Militarism - Knowledge

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a new nation state – the Republic of Turkey – in 1923. The founders of the republic were determined to break with the past and modernise the country. There was, however, an inherent contradiction in that their modernist vision was limited by their military roots. The leading reformers were all military men and, in keeping with the military tradition, all believed in the authority and the sacredness of the state. The public also believed in the military. It was the military, after all, who led the nation through the

3172: 2482: 2224: 3439: 3098:, but much of it was quickly reconquered by the Soviet Union later on, including events such as the partition of Poland and reconquest of the Baltic states in the late 1930s and ‘40s. Soviet influence reached its peak after WWII in the Cold War era, during which the Soviet Union occupied virtually all of Eastern Europe in a military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet Army playing a key role. All this was lost with the 2872: 3045:(INP), the high school or secondary and college education have a compulsory curriculum concerning the military, and nationalism which is the "Citizens Military Training" (CMT) and "Reserve Officers Training Corps" (ROTC). But in 1986, when the constitution changed, this form of national service training program became non-compulsory but still part of the basic education. 2847:. It provides the framework of the government, designating the military as the "supreme repository of power". It also facilitates the militarization of non-military sectors by emphasizing the unity of the military and the people by spreading military culture among the masses. The North Korean government grants the 3091:'s reforms, Russia became one of Europe's great powers in terms of political and military strength. Through the Imperial era, Russia continued on her quest for territorial expansion into Siberia, Caucasus and into Eastern Europe, eventually conquering the majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 3163:

lasted for centuries and always relied on its military might, but militarism was not a part of everyday life. Militarism was only introduced into daily life with the advent of modern institutions, particularly schools, which became part of the state apparatus when the Ottoman Empire was succeeded by

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the national army fell into disrepair. Reforms based on various European states including Britain, Germany, and Switzerland were made so that it would become responsive to control from the central government, prepared for future conflicts, and develop refined command and support structures; these

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enrolled the permitted number of men for one year, trained and then dismissed that group, and enrolled another of the same size, and so on. Thus, in the course of ten years, he was able to gather an army of 420,000 men who had at least one year of military training. The officers of the army were

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This system led to several consequences. Since the officer class also furnished most of the officials for the civil administration of the country, the interests of the army came to be considered as identical to the interests of the country as a whole. A second result was that the governing class

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Democrats over the proper administration of the state and direction of its foreign policy. The conflict pitted proponents of professionalism, based on business management principles, against those favoring more local control in the hands of laymen and political appointees. The outcome of this

3422:. This form of militarism is distinguished by the reliance on a relatively small number of volunteer fighters; heavy reliance on complex technologies; and the rationalization and expansion of government advertising and recruitment programs designed to promote military service. President 2324:. The result was that there was gradually built up a large class of professional officers on the one hand, and a much larger class, the rank and file of the army, on the other. These enlisted men had become conditioned to obey implicitly all the commands of the officers, creating a 3319:). The previous limit by legislation of 24,000 men was expanded to 60,000 regulars in the new army bill on 2 February 1901, with allowance at that time for expansion to 80,000 regulars by presidential discretion at times of national emergency. 2283:

started his large-scale military reforms in 1713, thus beginning the country's tradition of a high military budget by increasing the annual military spending to 73% of the entire annual budget of Prussia. By the time of his death in 1740, the

3478:", with civilians today still believing that military intervention in the government is positive, especially during times of crisis, with many Venezuelans believing that the military opens democratic opportunities instead of blocking them. 3247:

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries political and military leaders reformed the US federal government to establish a stronger central government than had ever previously existed for the purpose of enabling the nation

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and 2 ministers, and a new constitution was introduced, creating a Constitutional Court to vet the legislation passed by parliament, and a military-dominated National Security Council to oversee the government affairs similar to the

3110:, a resurgent modern Russia has maintained a tremendous amount of geopolitical influence in the countries spawned from the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and modern Russia remains Eastern Europe's leading, if not dominant, power. 2620:) played a significant role in Japanese politics. Japan's militarism is deeply rooted in the ancient samurai tradition, centuries before Japan's modernization. Even though a militarist philosophy was intrinsic to the shogunates, a 3017:

During the World War II, the Philippines was one of the participants, as a member of Allied forces, the Philippines with the U.S. forces fought the Imperial Japanese Army (1942–1945), one of the notable battles is the victorious

3474:. Between 1892 and 1900 alone, six rebellions occurred and 437 military actions were taken to obtain control of Venezuela. With the military controlling Venezuela for much of its history, the country practiced a "military 3204:, which resulted in the dissolution of parliament and all political parties as well as imposition of a much more authoritarian constitution. There was another military intervention that was called a "post-modern coup" on 2643:

In the 20th century (approximately in the 1920s), two factors contributed both to the power of the military and chaos within its ranks. One was the "Military Ministers to be Active-Duty Officers Law", which required the

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published in-depth analyses of the militarist paramilitary violence characterizing German public life as well as the state's lenient to sympathetic reaction to it if the violence was committed by the political right.

