399:
234:
345:
183:
269:
131:
371:
206:
987:, p. 128: "... the farmer told Wakhil about all the irrigation ditches that had been blown up by fighter jets, and the flooding in the valley and malaria outbreak that followed. Malaria, which on the eve of Taraki's Communist coup in April 1978 – was at the point of being eradicated in Afghanistan, had returned with a vengeance, thanks to the stagnant, mosquito-breeding pools caused by the widespread destruction of irrigation systems. Nangarhar was rife with the disease. This was another relatively minor, tedious side effect of the Soviet invasion."
281:
256:
120:
196:
333:
171:
384:
219:
358:
158:
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308:
144:
775:
Casey startled his
Pakistani hosts by proposing that they take the Afghan war into enemy territory—into the Soviet Union itself. Casey wanted to ship subversive propaganda through Afghanistan to the Soviet Union's predominantly Muslim southern republics. The Pakistanis agreed, and the CIA soon
801:
entailed direct military involvement not only in
Afghanistan but the Central Asian republics of the Soviet Union. From 1984 in conjunction with the CIA and ISI, MI6 helped organize and execute "scores" of guerrilla-style attacks. These included rocket attacks on villages in
820:
who had close links with
Hekmatyar & Massoud. MI6's aim was for Ahmad to spread radical and anti-Soviet Islamic literature in the Soviet republics in the hope of rebellions against their Communist governments. These went as far as
845:
to divert resources away from the front lines and to focus on protecting its borders. The attacks also damaged the morale of the Soviet troops and contributed to the Soviet decision to withdraw from
Afghanistan in 1989.
771:
secretly visited
Pakistan numerous times to meet with the ISI officers managing the mujahideen, and personally observed the guerrillas training on at least one occasion. Coll reports that
813:
These were the first direct
Western attacks on the Soviet Union since the 1950s and they reached their peak in 1986. MI6 directly remitted money into an account of Pakistani leader of
731:. MI6 facilitated the attacks which included the Limpets. In this they were successful in destroying a number of barges as well as damaging the bridge pylons spanning the river near
776:
supplied thousands of Korans, as well as books on Soviet atrocities in
Uzbekistan and tracts on historical heroes of Uzbek nationalism, according to Pakistani and Western officials.
1043:
910:
1103:
636:
The raids inside Soviet Union during Soviet Afghan War were an effort to foment unrest and rebellion by the
Islamic populations of the Soviet Union, starting in late 1984
457:
829:. The uprisings did not occur but the Soviets were concerned about potential uprisings during the war and even threatened retaliation with bombings in Pakistan.
759:, identified the elements as "Black Storks" who crossed the border to join the Afghan mujahideen – a claim also backed by American author, David Campbell.
783:
also supplied
Mujahideen with Weapons and Ammunition as well as Financial aid and this proved to be a crucial factor in the success of these raids.
450:
792:
637:
1022:
530:
443:
651:
brigadier general who was the chief for Afghan operations. The rebels began cross-border raids into the Soviet Union in spring 1985.
614:
1066:
1299:
1267:
1246:
1225:
870:
691:
to launch coordinated raids on multiple targets across the Soviet border and extending, in the case of an attack on an
601:
135:
99:
1347:
1326:
1216:
Ghost Wars: The Secret
History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
1191:
1076:
1037:
692:
624:
1375:
495:
751:
actually wore the black uniforms with rectangular black-yellow-red stripes, and suspected to be Pakistan Army
915:
619:
688:
648:
370:
337:
205:
175:
575:
510:
955:
905:
744:
900:
755:
personnel; Pakistan's government has officially denied their involvement. The American author,
555:
1183:
Manufacturing Terrorism: When Governments Use Fear to Justify Foreign Wars and Control Society
643:
encouraged Mujahideen militants to mount sabotage raids inside the Soviet Union, according to
855:
752:
540:
467:
349:
187:
25:
880:
587:
8:
1238:
Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy
956:"The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Failure of Military Coercion in Afghanistan, 1979–89"
895:
580:
505:
481:
260:
817:
727:
from Britain in the hope of attacking Soviet transport barges on the South bank of the
525:
1342:. New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation in association with Har-Anand Publications.
1353:
1343:
1322:
1305:
1295:
1273:
1263:
1242:
1221:
1214:
1197:
1187:
1072:
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875:
860:
798:
748:
712:
660:
565:
535:
312:
285:
148:
29:
1285:
865:
560:
550:
1289:
1236:
814:
728:
594:
545:
515:
488:
715:
captured the town and held it for several days before being forced to withdraw.
890:
885:
570:
520:
500:
389:
224:
1201:
1369:
1277:
768:
756:
640:
363:
195:
1357:
1309:
1181:
842:
838:
810:
which flowed through these areas, some 25 kilometers in these territories.
724:
704:
695:
factory, as deep as over 16 kilometres (10 mi) into Soviet territory.
679:, killing 3 citizens. The attack was likely meant to target Soviet troops.
