determined by the variation of the 10922: 10879: 10624: 8009: 7821: 13055: 7760: 7658: 7545: 13105: 8027: 6741: 5564: 8198: 8046: 7860: 7601: 3016:

Weld in Australia. REE may also be extracted from placer deposits if the sedimentary parent lithology contains REE-bearing, heavy resistate minerals.

2199:

tried also to separate the crude yttria and found the same substances that Mosander obtained, but Berlin named (1860) the substance giving pink salts

13202: 13080: 11203: 10390:

Zhuang, Maoqiang; Wang, Liansen; Wu, Guangjian; Wang, Kebo; Jiang, Xiaofeng; Liu, Taibin; Xiao, Peirui; Yu, Lianlong; Jiang, Ying (August 29, 2017).

9671: 8413: 7890: 5668: 4974: 4960: 4947: 6828: 6644: 16557: 6795: 3949: 10547: 5152:

Malhotra, Nemi; Hsu, Hua-Shu; Liang, Sung-Tzu; Roldan, Marri Jmelou M.; Lee, Jiann-Shing; Ger, Tzong-Rong; Hsiao, Chung-Der (September 16, 2020).

4809:

reported that "China ... in July announced the latest in a series of annual export reductions, this time by 40% to precisely 30,258 tonnes."

13085: 13060: 12506: 10598: 6858: 3007: 998:, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft 8112: 7523: 13040: 12756: 10678: 8603: 8513: 8334: 6957: 4641:

fluoride concentration in the air near REE mines is higher than the limit value from WHO, but the health effects of this exposure are unknown.

4129:

was reported to be "hurrying to finish" a US$ 230 million rare-earth refinery on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia's industrial port of

3836:

in the United States), prices of rare earths dropped. The price of dysprosium oxide was US$ 994/kg in 2011, but dropped to US$ 265/kg by 2014.

9240: 8473: 7680: 7017: 4490:

rare earth element creates around 2,000 tonnes of waste, partly toxic, including 1 ton of radioactive waste. The largest mining site of REEs,

2552:

The classification of rare-earth elements is inconsistent between authors. The most common distinction between rare-earth elements is made by

16569: 13169: 9565:

Sprecher, Benjamin; Xiao, Yanping; Walton, Allan; Speight, John; Harris, Rex; Kleijn, Rene; Visser, Geert; Kramer, Gert Jan (April 1, 2014).

9312: 9275: 7987: 2780:

Southern China. Some versions provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the HREE being present in ratios reflecting the

13179: 13174: 10212:

Chen, X. A., et al. "A twenty-year follow-up study on health effects-following long-term exposure to thorium dusts." HEIR 2004 (2005): 139.

6534: 4165:. In mid-2011, after protests, Malaysian government restrictions on the Lynas plant were announced. At that time, citing subscription-only 4062:

project contained not only the 6th largest deposit by tonnage outside of China but also the highest grade of rare-earth elements of the 6.

2317:") an oxide of a mixture of elements such as yttrium, ytterbium, iron, uranium, thorium, calcium, niobium, and tantalum. This mineral from 1079:, a black mineral composed of cerium, yttrium, iron, silicon, and other elements. This mineral was extracted from a mine in the village of 14564: 8288: 7923: 6594:

Liu, Shuang-Liang; Fan, Hong-Rui; Liu, Xuan; Meng, Jianyin; Butcher, Alan R.; Yann, Lahaye; Yang, Kui-Feng; Li, Xiao-Chun (June 1, 2023).

13115: 13075: 13070: 13030: 9381:

Barros, Óscar; Costa, Lara; Costa, Filomena; Lago, Ana; Rocha, Verónica; Vipotnik, Ziva; Silva, Bruna; Tavares, Teresa (March 13, 2019).

4563: 4028: 3786: 3002:. For the most part, these deposits are small but important examples include Illimaussaq-Kvanefeld in Greenland, and Lovozera in Russia. 10977: 8290:

Report of the International Review Mission on the Radiation Safety Aspects of a Proposed Rare Earths Processing Facility (Lynas Project)

13090: 13025: 12811: 5704:

Rare earth elements: a new approach to the nexus of supply, demand and use: exemplified along the use of neodymium in permanent magnets

4581:, "secondary waste is subjected to chemical and or bioleaching followed by solvent extraction processes for clean separation of REEs." 2925:

zones. In a rift setting, the alkaline magma is produced by very small degrees of partial melting (<1%) of garnet peridotite in the

10850: 10765: 7199: 7122: 6918: 4529:

Mining, refining, and recycling of rare earths have serious environmental consequences if not properly managed. Low-level radioactive

2684:

of these sesquioxides corresponds to eight unit cells of fluorite or cerium dioxide, with 32 cations instead of 4. This is called the

13184: 13164: 12951: 10260:"A human health risk assessment of rare earth elements in soil and vegetables from a mining area in Fujian Province, Southeast China" 9620:

Yang, Xiuli; Zhang, Junwei; Fang, Xihui (August 30, 2014). "Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries".

9194: 8138: 3690:, controls the enrichment of MREE compared to LREE and HREE. Depletion of LREE relative to HREE may be due to the crystallization of 2372:

had not yet been discovered. (This is promethium, a radioactive element whose most stable isotope has a half-life of just 18 years.)

2368:

made it possible to assign atomic numbers to the elements. Moseley found that the exact number of lanthanides had to be 15, but that

1053: 10575: 7426: 7229: 5411: 4514:), which is produced during the combustion of diesel and released as exhaust, contributing heavily to soil and water contamination. 13020: 12984: 7370: 6478: 6445: 5330: 13406: 11103: 10823: 6887: 5496: 4182:(IAEA) in 2011 to address concerns of radioactive hazards, found no non-compliance with international radiation safety standards. 16589: 14504: 10947: 10742: 6702: 3160: 3150:

element. Normalization also removes the pronounced 'zig-zag' pattern caused by the differences in abundance between even and odd

2831:(which typically contains a few percent of yttrium). Uranium ores from Ontario have occasionally yielded yttrium as a byproduct. 8957:

Rim, Kyung-Taek (September 1, 2016). "Effects of rare earth elements on the environment and human health: A literature review".

7726: 5222: 14559: 13065: 13015: 6772: 4703: 2297: 9928:"Comprehensive Understandings of Rare Earth Element (REE) Speciation in Coal Fly Ashes and Implication for REE Extractability" 9079: 9053: 7039: 2680:

lattice and the anions sit inside the tetrahedra of cations), except that one-quarter of the anions (oxygen) are missing. The

2356:

The exact number of rare-earth elements that existed was highly unclear, and a maximum number of 25 was estimated. The use of

16599: 14499: 13110: 13035: 12946: 11196: 8547: 8540:

Hydrometallurgical recovery process of rare-earth elements from waste: main application of acid leaching with devised diagram

8365: 8071: 6979: 6076: 6016: 5788: 5750: 5712: 5596: 5548: 5442: 3964:

project has the potential to supply about 10% of the $ 1 billion of REE consumption that occurs in North America every year.

7634:"Building an independent and sustainable supply of magnet metal rare earths for the Electric Vehicle and Offshore Wind OEMs" 6670: 2189:

In 1842 the number of known rare-earth elements had reached six: yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, erbium, and terbium.

2175:

and pure lanthana. Didymia, although not further separable by Mosander's techniques, was in fact still a mixture of oxides.

13289: 11164: 9567:"Life Cycle Inventory of the Production of Rare Earths and the Subsequent Production of NdFeB Rare Earth Permanent Magnets" 4798: 3146: 3131: 2974: 1232:; jewelry - for its hardness and optical properties; do-it-yourself high temperature ceramics and cements based on water), 8834: 8197:[Chronology of Events at the Rare Earth Factory, Red Hill] (in Malay). Penang Consumer Association. Archived from 7949: 7798: 4443:

and magnets. In the US, more than half of REEs are used for catalysts; ceramics, glass, and polishing are also main uses.

4439:

The uses, applications, and demand for rare-earth elements have expanded over the years. Globally, most REEs are used for

3800:, was under development in 2018 and is positioned to become the first significant dysprosium producer outside of China. 13796: 12544: 12499: 8164: 6340: 4965: 4103: 9436: 8928: 7709:"UK's first magnet refinery given huge financial boost as first ever strategy for supply of critical minerals published" 7329: 7063: 4150: 16947: 16574: 15354: 12979: 12936: 9989:

Liu, Pan; Zhao, Simin; Xie, Nan; Yang, Lufeng; Wang, Qian; Wen, Yinghao; Chen, Hailong; Tang, Yuanzhi (April 4, 2023).

9518:"Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact" 8735: 7306: 5685: 4813: 4179: 2264: 1213: 5871:"The Crystal Structure of the Modification C of the Sesquioxides of the Rare Earth Metals, and of Indium and Thallium" 2387:

that he had discovered element 72 was untrue. Hafnium is an element that lies in the periodic table immediately below

2247: 16594: 14600: 13152: 10646: 10316: 8443: 8013: 7392: 5294: 4982: 2827:

is occasionally recovered as a byproduct of heavy-sand processing, but is not as abundant as the similarly recovered

1224:; as refractory material - in metal alloys used in jet engines, and coatings of engines and industrial gas turbines; 8633: 7576:"Long-discussed niobium mine in southeast Nebraska is ready to move forward, if it gathers $ 1 billion in financing" 7174: 6107: 2120:

from the gadolinite but failed to recognize other elements in the ore. After this discovery in 1794, a mineral from

922:

Refined rare-earth oxides are heavy, gritty powders usually brown or black, but can be lighter colors as shown here.

16312: 14287: 11189: 10525: 7505: 6389: 5263: 4901: 4474: 4068:

has been reported to have exported rare-earth ore to China, about US$ 1.88 million worth during May and June 2014.

3896: 3126:, rare-earth elements can be used to infer the petrological mechanisms that have affected a rock due to the subtle 7448: 4790:

in 2006 (China's export quota only applies to the metal but not products made from these metals such as magnets).

3878:

of rare earths from Myanmar in December 2021, exceeding 20,000 tonnes. Rare earths were discovered near Pangwa in

14045: 13100: 12974: 8224: 6424:

Chao E. C. T., Back J. M., Minkin J., Tatsumoto M., Junwen W., Conrad J. E., McKee E. H., Zonglin H., Qingrun M.

2084:

Rare earths were mainly discovered as components of minerals. Ytterbium was found in the "ytterbite" (renamed to

1685: 10796: 9214: 6117: 4619:

and resulted in the water hyacinth becoming three times more concentrated in cerium than its surrounding water.

2981:-rich immiscible liquid from. These liquids are most commonly forming in association with very deep Precambrian 2727:, having 68 parts per million (about as common as copper). The exception is the highly unstable and radioactive 15582: 13255: 13137: 12492: 10317:"Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China" 9689:

Deng, Bing; Wang, Xin; Luong, Duy Xuan; Carter, Robert A.; Wang, Zhe; Tomson, Mason B.; Tour, James M. (2022).

7829: 4223:-era mines are believed to have discarded large amounts of rare earths, because they had no value at the time. 4186:

number of conditions. On 2 September 2014, Lynas was issued a 2-year full operating stage license by the AELB.

4055: 3990:, the deposit has been mined, off and on, since 1951. A second large deposit of REEs at Elk Creek in southeast 2953:

Alkaline magmas enriched with rare-earth elements include carbonatites, peralkaline granites (pegmatites), and

12711: 10616: 7768: 4321:(Nd) can both be embedded inside glass and they completely cut out the glare from the flame when one is doing 3852: 3110:

The application of rare-earth elements to geology is important to understanding the petrological processes of

2263:

The samaria earth was further separated by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886, and a similar result was obtained by

1025:

are radioactive, and it does not occur naturally in the earth's crust, except for a trace amount generated by

16889: 14447: 13312: 13129: 13050: 12940: 10057:

Chua, H (June 18, 1998). "Bio-accumulation of environmental residues of rare earth elements in aquatic flora

7475: 6507: 6428: 3979: 3903:, and an exponential increase from 2016. Land has also been seized from locals to conduct mining operations. 3777: 2991: 2891: 4035:

has urged Greenland to restrict Chinese development of rare-earth projects there, but as of early 2013, the

16937: 15696: 14517: 14510: 14482: 9466:. Reuse and Recycling / UN SGDs: How can Sustainable Chemistry Contribute? / Green Chemistry in Education. 7852: 7608: 4158: 3847:

supplied between 85% and 95% of the global demand for the 17 rare-earth powders, half of them sourced from

3718:

unaffected by the fluid and instead the rock retains the rare-earth element concentration from its source.

2501: 2334: 2289: 2243: 2014: 1678: 1017:

because they are not actually scarce, although historically it took a long time to isolate these elements.

7882: 4071:

In May 2012, researchers from two universities in Japan announced that they had discovered rare earths in

2309:

In 1839 the third source for rare earths became available. This is a mineral similar to gadolinite called

16901: 15547: 15405: 14925: 14907: 13159: 6820: 6636: 2921:, an uncommon kind of magmatism that occurs in tectonic settings where there is rifting or that are near 2511:

concentrates contain small amounts of scandium and other rare-earth elements, which could be analysed by

2357: 2212: 1210: 12721: 12716: 11065: 6803: 1228:- for measuring oxygen and pH of hot water solutions, i.e. in fuel cells; ceramic electrolyte - used in 16942: 15612: 14527: 14292: 13616: 12994: 8877:"Application of rare-earth elements in the agriculture of China and its environmental behavior in soil" 5017: 4970: 4715: 3682:

melts, the following observations apply: anomalies in europium are dominated by the crystallization of

2101: 1217: 1009:

deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties, but have different electrical and

11175: 10595: 9459: 7148: 6850: 6293: 4602:

of soil and water around production areas, which has impacted vegetation in these areas by decreasing

3768:. Through the 1950s, South Africa was the world's rare earth source, from a monazite-rich reef at the 16409: 15865: 15415: 15400: 15373: 15023: 14853: 12927: 11148: 11128: 11107: 5501: 5003: 4574: 4522: 4491: 3813: 3316: 3272: 3033:

The global demand for rare-earth elements (REEs) is expected to increase more than fivefold by 2030.

2578: 2532: 1533: 14534: 10675: 8593: 8504: 6949: 5870: 16756: 16497: 15664: 15557: 15425: 14539: 13282: 12529: 10166:"Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review" 9244: 7452: 7013: 4986: 4281: 3883: 3045:. One of the most common classifications divides REE into 3 groups: light rare earths (LREE - from 2149: 1339: 1294: 1202: 1162: 13147: 9334:

Pereao, Omoniyi; Bode-Aluko, Chris; Fatoba, Olanrewaju; Laatikaine, Katri; Petrik, Leslie (2018).

7009: 4577:

and up to 70 times the cost due to the REE mining." In most of the reported studies reviewed by a

3518:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{REE}}_{i}}{{\text{REE}}_{i}^{*}}}={\frac {_{n}\times 2}{_{n}+_{n}}}} 2411:

procedures for separating and purifying rare-earth elements. This method was first applied to the

2163:, an assistant of Berzelius, separated ceria by heating the nitrate and dissolving the product in 16537: 16229: 15460: 15344: 14964: 14848: 14374: 13586: 13243: 13212: 12706: 12663: 12534: 9304: 8358:

Turning a Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamäe Site, Estonia

6888:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic", Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242" 6595: 4797:

on shipments of rare-earth oxides (but not alloys) to Japan on 22 September 2010, in response to

4173: 4048: 4036: 2586: 2062: 10703:"Strategic evaluations and mining process optimization towards a strong global REE supply chain" 10315:

Sun, Guangyi; Li, Zhonggen; Liu, Ting; Chen, Ji; Wu, Tingting; Feng, Xinbin (December 1, 2017).

9267: 8810: 7979: 6531: 4113:

In June 2024, Rare Earths Norway found a rare-earth oxide deposit of 8.8 million metric tons in

2137: 16860: 16840: 16751: 16746: 15785: 15711: 15217: 15212: 14957: 14487: 13893: 13771: 13766: 12733: 12560: 8297: 7912: 6216: 4199:

Significant quantities of rare-earth oxides are found in tailings accumulated from 50 years of

3666:

the normalized concentrations of the respectively previous and next elements along the series.

3078: 2756: 2096:, Sweden and termed "rare" because it had never yet been seen. Arrhenius's "ytterbite" reached 1962: 1670: 1005:

Scandium and yttrium are considered rare-earth elements because they tend to occur in the same

14770: 14544: 13903: 12966: 10392:"Health risk assessment of rare earth elements in cereals from mining area in Shandong, China" 6294:"Rare earth elements in seawater: particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation" 5076: 4494:

in China produced more than 70,000 tons of radioactive waste, that contaminated ground water.