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and its colonization of Prussia during the late Middle Ages, when mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed militarist Prussian nobility, from which the

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capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the "predominance of the

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In parallel with 20th-century German militarism, Japanese militarism began with a series of events by which the military gained prominence in dictating Japan's affairs. This was evident in 15th-century Japan's

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against the republican government, was launched by disaffected members of the armed forces. After this event, some of the more radical militarists and nationalists were submerged in grief and despair into the

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defeated Prussia in 1806, one of the conditions of peace was that Prussia should reduce its army to no more than 42,000 men. In order that the country should not again be so defeated, the

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for a military coup, for which he had been suggested as leader; the matter was partially corroborated, but the real threat has been disputed. The Latin American expeditions ended with

66:, centre. Although Bismarck was a civilian politician and not a military officer, he wore a military uniform as part of the Prussian militarist culture of the time. From a painting by 2826: 2788:

as the fundamental law of the country, replacing the rule of the Emperor with parliamentary government. With this event, the Empire of Japan officially came to an end and the modern

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In recent years, the Indian government has increased the military expenditure of the 1.4 million-strong military across all branches and embarked on a rapid modernization program.

3200:, this time only forcing the government to resign and installing a cabinet of technocrats and bureaucrats without dissolving the parliament. The third military coup took place on 2670:

by junior officers. It was not uncommon for radical junior officers to press their goals, to the extent of assassinating their seniors. In 1936, this phenomenon resulted in the

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struggle, including a more professional federal civil service and a strengthened presidency and executive branch, made a more expansionist foreign policy possible.

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was a strongly militarist state; after its defeat in 1945, militarism in German culture was dramatically reduced as a backlash against the Nazi period, and the

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Columnist M. Ali Kışlalı cites Army commander Faruk Gürler for this comparison in his article "MGK değişti ama" in the newspaper "Radikal", dated 4 July 2007.

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damaged Japan's economy and gave radical elements within the Japanese military the chance to realize their ambitions of conquering all of Asia. In 1931, the

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in the Pacific and Caribbean. This required modifications for a more efficient central government due to the added administration requirements (see above).

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in the world; at 1.3 percent of Germany's GDP, it is, in 2019, similar in cash terms to those of the United Kingdom, France and Japan, at around US$ 50bn.

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in 1994) which emphasize the people's military over all other aspects of state and the interests of the military comes first before the masses (workers).

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Russia has also had a long history of militarism continuing on to the present day driven by its desire to protect its western frontier which has no

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oversaw a program of attempted fundamental re-education of the German people at large in order to put a stop to German militarism once and for all.

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elevates the Korean People's Armed Forces within North Korea as an organization and as a state function, granting it the primary position in the

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have changed the composition and role of the National Security Council, and placed the armed forces under the control of civilian government.

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of 83,000 men, one of the largest in Europe, at a time when the entire Prussian populace made up 2.5 million people. Prussian military writer

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to support the development of the new industrial economy. This reform was the result of a conflict between Neo-Hamiltonian Republicans and

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humiliated their militaristic culture. The Weimar years saw large-scale right-wing militarist and paramilitary mass organizations such as

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Throughout its entire 14-year existence, the Weimar Republic remained under threat of militaristic nationalism, as many Germans felt the

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and an overall atmosphere of lingering civil war during the Weimar period. During the Weimar era, mathematician and political writer

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Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410-1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), 1-22

3079:' – or Young Army. The Young Army movement is the Kremlin's attempt to mobilize and provide basic military skills to Russian youth. 2336:

desired to continue a system which gave them so much power over the common people, contributing to the continuing influence of the

1026: 3715: 3289: 1453: 3220: 3216: 2969: 2422:) to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles' 100,000 man limit on the German army.; it was dissolved in 1923. Many members of the 3399:, a retired top military commander elected as a civilian president, warned, as he was leaving office, of the development of a 3209: 3984: 3957: 3636: 3585: 2821:'s "Military First" policy, regards military power as the highest priority of the country. This has escalated so much in the 2770: 2396: 2757:, two similarly militaristic states in Europe, and advanced out of China and into Southeast Asia. The following year, Japan 3468:, known as the liberator of Venezuela. For much of the 1800s, Venezuela was ruled by powerful, militarist leaders known as 3123: 2851:

as the highest priority in the economy and in resource-allocation, and positions it as the model for society to emulate.

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to all citizens, a mandatory form of national service (at any war) for the increase the density and the manpower of the

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Barr, Ronald J. "The Progressive Army: US Army Command and Administration 1870–1914." St. Martin's Press, Inc. 1998.

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said that "the last time we saw these levels was at the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union."

2844: 2300:, Prussia always remained "not a country with an army, but an army with a country" (a quote often misattributed to 2293: 1536: 3459: 3400: 3303:

was considered essential to the occupation and control of the new territories acquired from Spain in its defeat (

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between potential invaders from the rest of continental Europe and her heartlands in European Russia. Ever since

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Militarismus des Zivilen in Japan 1937–1940: Diskurse und ihre Auswirkungen auf politische Entscheidungsprozesse

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The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History

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Jae Kyu Park, "North Korea since 2000 and prospects for Inter Korean Relations" Korea.net, 19 January 2006, <

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Political Communication and Leadership: Mimetisation, Hugo Chavez and the Construction of Power and Identity

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against Pakistan, assured that the Indian government remained committed to military expansion. The disputed

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Tian, Nan; Kuimova, Alexandra; Lopes da Silva, Diego; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (April 2020).

