51:
1179:
1346:
1153:", "massive commands in which multiple permanent provinces were incorporated into a single consular provincial assignment" with "proportionately larger military and financial resources". Pompey, for example, declined a province after his consulship in 70 BC until he was able to convince a friendly tribune to create an enormous command against the pirates in consequence of the
816:) for his triumph, he had to lay aside arms formally and ritually, that is, he had to re-enter society as a civilian. There are several early instances, however, of a commander celebrating a triumph during his two- or three-year term; it is possible that the triumph was held at the completion of his assignment and before he returned to the field with prorogued
716:
was originally a task (e.g., war with
Carthage) assigned to someone, sometimes with geographic boundaries; when such territories were formally annexed, the fixed geographical entity became a "province" in modern terms, but in the early and middle Republic, the "task" was most often a military command
877:
until he should bring the war with the Greeks to an end". This innovation permitted Philo to hold the military authority and responsibility of a magistrate while not actually being one. The Romans did not seem to be too bothered by the legal innovation which occurred, as Philo's success was rewarded
647:
Prorogation created an official with no civilian authority or responsibility in Rome and allowed commanders to retain their position indefinitely, weakening the time-limited check that Romans had over their commanders. Prorogation, by allowing veteran commanders to stay rather than being rotated out
1165:
the next year. These super-provinces were traditional in the sense that they were meant to defeat some particular enemy, but the scale of the campaign and the concentration of power under a single commander was unprecedented. The fixed multi-year terms of those campaigns also were unheard of in the
1122:
The senate evidently placed a premium on controlling competition for the consulship, and chose to neglect the rapidly accelerating erosion of a fundamental
Republican constitutional principle — the annual magistracy — as well as to ignore the added inconvenience to commanders and possible danger to
841:
name a number of commanders in the early republic as proconsuls or propraetors. Modern historians believe the use of these titles is largely anachronistic and also self-contradictory, as Livy notes that that the first promagisterial appointment was in 327 BC. In the republic after 367 BC,
1127:
In one major administrative development for which the career of Marius offers the clearest evidence, praetors now needed to remain in Rome to preside over increased activity in the criminal courts; only after their term were praetors regularly assigned to a province as proconsul or propraetor. The
1023:
The expansion of promagistracies shattering the connection between military command and magisterial office, allowing any aristocrat so empowered by law the power to exercise military authority without any official status within the city's normal civilian government. Another impact of this wartime
936:
were unable to triumph, probably due to their lack of an official magistracy. The legal authority for this emerged directly from the sovereign powers of the Roman assemblies who were then able "to select any man whether or not he had ever been elected to office and make him the commander of any
1128:
scale of Roman military commitments in annexed territories during the late republic required regular prorogation, since the number of magistrates and ex-magistrates who were both able commanders and willing to accept provincial governorships did not increase proportionally. Emergency grants of
777:
While modern scholars often suppose that prorogation was intended originally to ensure that an experienced commander with hands-on knowledge of the local situation could conclude a successful campaign, in practice the extension of command was subject to "unsteady ad-hoc politics". And "unusual
1458:
1307:
in 80 BC. At other times, ex-quaestors were sent or kept as proquaestor to act as someone's quaestor. But more extraordinarily, in the absence of sufficient governors or to complete some specific task, an ex-quaestor could be sent as a governor with the title
644:, that is, in place of a consul or praetor, respectively. This was an expedient development, starting in 327 BC and becoming regular by 241 BC, that was meant to allow consuls and praetors to continue their activities in the field without disruption.
1093:
in 146 BC. The number of praetors was not increased even though the two new territories were organized as praetorian provinces. For the first time since the 170s, it became impossible for sitting magistrates to govern all the permanent praetorian
1024:
expedience was separating "magisterial precedence" from the magistracy itself, creating something akin to a military rank, evident in the jockeying of magistrates over the specific status of their prorogation: eg, desire to attain the more prestigious
873:(assigned task). It "probably seemed imprudent to send a new consul to take over a command that would be completed within days". Livy reports that legislation was then moved by the tribunes that "when he should continue to manage the campaign
1395:
was awarded a triumph. However, the law required him to declare his candidacy in person within the pomerium. Unable to get a dispensation from the senate and unwilling to wait a year, he entered the pomerium and gave up his command.