16696: 16611: 16345: 16222: 15941: 15919: 15870: 15420: 15178: 15042: 13816: 13639: 13453: 13207: 12788: 11124: 5154:"An Updated Review of Toxicity Effect of the Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Aquatic Organisms" 4012: 3671: 2781: 2361: 2278: 2113: 1693: 1674: 1252:

lenses (due to high refractive index and very low thermal expansion), battery cathodes (LYP)

1229: 15507: 15127: 14010: 7982:[North Korea Rare Earth exports to China increased significantly from May to June]. 7010:"DS431: China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum" 5538: 3077:

A distinguishing factor in the geochemical behaviour of the REE is linked to the so-called "

2375:

Using these facts about atomic numbers from X-ray crystallography, Moseley also showed that

1067:

properties, rare-earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated in

16771: 16203: 16059: 15772: 15267: 15161: 14777: 14477: 14472: 13853: 13299: 12889: 12573: 11232: 11019: 10474: 10403: 10328: 10271: 10232: 10070: 10002: 9939: 9874: 9818: 9756: 9702: 9629: 9578: 9529: 9471: 9347: 9149: 9111:"The Energy Transition Will Need More Rare Earth Elements. Can We Secure Them Sustainably?" 8966: 8888: 8776: 8700: 6560: 6375: 6305: 6250: 6154: 5958: 5906: 5387: 4802: 4608: 4451: 3944: 3769: 2926: 2284:

Further spectroscopic analysis between 1886 and 1901 of samaria, yttria, and samarskite by

2160: 1320: 1290: 1249: 14571: 13621: 9191: 4760: 4748:

In Greenland, there is a significant dispute on whether to start a new rare-earth mine in

3972: 3702:. On the other hand, the depletion of HREE relative to LREE may be due to the presence of 3621: 3573: 3531: 8: 16913: 16855: 16830: 16713: 16487: 16444: 16404: 16370: 16104: 16071: 15929: 15743: 15723: 15455: 15283: 15262: 15064: 15018: 14750: 14173: 13704: 13275: 12806: 10572: 7418: 6471: 5361: 4862: 3888: 3733: 3706:, as garnet preferentially incorporates HREE into its crystal structure. The presence of 3074:

valence electrons, whereas the others do, but the chemical behaviour is almost the same.

3020: 2739: 2590: 2089: 1689: 1233: 1026: 1010: 904: 14118: 11023: 10478: 10407: 10332: 10275: 10236: 10074: 10031: 10006: 9990: 9943: 9878: 9822: 9760: 9706: 9633: 9582: 9533: 9475: 9351: 9153: 8970: 8892: 8780: 8765:"Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies" 8704: 8689: 7362: 6564: 6449: 6309: 6254: 6158: 5962: 5910: 5478:

Gschneidner K. A., Cappellen, ed. (1987). "1787–1987 Two hundred Years of Rare Earths".

5468:. Unfortunately this mnemonic doesn't distinguish very well between terbium and thulium. 5391: 5338: 5319:. (Internet Version 2009) (89th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis. 5253: 4685:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2811:, which derives its typical yellow fluorescence from some of the accompanying HREE. The 16808: 16803: 16616: 16449: 15976: 15954: 15949: 15907: 15880: 15840: 15294: 15188: 15142: 15054: 15013: 14996: 14879: 14874: 14595: 14576: 14389: 14313: 14077: 13878: 13873: 13567: 12894: 10432: 10391: 10360: 10190: 10165: 10141: 10108: 9971: 9903: 9862: 9842: 9790: 9723: 9690: 9495: 9409: 9382: 8990: 8920: 8826: 8716: 7234: 6274: 5930: 5403: 5377: 5129: 5102: 4927: 4794: 4773: 4599: 4447: 4167: 2999: 2677: 2512: 2489: 2109: 2018: 1662: 1599: 1335: 1170: 1068: 899: 16114: 15349: 13596: 10284: 10259: 10082: 9458:

Jowitt, Simon M.; Werner, Timothy T.; Weng, Zhehan; Mudd, Gavin M. (October 1, 2018).

6710: 6317: 6188: 5215: 5214:

Haxel G.; Hedrick J.; Orris J. (2002). Peter H. Stauffer; James W. Hendley II (eds.).

5188: 5153: 4027:. Pre-feasibility drilling at this site has confirmed significant quantities of black 2787:

Well-known minerals containing yttrium, and other HREE, include gadolinite, xenotime,

16676: 16492: 16466: 16454: 16439: 16350: 16198: 16025: 15924: 15855: 15537: 15532: 15472: 15465: 15430: 15193: 15008: 14916: 14664: 14617: 14494: 14354: 14344: 14309: 14299: 14267: 14210: 14205: 14108: 13396: 13354: 12989: 12859: 12083: 11047: 10848: 10734: 10500: 10437: 10419: 10352: 10344: 10297: 10289: 10195: 10146: 10128: 10086: 10036: 10018: 9963: 9955: 9908: 9890: 9846: 9834: 9794: 9782: 9728: 9653: 9645: 9602: 9594: 9547: 9499: 9487: 9414: 9363: 9335: 9173: 9165: 9161: 8982: 8912: 8904: 8830: 8720: 8543: 8361: 8360:. Volume 28 of NATO science series: Disarmament technologies. Springer. p. 229. 8329: 6617: 6576: 6321: 6266: 6170: 6082: 6072: 6022: 6012: 5794: 5784: 5756: 5746: 5708: 5681: 5656:

B. Smith Hopkins: "Chemistry of the rarer elements", D. C. Heath & Company, 1923.

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imposed by the US and EU countries. Rare-earth metals serve as crucial materials for

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were available, the separation of the rare earths was primarily achieved by repeated

2404: 2239: 2196: 2192: 1922: 1845: 1539: 1489: 1463: 1451: 1383: 1324: 1245: 1166: 605: 13611: 13480: 13431: 11170: 10364: 9975: 8994: 8924: 6612: 6572: 6278: 5970: 5934: 5524: 5437:. Vol. 31. Contributor: Matthias Bohnet (6th ed.). Wiley-VCH. p. 24. 2238:

was listed in the periodic table of elements with a molecular mass of 138. In 1879,

1100: 16778: 16706: 16701: 16269: 16247: 16207: 16183: 16147: 16119: 16099: 16047: 15892: 15832: 15627: 15410: 15378: 15366: 15247: 15132: 15049: 14991: 14627: 14622: 14586: 14425: 14168: 14153: 14130: 14103: 13674: 13646: 13470: 13441: 13416: 13391: 13374: 13224: 13142: 12918: 12783: 12741: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12147: 11852: 11681: 11510: 11429: 11348: 11321: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11037: 11027: 10978:"EU, U.S. exploring new sources of Rare Earth Minerals, should China limit exports" 10923:"Tech's Mineral Infrastructure – Time to Emulate China's Rare Earth Policies." 10714: 10490: 10482: 10427: 10411: 10336: 10279: 10244: 10240: 10185: 10177: 10136: 10120: 10078: 10026: 10010: 9947: 9927: 9898: 9882: 9826: 9772: 9764: 9718: 9710: 9637: 9586: 9537: 9479: 9404: 9394: 9355: 9157: 9045: 9024: 8974: 8896: 8818: 8784: 8708: 7957: 6607: 6568: 6313: 6258: 6162: 6143:"Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements" 5966: 5922: 5914: 5852: 5673: 5395: 5183: 5165: 5124: 5114: 4912: 4833: 4559: 4499: 4459: 4273: 4261: 4245: 4095: 4072: 3860: 3570:

is the normalized concentration of the element whose anomaly has to be calculated,

3119: 3115: 3082: 2945:(80 to 200 km depth) produces a volatile-rich magma (high concentrations of CO 2743: 2493: 2440: 2145: 2141: 1974: 1810: 1802: 1794: 1750: 1746: 1734: 1666: 1610: 1603: 1282: 1045: 14755: 13953: 13821: 13601: 9830: 9641: 8712: 8296:. (29 May – 3 June 2011). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2011. Archived from 4019:. Additionally, in 2010, a large deposit of rare-earth minerals was discovered in 16835: 16783: 16414: 16277: 16132: 16042: 16032: 16020: 15999: 15875: 15860: 15642: 15637: 15477: 15388: 15272: 15257: 15252: 15033: 14947: 14728: 14551: 14522: 14257: 14082: 13801: 13734: 13510: 13458: 13421: 13095: 12956: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 10929: 10891: 10886: 10682: 10602: 10579: 10554: 10486: 9198: 8089: 7070: 7046: 6538: 6432: 6124: 5466: 5399: 5239: 4645: 3879: 3874:

in Myanmar is the world's largest source of rare earths. In 2021, China imported

3729:

sources; this is important in the investigation of ocean mixing and circulation.

3099: 2938: 2747: 2724: 2536: 2436: 2285: 2066: 1966: 1658: 1559: 1547: 1414:

firesteel (flint) products, single-mode fiber optical amplifiers (as a dopant of

1407: 1399: 1331: 15110: 13744: 13606: 9483: 2391:, and hafnium and zirconium have very similar chemical and physical properties. 1087:; four of the rare-earth elements bear names derived from this single location. 16813: 16736: 16502: 16392: 16387: 16365: 16152: 16139: 16082: 16015: 16003: 15897: 15738: 15706: 15607: 15361: 15333: 15298: 15239: 14797: 14792: 14760: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14590: 14433: 14349: 14125: 14064: 13938: 13791: 13786: 13739: 13729: 13719: 13490: 13381: 13369: 13339: 12904: 12899: 12869: 12864: 12849: 12515: 11212: 11032: 11007: 10559: 10415: 9886: 9768: 9300: 8598: 8589: 5577:

Spedding F., Daane A. H.: "The Rare Earths", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961.

5462: 4917: 4893: 4724: 4629: 4455: 4142: 4099: 4090: 4032: 3782: 3757: 2899: 2673: 2400: 2384: 2322: 2058: 2026: 1958: 1881: 1502: 1498: 1415: 1225: 13923: 13530: 11140: 10719: 10702: 10340: 9542: 9517: 9399: 8978: 5011: 3969: 3968:

signed an agreement in October 2010 to supply Japan with rare earths from its

1044:

Though rare-earth elements are technically relatively plentiful in the entire

16931: 16850: 16360: 15995: 15805: 15622: 15617: 15482: 15319: 15303: 15171: 15157: 15038: 15001: 14932: 14864: 14858: 14843: 14738: 14723: 14631: 14282: 14135: 14098: 14072: 13913: 13858: 13709: 13694: 13520: 13364: 12306: 11051: 10908: 10687: 10423: 10348: 10293: 10258:

Li, Xiaofei; Chen, Zhibiao; Chen, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Yonghe (October 1, 2013).

10181: 10132: 10090: 10022: 9959: 9894: 9838: 9786: 9649: 9598: 9566: 9551: 9491: 9432: 9367: 9169: 9029: 9012: 8986: 8908: 7336: 6621: 6580: 6325: 6270: 6174: 6086: 6067:

Jébrak, Michel; Marcoux, Eric; Laithier, Michelle; Skipwith, Patrick (2014).

6026: 5677: 5179: 5119: 5049: 4779: 4730:

panel investigation is completed, which is expected by the end of June 2011.

4564:

Renewable energy § Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements

4322: 4149:. The Kuantan development brought renewed attention to the Malaysian town of 4058:

listed Peak Resources announced in February 2012, that their Tanzanian-based

3936: 3151: 3127: 3042: 2965:-rich fluids, which can be produced by partial melting of hydrous-carbonated 2942: 2605: 2557: 2553: 2416: 2365: 2338: 2293: 2274: 2097: 1918: 1885: 1654: 1635: 1112: 1096: 775: 18: 15492: 13928: 13724: 10849:

James T. Areddy, David Fickling And Norihiko Shirouzu (September 23, 2010).

10014: 9951: 9383:"Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Wastewater Towards a Circular Economy" 8876: 7298: 5798: 5760: 5637:

Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond

2835: 2639:

In their oxides, most rare-earth elements only have a valence of 3 and form

2633: 2447: 16793: 16728: 16681: 16377: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16242: 16237: 15902: 15760: 15487: 15442: 15312: 15308: 15276: 15166: 15088: 15059: 14984: 14979: 14969: 14869: 14787: 14718: 14673: 14404: 14384: 14369: 14333: 14328: 14304: 14220: 14113: 13990: 13811: 13781: 13699: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13651: 13562: 13463: 13219: 12884: 12879: 12633: 12568: 12360: 12189: 11894: 11294: 11227: 10504: 10441: 10356: 10301: 10199: 10040: 9967: 9912: 9732: 9714: 9657: 9606: 9418: 9359: 8916: 8855: 7659:"Pensana confirms $ 494m capital cost for its Saltend, Longonjo operations" 6142: 5458: 5197: 5138: 5007: 4841: 4463: 4314: 4310: 4000: 3924: 3871: 3773: 3737: 3714: 3134:

of some rare earths relative to others depending on the processes at work.

3123: 3111: 2887: 2867: 2751: 2524: 2497: 2408: 2125: 2022: 1970: 1681: 1367: 1221: 999: 936: 817: 684: 458: 15497: 14020: 14015: 14005: 13968: 13958: 13898: 13831: 13344: 10368: 10150: 10124: 9177: 7396: 6262: 2469:, where X is a mixture of rare-earth elements and sometimes thorium), and 2207:. This confusion led to several false claims of new elements, such as the 16845: 16825: 16798: 16624: 16382: 16282: 15980: 15969: 15964: 15912: 15790: 15780: 15649: 15105: 15074: 15069: 15028: 14937: 14713: 14688: 14683: 14652: 14409: 14364: 14272: 14252: 13985: 13908: 13868: 13776: 13756: 13500: 13485: 13475: 13411: 13331: 12999: 12874: 12628: 12414: 12378: 12369: 12279: 12261: 12252: 11289: 11042: 10904: 10109:"Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds" 7602:"NioCorp Superalloy Materials The Elk Creek Superalloy Materials Project" 6596:"Global rare earth elements projects: New developments and supply chains" 6504:"Cox C. 2008. Rare earth innovation. Herndon (VA): The Anchor House Inc;" 6435:. 1997. United States Geological Survey. 29 February 2008. Bulletin 2143. 6112: 4857: 4828: 4603: 4265: 4200: 4065: 3961: 3953: 3821: 3793: 3041:

The REE geochemical classification is usually done on the basis of their

2958: 2910: 2796: 2651: 2640: 2594: 2380: 2326: 2164: 1555: 1411: 1347: 1343: 1285:

and alkali-resistant glass, flint, hydrogen storage, battery-electrodes,

1155: 1064: 1030: 859: 831: 824: 754: 740: 733: 10519: 10495: 9991:"Green Approach for Rare Earth Element (REE) Recovery from Coal Fly Ash" 9777: 9336:"Rare earth elements removal techniques from water/wastewater: a review" 8677: 7546:"Mining Venture Draws $ 200 Million in Tax Incentives and Red Flags (1)" 7501: 5947: 5926: 5633:Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Серебро — Нильсборий и далее 5255: 5170: 4517: 4212: 3313:

the analytical concentration of the element measured in the sample, and

2766:

Among the anhydrous rare-earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral

2738:

The rare-earth elements are often found together. During the sequential

2329:. The Russian chemist R. Harmann proposed that a new element he called " 1099:

and symbol, the etymology of their names, and their main uses (see also

16788: 16718: 16688: 16671: 16649: 16459: 16329: 16324: 16037: 15985: 15810: 15733: 15632: 15527: 15205: 15115: 15100: 15083: 15079: 14836: 14605: 14339: 14235: 14215: 14146: 13980: 13761: 13630: 13626: 13515: 13359: 12773: 12423: 12351: 12324: 12297: 11957: 11939: 11912: 11743: 11734: 11473: 11144: 8900: 8789: 8764: 7149:"Illegal rare earth mining harms environment in Myanmar's Kachin state" 4817: 4749: 4469:

Ce, La, and Nd are important in alloy making, and in the production of

4269: 4134: 4020: 3957: 3748: 3687: 2966: 2922: 2871: 2859: 2804: 2788: 2732: 2728: 2707: 2598: 2540: 2369: 2314: 2269: 2257: 2085: 1978: 1806: 1781: 1762: 1754: 1650: 1629: 1492: 1483: 1391: 1241: 1076: 1022: 987: 928: 866: 810: 789: 768: 507: 493: 472: 344: 337: 138: 14000: 13963: 13505: 9672:"Rare earth elements for smartphones can be extracted from coal waste" 9590: 8113:"Rare Earths Discovery Near Wheatland So Big It Could Be World Leader" 8045:

Chee, Foo Yun; Blenkinsop, Philip; Chee, Foo Yun (November 13, 2023).