2529: 2505:. The Indian National Army (INA) played a crucial role in pressuring the British Raj after it occupied the 2494: 1999: 703: 463: 59: 3757:

Vogel, EM (ed.), Modern Japanese Organization and Decision-Making, University of California Press, 1987.

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A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI

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After World War II, there were major cutbacks, such that units responding early in the Korean War under

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It has been argued that the United States has shifted to a state of neomilitarism since the end of the

3042: 2718: 2545: 1473: 3803: 3117:, the Russian government increased their efforts to introduce "patriotic education" into schools. The 3772: 2989: 2836: 2682:

and he ordered its suppression, which was successfully carried out by loyal members of the military.

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which merely forced the government to resign, and finally an unsuccessful military coup attempt on

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and the purging of all militarist influences from Japanese society and politics. In 1947, the new

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had their own forces, divided between the islands which each had its own ruler. They were called

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were permanent captains at the start of the war and received temporary promotions to colonel.

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is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong

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Militarism in Germany continued after World War I and the fall of the German monarchy in the

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and other issues led the Indian government to emphasize military preparedness (see also the

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lessons, with some comparing them to the "patriotic education" of the former Soviet Union.

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reported that some parents were shocked by the militaristic nature of the Kremlin-promoted

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that one in five people serves in the armed forces, and the military has become one of the

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and killed leading members of the Japanese government. The rebellion enraged Emperor

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ideologies of many nations throughout history. Notable ancient examples include the

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called the greatest geopolitical disaster of the 20th century. Nevertheless, under

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Competing with the Soviets: Science, Technology, and the State in Cold War America

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Frontiers of Violence. Conflict and Identity in Ulster and Upper Silesia 1918-1922

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The end of imperial rule in 1917 meant the loss of some territory following the

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A Nation in Barracks: Modern Germany, Military Conscription and Civil Society.

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The Collapse of Fortress Bush: The Crisis of Authority in American Government

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in 1962, India dramatically expanded its military which helped India win the

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U.S. forces were again enlarged immensely for World War I. Officers such as

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reforms led to the development of professional military thinkers and cadre.

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Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations.

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in 1991. Russia was greatly weakened in what Russia's second President

3064: 2561: 2553: 2466: 2408: 2231: 2223: 1916: 1886: 1608: 977: 4282:(Reihe zur Geschichte Asiens; Bd. 19). Iudicium Verlag, München 2019. 3921: 3489:, was built on the following of Bolívar and such militaristic ideals. 3438: 2904: 2481: 2243:

The roots of German militarism can be found in 18th- and 19th-century

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http://www.korea.net/News/Issues/IssueDetailView.asp?board_no=11037

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Command: The Politics of Military Operations from Korea to Ukraine

3543:"Militaristic - definition of militaristic by The Free Dictionary" 3130:

By the end of 2023, Vladimir Putin planned to spend almost 40% of

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region is regarded as one of the world’s most militarized places.

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From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role

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Elementary school students were given military drills, May 1942.

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would later write in hindsight that ever since the reign of the

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The Sword and the Scepter; the Problem of Militarism in Germany

3734:"India's Military Modernization in Doubt With Tiny Budget Rise" 3380:) were unprepared, resulting in catastrophic performance. When 3153: 2801: 2776:

In 1945, Japan surrendered to the United States, beginning the

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Conversi, Daniele 2007 'Homogenisation, nationalism and war’,

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The first military coup in the history of the republic was on

4041:. New York: New York University Press, 2008, 14 and 108–117. 3769:"North Korea's Military-First Policy: A Curse or a Blessing?" 3475: 2376: 2119: 914: 450: 445: 3196:

in the Soviet Union. The second military coup took place on

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to prevent the intervention of the United States, which had

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Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981.

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on defense and security. UK Chief of Defence Staff Admiral

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and its transformation into the Japanese puppet state of

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in the administration or policy of the state" (see also:

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New Challenges of North Korean Foreign Policy By K. Park

3716:"How India is ramping up military modernization efforts" 3631:(2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 92. 2859:

concept behind a shift in policies (since the death of

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von Georg Heinrich von Berenhorst. Herausgegeben von

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Militarism in Venezuela follows the cult and myth of

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During the 17th-century reign of the "Great Elector"

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1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh

3485:, ruled by the Bolivarian government established by 2948:, a revolutionary organization against Spain at the 3945: 2489:The rise of militarism in India dates back to the 2406:, which was banned in 1921. In the same year, the 4182:Albany: State University of New York Press. 1996. 3870:. New York City: Associated Press. Archived from 3575:. Erste Abteilung 1845. Verlag von Aue in Dessau. 3481:Much of the modern political movement behind the 3450:flags saying, "Chávez lives, the fight continues" 3395:resulted in serious permanent military buildups. 2320:drawn almost entirely from among the land-owning 2098:Militarism has been a significant element of the 4329: 3662:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 3626: 3606:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. 3972: 3939: 3847:. Washington, D.C.: Fred Ryan. Archived from 3329:Between the first and second world wars, the 2426:and the Black Reichswehr went on to join the 2056: 4178:Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order 3654:"Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019" 2417: 4119: 4117: 4115: 3696:Nanda, Showkat; Loke, Atul (8 March 2023). 2729:(1937–1945). Japanese troops streamed into 4223:Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule. 4085: 4083: 4003:(Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2013), chap.2. 3966: 3333:engaged in questionable activities in the 3243:Foreign interventions by the United States 3239:United States involvement in regime change 2063: 2049: 4089: 3861: 3838: 3766: 3760: 3695: 2638:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 2306:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 2269:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 2126:. Examples from modern times include the 4112: 3437: 3355: 3337:in Latin America. Retired Major General 3275: 3252:in the Pacific and in the Caribbean and 3170: 3070: 3058: 3006:as a high-ranking general, he ordered a 2870: 2805: 2741:; the last conquest was followed by the 2701:(a Japanese military force stationed in 2684: 2624:style of militarism developed after the 2584: 2480: 2342: 2222: 1027:List of military strategies and concepts 46: 4080: 3771:. Brookings Institution. Archived from 2966:Twin Battles of Binakayan and Dalahican 2674:, in which junior officers attempted a 14: 4330: 4189:McGill-Queen's University Press. 1985 3936:(Princeton Univ. Press, 1998), chap.4. 3767:Vorontsov, Alexander V (26 May 2006). 3601: 3187:, which resulted in the hanging of PM 3022:, which also called "The Liberation". 2765:oil sales to Japan in response to the 27:National reliance on a strong military 4187:War and Society in Europe, 1870–1970. 4123: 3862:Litvinova, Dasha (1 September 2023). 3532:New Oxford American Dictionary (2007) 3168:(1919–1923) and saved the motherland. 2597:after capturing the city in July 1937 4203:, Vol. 13, no 3, 2007, pp. 1–24 3949:Social Darwinism in American Thought 3415:(where Kahn, among others, worked). 3075:Vladimir Putin with members of the ' 3033:, which also made the Philippines a 2251:under Prussian leadership. However, 3922:https://www.ab.gov.tr/p.php?e=36535 2891:Military history of the Philippines 2530:tensions with neighbouring Pakistan 24: 4092:Venezuela: Revolution as Spectacle 3215:The constitutional referendums in 2839:and society. The principle guides 2493:with the establishment of several 2247:and the subsequent unification of 25: 4364: 4316:Johns Hopkins University . 2005. 4161:. Oxford: University Press, 2005. 3839:Ilyushina, Mary (20 March 2022). 3627:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1953). 3152:Militarism has a long history in 2817:(often transliterated "songun"), 2745:. In 1940, Japan entered into an 2636:. It is exemplified by the 1882 3586:Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände 3226: 2952:. Some notable battles were the 2560:and recent events including the 2400:as well as militias such as the 101: 4062: 4044: 4019: 4006: 3993: 3926: 3914: 3896: 3878: 3855: 3832: 3816: 3796: 3787: 3744: 3726: 3708: 3591:S. 191 rechts oben books.google 3460:Bolivarian Continental Movement 3430:into law on December 22, 2023. 3100:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3025:During the 1970s the President 2936:In the 19th century during the 2255:sees its origin already in the 3689: 3676: 3645: 3620: 3595: 3562: 3553: 3535: 3526: 3426:signed a record $ 886 billion 3284:During this time the ideas of 2866: 2795: 2737:, and the national capital of 2538:political integration of India 2385:German National People's Party 2356:German Revolution of 1918–1919 2281:Frederick William I of Prussia 2215:List of wars involving Germany 54:(and later German) Chancellor 13: 1: 4314:Selling Intervention and War. 3825:Militarism in the Philippines 3514: 3148:List of wars involving Turkey 2895:In the pre-colonial era, the 2880: 2810:North Korean propaganda mural 2771:ensuing invasion of Indochina 2294:Georg Henirich von Berenhorst 2264:nobility would later evolve. 3686:(Harvard Univ. Press, 2013). 3433: 3250:to pursue an imperial policy 2495:Indian independence movement 2197: 60:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 7: 4247:, September 2022, 574 pp., 4159:The New American Militarism 3946:Richard Hofstadter (1992). 