724:
Prorogation did not create a new commander or even class of general. It merely allowed a magistrate to continue performing duties beyond the expiration of the magistracy. While Livy implies that prorogation extended a magistrate's
995:) to Spain in 211 BC before he had held any magistracy. After the deaths of his father and uncle in Spain, no consul or praetor wanted to take up the province. The people invested Scipio with the command and the necessary
1007:
were dispatched to the peninsula, which continued under such command until the creation of two new praetors in 197 BC made it possible to send annual magistrates. Generally, prorogation became almost the norm for the
885:(326–290 BC), prorogation became a regular administrative practice that allowed continuity of military command without violating the principle of annual magistracies, or increasing the number of magistrates who held
1467:, p. 603, noting "the Romans obviously never came to terms with recognising the promagistracy as an actual office" after explaining that neither Livy nor Cicero use the titles "proconsul" or "propraetor".
1740:
1028:
status. The close of the wartime crisis and the return of annual governors also dampened the length of prorogations, allowing the senate to regain more granular control over provincial assignments.
1334:
is not related to prorogation and is not a promagistracy. Procurators were originally agents of rich men, later of the emperor, who acted on his patron's behalf with regard to financial matters.
901:). Territorial expansion and increasing militarization drove a recognition that the "emergencies" had become a continual state of affairs, and a regular system of allotting commands developed.
1789:
was demonstrated consistently in northern Italy and Spain, at various periods in Greece and
Macedonia (200–194, 191–187–171–168), and for one period of three years in Asia Minor (190–188).
865:
in 327 BC. The senate ordered Philo, whose consulship was about to expire, to continue to perform his military duties as he was on the verge of capturing
Palaepolis (modern day
1106:
was sometimes prorogued. Due to the lack of replacement magistrates, governors with established territorial provinces had their tenures increased. The addition of the wealthy
893:
became the second magistrate to have his command prorogued. But in the years 296–95, several prorogations are recorded at once, including four promagistrates who were granted
1295:. This was normally done in the absence of a questor, usually by death or resignation. In such cases, a governor normally named a member of his staff: for example,
702:
or literary sources of the republican era. Those Romans did not view a promagistracy as a formal office in the republic but rather as an administrative expedient.
2679:
1140:
assumed the dictatorship in late 82 BC, the territorial provinces alone numbered ten, with possibly six permanent courts to be presided over in the city.
1170:
powers to assign provinces and control the ambition of its members by splitting both the proceeds and glory of single campaigns between multiple commanders.
984:
and assigned him to take a consular army regardless. Some scholars and argue instead that
Marcellus' just-completed praetorship meant he was just prorogued.
908:, originated as special military commands, they may at first have been limited in practice to about six months, or the length of the campaigning season.
689:(permanent courts), it became normal for the provincial governors to be promagistrates. By the late republic, practically all governors were dispatched
785:
had the right, and was normally expected, to remain in his province until his successor arrived, even when he had not been prorogued. According to the
601:
1602:, p. 189. This triumphal pattern is visible, for instance, in provincial commands and prorogations in Cisalpine Gaul during the middle republic.
1405:
There were six provinces: Sicily, Sardinia, nearer and further Spain, Macedonia and Africa. Brennan also counts the urban and peregrine courts as
1269:, consistent with late republican practice; the quaestors and legates of the public provinces were by this period similarly granted praetorian
2566:
1123:
provincials... The members of the senate had lost serious interest in maintaining a working administrative scheme for Rome's growing empire.
3108:
854:
3150:
3138:
1218:
was a form of promagistrate, as the name implies, acting in place of a praetor. Initially, praetors who were prorogued continued to act
881:
In the following decades, it became regular practice to prorogue consuls and prorogation of praetors started in 241 BC. During the
3197:
758:. While normally someone in the theatre or province was prorogued, one could also be prorogued by assigning a someone still possessing
1690:, p. 211; Livy 8.23.11-12. This decision also may have been motivated by the substantial delay in consular elections that year.