5918: 5536: 4887: 2909:

Enriched deposits of rare-earth elements at the surface of the Earth,

2379:(element 72) would not be a rare-earth element. Moseley was killed in 2121: 1334:, polishing powder, yellow colors in glass and ceramics, catalyst for 16820: 16766: 16666: 16644: 16629: 16431: 16162: 16054: 15990: 15887: 15800: 15755: 15691: 15676: 15522: 15393: 15183: 14974: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14610: 14399: 14379: 14262: 14225: 13918: 13883: 13714: 13634: 13495: 12829: 12798: 12653: 12643: 12638: 12432: 12405: 12396: 12243: 12225: 12216: 12207: 11993: 11903: 11876: 11824: 11770: 11752: 11716: 11696: 11635: 11572: 11516: 11455: 11444: 11363: 11314: 11304: 11299: 10800: 8822: 6950:"El Reg man: Too bad, China – I was RIGHT about hoarding rare earths" 6472:"The Rare-Earth Elements—Vital to Modern Technologies and Lifestyles" 6166: 5702: 5021: 4837: 4805:. On September 2, 2010, a few days before the fishing boat incident, 4470: 4466:, hard disc drives, portable electronics, microphones, and speakers. 4440: 4343: 4318: 4298: 4253: 4220: 4138: 4133:. The plant would refine ore — lanthanides concentrate from the 4085:

China processes about 90% of the world's REEs and 60% of the world's

4024: 4008: 3983: 3932: 3912: 3900: 3789: 3142: 2995: 2918: 2914: 2883: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2776: 2681: 2625: 2617: 2601:, but most promethium is synthetically produced in nuclear reactors. 2582: 2420: 2388: 2350: 2171:. It took him three more years to separate the lanthana further into 2117: 1945: 1835: 1435: 1269: 1237: 960: 956: 873: 852: 845: 726: 712: 705: 698: 535: 465: 444: 407: 365: 351: 323: 305: 261: 212: 168: 124: 115: 55: 13426: 13349: 11106:, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242, June 25, 2019, 11008:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" 10521:

Rare Earth Elements in Agriculture with Emphasis on Animal Husbandry

9863:"Adsorption of rare earth elements in regolith-hosted clay deposits" 8259:"Rare Earth ETF Jumps As Plans To Break China's Hold Suffer Setback" 7281:"Monoceros Mineral Resources invests in Steenkampskraal Rare Earths" 6734:"China to cut exports of 'rare earth' minerals vital to energy tech" 5896: 5525:

History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers

5254:

Keith R. Long; Bradley S. Van Gosen; Nora K. Foley; Daniel Cordier.

2906:) have been the principal ores of cerium and the light lanthanides. 893: 16761: 16471: 16399: 16087: 15815: 15795: 15716: 15552: 15450: 15383: 15152: 14911: 14782: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14452: 14323: 14247: 13995: 13948: 13579: 13554: 13542: 13267: 12821: 12778: 12387: 12288: 12171: 12153: 12128: 12119: 12092: 12065: 12029: 12020: 12002: 11930: 11921: 11815: 11687: 11653: 11563: 11554: 11545: 11536: 11491: 11410: 11392: 11327: 10766:"Seventeen Metals: 'The Middle East has oil, China has rare earth'" 8028:"Sweden's LKAB finds Europe's biggest deposit of rare-earth metals" 7730: 6425: 5382: 4827:

The United States Geological Survey is actively surveying southern

4820:

as the element that was most critical in terms of import reliance.

4707: 4530: 4208: 4114: 4102:. In 2024, an EU backed lithium mining project created large scale 3991: 3987: 3928: 3892: 3833: 3699: 3695: 3683: 3012: 2934: 2895: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2828: 2824: 2800: 2792: 2771: 2767: 2685: 2669: 2629: 2621: 2570: 2508: 2481: 2470: 2459: 2432: 2412: 2342: 2330: 2302: 2252: 2235: 2221: 2133: 1998: 1738: 1684:

detectors, a substrate for magneto-optical films, high performance

1591: 1578: 1527: 1459: 1403: 1142: 1014: 991: 948: 838: 761: 670: 656: 640: 633: 612: 591: 563: 556: 542: 486: 479: 400: 298: 275: 205: 198: 191: 184: 152: 92: 78: 30: 10548:"Malaysia Rare Earths in Largest Would-Be Refinery Incite Protest" 6071:(2nd ed.). St. John's, NL: Geological Association of Canada. 5315:

C. R. Hammond. "Section 4; The Elements". In David R. Lide (ed.).

3792:

deposit. The Browns Range mine, located 160 km south east of

3085:

towards the nuclear charge due to the progressive filling of the 4

2492:

are more difficult to mine and extract than equivalent sources of

2383:

in 1915, years before hafnium was discovered. Hence, the claim of

1244:, gas mantles, additive to steel, aluminium and magnesium alloys, 916: 16656: 16639: 16419: 16287: 16217: 16193: 16092: 15728: 15654: 15289: 15229: 15222: 15137: 15095: 14942: 14921: 14902: 14884: 14826: 14765: 14733: 14678: 14394: 14318: 14178: 14158: 14087: 13749: 13656: 13574: 13537: 13525: 12648: 12484: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12342: 12333: 12315: 12270: 12198: 12180: 12110: 12056: 12038: 12011: 11984: 11966: 11948: 11858: 11788: 11761: 11725: 11707: 11671: 11662: 11644: 11626: 11525: 11464: 11354: 11309: 11181: 7264:

Leifert, H. (June 2010). "Restarting US rare earth production?".

5289:(77th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 10–12. 4793:

It was reported, but officially denied, that China instituted an

4637: 4538: 4534: 4293: 4216: 4130: 4086: 4059: 4016: 3965: 3848: 3691: 3357:

the concentration of the same element in the reference material.

2986: 2528: 2428: 2424: 2376: 2346: 2108:("earth" in the geological parlance of the day), which he called 2093: 2004: 1905: 1838:(in Latin, "Holmia"), the native city of one of its discoverers. 1829: 1723: 1717: 1700:

detectors, possibly in catalytic conversion of automobile fumes.

1196: 1190: 1080: 1038: 1034: 995: 803: 796: 782: 747: 691: 677: 626: 584: 570: 549: 528: 514: 500: 430: 379: 358: 330: 316: 289: 282: 268: 254: 175: 131: 48: 9333: 8139:"Norway discovers Europe's largest deposit of rare earth metals" 5743:

Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation

5612: 5101:

Huang, Jing; Yu, Zheng; Chistoserdova, Ludmila (June 26, 2018).

2234:

There were no further discoveries for 30 years, and the element

2203:, and Delafontaine named the substance with the yellow peroxide 16741: 16127: 16010: 15850: 15659: 15602: 15512: 14952: 14581: 14240: 14230: 14193: 14183: 14163: 13975: 13826: 12234: 12162: 12047: 11975: 11885: 11867: 11833: 11797: 11779: 11608: 11599: 11590: 11482: 11435: 11401: 11383: 11338: 11159: 10933: 6341:"Rare Earths of the Grenville Sub-Province, Ontario and Quebec" 4616: 4543: 4257: 4079: 3920: 3916: 3765: 3736:

display long half-lives. Of particular interest are the La-Ce,

3707: 3703: 3679: 2982: 2930: 2903: 2875: 2863: 2834:

Well-known minerals containing cerium, and other LREE, include

2808: 2770:

that incorporates yttrium and the HREE, whereas the monoclinic

2760: 2720: 2246:

and found several new spectral lines in didymia. Also in 1879,

1868: 1849: 1727: 1697: 1642: 1584: 1314: 1286: 1084: 1075:

are sparse. The first rare-earth mineral discovered (1787) was

1057: 1049: 944: 719: 663: 577: 521: 451: 437: 414: 386: 372: 240: 233: 226: 145: 108: 85: 71: 39: 11141:"Rare-Earth Elements: The Intersection of Science and Society" 9080:"China Wrestles with the Toxic Aftermath of Rare Earth Mining" 9013:"Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries" 8763:

Zhou, Baolu; Li, Zhongxue; Chen, Congcong (October 25, 2017).

6851:"WRAPUP 4-US, EU, Japan take on China at WTO over rare earths" 5745:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. 5362:"Theoretical insights into the hydrophobicity of low index CeO 4082:

area, which would make it the largest such deposit in Europe.

3756:

Until 1948, most of the world's rare earths were sourced from

3732:

Rare-earth elements are also useful for dating rocks, as some

2799:, yttrotantalite, yttrotungstite, yttrofluorite (a variety of 2446:

The principal sources of rare-earth elements are the minerals

16661: 16634: 16188: 15959: 15822: 15686: 15594: 15200: 14817: 13446: 13436: 13401: 12765: 12448: 12137: 11842: 11500: 11374: 10524:(Dissertation). LMU München: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 9745: 9138: 6503: 6066: 4787: 4272:, that will produce 200 tons of rare earths a year from used 4249: 4204: 4154: 4146: 4126: 4044: 3844: 3829: 3761: 2879: 2711:

Abundance of elements in Earth's crust per million Si atoms (

2318: 2105: 2008: 1954: 1926: 1911: 1877: 1841: 1798: 1758: 1742: 1646: 1595: 1551: 1543: 1455: 1395: 1387: 1148: 647: 421: 159: 64: 8506:

China's rare earth ore deposits and beneficiation techniques

7883:"Hay tierras raras aquí y están... en un lugar de La Mancha" 5615:[Popular library of chemical elements. Gadolinium]. 5477: 5221:. United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02. 5216:"Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology" 3975:, however the deal was never realized due to disagreements. 3943:. Significant sites under development outside China include 3828:

In response to the opening of new mines in other countries (

3819:

resources and protect the environment. On October 19, 2010,

3145:, as these are believed to be the closest representation of 3130:

differences between the elements, which causes preferential

2937:, along pre-existing fractures, and can be emplaced deep in 2267:

by direct isolation from samarskite. They named the element

16340: 16157: 15845: 15748: 15701: 15120: 14831: 14198: 14188: 13863: 13386: 12101: 12074: 11617: 11581: 11419: 10961:

Simpson, S. (October 2011). "Afghanistan's Buried Riches".

9268:"South China Villagers Slam Pollution From Rare Earth Mine" 8047:"EU agrees mineral supply targets to cut reliance on China" 7335:. London: Insigner Beaufort Equity Research. Archived from 6793: 4765: 4738: 4727: 4277: 3253:{\displaystyle _{n}={\frac {_{\text{sam}}}{_{\text{std}}}}} 2574: 2485: 2129: 619: 598: 247: 219: 99: 8324:"Lynas gets full operating licence before TOL expiry date" 7791:"New Multi-Element Targets and Overall Resource Potential" 7681:"Pensana breaks ground at Saltend and secures ATF funding" 6140: 5213: 4816:

in its 2010 Critical Materials Strategy report identified

2950:

forming from these melts are typically S-Type granitoids.

15502: 14821: 14743: 13591: 11806: 11221: 10583: 9564: 8693:

International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization

8566:. Recycling International. March 26, 2013. Archived from 4734:

were announced by the Malaysian government in late June.

4252:

that have significant rare-earth components. Advances in

1607: 1072: 1006: 393: 10573:"UN investigation into Malaysia rare-earth plant safety" 9807: 9433:"Towards zero-waste valorization of rare earth elements" 9243:. China Mining Association. May 21, 2010. Archived from 6980:"China scraps quotas on rare earths after WTO complaint" 6292:

Alibo, Dia Sotto; Nozaki, Yoshiyuki (February 1, 1999).

2616:

Rare-earth elements occur in nature in combination with

2296:

that indicated the existence of an unknown element. The

1638:(1760–1852), to honor his investigation of rare earths. 16:

Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium

10463: 9926:

Liu, Pan; Huang, Rixiang; Tang, Yuanzhi (May 7, 2019).

8195:"Kronologi Peristiwa di Kilang Nadir Bumi, Bukit Merah" 7200:"EU stockpiles rare earths as tensions with China rise" 5613:"Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Гадолиний" 4031:, which contains about 1% rare-earth oxides (REO). The 2435:, and the other actinides in the materials produced in 10164:

Rim, Kyung Taek; Koo, Kwon Ho; Park, Jung Sun (2013).

9859: 8736:"An electric jolt salvages valuable metals from waste" 7040:"China Trade - Invest Based On Rare Earth Price Hikes" 5151: 4764:

Global rare-earth-oxide production trends, 1956-2008 (

4161:

subsidiary, Asian Rare Earth, closed in 1994 and left

4007:

Also under consideration for mining are sites such as

2977:

of an alkaline primary magma, or by separation of a CO

2723:, which is actually the 25th most abundant element in 2152:

independently discovered the same oxide and called it

10880:

Backlash over the alleged China curb on metal exports

10052: 10050: 7230:"Canadian Firms Step Up Search for Rare-Earth Metals" 7175:"Is Myanmar's junta benefiting from rare-earth boom?" 4718:, widespread protests took place in Kuantan over the 3624: 3576: 3534: 3374: 3319: 3275: 3163: 10700: 10647:"Greenland votes, split on rare earth metals mining" 10102: 10100: 9457: 9380: 8090:"Thousands protest against lithium mining in Serbia" 8072:"Securing the EU's supply of critical raw materials" 5310: 5308: 5306: 5100: 4883: 4244:

Another recently developed source of rare earths is

3141:

Commonly, the rare-earth elements are normalized to

2547: 2144:. In 1803 they obtained a white oxide and called it 10948:"US Geological Survey: China's Rare-Earth Industry" 10824:"Amid Tension, China Blocks Vital Exports to Japan" 9688: 8503:Zhi Li, Ling; Yang, Xiaosheng (September 4, 2014). 7419:"Rare earths supply deal between Japan and Vietnam" 6671:"Rare Earth Elements: A Wrench in the Supply Chain" 6541:. Reuters. August 31, 2009. Retrieved Aug 31, 2009. 6532:"As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms" 5868: 3863:manufacturing and high-tech military applications. 2688:

structure, as it occurs in a mineral of that name (

2661:3 (no. 199), but is now known to be in space group 2439:. Plutonium-239 was very desirable because it is a 2017:– PET scan detectors, high-refractive-index glass, 1209:) as host for europium in television red phosphor, 10851:"China Denies Halting Rare-Earth Exports to Japan" 10797:"Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to China" 10221: 10047: 9464:Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 9305:"After China's Rare Earth Embargo, a New Calculus" 8875:Pang, Xin; Li, Decheng; Peng, An (March 1, 2002). 8474:"Discovery of rare earths around Minami-Torishima" 8225:"Mitsubishi Quietly Cleans Up Its Former Refinery" 8044: 7727:"Federal minister approves N.W.T. rare earth mine" 7064:"Rare earths are the next geopolitical chess game" 6821:"China halts rare earth production at three mines" 6676:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 6477:. United States Geological Survey. November 2014. 6108:"Rare earth elements plentiful in ocean sediments" 5672:. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 184. 5480:Rare Earth Information Center, IPRT, North-Holland 3658: 3610: 3562: 3517: 3349: 3305: 3252: 2048:Parts per million in Earth's crust, e.g. Pb=13 ppm 1095:A table listing the 17 rare-earth elements, their 13933: 10605:. Iaea.org (2011-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-09-27. 10596:IAEA Submits Lynas Report to Malaysian Government 10097: 8564:"New liquid extraction frontier for rare earths?" 8355: 7395:. Great Western Mineral Group Ltd. Archived from 6815: 6813: 6794:Zhang Qi; Ding Qingfen; Fu Jing (July 15, 2011). 6217:"Europe Must Get Serious About Critical Minerals" 5537:Stephen David Barrett; Sarnjeet S. Dhesi (2001). 5303: 4961:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 4948:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 4860:'s now-classic 1967 international crime-thriller 4162: 3978:The largest rare-earth deposit in the U.S. is at 3776:province. Through the 1960s until the 1980s, the 3089:orbital which acts against the electrons of the 6 2182:; the one that yielded yellow peroxide he called 1749:(as part of the white triband phosphor coating), 1199:, where the first rare-earth ore was discovered. 1128: 16929: 11066:"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction" 10676:"The Difference Engine: More precious than gold" 10389: 8444:"Seabed offers brighter hope in rare-earth hunt" 8383:"Estonia's rare earth break China's market grip" 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6664: 6662: 5565:On Rare And Scattered Metals: Tales About Metals 4844:has estimated its value at about $ 7.4 billion. 4799:the detainment of a Chinese fishing boat captain 4040:future because of the law passed December 2012. 2458:, where R is a mixture of rare-earth elements), 2333:" should be present in this mineral, but later, 10257: 10061:(Mart.) Solms in Guangdong Province of China". 9511: 9509: 9299: 9006: 9004: 8594:"Japan Recycles Minerals From Used Electronics" 8087: 7363:"California mine digs in for 'green' gold rush" 6009:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 5497:"The History and Future of Rare Earth Elements" 4484: 4137:mine in Australia. The ore would be trucked to 2668:(no. 206). The structure is similar to that of 2229: 2104:professor, and his analysis yielded an unknown 1844:, wavelength calibration standards for optical 11125:"10 ways rare earth elements make life better" 9988: 8010:"Japan Discovers Domestic Rare Earths Reserve" 7517: 7515: 7259: 7257: 6810: 6550: 5669:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 5435:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 5038:. Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 118–122. 4969:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): 4755: 4661: 4588: 2079: 1173:, radioactive tracing agent in oil refineries 19: 13283: 12500: 11197: 11104:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic" 10975: 10617:"Why rare-earth mining in the West is a bust" 10614: 9619: 9073: 9071: 8650:. Recycling International. October 11, 2011. 8414:"Gold Rush Trash is Information Age Treasure" 8380: 7913:"Maiden Resource, Ngualla Rare Earth Project" 7819: 7719: 6873: 6668: 6659: 6593: 5818: 5432: 4553: 3713:In sedimentary rocks, rare-earth elements in 2874:, and cerianite. Monazite (marine sands from 10895:, London, 29 Aug 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-30. 10314: 10106: 9925: 9506: 9265: 9001: 8959:Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences 8881:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 8805: 8803: 8758: 8756: 8676:, vol. 37, no. 6, 2019, pp. 1721–36. JSTOR, 8626:"Rhodia to recycle rare earths from magnets" 8315: 6947: 6399:. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 132–133. 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5605: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4163:continuing environmental and health concerns 3011:is called supergene enrichment and produces 2403:and others in the United States (during the 1056:at 68 parts per million, more abundant than 10960: 10950:. Journalist's Resource.org. July 18, 2011. 10763: 9215:"Thorium - Cancer-Causing Substances - NCI" 8648:"Rhodia expands rare earth recycling reach" 7950:"Rare earths bankroll North Korea's future" 7853:"Greenland Votes to Get Tough on Investors" 7524:"Elk Creek deposit proves to be rare earth" 7512: 7411: 7263: 7254: 6916: 6765:"China's Rare Earth Exports Surge in Value" 6448:. Northern Minerals Limited. Archived from 6291: 5783:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 5774: 5772: 5770: 4120: 3019:In 2011, Yasuhiro Kato, a geologist at the 2755:REE (LREE) to heavy REE (HREE), called the 2394: 13290: 13276: 12507: 12493: 11204: 11190: 10976:Trakimavicius, Lukas (February 25, 2021). 10701:Barakos, G; Gutzmer, J; Mischo, H (2016). 10459: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10163: 9134: 9132: 9068: 8874: 8762: 8502: 8088:Ferreira Santos, Sofia (August 10, 2024). 6527: 6525: 6339:Rose, Edward Roderick (February 4, 1960). 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6002: 6000: 5540:The Structure of Rare-earth Metal Surfaces 5238:However, in contrast to ordinary base and 5013:Andrea Sella: "Insight: Rare-earth metals" 2702: 2167:. He called the oxide of the soluble salt 1466:, electric motors in electric automobiles 1346:flints for lighters, robust intrinsically 11041: 11031: 10718: 10494: 10431: 10283: 10189: 10140: 10030: 9902: 9776: 9722: 9541: 9408: 9398: 9192:"Can the US Rare-Earth Industry Rebound?" 9077: 9028: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8800: 8788: 8753: 8218: 8216: 7476:"Gần 10 năm chưa khai thác được đất hiếm" 6919:"China cuts mines vital to tech industry" 6731: 6611: 6358: 6243:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 6193:European Commission - European Commission 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6011:(2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5740: 5721: 5381: 5314: 5284: 5209: 5207: 5187: 5169: 5128: 5118: 4991: 4125:In early 2011, Australian mining company 2488:. Despite their high relative abundance, 1071:. Consequently, economically exploitable 11005: 10821: 10815: 9749:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 8870: 8868: 8222: 8162: 8136: 7850: 7327: 7279:Casey, Jessica, ed. (February 5, 2022). 7172: 6762: 5869:William Zachariasen (January 11, 1927). 5778: 5767: 4950:"Red Book" (p. 45) recommends that 4870:, but not to be confused with the movie 4759: 4516: 4157:, where a rare-earth mine operated by a 3747: 3269:indicates the normalized concentration, 2706: 1910:after the mythological northern land of 1107:Overview of rare-earth metal properties 1033:. They are often found in minerals with 12304: 10799:. The Anchor House, Inc. Archived from 10517: 10448: 9515: 9295: 9293: 9241:"Govt cracks whip on rare earth mining" 9129: 8588: 8356:Rofer, Cheryl K.; Tõnis Kaasik (2000). 8256: 8252: 8250: 7941: 7656: 7650: 7646:from the original on September 9, 2022. 7534:from the original on September 9, 2022. 7508:from the original on September 9, 2022. 6843: 6544: 6522: 6387: 6211: 6209: 5491: 5489: 5050:"Rare earths: Neither rare, nor earths" 5034:T Gray (2007). 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Retrieved 25 February 2021. 6763:Tony Jin (January 18, 2011). 6635:Ma, Damien (April 25, 2012). 6318:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00279-8 4933: 4336:Global REE consumption, 2015 4304: 3887:government by working with a 3778:Mountain Pass rare earth mine 3743: 2892:Mountain Pass rare earth mine 2676:(in which the cations form a 2337:, Galissard de Marignac, and 2007:, the city that later became 1342:catalyst for oil refineries, 1013:. The term 'rare-earth' is a 10487:10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.039 9516:Balaram, V. (July 1, 2019). 9162:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90059-4 9109:CHO, RENEE (April 5, 2023). 8012:. BrightWire. Archived from 7986:(in Korean). July 28, 2014. 7980:"북한, 올 5~6월 희토류 중국 수출 크게 늘어" 7889:(in Spanish). May 24, 2019. 6376:China's Rare Earth Dominance 6069:Geology of mineral resources 5707:. Berlin; London: Springer. 5400:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.208 4485:Environmental considerations 4403:US consumption of REE, 2018 3897:New Democratic Army – Kachin 2611: 2569:Rare-earth elements, except 2335:Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand 2230:Spectroscopic identification 2136:mineral, was re-examined by 2015:Positron emission tomography 1679:positron emission tomography 1350:coatings for turbine blades 1297:catalyst for oil refineries 7: 16526: 12850:Platinum-group metals (PGM) 12553:By periodic table structure 10553:September 11, 2014, at the 9484:10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.02.008 9046:"What colour is the cloud?" 8862:(Academic, New York, 1995). 8815:Mineral Commodity Summaries 7393:"Hoidas Lake, Saskatchewan" 6397:Mineral Commodity Summaries 5779:Brownlow, Arthur H (1996). 5741:Rollinson, Hugh R. (1993). 5433:Fritz Ullmann, ed. (2003). 4879: 4772:China has officially cited 4756:Geopolitical considerations 4662:Remediation after pollution 4589:Impact of REE contamination 4433: Metallurgy, 10% (10%) 4015:, and various locations in 3752:Global production 1950–2000 3061:Ho) and heavy (HREE - from 2366:Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley 2300:of the oxides then yielded 2288:, Lecoq de Boisbaudran and 2277:, and its oxide was named " 2080:Discovery and early history 1101:Applications of lanthanides 1090: 10: 16964: 12995:Goldschmidt classification 11703: 11532: 11451: 11370: 11334: 11236: 11033:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018 10563:, May 31, 2011 5:00 PM ET. 10560:Bloomberg Markets Magazine 10416:10.1038/s41598-017-10256-7 9887:10.1038/s41467-020-17801-5 9769:10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.029 8542:. INTECH. pp. 41–60. 7062:S. Burns (Feb. 16, 2021). 5899:Journal of Applied Physics 5879:Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 5465:programme, March 19, 2014 5002:Professor of Chemistry at 4716:Fukushima nuclear disaster 4557: 4554:Recycling and reusing REEs 4421: Polishing, 10% (10%) 4409: Catalysts, 60% (60%) 4358: Polishing, 12% (12%) 4287: 4276:, magnets, and batteries. 3960:project in Australia. The 3811: 2975:fractional crystallization 2917:, are related to alkaline 2298:fractional crystallization 2244:optical flame spectroscopy 1218:yttria-stabilized zirconia 1054:25th-most-abundant element 313: 181: 121: 61: 36: 16948:Sets of chemical elements 16879: 16727: 16610: 16536: 16532: 16521: 16480: 16430: 16323: 16319: 16306: 16173: 16113: 16070: 15940: 15831: 15771: 15675: 15593: 15589: 15576: 15441: 15332: 15238: 14895: 14663: 14463: 14063: 14056: 14052: 14039: 13846: 13667: 13553: 13330: 13323: 13319: 13306: 13233: 13195: 13128: 13008: 12965: 12926: 12917: 12842: 12820: 12797: 12764: 12754: 12732: 12662: 12574:2 (Alkaline earth metals) 12559: 12552: 12543: 12522: 12446: 12146: 11851: 11680: 11509: 11428: 11347: 11320: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11231: 11226: 11219: 11149:Science History Institute 11134: 11129:Science History Institute 11118: 11113: 11108:Science History Institute 11097: 11092: 11087: 10905:"Rare earths: Digging in" 10720:10.1016/j.jsm.2016.05.002 10518:Redling, Kerstin (2006). 10341:10.1007/s10653-017-9982-x 10170:Safety and Health at Work 9543:10.1016/j.gsf.2018.12.005 9400:10.3390/molecules24061005 9117:. Columbia Climate School 8979:10.1007/s13530-016-0276-y 8680:. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2023. 6892:Science History Institute 6431:January 20, 2022, at the 5502:Science History Institute 5107:Frontiers in Microbiology 5004:University College London 4679:This section needs to be 4523:Bayan Obo Mining District 4370: Metallurgy, 8% (8%) 3814:Rare earths trade dispute 2807:. Small amounts occur in 2579:supernova nucleosynthesis 2577:and thus are produced by 2564: 2250:isolated the new element 1997: 1944: 1904: 1867: 1828: 1780: 1716: 1628: 1577: 1534:Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets 1526: 1482: 1444:, and "didymos", meaning 1434: 1376:, and "didymos", meaning 1366: 1313: 1268: 1189: 1163:aluminium-scandium alloys 1141: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1111: 990:or lanthanoids (although 907:coin for size comparison) 16757:Mergers and acquisitions 16498:Research and development 14863:Chemical & hormonal 14518:Communications equipment 10601:October 7, 2012, at the 10182:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12 9050:European Investment Bank 9030:10.3390/resources3010123 7330:"Great western minerals" 7014:World Trade Organization 6221:European Investment Bank 6007:Winter, John D. (2010). 5678:10.1002/14356007.a22_607 5120:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01366 4376: Batteries, 8% (8%) 4352: Magnets, 23% (23%) 4121:Malaysian refining plans 3895:, formerly known as the 3807: 3740:-Nd, and Lu-Hf systems. 2973:-rich primary magma, by 2502:liquid–liquid extraction 2395:Sources and purification 2150:Martin Heinrich Klaproth 2063:primordial radioisotopes 1655:computer bubble memories 1340:fluid catalytic cracking 1295:fluid catalytic cracking 1203:Yttrium aluminium garnet 15548:Painting and decorating 14572:Medical imaging systems 14505:Parts & peripherals 13213:systematic element name 13185:in East Asian languages 12535:Extended periodic table 11176:Encyclopædia Britannica 10885:April 15, 2018, at the 10681:April 23, 2018, at the 10586:, 30 May 2011 05:52 ET. 10225:Atmospheric Environment 10015:10.1021/acs.est.2c09273 9952:10.1021/acs.est.9b00005 8860:Tunable Lasers Handbook 8538:Um, Namil (July 2017). 7857:The Wall Street Journal 5370:Applied Surface Science 5081:Milken Institute Review 5077:"Rare Earths Explained" 4714:In May 2011, after the 4388: Ceramics, 6% (6%) 4328: 4037:government of Greenland 3986:. Originally opened by 2703:Geological distribution 2587:asymptotic giant branch 2290:Eugène-Anatole Demarçay 1803:magnetostrictive alloys 1795:neodymium based magnets 1761:systems, stabilizer of 1751:magnetostrictive alloys 1735:neodymium based magnets 1583:after the continent of 1319:after the dwarf planet 16861:State-owned enterprise 16841:Nonprofit organization 16752:Horizontal integration 14565:Scientific instruments 14528:Network infrastructure 13056:Electron configuration 13046:Electrical resistivity 12985:Electron configuration 12789:Post-transition metals 10578:June 22, 2022, at the 10467:Environmental Research 9715:10.1126/sciadv.abm3132 9360:10.5004/dwt.2018.22844 7069:June 15, 2022, at the 7045:June 26, 2022, at the 6123:July 10, 2011, at the 4769: 4526: 4427: "other", 5% (5%) 4364: "other", 9% (9%) 3753: 3672:partition coefficients 3660: 3612: 3564: 3519: 3351: 3307: 3254: 3079:lanthanide contraction 2757:lanthanide contraction 2716: 2636:), and oxygen anions. 2102:Royal Academy of Turku 1694:solid oxide fuel cells 1671:magnetic refrigeration 1394:lighting, colorant in 1126:Selected applications 16204:Private investigation 12890:Transuranium elements 10928:May 26, 2011, at the 10125:10.1289/ehp.96104s185 9867:Nature Communications 9197:May 14, 2012, at the 8817:. 2019. p. 132. 7771:on September 18, 2010 7550:news.bloombergtax.com 6827:. September 6, 2011. 6769:The China Perspective 6537:June 5, 2022, at the 6263:10.1007/s004100050159 5821:"Rare Earth Elements" 5701:Zepf, Volker (2013). 4763: 4613:Eichhornia crassipes) 4558:Further information: 4520: 4462:, generators in some 4013:Northwest Territories 3751: 3661: 3613: 3565: 3520: 3352: 3308: 3255: 3143:chondritic meteorites 2710: 2523:Before the time that 2407:) developed chemical 2362:X-ray crystallography 2114:Anders Gustav Ekeberg 1722:after the village of 1675:magnetocaloric effect 1532:after mine official, 1230:solid oxide fuel cell 1195:after the village of 22:in the periodic table 16772:Vertical integration 14778:Speciality chemicals 14618:Electrical equipment 14535:Consumer electronics 13106:Thermal conductivity 13081:Heat of vaporization 12523:Periodic table forms 11167:at Wikimedia Commons 11151:, September 24, 2019 10371:on February 25, 2021 10059:Eichhornia crassipes 9522:Geoscience Frontiers 9303:(October 29, 2010). 9190:Bourzac, Katherine. 9084:Yale Environment 360 8337:on September 4, 2014 8303:on November 12, 2011 8117:cowboystatedaily.com 7832:on February 13, 2013 7801:on November 18, 2010 7733:. November 4, 2013. 7502:"Mountain Pass Mine" 7425:. October 31, 2010. 7285:Global Mining Review 6775:on February 13, 2011 5639:] (in Russian). 4954:is used rather than 4836:near the village of 4803:Japanese Coast Guard 4382: Glass, 7% (7%) 4254:recycling technology 4049:Ciudad Real Province 3884:China–Myanmar border 3770:Steenkampskraal mine 3734:radioactive isotopes 3659:{\displaystyle _{n}} 3622: 3611:{\displaystyle _{n}} 3574: 3563:{\displaystyle _{n}} 3532: 3372: 3317: 3273: 3161: 2996:Peralkaline granites 2890:), bastnäsite (from 2715:axis is logarithmic) 2608:and dating fossils. 2292:yielded several new 2161:Carl Gustav Mosander 2138:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 1667:NMR relaxation agent 1390:, core material for 1291:refractive telescope 1250:refractive telescope 1037:, and less commonly 986:, and sometimes the 16938:Rare earth elements 16856:Sole proprietorship 16831:Joint-stock company 16105:Veterinary medicine 15930:Property management 15724:Passenger transport 14751:Commodity chemicals 14577:Optical instruments 14545:Video game consoles 14438:Musical instruments 14279:Media reproduction 13138:Element discoveries 12895:Superheavy elements 12855:Rare-earth elements 11165:Rare earth elements 11024:2019ERSS...49...36O 10963:Scientific American 10855:Wall Street Journal 10691:September 17, 2010. 