3589:) No. 48 vom 7. Juli 1846, 3492: 3483:Fifth Republic of Venezuela 3401:military–industrial complex 3290:American overseas expansion 3115:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2521:, and Bose's sudden death. 2507:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2463:Federal Republic of Germany 2219:Military history of Germany 1520:Military–industrial complex 999:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 4369: 4090:Uzcategui, Rafael (2012). 3453: 3236: 3230: 3145: 3052: 3043:Integrated National Police 2982:, a faction separate from 2888: 2845:international interactions 2799: 2719:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 2578: 2546:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 2497:organizations such as the 2212: 2206: 2202: 2110:, the Greek city state of 29: 4225:White Lotus Press. 2001. 4208:America's Military Today. 4014:The Wizards of Armageddon 3141: 3048: 2990:First Philippine Republic 1584:Loss-of-strength gradient 441:Combat information center 4307:A History of Militarism. 3809:13 November 2007 at the 3504:Militarization of police 3233:United States militarism 2972:, the President General 2767:Second Sino-Japanese War 2727:Second Sino-Japanese War 2574: 2515:Indian National Congress 2485:Military parade in India 2476: 2273:General War Commissariat 2230:, a civilian, wearing a 2152:United States of America 1902:Military science fiction 1387:Technology and equipment 808:List of military tactics 30:Not to be confused with 4271:Huntington, Samuel P.. 4201:Nations and Nationalism 3973:Spencer Tucker (2009). 3444:Venezuelan armed forces 3295:The enlargement of the 3175:Military parade during 3124:Important Conversations 3096:treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3039:Philippine Constabulary 2875:The Philippine Army in 2837:North Korean government 2717:. Six years later, the 2666:, or institutionalized 2632:to power and began the 2471:highest defence budgets 1970:Wartime sexual violence 1726:Full-spectrum dominance 1537:Supply-chain management 4016:(1983, reissued 1991). 3451: 3369: 3281: 3180: 3179:celebrations in Ankara 3080: 3068: 2886: 2811: 2690: 2652:(IJN) to agree to the 2650:Imperial Japanese Navy 2646:Imperial Japanese Army 2598: 2486: 2467:large, modern military 2456:Allied High Commission 2452:Allied Control Council 2418: 2366:(1918–1933), the 1920 2351: 2240: 1882:Awards and decorations 1855:Peace through strength 1830:Low-intensity conflict 1464:Conscientious objector 1337:Area of responsibility 71: 58:, right, with General 4309:Meridian Books, 1959. 4210:The New Press. 2005. 4124:Block, Elena (2015). 3547:TheFreeDictionary.com 3456:Bolivarian Revolution 3441: 3428:defense spending bill 3359: 3347:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3279: 3268:After the end of the 3174: 3074: 3062: 3029:declared P.D.1081 or 2997:Filipino-American War 2938:Philippine Revolution 2874: 2809: 2782:Constitution of Japan 2759:attacked Pearl Harbor 2733:, conquering Peking, 2711:Invasion of Manchuria 2688: 2628:, which restored the 2608:Age of Warring States 2588: 2552:, culminating in the 2484: 2346: 2226: 474:Torpedo data computer 464:Ship gun fire-control 50: 4157:Bacevich, Andrew J. 4098:. pp. 142–149. 4037:2 March 2008 at the 3874:on 2 September 2023. 3629:The Nemesis of Power 3602:Wilson, Tim (2010). 3397:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3351:Good Neighbor policy 3301:Spanish–American War 2849:Korean People's Army 2827:largest in the world 2709:, which sparked the 2672:February 26 Incident 2589:Japanese march into 2526:independence in 1947 2499:Indian National Army 2392:Treaty of Versailles 2360:Treaty of Versailles 2000:Military occupations 1835:Military engineering 1737:Unrestricted Warfare 1594:Force multiplication 492:Military manoeuvrers 62:, left, and General 4076:. 22 December 2023. 4058:. 23 December 2023. 3910:. 15 December 2023. 3892:. 27 November 2023. 3845:The Washington Post 3577:S. 187 books.google 3254:economic militarism 3132:public expenditures 3063:Military parade on 3055:Russian nationalism 2778:Occupation of Japan 2581:Japanese militarism 2558:Kashmiri insurgency 2524:After India gained 2503:Subhas Chandra Bose 2469:and has one of the 2156:First French Empire 1686:Penal military unit 1671:Rules of engagement 1347:Command and control 972:Operations research 436:Director (military) 426:Fire-control system 196:Command and control 77:Part of a series on 18:Prussian militarism 4353:Military sociology 4343:Political theories 4237:Freedman, Lawrence 4132:. pp. 74–91. 3740:. 1 February 2023. 3702:The New York Times 3682:Srinath Raghavan, 3452: 3370: 3282: 3270:American Civil War 3181: 3108:Putin's leadership 3081: 3069: 2950:Cry of Pugad Lawin 2887: 2812: 2786:Meiji Constitution 2693:In the 1930s, the 2691: 2599: 2487: 2465:today maintains a 2441:Emil Julius Gumbel 2352: 2328:-based culture of 2313:Napoleon Bonaparte 2241: 2132:Kingdom of Prussia 1795:Counter-insurgency 1716:Command of the sea 1661:Jewish laws on war 1636:Geneva Conventions 1172:Divide and conquer 967:Military operation 932:Tactical objective 431:Fire-control radar 408:Electronic-warfare 72: 4348:Military strategy 4253:978 0 241 45699 6 4221:Fink, Christina. 