795:'s dictatorship, a governor was then required to give up his province within 30 days. A prorogued magistrate could not exercise his
3113:
2179:
973:
4485:
3123:
4430:
3118:
2852:
594:
198:
574:
4400:
3225:
2752:
2523:
2502:
2481:
2395:
2374:
2304:
2271:
2250:
1974:
1047:
from the senate in other cases. But by the 190s BC, the senate stopped submitting decisions on prorogation of permanent
188:
4490:
4365:
3518:
1102:", a post for which there is no single word in the Republic. Promagistracies became fully institutionalised, and even the
3071:
1258:
359:
2742:
2201:
181:
164:
4511:
4410:
3170:
2737:
2732:
2708:
2559:
1963:
Brennan, T Corey (2014-06-23). "Power and
Process under the Republican "Constitution"". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.).
587:
159:
4425:
3098:
2747:
2674:
890:
176:
671:
and prorogued, as justified by perceived military emergencies. In the late republic, this was most exemplified by
2691:
2624:
2281:
169:
1222:
after their terms, but through the second century, prorogued praetors started to be titled the more prestigious
3445:
3370:
3128:
1907:, p. 228. Re status: "one can imagine that even praetors denied a triumph might have dallied outside the
4516:
3941:
3781:
3385:
2837:
2552:
1264:
1257:. Pompey, for example, received such legates during the campaign against the pirates in consequence of the
4480:
4405:
4164:
3220:
3103:
2649:
754:
expired with a magistracy; prorogation severed the old tightly-linked connection between magistrate and
4440:
4104:
3996:
3766:
3538:
3360:
3268:
3133:
3076:
1296:
1086:
838:
372:
17:
4460:
3553:
3508:
3435:
3355:
3303:
3293:
3245:
2592:
1325:
1133:
969:
787:
746:
did not expire, prorogation was simply an extension or reassignment of a commander's possession of a
437:
139:
675:, who held a series of promagisterial commands before ever holding a magistracy or even joining the
4061:
3971:
3480:
3460:
3455:
3440:
3393:
3333:
3288:
3090:
1149:
political tactics from the time of Gaius Marius forward also coincided with the creation of "super
961:
653:
41:
4470:
4450:
4390:
4380:
4370:
3776:
3465:
3365:
3345:
3260:
3250:
2955:
2895:
2875:
2587:
1090:
862:
771:
475:
4475:
4465:
4415:
4395:
4209:
4184:
4149:
4031:
3756:
3403:
3165:
2696:
2299:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 7 Pt. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 351–419.
2242:
4445:
4375:
4199:
3951:
3751:
3746:
3543:
3450:
3375:
3338:
3323:
3298:
3278:
3180:
1162:
1107:
685:
648:
for someone with little experience, also helped increase the chances of victory. In the late
4455:
4420:
4109:
3976:
3876:
3801:
3666:
3629:
3005:
2669:
1911:
for a period of time rejoicing in their own magnificence... adorned in consular splendour".
957:
117:
4099:
2230:
8:
4385:
4234:
4036:
3906:
3856:
3175:
2772:
1351:
1118:
put further pressure on the system, again without increasing the number of praetorships:
252:
1098:, which now numbered eight. This point marks the beginning of the era of the so-called "
4435:
4159:
3966:
3821:
3761:
3681:
3624:
3488:
2724:
2703:
2351:
2343:
1776:
1768:
1645:
1069:(consultation of the people) was involved. This likely emerged because the decision of
510:
149:
4074:
4069:
3921:
3676:
3636:
3614:
2822:
2519:
2498:
2477:
2391:
2370:
2355:
2335:
2300:
2267:
2246:
2207:
2197:
1970:
1780:
1760:
1637:
1359:
1043:
before the people to determine whether a provincial command should be extended and a
718:
429:
422:
225:
2451:
2435:
2419:
1378:
What precisely a formal annexation meant is a subject of much scholarly discussion.