10479:2015ER....142..215P 10408:2017NatSR...7.9772Z 10333:2017EnvGH..39.1469S 10276:2013Chmsp..93.1240L 10237:2017AtmEn.167...40Z 10075:1998ScTEn.214...79C 10007:2023EnST...57.5414L 9944:2019EnST...53.5369L 9879:2020NatCo..11.4386B 9823:2020JCPro.26722048J 9761:2019RSERv.106...41A 9707:2022SciA....8M3132D 9634:2014JHzM..279..384Y 9583:2014EnST...48.3951S 9534:2019GeoFr..10.1285B 9476:2018COGSC..13....1J 9352:2018DWatT.130...71P 9204:. October 29, 2010. 9154:1990ScTEn..95..141V 9115:State of the planet 8971:2016TxEHS...8..189R 8893:2002ESPR....9..143P 8781:2017Mine....7..203Z 8705:2015IJCPU..35..295Z 8592:(October 5, 2010). 8448:Nikkei Asian Review 8201:on December 4, 2020 8034:. January 13, 2023. 6986:. January 5, 2015. 6744:on October 21, 2010 6600:Ore Geology Reviews 6565:2013RePol..38...36M 6310:1999GeCoA..63..363S 6255:1996CoMP..123..323B 6159:2011NatGe...4..535K 5963:2007NuPhA.789...15B 5911:2014JAP...116j3508A 5457:Mentioned by Prof. 5392:2019ApSS..478...68F 5341:on November 4, 2016 5331:"Rare-earth metals" 5171:10.3390/ani10091663 4987:Electronic version. 4240:Waste and recycling 4159:Mitsubishi Chemical 4141:and transported by 4089:. As a result, the 3405: 3122:rock formation. In 3021:University of Tokyo 2961:crystallize from CO 2748:high field strength 2591:spontaneous fission 2573:, are heavier than 2490:rare-earth minerals 2090:Carl Axel Arrhenius 1690:ceramic electrolyte 1673:(using significant 1600:mercury-vapor lamps 1336:self-cleaning ovens 1234:yttrium iron garnet 1171:mercury-vapor lamps 1108: 1069:rare-earth minerals 1027:spontaneous fission 1011:magnetic properties 978:), also called the 972:rare-earth elements 20:Rare-earth elements 16804:Putting-out system 16313:Information sector 16234:Personal services 15841:Financial services 15313:offshore platforms 15162:advanced materials 15143:Ready-mix concrete 14596:Laser construction 14556:Clocks and watches 14390:Injection moulding 14361:Other fabrication 14314:household hardware 11171:Rare-earth element 10912:September 2, 2010. 10396:Scientific Reports 10119:(suppl 1): 85–95. 9309:The New York Times 8901:10.1007/BF02987462 8790:10.3390/min7110203 8636:on April 21, 2014. 8229:The New York Times 8169:The New York Times 7614:on August 19, 2021 7455:. October 31, 2010 7235:The New York Times 6857:. March 13, 2017. 5587:Qi, Dezhi (2018). 5505:. October 18, 2019 5360:Fronzi, M (2019). 4928:Rare-earth mineral 4852:In popular culture 4774:resource depletion 4770: 4527: 4448:petroleum refining 4168:Dow Jones Newswire 4104:protests in Serbia 3891:militia under the 3889:Border Guard Force 3857:economic sanctions 3853:2021 military coup 3754: 3723:hydrothermal vents 3656: 3608: 3560: 3515: 3389: 3347: 3303: 3250: 2803:), thalenite, and 2717: 2678:face-centred cubic 2589:stars. In nature, 2513:X-ray fluorescence 2475:(Ce,Na,Ca)(Ti,Nb)O 2399:During the 1940s, 2325:was documented by 2057:Promethium has no 2019:lutetium tantalate 1923:metal-halide lamps 1846:spectrophotometers 1663:MRI contrast agent 1540:Rare-earth magnets 1464:ceramic capacitors 1452:Rare-earth magnets 1384:Rare-earth magnets 1167:metal-halide lamps 1106: 16943:Metallic elements 16925: 16924: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16870: 16702:Natural resources 16547:Production-based 16517: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16455:Vocational school 16302: 16301: 16298: 16297: 15572: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15533:Electrical wiring 15519:Specialty trades 15473:Civil engineering 15328: 15327: 15002:Vulcanized rubber 14798:Cleaning products 14638:Electric lighting 14355:Surface finishing 14345:Powder metallurgy 14300:Metal fabrication 14046:Industrial sector 14035: 14034: 14031: 14030: 13934:Rare-earth metals 13842: 13841: 13265: 13264: 13124: 13123: 13086:Ionization energy 13061:Electronegativity 13051:Electron affinity 12990:Electronegativity 12980:Crystal structure 12975:Aqueous chemistry 12952:Nuclear stability 12947:Atomic properties 12913: 12912: 12860:Refractory metals 12838: 12837: 12784:Transition metals 12750: 12749: 12482: 12481: 12475: 12474: 12441: 12440: 11163:Media related to 11155: 11154: 10937:, 1 January 2010. 10803:on April 21, 2008 10621:High Country News 10001:(13): 5414–5423. 9591:10.1021/es404596q 9202:Technology Review 8549:978-953-51-3401-5 8367:978-0-7923-6187-9 8330:Malaysian Insider 8016:on July 23, 2012. 7960:on August 8, 2012 7690:. July 22, 2022. 7399:on March 31, 2009 7328:Lunn, J. (2006). 7268:. pp. 20–21. 6894:. June 25, 2019. 6806:on July 24, 2011. 6738:The Hill's E Wire 6452:on August 6, 2020 6147:Nature Geoscience 6078:978-1-897095-73-7 6018:978-0-321-59257-6 5951:Nuclear Physics A 5919:10.1063/1.4894775 5790:978-0-13-398272-5 5752:978-0-582-06701-1 5714:978-3-642-35458-8 5598:978-0-12-813920-2 5568:, Sergei Venetsky 5550:978-1-86094-165-8 5444:978-3-527-30385-4 5335:Think GlobalGreen 4923:Rare-earth magnet 4907:Material passport 4873:This Gun for Hire 4868:This Gun for Hire 4700: 4699: 4579:scientific review 4460:electric vehicles 4274:fluorescent lamps 4234:Minami-Tori-Shima 4096:electric vehicles 3973:Lai Châu Province 3941:barriers to entry 3832:in Australia and 3798:Western Australia 3760:sand deposits in 3715:clastic sediments 3632: 3584: 3542: 3513: 3488: 3454: 3421: 3406: 3393: 3381: 3343: 3328: 3299: 3284: 3248: 3244: 3229: 3217: 3202: 3171: 3027:Nature Geoscience 2955:nepheline syenite 2782:Oddo–Harkins rule 2494:transition metals 2405:Manhattan Project 2256:from the mineral 2213:J. Lawrence Smith 2197:Marc Delafontaine 2193:Nils Johan Berlin 2038: 2037: 1747:fluorescent lamps 1604:fluorescent lamps 1499:Nuclear batteries 1246:cancer treatments 1063:Because of their 980:rare-earth metals 881: 880: 607:Mercury (element) 16955: 16912: 16911: 16900: 16899: 16888: 16887: 16784:Enforced breakup 16779:Decentralization 16707:Physical capital 16534: 16533: 16523: 16522: 16321: 16320: 16308: 16307: 16184:Customer service 16100:Residential care 16048:Public relations 15856:Financial advice 15833:Asset management 15628:Department store 15591: 15590: 15578: 15577: 15558:Site preparation 15406:Telecom networks 15374:Waste management 15350:Gas distribution 15034:Synthetic fibers 14761:Industrial gases 14500:Computer systems 14434:Medical supplies 14061: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14041: 14040: 13471:Animal husbandry 13442:Medicinal plants 13328: 13327: 13321: 13320: 13308: 13307: 13292: 13285: 13278: 13269: 13268: 13254: 13253: 13242: 13241: 13225:Dmitri Mendeleev 13153:1869 predictions 13143:Dmitri Mendeleev 12924: 12923: 12762: 12761: 12742:Aufbau principle 12654:18 (Noble gases) 12557: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12545:Sets of elements 12509: 12502: 12495: 12486: 12485: 12451: 12450: 12437: 12435: 12428: 12426: 12419: 12417: 12410: 12408: 12401: 12399: 12392: 12390: 12383: 12381: 12374: 12372: 12365: 12363: 12356: 12354: 12347: 12345: 12338: 12336: 12329: 12327: 12320: 12318: 12311: 12309: 12302: 12300: 12293: 12291: 12284: 12282: 12275: 12273: 12266: 12264: 12257: 12255: 12248: 12246: 12239: 12237: 12230: 12228: 12221: 12219: 12212: 12210: 12203: 12201: 12194: 12192: 12185: 12183: 12176: 12174: 12167: 12165: 12158: 12156: 12142: 12140: 12133: 12131: 12124: 12122: 12115: 12113: 12106: 12104: 12097: 12095: 12088: 12086: 12079: 12077: 12070: 12068: 12061: 12059: 12052: 12050: 12043: 12041: 12034: 12032: 12025: 12023: 12016: 12014: 12007: 12005: 11998: 11996: 11989: 11987: 11980: 11978: 11971: 11969: 11962: 11960: 11953: 11951: 11944: 11942: 11935: 11933: 11926: 11924: 11917: 11915: 11908: 11906: 11899: 11897: 11890: 11888: 11881: 11879: 11872: 11870: 11863: 11861: 11847: 11845: 11838: 11836: 11829: 11827: 11820: 11818: 11811: 11809: 11802: 11800: 11793: 11791: 11784: 11782: 11775: 11773: 11766: 11764: 11757: 11755: 11748: 11746: 11739: 11737: 11730: 11728: 11721: 11719: 11712: 11710: 11701: 11699: 11692: 11690: 11676: 11674: 11667: 11665: 11658: 11656: 11649: 11647: 11640: 11638: 11631: 11629: 11622: 11620: 11613: 11611: 11604: 11602: 11595: 11593: 11586: 11584: 11577: 11575: 11568: 11566: 11559: 11557: 11550: 11548: 11541: 11539: 11530: 11528: 11521: 11519: 11505: 11503: 11496: 11494: 11487: 11485: 11478: 11476: 11469: 11467: 11460: 11458: 11449: 11447: 11440: 11438: 11424: 11422: 11415: 11413: 11406: 11404: 11397: 11395: 11388: 11386: 11379: 11377: 11368: 11366: 11359: 11357: 11343: 11341: 11332: 11330: 11222: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11183: 11182: 11162: 11139: 11138: 11123: 11122: 11102: 11101: 11085: 11084: 11074: 11073: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11045: 11035: 11003: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10958: 10952: 10951: 10944: 10938: 10919: 10913: 10902: 10896: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10770:Business Insider 10761: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10698: 10692: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10653:. June 4, 2021. 10643: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10612: 10606: 10593: 10587: 10570: 10564: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10498: 10461: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10367:. Archived from 10327:(6): 1469–1486. 10312: 10306: 10305: 10287: 10270:(6): 1240–1246. 10255: 10249: 10248: 10219: 10213: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10193: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10144: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10054: 10045: 10044: 10034: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9938:(9): 5369–5377. 9923: 9917: 9916: 9906: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9780: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9726: 9695:Science Advances 9686: 9680: 9679: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9577:(7): 3951–3958. 9562: 9556: 9555: 9545: 9528:(4): 1285–1303. 9513: 9504: 9503: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9412: 9402: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9247:on July 25, 2011 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9221:. March 20, 2015 9211: 9205: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9136: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9075: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9008: 8999: 8998: 8954: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8872: 8863: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8823:10.3133/70202434 8807: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8760: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8687: 8681: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8570:on July 29, 2017 8560: 8554: 8553: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8518: 8511: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8389:. Archived from 8378: 8372: 8371: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8333:. Archived from 8319: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8302: 8295: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8265:. Archived from 8254: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8220: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7956:. Archived from 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7928: 7917: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7828:. Archived from 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7797:. Archived from 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7767:. Archived from 7757: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7715:. July 22, 2022. 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7685: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7638: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7613: 7607:. Archived from 7606: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7342:on April 9, 2008 7341: 7334: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7299:"About The Mine" 7295: 7289: 7288: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7129:. August 9, 2022 7119: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7094:. August 9, 2022 7084: 7078: 7060: 7054: 7051:seekingalpha.com 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6884: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6817: 6808: 6807: 6802:. Archived from 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6771:. Archived from 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6740:. Archived from 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6713:on July 26, 2011 6709:. Archived from 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6615: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6553:Resources Policy 6548: 6542: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6442: 6436: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6405: 6394: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6167:10.1038/ngeo1185 6138: 6132: 6118:Fundmastery Blog 6104: 6091: 6090: 6064: 6031: 6030: 6004: 5975: 5974: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5875: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5803: 5802: 5776: 5765: 5764: 5738: 5719: 5718: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5475: 5469: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5385: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5337:. Archived from 5327: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5301: 5300: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5191: 5173: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5122: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5056:. March 23, 2014 5046: 5040: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5014: 5000: 4989: 4944: 4913:Pensana Salt End 4896: 4891: 4890: 4834:Helmand Province 4732:New restrictions 4695: 4692: 4686: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4653:On animal health 4560:Circular economy 4513: 4512: 4511: 4452:diesel additives 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4341: 4292:One study mixed 4246:electronic waste 4073:Ehime Prefecture 3877: 3861:electric vehicle 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3633: 3630: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3585: 3582: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3489: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3455: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3282: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3083:shielding effect 2698: 2667: 2649: 2479: 2468: 2457: 2441:fissile material 2437:nuclear reactors 2321:in the southern 2142:Wilhelm Hisinger 2070: 2067:fission products 2055: 2049: 2046: 2033: 1986: 1975:nuclear medicine 1933: 1893: 1856: 1817: 1811:hard disk drives 1769: 1705: 1617: 1611:relaxation agent 1566: 1560:nuclear reactors 1516: 1514: 1509: 1471: 1423: 1355: 1302: 1283:refractive index 1257: 1178: 1109: 1105: 919: 896: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 424: 417: 410: 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 308: 301: 292: 285: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 222: 215: 208: 201: 194: 187: 178: 171: 162: 155: 148: 141: 134: 127: 118: 111: 102: 95: 88: 81: 74: 67: 58: 51: 42: 33: 27: 26: 16963: 16962: 16958: 16957: 16956: 16954: 16953: 16952: 16928: 16927: 16926: 16921: 16920: 16867: 16836:Nationalization 16723: 16693:Primary inputs 16614: 16606: 16539: 16538:Classification 16528: 16509: 16476: 16426: 16410:Social networks 16327: 16315: 16294: 16278:Business travel 16180:Administrative 16169: 16153:Amusement parks 16117: 16109: 16083:Dentist offices 16066: 15936: 15903:Pension funding 15876:Risk management 15861:Holding company 15827: 15767: 15679: 15671: 15643:Specialty store 15638:Online shopping 15585: 15564: 15437: 15324: 15234: 14891: 14849:Pharmaceuticals 14793:Aroma compounds 14729:Petroleum jelly 14659: 14648:Home appliances 14643:Electric motors 14591:spotting scopes 14552:Instrumentation 14465: 14459: 14441:Office supplies 14048: 14027: 14011:Dimension stone 13945:Other minerals 13890:Mining of ores 13838: 13663: 13549: 13496:Other livestock 13382:Permanent crops 13315: 13302: 13296: 13266: 13261: 13229: 13191: 13120: 13096:Oxidation state 13004: 12961: 12909: 12905:Minor actinides 12900:Major actinides 12865:Precious metals 12834: 12816: 12793: 12746: 12728: 12658: 12644:16 (Chalcogens) 12639:15 (Pnictogens) 12539: 12518: 12513: 12483: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12442: 12433: 12431: 12424: 12422: 12415: 12413: 12406: 12404: 12397: 12395: 12388: 12386: 12379: 12377: 12370: 12368: 12361: 12359: 12352: 12350: 12343: 12341: 12334: 12332: 12325: 12323: 12316: 12314: 12307: 12305: 12298: 12296: 12289: 12287: 12280: 12278: 12271: 12269: 12262: 12260: 12253: 12251: 12244: 12242: 12235: 12233: 12226: 12224: 12217: 12215: 12208: 12206: 12199: 12197: 12190: 12188: 12181: 12179: 12172: 12170: 12163: 12161: 12154: 12152: 12138: 12136: 12129: 12127: 12120: 12118: 12111: 12109: 12102: 12100: 12093: 12091: 12084: 12082: 12075: 12073: 12066: 12064: 12057: 12055: 12048: 12046: 12039: 12037: 12030: 12028: 12021: 12019: 12012: 12010: 12003: 12001: 11994: 11992: 11985: 11983: 11976: 11974: 11967: 11965: 11958: 11956: 11949: 11947: 11940: 11938: 11931: 11929: 11922: 11920: 11913: 11911: 11904: 11902: 11895: 11893: 11886: 11884: 11877: 11875: 11868: 11866: 11859: 11857: 11843: 11841: 11834: 11832: 11825: 11823: 11816: 11814: 11807: 11805: 11798: 11796: 11789: 11787: 11780: 11778: 11771: 11769: 11762: 11760: 11753: 11751: 11744: 11742: 11735: 11733: 11726: 11724: 11717: 11715: 11708: 11706: 11697: 11695: 11688: 11686: 11672: 11670: 11663: 11661: 11654: 11652: 11645: 11643: 11636: 11634: 11627: 11625: 11618: 11616: 11609: 11607: 11600: 11598: 11591: 11589: 11582: 11580: 11573: 11571: 11564: 11562: 11555: 11553: 11546: 11544: 11537: 11535: 11526: 11524: 11517: 11515: 11501: 11499: 11492: 11490: 11483: 11481: 11474: 11472: 11465: 11463: 11456: 11454: 11445: 11443: 11436: 11434: 11420: 11418: 11411: 11409: 11402: 11400: 11393: 11391: 11384: 11382: 11375: 11373: 11364: 11362: 11355: 11353: 11339: 11337: 11328: 11326: 11215: 11210: 11136: 11120: 11099: 11083: 11078: 11077: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11004: 10997: 10987: 10985: 10980:. Energy Post. 10974: 10970: 10959: 10955: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10930:Wayback Machine 10921:Mills, Mark P. 10920: 10916: 10903: 10899: 10892:Daily Telegraph 10887:Wayback Machine 10878: 10874: 10864: 10862: 10847: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10820: 10816: 10806: 10804: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10762: 10758: 10748: 10746: 10733: 10732: 10728: 10699: 10695: 10683:Wayback Machine 10674: 10670: 10660: 10658: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10613: 10609: 10603:Wayback Machine 10594: 10590: 10580:Wayback Machine 10571: 10567: 10555:Wayback Machine 10545: 10541: 10531: 10529: 10516: 10512: 10462: 10449: 10388: 10384: 10374: 10372: 10313: 10309: 10256: 10252: 10220: 10216: 10211: 10207: 10162: 10158: 10105: 10098: 10055: 10048: 9987: 9983: 9924: 9920: 9858: 9854: 9806: 9802: 9744: 9740: 9701:(6): eabm3132. 