4026:Roberts, Alasdair 3986:978-1-85109-951-1 3959:978-0-8070-5503-8 3851:on 27 March 2022. 3813:> 12 May 2007. 3722:. 5 January 2022. 3638:978-1-4039-1812-3 3569:Aus dem Nachlasse 3386:Douglas MacArthur 3202:12 September 1980 3166:War of Liberation 2626:Meiji Restoration 2610:, where powerful 2566:Jammu and Kashmir 2509:with the help of 2288:had grown into a 2279:("soldier king") 2228:Otto von Bismarck 2209:German militarism 2073: 2072: 1965:Horses in warfare 1912:Anti-war movement 1815:Gunboat diplomacy 1805:Disaster response 1753:Philosophy of war 1748:Principles of war 1721:Deterrence theory 1666:Right of conquest 1589:Lanchester's laws 1357:Principles of war 1047:Counter-offensive 1032:Military campaign 937:Target saturation 860:Counterinsurgency 469:Gun data computer 403:Close air support 365:Aircraft carriers 64:Albrecht von Roon 56:Otto von Bismarck 16:(Redirected from 4360: 4144: 4143: 4121: 4110: 4109: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4048: 4042: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4004: 3999:Audra J. Wolfe, 3997: 3991: 3990: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3952:. Beacon Press. 3943: 3937: 3932:Fareed Zakaria, 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3764: 3758: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3593: 3573:Eduard von Bülow 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3413:Rand Corporation 3378:Task Force Smith 3376:authority (e.g. 3324:George S. Patton 3286:social Darwinism 3206:28 February 1997 3119:Associated Press 3027:Ferdinand Marcos 3020:Battle of Manila 2976:established the 2974:Emilio Aguinaldo 2962:Battle of Alapan 2942:Andrés Bonifacio 2931:Battle of Mactan 2885: 2882: 2743:Nanking Massacre 2695:Great Depression 2656:position in the 2654:Ministry of Army 2519:Battle of Imphal 2421: 2419:Arbeitskommandos 2414:Black Reichswehr 2387:(DNVP) instead. 2234:officer's metal 2172:Benito Mussolini 2122:nation, and the 2065: 2058: 2051: 1820:Humanitarian aid 1758:Security dilemma 1579:Power projection 1362:Economy of force 1342:Chain of command 1057:Defence in depth 1042:Commerce raiding 865:Defeat in detail 201:Defense ministry 105: 96: 95: 86: 74: 73: 21: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4293:Ritter, Gerhard 4278:Ito, Tomohide: 4175:Barzilai, Gad. 4151:Further reading 4148: 4147: 4140: 4122: 4113: 4106: 4096:See Sharp Press 4088: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4039:Wayback Machine 4024: 4020: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3908:Army Technology 3902: 3901: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3860: 3856: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3811:Wayback Machine 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3765: 3761: 3749: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3600: 3596: 3579:. Rezension in 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3495: 3462: 3442:Members of the 3436: 3405:Henry Kissinger 3382:Harry S. Truman 3364:with troops at 3331:US Marine Corps 3245: 3235: 3229: 3150: 3144: 3089:Peter the Great 3085:natural buffers 3057: 3051: 3012:Philippine Army 2964:and the famous 2897:Filipino people 2893: 2883: 2869: 2841:domestic policy 2804: 2798: 2784:supplanted the 2707:Mukden Incident 2634:Empire of Japan 2583: 2577: 2550:nuclear weapons 2542:Sino-Indian War 2534:Kashmir dispute 2479: 2370:, an attempted 2364:Weimar Republic 2340:noble classes. 2317:King of Prussia 2221: 2211: 2205: 2200: 2164:Empire of Japan 2108:Assyrian Empire 2069: 2040: 2039: 1990: 1980: 1979: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1877: 1867: 1866: 1840:Multilateralism 1825:Law enforcement 1785: 1775: 1774: 1743:Just war theory 1701: 1691: 1690: 1641:Geneva Protocol 1611: 1601: 1600: 1574: 1564: 1563: 1505: 1495: 1494: 1402: 1392: 1391: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1287: 1277: 1276: 1207:Network-centric 1127: 1117: 1116: 1024: 1014: 1013: 962: 952: 951: 900:Rapid dominance 805: 795: 794: 750:Electromagnetic 659: 649: 648: 635: 588: 536: 512: 502: 501: 497:Combat training 478: 455: 421:Combat systems: 417: 379: 375:Auxiliary ships 341: 301: 297:Military police 263: 186: 176: 175: 115: 89: 88: 87: 82: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4366: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4325: 4324: 4312:Western, Jon. 4310: 4300: 4290: 4288:978-3862052202 4276: 4269: 4257:Frevert, Ute. 4255: 4234: 4219: 4204: 4197: 4183: 4173: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4111: 4104: 4079: 4061: 4043: 4018: 4005: 3992: 3985: 3965: 3958: 3938: 3925: 3913: 3895: 3877: 3854: 3831: 3815: 3795: 3786: 3775:on 31 May 2006 3759: 3743: 3725: 3720:Deutsche Welle 3707: 3688: 3675: 3644: 3637: 3619: 3613:978-0199583713 3612: 3594: 3581:Literaturblatt 3561: 3552: 3534: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3435: 3432: 3374:United Nations 3362:George W. Bush 3339:Smedley Butler 3288:helped propel 3231:Main article: 3228: 3225: 3189:Adnan Menderes 3161:Ottoman Empire 3143: 3140: 3113:Following the 3104:Vladimir Putin 3050: 3047: 3037:state. By the 2958:Battle of Imus 