4134:
4094:
4026:
3961:
3886:
3881:
3653:
3576:
3523:
3318:
3313:
3202:
3061:
3010:
2970:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2842:
2789:
2782:
2767:
2762:
2686:
2614:
2536:
Triumphus: an inquiry into the origin, development and meaning of the Roman triumph
2327:
2238:
1752:
1032:
988:
980:
detected flaws in his election; even so, the people passed laws to invest him with
965:
921:
551:
545:
538:
524:
353:
332:
277:
262:
257:
242:
126:
2515:
Contested triumphs: politics, pageantry, and performance in Livy's republican Rome
1362:, a later medieval derivation and evolution of the term as method(s) of governance
4229:
4041:
4021:
3981:
3916:
3866:
3861:
3736:
3686:
3594:
3428:
3408:
3328:
2777:
2602:
2534:
2513:
2492:
2471:
2385:
2364:
2294:
2261:
2175:
1964:
917:
267:
2331:
4284:
3926:
3661:
3609:
3581:
3528:
3513:
3493:
3308:
3283:
3240:
3230:
3056:
3030:
2960:
2945:
2910:
2870:
2631:
1245:
If a governor died in office, it was normal for his quaestor to assume command
1099:
905:
848:
782:
712:
680:
649:
623:
556:
503:
347:
322:
231:
79:
31:
2211:
4505:
3816:
3786:
3701:
3235:
3212:
2880:
2865:
2812:
2619:
2339:
1764:
1641:
1392:
807:
778:
political influence" was required for prorogations of longer than one year.
659:
Sometimes men who held no elected public office – that is, private citizens (
452:
70:
4294:
4154:
3599:
3548:
3503:
3498:
3350:
3160:
3046:
2990:
2985:
2757:
2641:
2575:
1300:
882:
676:
615:
365:
317:
287:
213:
88:
1249:. It also became normal for legates during the late republic to be titled
810:
as awarded by the Senate. Before a commander could enter the city limits (
636:
to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field. This was normally
4089:
3711:
3533:
3423:
2817:
2408:
1291:
was a person who took up the administrative duties normally adopted by a
1156:
1115:
632:
408:
2347:
2315:
1649:
1625:
1136:(91–87 BC) made the granting of extra-magisterial command routine. When
861:
The first recorded prorogation and promagistrate was that of the consul
4314:
4254:
4219:
4011:
3946:
3936:
3831:
3716:
3604:
3187:
3155:
2900:
2827:
2659:
2654:
1786:
1230:. One of the few exceptions to this rule was a senatorial snub against
1017:
489:
219:
99:
2544:
1772:
4344:
4339:
4299:
4224:
4194:
4174:
4051:
3991:
3901:
3851:
3846:
3771:
3731:
3619:
3589:
3398:
3273:
3066:
2950:
2925:
2804:
1741:"The political character of the classical Roman republic, 200–151 BC"
1263:. During the imperial period, the legates of the emperor were titled
1202:
1161:
in 67 BC and, then, a similarly vast eastern command during the
1145:
1031:
At the beginning, there were two distinct forms of prorogation – per
561:
531:
397:
379:
342:
956:
The first instance may have been in 215 BC after the losses at
50:
4304:
4289:
4279:
4264:
4179:
4169:
4139:
4129:
4124:
4114:
4016:
3931:
3811:
3796:
3726:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3671:
3470:
3051:
3015:
2905:
2832:
2664:
1756:
1388:
1292:
1231:
1183:
1085:
The promagistrates take on a new importance with the annexation of
1013:
812:
727:
667:
496:
386:
297:
208:
106:
30:
For the duties of a promagistrate as a governor of a province, see
1077:
should be sent, and therefore became a routine staffing decision.
4324:
4319:
4309:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4204:
4189:
4006:
4001:
3986:
3956:
3911:
3891:
3871:
3826:
3558:
3413:
3192:
3000:
2995:
2885:
2194:
Cato the
Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
1111:
1065:
846:: dictators, consuls, and praetors. At first, the appointment of
661:
482:
461:
312:
292:
1178:
1051:
to the people for ratification and eventually all extensions of
4334:
4214:
4144:
4084:
4079:
4046:
3806:
3791:
3741:
3721:
3143:
3020:
2915:
1226:
instead. After the time of Sulla, all governors were prorogued
1182:
Marble bust of a person that is traditionally identified to be
866:
672:
517:
307:
4119:
3841:
3568:
2860:
2366:
Commanders and command in the Roman republic and early empire
1242:, putting him lower in status than all other promagistrates.