9687: 9683: 9670: 9669: 9665: 9618: 9614: 9563: 9559: 9514: 9507: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9379: 9375: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9316: 9301:Bradsher, Keith 9298: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9272:Radio Free Asia 9264: 9260: 9250: 9248: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9199:Wayback Machine 9189: 9185: 9137: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9076: 9069: 9059: 9057: 9042: 9038: 9009: 9002: 8955: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8873: 8866: 8854: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8809: 8808: 8801: 8761: 8754: 8744: 8742: 8740:www.science.org 8732: 8728: 8688: 8684: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8630:Solvay — Rhodia 8624: 8623: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8590:Tabuchi, Hiroko 8587: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8550: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8478:UTokyo Research 8472: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8393:on May 13, 2012 8379: 8375: 8368: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8320: 8316: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8270: 8269:on July 3, 2011 8255: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8221: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8109: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8086: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8043: 8039: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8008: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7818: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7740: 7738: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7559: 7557: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7528:Metal Tech News 7520: 7513: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7482:(in Vietnamese) 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7312: 7310: 7305:. May 3, 2016. 7297: 7296: 7292: 7277: 7273: 7262: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7153:Radio Free Asia 7147: 7146: 7142: 7132: 7130: 7121: 7120: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7071:Wayback Machine 7061: 7057: 7047:Wayback Machine 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6886: 6885: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6792: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6641:Foreign Affairs 6637:"China Digs It" 6633: 6629: 6592: 6588: 6549: 6545: 6539:Wayback Machine 6530: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6433:Wayback Machine 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6290: 6286: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6215: 6214: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6139: 6135: 6125:Wayback Machine 6106:Powell, Devin, 6105: 6094: 6079: 6065: 6034: 6019: 6005: 5978: 5946: 5942: 5895: 5891: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5806: 5791: 5777: 5768: 5753: 5739: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5630: 5629:Reprinted from 5622: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5535: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5495: 5494: 5487: 5476: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5313: 5304: 5297: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5248: 5240:precious metals 5231: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5150: 5146: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5032: 5028: 5020:, Interview on 5012: 5001: 4992: 4959: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4892: 4885: 4882: 4854: 4758: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4646:bioaccumulation 4625: 4623:On human health 4596: 4591: 4566: 4556: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4487: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4307: 4290: 4242: 4229: 4197: 4192: 4123: 3945:Steenkampskraal 3909: 3907:Other countries 3880:Chipwi Township 3876:US$ 200 million 3875: 3869: 3867:Myanmar (Burma) 3816: 3810: 3746: 3650: 3646: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3472: 3468: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3108: 3100:ionic potential 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3039: 2980: 2972: 2969:to produce a CO 2964: 2948: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2665: 2660: 2648: 2644: 2614: 2567: 2550: 2537:crystallization 2521: 2484:ion-adsorption 2478: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2415:for separating 2397: 2286:William Crookes 2232: 2082: 2074: 2073: 2059:stable isotopes 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2031: 1984: 1967:stainless steel 1931: 1891: 1854: 1815: 1767: 1703: 1659:neutron capture 1615: 1564: 1548:neutron capture 1512: 1510: 1507: 1469: 1421: 1408:welding goggles 1353: 1332:oxidizing agent 1300: 1255: 1226:electroceramics 1220:(YSZ) (used in 1208: 1197:Ytterby, Sweden 1176: 1130: 1093: 968: 967: 966: 965: 964: 963: 959: 947: 927: 920: 911: 910: 909: 897: 884: 883: 882: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 306: 299: 290: 283: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 220: 213: 206: 199: 192: 185: 176: 169: 160: 153: 146: 139: 132: 125: 116: 109: 100: 93: 86: 79: 72: 65: 56: 49: 40: 31: 23: 21: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16961: 16951: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16923: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16906: 16894: 16881: 16880: 16877: 16876: 16873: 16872: 16869: 16868: 16866: 16865: 16864: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16818: 16817: 16816: 16814:Temporary work 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16776: 16775: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16737:Centralization 16733: 16731: 16725: 16724: 16722: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16710: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16691: 16686: 16685: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16659: 16654: 16653: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16621: 16619: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16584: 16583: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16553: 16544: 16542: 16530: 16529: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16503:Basic research 16495: 16490: 16484: 16482: 16478: 16477: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16447: 16442: 16436: 16434: 16428: 16427: 16425: 16424: 16423: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16355: 16354: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16334: 16332: 16317: 16316: 16304: 16303: 16300: 16299: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16292: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16272: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16232: 16227: 16226: 16225: 16220: 16212: 16211: 16210: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16142: 16137: 16136: 16135: 16124: 16122: 16111: 16110: 16108: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16096: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16076: 16074: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16052: 16051: 16050: 16045: 16035: 16033:Legal services 16030: 16029: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16008: 16007: 16006: 16004:system testing 15993: 15988: 15974: 15973: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15946: 15944: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15934: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15917: 15916: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15885: 15884: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15866:Money transfer 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15837: 15835: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15820: 15819: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15777: 15775: 15769: 15768: 15766: 15765: 15764: 15763: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15739:Passenger rail 15736: 15731: 15721: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15707:Moving company 15704: 15699: 15694: 15683: 15681: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15669: 15668: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15647: 15646: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15613:Consumer goods 15610: 15608:Car dealership 15599: 15597: 15587: 15586: 15583:Service sector 15574: 15573: 15570: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15470: 15469: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15447: 15445: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15403: 15398: 15397: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15371: 15370: 15369: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15338: 15336: 15330: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15316: 15315: 15306: 15301: 15286: 15281: 15280: 15279: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15244: 15242: 15240:Heavy industry 15236: 15235: 15233: 15232: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15220: 15210: 15209: 15208: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15179:Metal refining 15176: 15175: 15174: 15172:Synthetic gems 15169: 15164: 15155: 15149:Other mineral 15147: 15146: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15125: 15124: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15093: 15092: 15091: 15086: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15047: 15046: 15045: 15039:Thermoplastics 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15006: 15005: 15004: 14999: 14989: 14988: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14962: 14961: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14919: 14914: 14899: 14897: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14865:contraceptives 14861: 14859:Blood products 14856: 14846: 14844:Fine chemicals 14841: 14840: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14724:Petrochemicals 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14669: 14667: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14625: 14615: 14614: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14584: 14574: 14569: 14568: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14532: 14531: 14530: 14525: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14507: 14502: 14492: 14491: 14490: 14488:Semiconductors 14485: 14483:Circuit boards 14480: 14469: 14467: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14442: 14439: 14436: 14431: 14428: 14423: 14417: 14414: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14359: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14350:Prefabrication 14347: 14342: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14307: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14283:Cassette tapes 14277: 14276: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14245: 14244: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14141: 14138: 14133: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14119:Vegetable oils 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14093: 14092:Dairy products 14090: 14085: 14080: 14069: 14067: 14065:Light industry 14058: 14050: 14049: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13943: 13942: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13850: 13848: 13844: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13671: 13669: 13665: 13664: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13654: 13647:Wild mushrooms 13644: 13643: 13642: 13637: 13624: 13622:Natural rubber 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13589: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13559: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13407:Tropical fruit 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13340:Arable farming 13336: 13334: 13325: 13317: 13316: 13313:Natural sector 13304: 13303: 13295: 13294: 13287: 13280: 13272: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13259: 13247: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13134: 13132: 13126: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13116:Vapor pressure 13113: 13108: 13103: 13101:Speed of sound 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13076:Heat of fusion 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13031:Critical point 13028: 13023: 13018: 13012: 13010: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12971: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12932: 12930: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12870:Coinage metals 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12826: 12824: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12814: 12809: 12803: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12770: 12768: 12759: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12738: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12668: 12666: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12565: 12563: 12554: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12526: 12524: 12520: 12519: 12516:Periodic table 12512: 12511: 12504: 12497: 12489: 12480: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12438: 12429: 12420: 12411: 12402: 12393: 12384: 12375: 12366: 12357: 12348: 12339: 12330: 12321: 12312: 12303: 12294: 12285: 12276: 12267: 12258: 12249: 12240: 12231: 12222: 12213: 12204: 12195: 12186: 12177: 12168: 12159: 12150: 12144: 12143: 12134: 12125: 12116: 12107: 12098: 12089: 12080: 12071: 12062: 12053: 12044: 12035: 12026: 12017: 12008: 11999: 11990: 11981: 11972: 11963: 11954: 11945: 11936: 11927: 11918: 11909: 11900: 11891: 11882: 11873: 11864: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11839: 11830: 11821: 11812: 11803: 11794: 11785: 11776: 11767: 11758: 11749: 11740: 11731: 11722: 11713: 11704: 11702: 11693: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11668: 11659: 11650: 11641: 11632: 11623: 11614: 11605: 11596: 11587: 11578: 11569: 11560: 11551: 11542: 11533: 11531: 11522: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11497: 11488: 11479: 11470: 11461: 11452: 11450: 11441: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11416: 11407: 11398: 11389: 11380: 11371: 11369: 11360: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11335: 11333: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11213:Periodic table 11209: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11168: 11153: 11152: 11132: 11131: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11095: 11094: 11090: 11089: 11088:External media 11082: 11081:External links 11079: 11076: 11075: 11070:Kirkus Reviews 11057: 10995: 10968: 10953: 10939: 10914: 10897: 10872: 10841: 10814: 10787: 10756: 10726: 10693: 10668: 10651:Deutsche Welle 10638: 10607: 10588: 10565: 10539: 10510: 10447: 10382: 10307: 10250: 10214: 10205: 10156: 10096: 10069:(1–3): 79–85. 10046: 9981: 9918: 9852: 9800: 9738: 9681: 9663: 9612: 9557: 9505: 9450: 9424: 9373: 9326: 9289: 9258: 9232: 9219:www.cancer.gov 9206: 9183: 9128: 9101: 9067: 9036: 9023:(1): 123–134. 9000: 8965:(3): 189–200. 8942: 8864: 8848: 8799: 8752: 8726: 8699:(6): 295–330. 8682: 8665: 8639: 8617: 8599:New York Times 8581: 8555: 8548: 8530: 8495: 8465: 8435: 8404: 8373: 8366: 8348: 8314: 8280: 8246: 8212: 8186: 8155: 8129: 8103: 8080: 8063: 8037: 8019: 8001: 7971: 7940: 7904: 7874: 7843: 7812: 7782: 7752: 7718: 7700: 7672: 7649: 7625: 7593: 7567: 7537: 7511: 7493: 7466: 7440: 7410: 7384: 7353: 7320: 7290: 7271: 7253: 7221: 7204:Financial Post 7191: 7165: 7140: 7127:Global Witness 7105: 7092:Global Witness 7079: 7075:MetalMiner.com 7055: 7031: 7001: 6971: 6940: 6909: 6872: 6842: 6809: 6786: 6755: 6724: 6694: 6658: 6627: 6586: 6543: 6521: 6495: 6463: 6437: 6417: 6380: 6357: 6331: 6304:(3): 363–372. 6284: 6249:(3): 323–333. 6233: 6205: 6189:"Press corner" 6180: 6153:(8): 535–539. 6133: 6092: 6077: 6032: 6017: 5976: 5957:(1–4): 15–29. 5940: 5905:(10): 103508. 5889: 5861: 5844: 5804: 5789: 5766: 5751: 5720: 5713: 5693: 5687:978-3527306732 5686: 5658: 5649: 5604: 5597: 5579: 5570: 5556: 5549: 5529: 5516: 5485: 5470: 5463:Business Daily 5450: 5443: 5425: 5363: 5352: 5322: 5302: 5295: 5277: 5246: 5203: 5144: 5093: 5067: 5041: 5026: 4990: 4985:. p. 51. 