2954:Siege of Baler 2889:Main article: 2868: 2865: 2800:Main article: 2797: 2794: 2790:State of Japan 2579:Main article: 2576: 2573: 2540:). After the 2511:Imperial Japan 2478: 2475: 2454:and later the 2429:Sturmabteilung 2347:Militarism in 2257:Teutonic Order 2253:Hans Rosenberg 2207:Main article: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2184:Russian Empire 2168:Italian Empire 2150:monarchy, the 2144:British Empire 2128:Ottoman Empire 2093:military junta 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2005:Military terms 2002: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1763:Tripwire force 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 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1001: 996: 991: 989:Deep operation 986: 981: 974: 969: 963: 958: 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 918: 917: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 830: 825: 815: 806: 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 790:Unconventional 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 738: 736:Disinformation 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 707: 706: 701: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 641: 634: 633: 632: 631: 630: 629: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 587: 586: 585: 584: 583: 582: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 535: 534: 533: 532: 527: 522: 513: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 494: 489: 487:Basic training 484: 477: 476: 471: 466: 461: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 416: 415: 413:Reconnaissance 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 340: 339: 334: 332:Special forces 329: 324: 323: 322: 312: 307: 300: 299: 294: 289: 287:Reconnaissance 284: 279: 274: 269: 262: 261: 252: 247: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 172: 171: 166: 156: 155: 154: 149: 139: 138: 137: 130:Post-classical 127: 122: 116: 111: 110: 107: 106: 98: 97: 79: 78: 32:Militarization 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4365: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4322:0-8018-8108-0 4319: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4303:Vagts, Alfred 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4268: 4267:1-85973-886-9 4264: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231:1-85649-925-1 4228: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216:1-56584-883-7 4213: 4209: 4206:Ensign, Tod. 4205: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4195:0-7735-1763-4 4192: 4188: 4185:Bond, Brian. 4184: 4181: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4170:0-312-21467-7 4167: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4139:9781317439578 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4105:9781937276164 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4012:Fred Kaplan, 4009: 4002: 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2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1892:Warrior caste 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1862:Show of force 1860: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:Peacebuilding 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706:Air supremacy 1704: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646:Islamic rules 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1626:Court-martial 1624: 1622: 1619: 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732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 716:Combined arms 714: 712: 709: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 658: 653: 652: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 628: 625: 624: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 589: 581: 578: 577: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 555:Fortification 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 537: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 515: 514: 511: 506: 505: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 376: 373: 371: 370:Landing craft 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 260: 256: 255:Standing army 253: 251: 248: 246: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 185: 180: 179: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 153: 150: 148: 147:pike and shot 145: 144: 143: 140: 136: 133: 132: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 114: 109: 108: 104: 100: 99: 93: 85: 81: 80: 76: 75: 69: 68:Carl Steffeck 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4313: 4306: 4296: 4279: 4272: 4261:Berg, 2004. 4258: 4240: 4222: 4207: 4186: 4176: 4158: 4150: 4149: 4125: 4091: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4030: 4021: 4013: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3979:. 