1137:
977:
792:
2316:"Imperium, potestas, and the pomerium in the Roman republic"
1312:. For example, Marcus Porcius Cato was dispatched to Cyprus
1186:. Lucullus was quaestor in 87 BC under Sulla and acted
1003:
regardless. After Scipio's victory in 206 BC, two more
806:
is also complicated by its relation to the celebrating of a
4329:
3896:
3836:
3418:
2794:
2288:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
2055:
2031:
1166:
earlier
Republic; their length detracted from the Senate's
834:
699:
2890:
2112:. "After Sulla, all governors seemed to have been ranked
2007:
1946:
1944:
1931:
1929:
1864:
1862:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1722:
1720:
1547:
1545:
1448:
1446:
750:, something feasible by senatorial decree. Previously, a
468:
415:
2091:
2079:
2067:
1995:
1886:
1794:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1073:
to send commanders had been replaced to the question of
698:
The titles "proconsul" and "propraetor" are not used by
1557:
878:
with a triumph even though his consulship had expired.
2121:
2043:
2019:
1983:
1941:
1926:
1914:
1859:
1847:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1669:
1657:
1581:
1569:
1542:
1530:
1443:
1190:
campaigning in the East all the way until 80 BC.
976:, deceased. However, he was forced to resign when the
904:
In this early period, prorogued assignments, like the
2133:
1605:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1426:
858:
filled the need for additional military commanders.
735:
was not time-limited. Cicero, for example, possessed
1874:
1341:
1626:"Prorogation of imperium before the Hannibalic war"
2196:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 158.
1020:due to the lack of sufficient annual magistrates.
4503:
739:even after his governorship of Cilicia expired.
924:, Rome started to assign private citizens both
2293:Cornell, Tim (1989). "The conquest of Italy".
987:The clearest instance is in the assignment of
2560:
2473:Imperium romanum: politics and administration
2228:
2109:
1966:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
695:, regardless of their last urban magistracy.
630:) was a person who was granted the power via
595:
2387:The hellenistic world and the coming of Rome
2113:
1154:
972:was elected suffect consul in the place of
916:Commanders were often prorogued during the
690:
2567:
2553:
2512:Pittenger, Miriam R Pelikan (2009-02-10).
2407:Cancik, Hubert; et al., eds. (2006).
1969:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
683:outside of Italy and the expansion of the
602:
588:
2511:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2406:
2320:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2280:
2167:
2151:
2139:
2097:
1452:
656:, decided whose commands were extended.
1316:to handle the annexation of the island.
1177:
928:(military authority) and assign them to
911:
2574:
2532:
2490:
2469:
2362:
2313:
2292:
2259:
2243:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5337
2229:Badian, Ernst; Lintott, Andrew (2016).
2191:
2127:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1962:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1904:
1892:
1868:
1853:
1841:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1726:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1437:
1391:in the late 60s BC, for instance,
1080:
14:
4504:
2494:The constitution of the Roman republic
2369:. University of North Carolina Press.
1738:
1234:in 43 BC when he was vested with
2548:
2383:
2286:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2263:The praetorship in the Roman republic
1880:
932:(here meaning military tasks). These
1253:if they were themselves vested with
721:with unclear geographic boundaries.
953:, in place of regular magistrates.
652:, politics, often motivated by the
24:
2518:. University of California Press.
2390:. University of California Press.
897:while they were private citizens (
842:only three types magistrates held
25:
4528:
1037:Praetorship in the Roman republic
2282:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
1344:
891:Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus
49:
2185:
2161:
2145:
2103:
1956:
1898:
1732:
1681:
1617:
1593:
1399:
1381:
731:, this is contradicted in that
705:
1387:After his term as governor in
1372:
1280:
13:
1:
2384:Gruen, Erich S (1986-09-25).