644:
297:
255:
124:
119:
1257:
841:
had a significant impact on the Soviet war effort. The attacks forced the
1337:
1068:
How Pakistan Negotiates with the United States: Riding the Roller Coaster
687:
In April 1987 three separate teams of Afghan rebels were directed by the
664:
273:
130:
84:
60:
675:
In January 1987 a bomb exploded on a Moscow-bound train in northwestern
1209:
807:
803:
708:
676:
77:
703:
One of the most notable attacks launched by the Mujahideen inside the
56:
52:
1014:
435:
822:
324:
162:
157:
1291:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
1032:(1st ed.). New York, US: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 80.
647:, Casey's executive assistant and Mohammed Yousef, the Pakistani
718:
911:
Pakistan Soviet air confrontations during the Soviet Afghan war
826:
732:
1339:
The Jihad Factory Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making
1030:
Soviet Paratrooper vs Mujahideen Fighter: Afghanistan 1979–89
806:
and raids on Soviet airfields, troop supplies and convoys in
738:
1319:
What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979-89
780:
403:
374:
238:
209:
1144:
1117:
1259:
Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam
1134:
1132:
990:
96:
One bridge and several barges destroyed in Uzbekistan
1156:
1097:
1095:
978:
1129:
1065:Schaffer, Howard B.; Schaffer, Teresita C. (2011).
1002:
1213:
928:
19:Raids inside Soviet union during Soviet Afghan war
1321:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
1092:
90:Soviet Ammunition factory in Uzbekistan destroyed
1367:
1064:
380:
215:
1104:"Anatomy of a Victory: CIA's Covert Afghan War"
93:Soviet train successfully bombed in Uzbekistan
719:Destruction of Termez bridge and barge system
451:
1186:. West Hoathly, W. Sussex: Clairview Books.
667:, Turkmenistan. Three soldiers were killed.
670:
26:Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan
953:
458:
444:
1020:
610:Mujahideen raids inside the Soviet Union
793:United Kingdom in the Soviet–Afghan War
739:Involvement of Pakistani special forces
1368:
1335:
1316:
1284:
1255:
1234:
1162:
1150:
1123:
1008:
984:
654:
1179:
1138:
1046:from the original on 14 February 2023
949:
947:
945:
943:
465:
439:
1294:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1208:
1101:
996:
934:
663:bombed a Soviet military airbase in
1113:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
954:Westermann, Edward B. (Fall 1999).
786:
707:was the 1988 attack on the town of
682:
13:
940:
837:The Mujahideen attacks inside the
762:
615:Pakistan–Soviet air confrontations
136:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
100:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
14:
1387:
531:Kulchabat, Bala Karz and Mushkizi
292:
280:
268:
397:
382:
369:
356:
343:
331:
317:
306:
291:
279:
267:
254:
232:
217:
204:
194:
181:
169:
156:
142:
129:
118:
1071:. US Institute of Peace Press.
871:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
625:Afghan SCUD attacks in Pakistan
1058:
698:
1:
921:
916:KHAD-KGB campaign in Pakistan
620:KHAD-KGB campaign in Pakistan
1102:Coll, Steve (19 July 1992).
7:
1241:. Oxford University Press.
1220:. New York: Penguin Press.
960:Journal of Conflict Studies
849:
176:Inter Services Intelligence
83:Soviet military airbase in
10:
1392:
1262:. London: Serpent's Tail.
1172:
790:
1088:– via Google Books.
1023:"Battlefield Environment"
832:
723:Pakistan's ISI requested
477:
411:
246:
111:
35:
23:
18:
1336:Sareen, Sushant (2005).
1021:Campbell, David (2017).
671:January 1987 rail attack
423:Several barges destroyed
906:Second Battle of Zhawar
1317:Riedel, Bruce (2014).
901:First Battle of Zhawar
778:
1256:Curtis, Mark (2010).
1235:Cormac, Rory (2018).
797:The UK's role in the
773:
753:Special Service Group
412:Casualties and losses
188:Special Service Group
87:successfully attacked
80:successfully captured
1180:Coles, T. J (2018).
881:Battle for Hill 3234
425:One airfield damaged
999:, pp. 161–162.
896:Operation Magistral
745:Soviet paratroopers
655:1985 airbase attack
419:1 Factory destroyed
261:Soviet Armed Forces
72:Mujahideen victory
1153:, pp. 146–47.
1126:, pp. 235–36.
818:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
421:1 bridge destroyed
1376:Soviet–Afghan War
1301:978-0-307-54698-2
1286:Kaplan, Robert D.