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Retrieved 3660: 3647: 3628: 3622: 3603: 3597: 3584: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3480: 3469: 3463: 3417: 3390: 3371: 3328: 3321: 3294: 3283: 3267: 3258:Jeffersonian 3246: 3214: 3210:15 July 2016 3193: 3182: 3177:Republic Day 3158: 3151: 3136:Tony Radakin 3129: 3122: 3112: 3093: 3082: 3024: 3016: 3008:conscription 3004:Antonio Luna 2994: 2983: 2977: 2970:Independence 2944:founded the 2935: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2894: 2855:is also the 2852: 2832: 2831: 2814: 2813: 2775: 2751:Nazi Germany 2725:sparked the 2692: 2668:disobedience 2661: 2642: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2591:Zhengyangmen 2570: 2523: 2488: 2460: 2448:Nazi Germany 2446: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2381:Adolf Hitler 2353: 2349:Nazi Germany 2334: 2310: 2298:soldier king 2297: 2276: 2266: 2242: 2235: 2188:Soviet Union 2160:Zulu Kingdom 2116:Roman Empire 2104:expansionist 2097: 2085:armed forces 2075: 2074: 1975:Fifth column 1955:War resister 1950:Women in war 1845:Peacekeeping 1790:Arms control 1735: 1424:Mobilization 1419:Conscription 1377:Intelligence 1330:Organization 976: 905:Encirclement 785:Radiological 721:Conventional 575:Subterranean 482:Development: 481: 458: 420: 382: 345:Naval units: 344: 337:Signal corps 304: 282:Intelligence 267:Specialties: 266: 191:Organization 142:Early modern 44: 3668:20 November 3509:Stratocracy 3487:Hugo Chávez 3448:Chávez eyes 3420:Vietnam War 3409:Herman Kahn 3335:Banana Wars 3313:Puerto Rico 3309:Philippines 3185:27 May 1960 3031:martial law 2995:During the 2884: 1899 2867:Philippines 2861:Kim Il Sung 2857:ideological 2819:North Korea 2796:North Korea 2676:coup d'état 2622:nationalist 2491:British Raj 2412:set up the 2372:coup d'état 2368:Kapp Putsch 2237:Pickelhaube 2180:North Korea 2140:Third Reich 2100:imperialist 2089:stratocracy 1960:War studies 1783:Non-warfare 1711:Appeasement 1676:Martial law 1515:War economy 1454:Transgender 1407:Recruitment 1167:Containment 1052:Culminating 960:Operational 880:Envelopment 823:Air assault 704:Air cavalry 664:Air defence 644:Information 545:Cold-region 510:Battlespace 459:Historical: 305:Land units: 231:Space force 226:Coast guard 159:Late modern 120:Prehistoric 40:Millenarism 4338:Militarism 4332:Categories 4245:Allen Lane 3515:References 3454:See also: 3360:President 3262:Jacksonian 3237:See also: 3146:See also: 3065:Red Square 3053:See also: 2648:(IJA) and 2614:warlords ( 2606:period or 2562:Kargil War 2409:Reichswehr 2232:cuirassier 2213:See also: 2182:, and the 2076:Militarism 2020:War crimes 2010:Operations 1917:Foot drill 1887:Battle cry 1800:deterrence 1459:Harassment 1434:Specialism 1257:Technology 1252:Succession 1197:Liberation 1132:Asymmetric 1067:Empty fort 978:Blitzkrieg 947:Withdrawal 910:Investment 689:Camouflage 684:Biological 622:Underwater 597:Amphibious 516:Aerospace 383:Air units: 360:Submarines 169:fourth-gen 164:industrial 152:napoleonic 4130:Routledge 3753:Craig AM 3738:Bloomberg 3471:caudillos 3446:carrying 3434:Venezuela 3424:Joe Biden 3366:Fort Hood 3353:of 1934. 3297:U.S. Army 3194:politburo 3077:Yunarmiya 3067:in Moscow 3041:(PC) and 2985:Katipunan 2968:. During 2946:Katipunan 2922:Lapu-Lapu 2879:Bulacan, 2715:Manchukuo 2703:Manchuria 2532:over the 2424:Freikorps 2403:Freikorps 2379:party of 2330:deference 2198:By nation 1907:War novel 1810:Grey-zone 1770:War games 1731:Overmatch 1681:War crime 1631:Desertion 1621:Ceasefire 1616:Armistice 1503:Logistics 1481:Mercenary 1469:Volunteer 1400:Personnel 1372:Engineers 1317:Sociology 1272:World war 1267:Total war 1247:Strategic 1237:Religious 1222:Political 1217:Perpetual 1192:Irregular 1107:Offensive 1082:Defensive 1077:Deception 1037:Attrition 890:Guerrilla 885:Formation 828:Airbridge 760:Loitering 674:Artillery 327:Artillery 277:Engineers 245:Irregular 216:Air force 36:Millerism 4074:Politico 4035:Archived 3807:Archived 3779:26 March 3499:Jingoism 3493:See also 3393:Cold War 3299:for the 3035:garrison 2915:), and 2769:and the 2747:alliance 2735:Shanghai 2721:outside 2680:Hirohito 2663:gekokujō 2322:nobility 2302:Voltaire 2148:Habsburg 2080:military 1922:War song 1897:War film 1530:Materiel 1449:Children 1429:Training 1367:Medicine 1352:Doctrine 1307:Training 1242:Resource 1227:Princely 1177:Economic 1162:Conquest 1157:Colonial 1152:Cold war 1137:Blockade 1022:Strategy 994:Maneuver 755:Infantry 711:Chemical 565:Mountain 525:Airborne 388:Fighters 355:Warships 310:Infantry 236:Reserves 184:Military 52:Prussian 3890:Reuters 3868:AP News 3828:. 2005. 3001:General 2979:Magdalo 2913:Knights 2877:Malolos 2815:Sŏn'gun 2739:Nanking 2658:Cabinet 2630:Emperor 2617:daimyōs 2612:samurai 2604:Sengoku 2595:Beijing 2501:led by 2437:murders 2249:Germany 2245:Prussia 2203:Germany 2035:Writers 2030:Weapons 1995:Battles 1944:Related 1932:Wargame 1927:Uniform 1875:Culture 1656:Perfidy 1651:Justice 1572:Science 1557:Outpost 1510:History 1490:Warrior 1486:Soldier 1474:foreign 1412:counter 1312:Service 1262:Theater 1202:Limited 1182:Endemic 1097:Nuclear 870:Foxhole 845:Cavalry 833:Airdrop 818:Airlift 803:Tactics 775:Nuclear 765:Missile 694:Cavalry 679:Barrage 657:Weapons 617:Surface 398:Command 393:Bombers 350:Frogman 320:Cavalry 292:Medical 259:Militia 241:Regular 221:Marines 135:castles 125:Ancient 113:History 92:outline 4320: 4286: 4265: 4251: 4229: 4214: 4193: 4168: 4136: 4102: 3983: 3956: 3635: 3610: 3384:fired 3315:, and 3307:, the 3154:Turkey 3142:Turkey 3049:Russia 2999:, the 2956:, the 2905:Guards 2901:Sandig 2853:Songun 2833:Songun 2802:Songun 2763:banned 2723:Peking 2556:. 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