1415:
1319:
1207:
1059:. After this point, the term
883:Second and Third Samnite Wars
802:The nature of promagisterial
3139:Frontiers and fortifications
2450:Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006c). "
2434:Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006b). "
2418:Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006a). "
1420:
1194:
1063:became a misnomer, since no
828:
7:
3198:Decorations and punishments
2497:. Oxford University Press.
2332:10.25162/historia-2007-0027
2266:. Oxford University Press.
2237:. Oxford University Press.
2235:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2231:"pro consule, pro praetore"
1337:
10:
4533:
4105:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2680:historiography of the fall
2296:The rise of Rome to 220 BC
2221:
1323:
1314:pro quaestore pro praetore
1297:Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella
1200:
839:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
823:
766:(as was the case with two
679:. With the acquisition of
29:
4486:External wars and battles
4353:
4247:
4060:
3652:
3645:
3567:
3479:
3384:
3259:
3211:
3089:
3039:
2978:
2969:
2851:
2803:
2723:
2640:
2610:
2601:
2583:
2260:Brennan, T Corey (2001).
2110:Badian & Lintott 2016
1326:Procurator (ancient Rome)
1310:pro quaestor pro praetore
970:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
920:(264–241 BC). During the
788:lex Cornelia de maiestate
438:Senatus consultum ultimum
333:Extraordinary magistrates
4512:Ancient Roman government
2491:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
2470:Lintott, Andrew (1993).
2363:Drogula, Fred K (2015).
2314:Drogula, Fred K (2007).
2192:Drogula, Fred K (2019).
1745:Journal of Roman Studies
1624:Develin, Robert (1975).
1366:
1184:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
1173:
1132:in the field during the
1091:Roman province of Africa
989:Publius Cornelius Scipio
974:Lucius Postumius Albinus
833:The literary sources of
654:ambitions of individuals
42:Politics of ancient Rome
4481:Roman–Iranian relations
2956:Optimates and populares
1739:Millar, Fergus (1984).
863:Quintus Publilius Philo
772:Catilinarian conspiracy
4491:Civil wars and revolts
3757:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3404:Conflict of the Orders
2763:Legislative assemblies
2114:
1191:
1155:
1125:
691:
627:
199:Political institutions
4200:Simplicius of Cilicia
3952:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3181:Siege in Ancient Rome
2790:Executive magistrates
1181:
1163:Third Mithridatic War
1120:
1012:of Sicily, Sardinia,
912:During the Punic Wars
869:) and completing his
719:theatre of operations
686:quaestiones perpetuae
4517:Ancient Roman titles
4210:Stephanus Byzantinus
4115:Eusebius of Caesaria
3977:Sidonius Apollinaris
3667:Ammianus Marcellinus
3006:Tribune of the plebs
2533:Versnel, HS (1970).
2064:, pp. 307, 306.
2040:, pp. 583, 629.
1273:and likewise titled
1110:in 133 BC as a
1081:In the late republic
941:they wished". These
278:Ordinary magistrates
27:Ancient Roman office
4386:Distinguished women
4037:Velleius Paterculus
3877:Nicolaus Damascenus
3857:Marcellus Empiricus
3246:Republican currency
1352:Ancient Rome portal
1005:privati cum imperio
943:privati cum imperio
934:privati cum imperio
791:, passed following
4160:Phlegon of Tralles
3967:Seneca the Younger
3441:Naming conventions
3171:Personal equipment
2704:Later Roman Empire
2016:, pp. 627–28.
1192:
1001:auspicium militiae
511:Triumvir monetalis
445:Titles and honours
4499:
4498:
4461:Pontifices maximi
4243:
4242:
4100:Diogenes Laërtius
3922:Pliny the Younger
3677:Asconius Pedianus
3637:Romance languages
3509:Civil engineering
3251:Imperial currency
3124:Political control
3085:
3084:
2719:
2718:
2525:978-0-520-94277-6
2504:978-0-19-158467-1
2483:978-0-415-09375-0
2397:978-0-520-05737-1
2376:978-1-4696-2127-2
2306:978-0-521-23446-7
2273:978-0-19-511460-7
2252:978-0-19-938113-5
2088:, pp. 307–8.