1269:978-1-84668-763-1
1248:978-0-19-878459-3
1227:978-1-59420-007-6
876:Operation Curtain
861:Operation Cyclone
856:Soviet–Afghan war
799:Soviet Afghan war
749:Afghan mujaheddin
713:Afghan Mujahideen
661:Afghan Mujahideen
633:
632:
602:Soviet withdrawal
469:Soviet–Afghan War
434:
433:
417:1 Train destroyed
313:Afghan mujahideen
286:Soviet Air Forces
149:Afghan mujahideen
107:
106:
30:Operation Cyclone
1383:
1361:
1332:
1313:
1281:
1252:
1231:
1219:
1205:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1027:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
951:
938:
932:
866:Badaber uprising
787:MI-6 involvement
683:April 1987 raids
511:Padkhwab-e Shana
496:Student protests
472:
470:
460:
453:
446:
437:
436:
402:
401:
400:
392:
388:
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199:
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186:
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174:
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147:
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134:
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37:
36:
16:
15:
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1380:
1366:
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1329:
1302:
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1228:
1194:
1175:
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1149:
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1100:
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1040:
1025:
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1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
969:
967:
952:
941:
933:
929:
924:
852:
835:
815:Jamaat-e-Islami
795:
789:
765:
763:CIA involvement
747:found that the
741:
729:Amu Darya River
721:
701:
685:
673:
659:In August 1985
657:
638:Director of CIA
634:
629:
606:
473:
468:
466:
464:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
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396:
383:
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155:
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128:
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117:
63:
12:
11:
5:
1389:
1379:
1378:
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1362:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1314:
1300:
1282:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1206:
1192:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1128:
1116:
1091:
1077:
1057:
1038:
1026:(google books)
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
939:
937:, p. 104.
926:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
891:Siege of Khost
888:
886:Battle of Jaji
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
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834:
831:
791:Main article:
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498:
493:
486:
478:
475:
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463:
462:
455:
448:
440:
432:
431:
428:
427:Unknown killed
414:
413:
409:
408:
407:
406:
390:United Kingdom
378:
377:
353:
352:
340:
302:
301:
300:
288:
276:
249:
248:
247:Units involved
244:
243:
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225:United Kingdom
213:
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200:United States
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138:
114:
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1349:9788124110751
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1328:9780815725855
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1199:
1195:
1193:9781905570973
1189:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1165:, p. 74.
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1141:, p. 48.
1140:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1080:
1078:9781601270757
1074:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1045:
1041:
1039:9781472817655
1035:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1011:, p. 48.
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1005:
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981:
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957:
950:
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946:
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828:
824:
819:
816:
811:
809:
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800:
794:
784:
782:
777:
772:
770:
769:William Casey
767:CIA director
760:
758:
757:Aukai Collins
754:
750:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
680:
678:
668:
666:
662:
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:William Casey
639:
626:
623:
621:
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364:United States
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167:
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153:
152:Supported by:
150:
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50:
47:
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42:
39:
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34:
31:
27:
22:
17:
1338:
1318:
1290:
1258:
1237:
1215:
1182:
1158:
1146:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1082:. Retrieved
1067:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1029:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:. Retrieved
963:
959:
930:
843:Soviet Union
839:Soviet Union
836:
812:
796:
779:
774:
766:
742:
725:limpet mines
722:
705:Soviet Union
702:
686:
674:
658:
645:Robert Gates
635:
609:
595:
581:
556:Maravar Pass
541:Baraki Barak
489:
482:
379:
354:
304:
298:Spetsnaz GRU
252:
214:
192:
151:
140:
125:Soviet Union
112:Belligerents
71:
24:Part of the
1210:Coll, Steve
1163:Sareen 2005
1151:Curtis 2010
1124:Cormac 2018
1009:Riedel 2014
985:Kaplan 2008
699:Kushka raid
665:Krasnovodsk
536:Caravan war
274:Soviet Army
85:Krasnovodsk
61:Turkmen SSR
1202:1076248472
1139:Coles 2018
1050:28 January
922:References
808:Uzbekistan
804:Tajikistan
677:Uzbekistan
1278:655641314
997:Coll 2004
970:3 October
935:Coll 2004
588:Hill 3234
582:Magistral
576:Arghandab
483:Storm-333
57:Tajik SSR
53:Uzbek SSR
43:1984–1988
1370:Category
1358:62517115
1310:48367823
1288:(2008).
1212:(2004).
1044:Archived
850:See also
823:Chechnya
506:Panjshir
325:Pakistan
163:Pakistan
76:Town of
48:Location
1173:Sources
561:Badaber
551:Laghman
526:Marmoul
430:Unknown
1356:
1346:
1325:
1308:
1298:
1276:
1266:
1245:
1224:
1200:
1190:
1109:4 July
1084:4 July
1075:
1036:
833:Impact
827:Bosnia
733:Termez
711:. The
709:Kushka
566:Zhawar
546:Kunduz
516:Rauzdi
490:3 Hoot
387:
361:
322:
222:
78:Kushka
68:Result
693:Uzbek
596:Arrow
521:Urgun
501:Khost
1354:OCLC
1344:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1306:OCLC
1296:ISBN
1274:OCLC
1264:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1198:OCLC
1188:ISBN
1111:2020
1086:2020
1073:ISBN
1052:2019
1034:ISBN
972:2015
825:and
743:The
571:Jaji
59:and
40:Date
28:and
966:(2)
964:XIX
781:CIA
689:ISI
649:ISI
404:MI6
375:CIA
350:SSG
338:ISI
239:MI6
210:CIA
1372::
1352:.
1304:.
1272:.
1196:.
1131:^
1094:^
1042:.
1028:.
962:.
958:.
942:^
735:.
55:,
1360:.
1331:.
1312:.
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1054:.
974:.
459:e
452:t
445:v
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