4938: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4918:Precious metal 4915: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4894:Geology portal 4881: 4878: 4853: 4850: 4757: 4754: 4725:United Nations 4720:Lynas refinery 4706:, the mine in 4698: 4697: 4678: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4630:pneumoconiosis 4624: 4621: 4609:water hyacinth 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4555: 4552: 4508: 4486: 4483: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4306: 4303: 4289: 4286: 4241: 4238: 4228: 4225: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4143:container ship 4122: 4119: 4100:energy storage 4091:European Union 4033:European Union 3950:Bokan Mountain 3908: 3905: 3868: 3865: 3809: 3806: 3783:Inner Mongolia 3745: 3742: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3627: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3579: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3537: 3526: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3386: 3339: 3333: 3323: 3295: 3289: 3279: 3261: 3260: 3240: 3234: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3197: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3166: 3152:atomic numbers 3147:unfractionated 3107: 3104: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3035: 2978: 2970: 2962: 2946: 2900:Kola Peninsula 2870:, britholite, 2862:, chevkinite, 2704: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2674:cerium dioxide 2658: 2646: 2643:(cerium forms 2613: 2610: 2566: 2563: 2554:atomic numbers 2549: 2546: 2520: 2519:Classification 2517: 2476: 2465: 2453: 2401:Frank Spedding 2396: 2393: 2385:Georges Urbain 2323:Ural Mountains 2294:spectral lines 2231: 2228: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2050: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2027:LED light bulb 2012: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1959:reducing agent 1951: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1929: 1919:X-ray machines 1915: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1882:vanadium steel 1874: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1731: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1505: 1503:luminous paint 1496: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1449: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1416:fluoride glass 1406:glass used in 1402:, additive in 1381: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1328: 1323:, named after 1317: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1279: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1206: 1200: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1159: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1092: 1089: 923: 921: 914: 913: 912: 905:US 1 cent 900:Rare-earth ore 898: 891: 890: 889: 888: 887: 879: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 653: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 427: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 314: 312: 310: 303: 295: 294: 287: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 182: 180: 173: 165: 164: 157: 150: 143: 136: 129: 122: 120: 113: 105: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69: 62: 60: 53: 45: 44: 37: 35: 25: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16960: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16935: 16933: 16917: 16916: 16907: 16905: 16904: 16895: 16893: 16892: 16883: 16882: 16878: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16851:Privatization 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16735: 16734: 16732: 16730: 16726: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16627: 16626: 16625:Externalities 16623: 16622: 16620: 16618: 16613: 16609: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16587: 16586:Market-based 16585: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16560: 16559: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16548: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16541: 16535: 16531: 16524: 16520: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16479: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16437: 16435: 16433: 16429: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16402: 16401: 16398: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16376: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16357:Audio-visual 16356: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16335: 16333: 16331: 16326: 16322: 16318: 16314: 16309: 16305: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16215: 16213: 16209: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16172: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16134: 16131: 16130: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16121: 16116: 16115:Entertainment 16112: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16056: 16053: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16013: 16012: 16009: 16005: 16001: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15978: 15975: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15939: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15889: 15886: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15871:Payment cards 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15843: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15821: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15806:Food delivery 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15786:Drink service 15784: 15783: 15782: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15774: 15770: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15757: 15754: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15725: 15722: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15688: 15685: 15684: 15682: 15680:& Storage 15678: 15674: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15652: 15651: 15648: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15623:Grocery store 15621: 15619: 15618:General store 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15579: 15575: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15440: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15376: 15375: 15372: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15335: 15331: 15321: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15304:Rail vehicles 15302: 15300: 15296: 15293: 15292: 15291: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15278: 15277:wind turbines 15274: 15271: 15269: 15268:Machine tools 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15250: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15237: 15231: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15214: 15211: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15181: 15180: 15177: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15159: 15158:Carbon fibers 15156: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15126: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15011: 15010: 15007: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14994: 14993: 14990: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14966: 14963: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14934: 14931: 14927: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14894: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14875:Illegal drugs 14873: 14871: 14870:Generic drugs 14868: 14866: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14788:Agrochemicals 14786: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14779: 14776: 14772: 14771:Pure elements 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14753: 14752: 14749: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14739:Synthetic oil 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14666: 14662: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14633: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14601:Lens grinding 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14553: 14550: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14533: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14523:Mobile phones 14521: 14520: 14519: 14516: 14512: 14511:storage media 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14497: 14496: 14493: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14474: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14466:& optical 14462: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14443: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14302: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14293:Optical discs 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14250: 14249: 14246: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14208: 14207: 14204: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14136:Bottled water 14134: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14124: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14062: 14059: 14057:Manufacturing 14055: 14051: 14047: 14042: 14038: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13978: 13977: 13974: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13845: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13817:Sea cucumbers 13815: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13666: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13648: 13645: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13569: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13536: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13481:Dairy farming 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13469: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13387:Apples et al. 13385: 13384: 13383: 13380: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13293: 13288: 13286: 13281: 13279: 13274: 13273: 13270: 13258: 13257: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13236: 13235: 13232: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13170:controversies 13168: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13158: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13127: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13091:Melting point 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13071:Heat capacity 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13026:Boiling point 13024: 13022: 13021:Atomic radius 13019: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12885:Native metals 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12819: 12813: 12812:Dividing line 12810: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12796: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12753: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12735: 12731: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12649:17 (Halogens) 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12562: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12510: 12505: 12503: 12498: 12496: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12445: 12436: 12427: 12418: 12409: 12400: 12391: 12382: 12373: 12364: 12355: 12346: 12337: 12328: 12319: 12310: 12301: 12292: 12283: 12274: 12265: 12256: 12247: 12238: 12229: 12220: 12211: 12202: 12193: 12184: 12175: 12166: 12157: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12132: 12123: 12114: 12105: 12096: 12087: 12078: 12069: 12060: 12051: 12042: 12033: 12024: 12015: 12006: 11997: 11988: 11979: 11970: 11961: 11952: 11943: 11934: 11925: 11916: 11907: 11898: 11889: 11880: 11871: 11862: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11837: 11828: 11819: 11810: 11801: 11792: 11783: 11774: 11765: 11756: 11747: 11738: 11729: 11720: 11711: 11700: 11691: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11666: 11657: 11648: 11639: 11630: 11621: 11612: 11603: 11594: 11585: 11576: 11567: 11558: 11549: 11540: 11529: 11520: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11495: 11486: 11477: 11468: 11459: 11448: 11439: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11414: 11405: 11396: 11387: 11378: 11367: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11331: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11214: 11207: 11202: 11200: 11195: 11193: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11156: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11133: 11130: 11127:, animation, 11126: 11117: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11053: 11049: 11044: 11043:11250/2579292 11039: 11034: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11002: 11000: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10964: 10957: 10949: 10943: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10918: 10911: 10910: 10909:The Economist 10906: 10901: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10876: 10865:September 22, 10860: 10856: 10852: 10845: 10834:September 22, 10829: 10825: 10818: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10780:September 27, 10775: 10771: 10767: 10760: 10749:September 26, 10744: 10740: 10736: 10735:"Value Chain" 10730: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10689: 10688:The Economist 10684: 10680: 10677: 10672: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10642: 10631:September 26, 10626: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10592: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10569: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10552: 10549: 10546:Lee, Yoolim, 10543: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10386: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10218: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10160: 10152: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10101: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10051: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9985: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9804: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9742: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9685: 9677: 9676:New Scientist 9673: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9510: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9377: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9294: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9262: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9135: 9133: 9121:September 27, 9116: 9112: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9072: 9060:September 17, 9055: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 9005: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8806: 8804: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8551: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8515: 8508: 8507: 8499: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8369: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8325: 8318: 8299: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8251: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8217: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8091: 8084: 8073: 8067: 8052: 8048: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7908: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7831: 7827: 7826:Business Week 7823: 7816: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7749: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7663:Mining Weekly 7660: 7653: 7642: 7635: 7629: 7610: 7603: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7481: 7480:vnexpress.net 7477: 7470: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7403:September 24, 7398: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7260: 7258: 7246:September 15, 7241: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6663: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6480: 6473: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6390:"Rare Earths" 6384: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6342: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6226:September 25, 6222: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5872: 5865: 5854: 5848: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5296:0-8493-0477-6 5292: 5288: 5281: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4988: 4984: 4983:0-85404-438-8 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4807:The Economist 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4780:The Economist 4775: 4767: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4694: 4682: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4600:contamination 4594:On vegetation 4586: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4464:wind turbines 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4404: 4345: 4337: 4326: 4324: 4323:glass-blowing 4320: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195:Mine tailings 4190:Other sources 4187: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4002: 4001:Longonjo mine 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:Mountain Pass 3976: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937:United States 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851:. After the 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700:clinopyroxene 3697: 3696:orthopyroxene 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3603: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3555: 3545: 3507: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3478: 3473: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3424: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3384: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3331: 3287: 3268: 3267: 3232: 3205: 3189: 3184: 3174: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3132:fractionation 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3044: 3043:atomic weight 3034: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3008:Argillization 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992:Mountain Pass 2988: 2984: 2976: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2943:asthenosphere 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:Earth's crust 2722: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2606:geochronology 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:precipitation 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2472: 2461: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:plutonium-239 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360:(obtained by 2359: 2358:X-ray spectra 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:Heinrich Rose 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2313:(now called " 2312: 2311:uranotantalum 2307: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2275:Johan Gadolin 2272: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:Johan Gadolin 2095: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:strain gauges 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636:Johan Gadolin 1633: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590:Red and blue 1589: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1251: 1248:, camera and 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1097:atomic number 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Earth's crust 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 918: 908: 906: 901: 895: 886: 877: 872: 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 851: 849: 844: 842: 837: 835: 830: 828: 823: 821: 816: 814: 809: 807: 802: 800: 795: 793: 788: 786: 781: 779: 777:Rutherfordium 774: 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 716: 711: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 660: 655: 654: 651: 646: 644: 639: 637: 632: 630: 625: 623: 618: 616: 611: 609: 604: 602: 597: 595: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 562: 560: 555: 553: 548: 546: 541: 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 506: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 455: 450: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 428: 425: 420: 418: 413: 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 392: 390: 385: 383: 378: 376: 371: 369: 364: 362: 357: 355: 350: 348: 343: 341: 336: 334: 329: 327: 322: 320: 315: 311: 309: 304: 302: 297: 296: 293: 288: 286: 281: 279: 274: 272: 267: 265: 260: 258: 253: 251: 246: 244: 239: 237: 232: 230: 225: 223: 218: 216: 211: 209: 204: 202: 197: 195: 190: 188: 183: 179: 174: 172: 167: 166: 163: 158: 156: 151: 149: 144: 142: 137: 135: 130: 128: 123: 119: 114: 112: 107: 106: 103: 98: 96: 91: 89: 84: 82: 77: 75: 70: 68: 63: 59: 54: 52: 47: 46: 43: 38: 34: 29: 28: 16914: 16902: 16890: 16809:Spinning-off 16794:Homesteading 16747:Conglomerate 16729:Organization 16682:Raw material 16677:Intermediate 16556: 16555: 16378:Broadcasting 16283:Cruise lines 16253:Maid service 16243:Dry cleaning 16214:Maintenance 15977:Architecture 15942:Professional 15761:Self storage 15665:Distribution 15443:Construction 15288:Other heavy 15213:Formed metal 15167:Mineral wool 15089:Safety glass 15060:Fused quartz 15055:Borosilicate 14719:Paraffin wax 14674:oil refining 14653:Transformers 14419:Other goods 14405:Stonemasonry 14385:Glassblowing 14370:Blow molding 14329:Locksmithing 14305:Boilermaking 13854:Fossil fuels 13652:Fungiculture 13607:Gutta-percha 13597:Frankincense 13592:Tree tapping 13563:Silviculture 13543:Fur trapping 13454:Horticulture 13402:Stone fruits 13249: 13237: 13220:Trivial name 13208:nomenclature 12880:Heavy metals 12875:Noble metals 12854: 12634:14 (Tetrels) 12530:Alternatives 11174: 11069: 11060: 11015: 11011: 10988:February 25, 10986:. Retrieved 10971: 10962: 10956: 10942: 10932: 10917: 10907: 10900: 10890: 10875: 10863:. Retrieved 10854: 10844: 10832:. Retrieved 10817: 10807:February 29, 10805:. Retrieved 10801:the original 10790: 10778:. Retrieved 10769: 10759: 10747:. Retrieved 10739:Investopedia 10738: 10729: 10713:(1): 26–35. 10710: 10706: 10696: 10686: 10671: 10659:. Retrieved 10650: 10641: 10629:. Retrieved 10620: 10610: 10591: 10568: 10558: 10542: 10530:. Retrieved 10520: 10513: 10496:11586/148470 10470: 10466: 10399: 10395: 10385: 10375:September 6, 10373:. Retrieved 10369:the original 10324: 10320: 10310: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10208: 10176:(1): 12–26. 10173: 10169: 10159: 10116: 10112: 10066: 10062: 10058: 9998: 9994: 9984: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9870: 9866: 9855: 9814: 9810: 9803: 9778:11566/264482 9752: 9748: 9741: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9675: 9666: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9525: 9521: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9441:. Retrieved 9427: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9317:. 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Retrieved 6498: 6486:. Retrieved 6466: 6454:. Retrieved 6450:the original 6440: 6420: 6410:February 14, 6408:. Retrieved 6396: 6383: 6348:. Retrieved 6334: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6224:. Retrieved 6220: 6198:November 30, 6196:. Retrieved 6192: 6183: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6128: 6111: 6068: 6008: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5927:10183/107858 5902: 5898: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5864: 5847: 5835:. Retrieved 5781:Geochemistry 5780: 5742: 5703: 5696: 5667: 5661: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5621:. Retrieved 5619:(in Russian) 5616: 5607: 5588: 5582: 5573: 5563: 5559: 5539: 5532: 5523: 5519: 5507:. Retrieved 5500: 5482:. IS-RIC 10. 5479: 5473: 5459:Andrea Sella 5453: 5434: 5428: 5416:. Retrieved 5373: 5369: 5355: 5345:February 10, 5343:. Retrieved 5339:the original 5334: 5325: 5316: 5286: 5280: 5268:. Retrieved 5259: 5249: 5237: 5230:. Retrieved 5161: 5157: 5147: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5080: 5075:Lee, Jordy. 5070: 5058:. Retrieved 5053: 5044: 5036:The Elements 5035: 5029: 5008:Andrea Sella 4964: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4856:The plot of 4855: 4846: 4842:The Pentagon 4826: 4822: 4811: 4806: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4747: 4744: 4736: 4713: 4701: 4688: 4680: 4656: 4643: 4634: 4626: 4612: 4597: 4583: 4571: 4567: 4548: 4528: 4500:cerium oxide 4496: 4488: 4479: 4468: 4445: 4438: 4402: 4335: 4315:praseodymium 4311:Andrea Sella 4308: 4291: 4243: 4230: 4227:Ocean mining 4198: 4184: 4172: 4166: 4124: 4112: 4108: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4053: 4042: 4023:in southern 4006: 3997: 3977: 3970:northwestern 3925:South Africa 3910: 3872:Kachin State 3870: 3842: 3838: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3802: 3796:in northern 3787:polymetallic 3774:Western Cape 3755: 3731: 3720: 3712: 3677: 3668: 3527: 3363: 3359: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3140: 3136: 3124:geochemistry 3109: 3106:Applications 3094: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3071: 3040: 3037:Geochemistry 3032: 3025: 3018: 3004: 2994:in the USA. 2959:Carbonatites 2952: 2927:upper mantle 2911:carbonatites 2908: 2888:South Africa 2886:; rock from 2868:stillwellite 2833: 2786: 2765: 2737: 2718: 2712: 2662: 2654: 2641:sesquioxides 2638: 2615: 2603: 2568: 2558:atomic radii 2551: 2527:methods and 2525:ion exchange 2522: 2506: 2498:ion exchange 2445: 2409:ion-exchange 2398: 2374: 2355: 2310: 2308: 2301: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2251: 2240:Delafontaine 2233: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2153: 2126:Riddarhyttan 2083: 2075: 2053: 2044: 1963:decoy flares 1793:Additive in 1787: 1733:Additive in 1682:scintillator 1556:control rods 1445: 1441: 1377: 1373: 1368:Praseodymium 1276:to be hidden 1275: 1222:tooth crowns 1151: 1094: 1073:ore deposits 1062: 1043: 1019: 1004: 1000:heavy metals 983: 979: 975: 971: 969: 952: 940: 937:praseodymium 932: 924: 902: 885: 819:Darmstadtium 686:Protactinium 460:Praseodymium 16846:Partnership 16826:Cooperative 16799:Outsourcing 16789:Freelancing 16667:Commodities 16371:Video games 16346:Periodicals 16223:Landscaping 16158:Fairgrounds 16060:Advertising 15981:engineering 15965:Bookkeeping 15920:Real estate 15913:Reinsurance 15811:Restaurants 15781:Foodservice 15773:Hospitality 15756:Warehousing 15744:Ridesharing 15734:Car rentals 15466:Residential 15401:Remediation 15284:Automobiles 15106:Earthenware 15075:Glass fiber 15070:Float glass 14880:Supplements 14854:Antibiotics 14756:Fertilizers 14714:Mineral oil 14689:Diesel fuel 14672:Coal & 14632:fiber optic 14606:Microscopes 14560:GPS devices 14540:Televisions 14473:Electronics 14464:Electrical 14410:Woodworking 14365:3D printing 14324:Gunsmithing 14288:Phonographs 14273:Typesetting 14253:Bookbinding 14216:Dressmaking 14211:Accessories 14143:Soft drinks 14078:Animal feed 13869:Natural gas 13757:Aquaculture 13740:Sea urchins 13612:Maple syrup 13486:Fur farming 13476:Beef cattle 13412:Viticulture 13360:Fiber crops 13332:Agriculture 13256:WikiProject 13000:Term symbol 12830:Noble gases 12774:Lanthanides 12757:metallicity 12629:13 (Triels) 10473:: 215–220. 10402:(1): 9772. 10264:Chemosphere 9873:(1): 4386. 9628:: 384–388. 9393:(6): 1005. 9319:October 30, 9148:: 141–148. 8775:(11): 203. 8397:December 1, 7964:October 22, 7920:ASX Release 7741:November 5, 7688:Pensana PLC 7560:December 1, 7474:VnExpress. 7459:October 31, 6800:China Daily 6779:January 19, 6748:October 19, 6129:MarketWatch 6113:ScienceNews 5509:January 31, 5418:February 9, 5260:Geology.com 5164:(9): 1663. 4863:Dirty Story 4858:Eric Ambler 4829:Afghanistan 4604:chlorophyll 4346:, 24% (24%) 4266:La Rochelle 4201:uranium ore 4171:reports, a 4151:Bukit Merah 4066:North Korea 4043:In central 3962:Hoidas Lake 3954:Hoidas Lake 3822:China Daily 3794:Halls Creek 3128:atomic size 3120:metamorphic 3116:sedimentary 2797:fergusonite 2752:ionic radii 2746:rocks. The 2652:space group 2595:uranium-238 2480:), and the 2381:World War I 2341:found only 2327:Gustav Rose 2165:nitric acid 1981:monitoring 1957:, chemical 1888:technology 1886:fiber-optic 1788:hard to get 1651:X-ray tubes 1412:ferrocerium 1348:hydrophobic 1344:ferrocerium 1242:spark plugs 1156:Scandinavia 1065:geochemical 1031:uranium-238 988:lanthanides 984:rare earths 861:Livermorium 833:Copernicium 826:Roentgenium 756:Mendelevium 742:Einsteinium 735:Californium 16932:Categories 16719:Technology 16689:Innovation 16650:Well-being 16460:University 16393:Television 16330:Mass media 16325:Publishing 16163:Nightclubs 16072:Healthcare 16043:Consulting 16038:Management 15986:Inspection 15970:Tax advice 15950:Accounting 15881:Securities 15697:Intermodal 15633:Mail order 15528:Demolition 15461:Industrial 15456:Commercial 15379:Collection 15230:Cast metal 15116:Refractory 15084:fiberglass 15080:Glass wool 15043:thermosets 15019:Engineered 14948:Engineered 14943:Sawmilling 14837:Toiletries 14808:Explosives 14628:Electrical 14611:Telescopes 14478:Components 14236:Shoemaking 13954:Phosphorus 13847:Geological 13797:Microalgae 13640:Pine resin 13627:Palm sugar 13602:Gum arabic 13516:Beekeeping 13355:Vegetables 13300:industries 13180:for people 13175:for places 13148:1871 table 13041:Elasticity 13009:Data pages 12967:Properties 12843:Other sets 12799:Metalloids 11145:Ira Flatow 9817:: 122048. 8205:August 26, 8096:August 13, 7954:Asia Times 7504:. Mindat. 7179:Asia Times 6994:January 5, 6902:August 28, 6717:August 30, 6606:: 105428. 6446:"Overview" 5886:: 310–316. 5623:January 7, 5383:1902.02662 4956:lanthanide 4952:lanthanoid 4934:References 4818:dysprosium 4795:export ban 4750:Kvanefjeld 4702:After the 4471:fuel cells 4305:Properties 4299:phosphates 4270:Saint-Fons 4248:and other 4211:mining at 4135:Mount Weld 4021:Kvanefjeld 3958:Mount Weld 3935:, and the 3882:along the 3812:See also: 3744:Production 3688:Hornblende 3361:interest. 2987:brecciated 2967:lherzolite 2923:subduction 2915:pegmatites 2872:fluocerite 2860:lanthanite 2836:bastnäsite 2805:yttrialite 2789:samarskite 2777:chondritic 2750:and large 2733:technetium 2729:promethium 2634:bastnäsite 2599:promethium 2581:or by the 2541:solubility 2448:bastnäsite 2370:element 61 2315:samarskite 2270:gadolinium 2258:samarskite 2217:philippium 2209:mosandrium 2086:gadolinite 2023:refineries 1979:earthquake 1807:terfenol-D 1782:Dysprosium 1763:fuel cells 1755:terfenol-D 1630:Gadolinium 1493:Prometheus 1488:after the 1484:Promethium 1392:carbon arc 1374:leek-green 1123:Etymology 1077:gadolinite 1052:being the 1023:promethium 929:gadolinium 868:Tennessine 812:Meitnerium 791:Seaborgium 770:Lawrencium 509:Dysprosium 495:Gadolinium 474:Promethium 346:Technetium 339:Molybdenum 140:Phosphorus 16821:Ownership 16767:Monopsony 16645:Pollution 16630:Community 16540:standards 16445:Secondary 16432:Education 16415:Streaming 16088:Hospitals 16079:Medicine 16055:Marketing 15991:Surveying 15955:Assurance 15925:Brokerage 15888:Insurance 15816:Teahouses 15801:Fast food 15692:Air cargo 15677:Transport 15660:Brokerage 15650:Wholesale 15538:Elevators 15523:Cabinetry 15451:Buildings 15431:Telephone 15426:Satellite 15394:Recycling 15389:Hazardous 15355:Renewable 15334:Utilities 15295:Aerospace 15263:Hydraulic 15253:Conveyors 15248:Machinery 15153:Abrasives 15111:Porcelain 15065:Soda-lime 15024:Specialty 15014:Commodity 14975:Cardboard 14958:Composite 14896:Materials 14813:Fireworks 14803:Cosmetics 14783:Adhesives 14665:Chemicals 14623:Batteries 14495:Computers 14430:Jewellery 14416:Furniture 14400:Sintering 14380:Extrusion 14334:Machining 14310:Builders' 14263:Engraving 14258:Embossing 14241:Tailoring 14226:Hatmaking 14126:Beverages 14109:Preserved 14006:Limestone 13976:Quarrying 13949:Gemstones 13919:Palladium 13884:Tar sands 13879:Petroleum 13874:Oil shale 13720:Swordfish 13680:Anchovies 13521:Cochineal 13165:etymology 13016:Abundance 12941:in humans 12937:Abundance 12822:Nonmetals 12779:Actinides 11052:2214-6296 11018:: 36–40. 10424:2045-2322 10349:0269-4042 10294:0045-6535 10231:: 40–48. 10133:0091-6765 10091:0048-9697 10023:0013-936X 9960:0013-936X 9895:2041-1723 9847:219469381 9839:0959-6526 9795:115810707 9787:1364-0321 9755:: 41–53. 9650:0304-3894 9599:0013-936X 9552:1674-9871 9500:135249554 9492:2452-2236 9387:Molecules 9368:1944-3994 9346:: 71–86. 9282:March 16, 9170:0048-9697 9017:Resources 8987:2005-9752 8909:0944-1344 8831:239335855 8721:128509001 8418:USA Today 7933:April 11, 7453:AlJazeera 7377:March 22, 7346:April 19, 7184:March 27, 7158:March 27, 7133:March 27, 7098:March 27, 6933:August 8, 6687:March 13, 6622:0169-1368 6581:0301-4207 6514:April 19, 6488:March 13, 6456:April 21, 6326:0016-7037 6271:1432-0967 6175:1752-0908 6087:933724718 6027:262694332 5461:on a BBC 5408:118895100 5376:: 68–74. 5366:surfaces" 5232:March 13, 5180:2076-2615 5086:April 19, 5060:April 19, 5022:TRT World 4946:The 1985 4838:Khanashin 4742:project. 4492:Bayan Obo 4441:catalysts 4344:Catalysts 4319:neodymium 4317:(Pr) and 4221:gold rush 4139:Fremantle 4075:, Japan. 4029:lujavrite 4025:Greenland 4009:Thor Lake 3984:Las Vegas 3933:Greenland 3913:Australia 3901:Singapore 3843:In 2019, 3790:Bayan Obo 3684:feldspars 3591:− 3461:− 3440:× 3402:∗ 2939:the crust 2919:plutonism 2884:Australia 2821:Greenland 2817:eudialyte 2813:zirconium 2740:accretion 2682:unit cell 2626:carbonate 2618:phosphate 2612:Compounds 2583:s-process 2482:lateritic 2421:neptunium 2413:actinides 2389:zirconium 2353:) in it. 2351:columbium 2306:in 1901. 2279:gadolinia 2215:, or the 2118:beryllium 2116:isolated 1953:Infrared 1946:Ytterbium 1917:Portable 1876:Infrared 1836:Stockholm 1739:phosphors 1592:phosphors 1436:Neodymium 1330:Chemical 1270:Lanthanum 1238:microwave 1129:Abundance 961:neodymium 957:lanthanum 875:Oganesson 854:Moscovium 847:Flerovium 728:Berkelium 714:Americium 707:Plutonium 700:Neptunium 537:Ytterbium 467:Neodymium 446:Lanthanum 409:Tellurium 367:Palladium 353:Ruthenium 325:Zirconium 307:Strontium 263:Germanium 214:Manganese 170:Potassium 126:Aluminium 117:Magnesium 57:Beryllium 16891:Category 16762:Monopoly 16714:Services 16493:Language 16488:Creative 16472:Tutoring 16450:Tertiary 16420:Websites 16400:Internet 16351:Software 16337:Written 16258:Pet care 16218:Janitors 16208:security 16199:Staffing 16128:Gambling 16021:Interior 16002:, & 15996:Physical 15908:Property 15796:Catering 15729:Airlines 15717:Trucking 15553:Plumbing 15508:Dredging 15483:Railways 15416:Internet 15411:Cable TV 15345:Electric 15290:vehicles 15189:Aluminum 15096:Ceramics 15009:Plastics 14922:Currying 14912:deliming 14885:Vaccines 14827:Perfumes 14766:Pigments 14709:Kerosene 14704:Jet fuel 14699:Gasoline 14694:Fuel oil 14426:Bicycles 14340:smithing 14248:Printing 14206:Clothing 14174:Spinning 14154:Textiles 14104:Prepared 13924:Platinum 13894:Aluminum 13822:Scallops 13735:Lobsters 13710:Mackerel 13690:Sardines 13657:Truffles 13633:, & 13580:Firewood 13555:Forestry 13365:Oilseeds 13244:Category 13196:See also 13066:Hardness 12919:Elements 10982:Archived 10926:Archived 10883:Archived 10859:Archived 10828:Archived 10774:Archived 10743:Archived 10679:Archived 10661:April 7, 10655:Archived 10625:Archived 10599:Archived 10576:Archived 10551:Archived 10532:April 5, 10526:Archived 10505:26164116 10442:28852170 10365:31655372 10357:28550599 10302:23891580 10200:23516020 10041:36942728 10032:10077585 9976:85517653 9968:30912650 9913:32873784 9733:35138886 9658:25089667 9607:24576005 9437:Archived 9419:30871164 9313:Archived 9276:Archived 9195:Archived 9094:June 16, 9088:Archived 9054:Archived 8995:17407586 8935:July 29, 8929:Archived 8925:11359274 8917:12008295 8841:June 26, 8835:Archived 8769:Minerals 8652:Archived 8604:Archived 8514:Archived 8482:Archived 8452:Archived 8428:July 21, 8422:Archived 8273:June 30, 8263:Barron's 8239:March 9, 8233:Archived 8179:March 9, 8173:Archived 8148:June 12, 7988:Archived 7924:Archived 7891:Archived 7861:Archived 7836:March 9, 7735:Archived 7731:CBC News 7692:Archived 7667:Archived 7641:Archived 7580:Archived 7554:Archived 7532:Archived 7506:Archived 7433:June 21, 7427:Archived 7423:BBC News 7371:Archived 7313:July 19, 7307:Archived 7240:Archived 7208:Archived 7067:Archived 7043:Archived 7018:Archived 6988:Archived 6958:Archived 6927:Archived 6896:Archived 6859:Archived 6829:Archived 6678:Archived 6645:Archived 6535:Archived 6508:Archived 6479:Archived 6429:Archived 6401:Archived 6279:97399702 6121:Archived 5935:55024339 5828:Archived 5799:33044175 5761:27937350 5643:. 1977. 5412:Archived 5270:June 19, 5264:Archived 5223:Archived 5198:32947815 5139:29997591 5113:: 1366. 5054:BBC News 4963:(2005). 4880:See also 4708:Malaysia 4691:May 2019 4531:tailings 4213:Sillamäe 4209:loparite 4115:Telemark 3992:Nebraska 3988:Molycorp 3929:Tanzania 3893:Tatmadaw 3834:Molycorp 3013:laterite 2935:diatreme 2896:loparite 2856:parisite 2852:ancylite 2848:loparite 2844:allanite 2840:monazite 2829:monazite 2825:Xenotime 2815:mineral 2801:fluorite 2793:euxenite 2772:monazite 2768:xenotime 2686:bixbyite 2670:fluorite 2630:fluoride 2622:monazite 2571:scandium 2509:ilmenite 2471:loparite 2460:monazite 2433:actinium 2343:tantalum 2331:ilmenium 2303:europium 2253:samarium 2236:didymium 2222:decipium 2169:lanthana 2159:In 1839 2134:tungsten 1999:Lutetium 1805:such as 1757:, naval 1753:such as 1737:, green 1692:used in 1579:Europium 1528:Samarium 1460:didymium 1404:didymium 1293:lenses, 1143:Scandium 1091:Minerals 1015:misnomer 992:scandium 949:samarium 840:Nihonium 763:Nobelium 672:Actinium 658:Francium 642:Astatine 635:Polonium 614:Thallium 593:Platinum 565:Tungsten 558:Tantalum 544:Lutetium 488:Europium 481:Samarium 402:Antimony 300:Rubidium 277:Selenium 207:Chromium 200:Vanadium 193:Titanium 186:Scandium 154:Chlorine 94:Fluorine 80:Nitrogen 32:Hydrogen 16915:Outline 16903:Commons 16657:Funding 16640:Culture 16617:outputs 16527:Related 16467:Testing 16440:Primary 16405:Hosting 16288:Tourism 16274:Travel 16270:Poverty 16248:Funeral 16230:Repairs 16194:Renting 16189:Leasing 16148:Arcades 16144:Venues 16120:leisure 16093:Nursing 16026:Product 16016:Fashion 16000:product 15846:Banking 15655:Auction 15513:Harbors 15493:Tunnels 15478:Bridges 15384:Dumping 15320:Weapons 15138:Plaster 15029:Pellets 14917:Tanning 14903:Leather 14734:Propane 14679:Bitumen 14582:Cameras 14422:Baggage 14395:Pottery 14375:Drawing 14319:Cutlery 14184:Carpets 14179:Weaving 14159:Carding 14088:Canning 14016:Granite 13939:Uranium 13929:Lithium 13802:Seaweed 13787:Oysters 13782:Mussels 13777:Abalone 13772:Tilapia 13767:Catfish 13750:Whaling 13705:Pollock 13700:Haddock 13685:Herring 13675:Fishing 13668:Aquatic 13575:Logging 13538:Hunting 13526:Shellac 13511:Poultry 13459:Flowers 13392:Berries 13375:Tobacco 13350:Legumes 13345:Cereals 13130:History 13036:Density 12664:Periods 12470:p-block 12465:d-block 12460:f-block 12455:s-block 11173:at the 11020:Bibcode 10475:Bibcode 10433:5575011 10404:Bibcode 10329:Bibcode 10272:Bibcode 10233:Bibcode 10191:3601293 10151:8722113 10142:1469566 10071:Bibcode 10003:Bibcode 9940:Bibcode 9904:7463018 9875:Bibcode 9819:Bibcode 9757:Bibcode 9724:8827657 9703:Bibcode 9630:Bibcode 9579:Bibcode 9530:Bibcode 9472:Bibcode 9470:: 1–7. 9443:June 7, 9410:6471397 9348:Bibcode 9251:June 3, 9178:2169646 9150:Bibcode 8967:Bibcode 8889:Bibcode 8858:(Ed.), 8777:Bibcode 8701:Bibcode 8051:Reuters 8032:Reuters 7897:May 24, 7887:ELMUNDO 7748:world". 7618:May 18, 7586:May 18, 7367:Reuters 6855:Reuters 6825:Reuters 6561:Bibcode 6350:May 18, 6306:Bibcode 6251:Bibcode 6155:Bibcode 5959:Bibcode 5907:Bibcode 5837:May 18, 5388:Bibcode 5158:Animals 5130:6028718 5018:YouTube 4801:by the 4681:updated 4638:Thorium 4539:uranium 4535:thorium 4450:and as 4294:fly ash 4288:Methods 4217:Estonia 4174:Barrons 4131:Kuantan 4087:lithium 4060:Ngualla 4017:Vietnam 4011:in the 3966:Vietnam 3849:Myanmar 3727:aeolian 3692:olivine 3112:igneous 2983:cratons 2690:(Mn,Fe) 2529:elution 2515:(XRF). 2429:thorium 2425:uranium 2377:hafnium 2347:niobium 2205:terbium 2180:terbium 2173:didymia 2154:ochroia 2122:Bastnäs 2094:Ytterby 2005:Lutetia 1906:Thulium 1850:magnets 1830:Holmium 1724:Ytterby 1718:Terbium 1643:garnets 1462:glass, 1400:enamels 1396:glasses 1191:Yttrium 1152:Scandia 1117:Symbol 1081:Ytterby 1039:uranium 1035:thorium 996:yttrium 925:Legend: 805:Hassium 798:Bohrium 784:Dubnium 749:Fermium 693:Uranium 679:Thorium 628:Bismuth 586:Iridium 572:Rhenium 551:Hafnium 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