2076:, pp. 306–7.
2004:, pp. 626–7.
1976:978-1-107-03224-8
1895:, pp. 225–8.
1803:, pp. 38–43.
1360:Royal prerogative
717:within a defined
612:
611:
430:Quaestio perpetua
423:Senatus consultum
226:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
4524:
4451:Magistri equitum
4366:Cities and towns
4359:
4285:Constantinopolis
4095:Diodorus Siculus
4027:Valerius Maximus
3962:Seneca the Elder
3882:Nonius Marcellus
3650:
3649:
3203:Hippika gymnasia
3166:Infantry tactics
3072:Consular tribune
3062:Magister equitum
3011:Military tribune
2976:
2975:
2936:Pontifex maximus
2931:Princeps senatus
2921:Magister militum
2687:Byzantine Empire
2608:
2607:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2529:
2508:
2487:
2462:
2446:
2430:
2414:
2410:New Pauly Online
2401:
2380:
2359:
2310:
2289:
2277:
2256:
2216:
2215:
2189:
2183:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1566:, pp. 46–7.
1561:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1160:
1033:T. Corey Brennan
922:Second Punic War
855:magistri equitum
694:
604:
597:
590:
546:Pontifex maximus
539:Princeps senatus
525:Magister militum
360:Consular tribune
354:Magister equitum
182:Augustan reforms
53:
37:
36:
21:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4239:
4075:Aëtius of Amida
4056:
4042:Verrius Flaccus
4022:Valerius Antias
3982:Silius Italicus
3917:Pliny the Elder
3862:Marcus Aurelius
3737:Cornelius Nepos
3687:Aurelius Victor
3641:
3563:
3475:
3409:Secessio plebis
3380:
3255:
3207:
3081:
3035:
2965:
2847:
2799:
2715:
2636:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2543:
2526:
2505:
2484:
2398:
2377:
2307:
2274:
2253:
2224:
2219:
2204:
2190:
2186:
2180:Lucius Antonius
2176:Publius Sestius
2166:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:Cf Livy 3.4.10.
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1328:
1322:
1283:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1176:
1104:praetor urbanus
1083:
918:First Punic War
914:
831:
826:
708:
665:) – were given
608:
579:
575:Other countries
566:
435:
392:
327:
272:
237:
193:
170:Sullan republic
135:
131:
122:
113:
109:
102:
92:
83:
74:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Pomponius Mela
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Aelius Donatus
3658:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3630:Ecclesiastical
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:Toys and games
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Vigintisexviri
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Cursus honorum
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2670:Western Empire
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2447:
2431:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2360:
2326:(4): 419–452.
2311:
2305:
2290:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2203:978-0190869021
2202:
2184:
2170:, citing Cic.
2168:Kierdorf 2006c
2160:
2154:, citing Cic.
2152:Kierdorf 2006c
2144:
2140:Kierdorf 2006b
2132:
2130:, p. 341.
2120:
2102:
2100:, p. 580.
2098:Broughton 1952
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2052:, p. 306.
2042:
2030:
2028:, p. 628.
2018:
2006:
1994:
1992:, p. 237.
1982:
1975:
1955:
1953:, p. 255.
1940:
1938:, p. 603.
1925:
1923:, p. 307.
1913:
1897:
1885:
1883:, p. 215.
1873:
1871:, p. 223.
1858:
1856:, p. 222.
1846:
1844:, p. 221.
1829:
1827:, p. 225.
1817:
1815:, p. 220.
1805:
1793:
1757:10.2307/299003
1731:
1729:, p. 378.
1716:
1714:, p. 602.
1704:
1702:, p. 211.
1692:
1680:
1678:, p. 210.
1668:
1666:, p. 113.
1656:
1636:(3): 716–722.
1616:
1604:
1592:
1590:, p. 419.
1580:
1578:, p. 606.
1568:
1556:
1554:, p. 114.
1541:
1539:, p. 215.
1529:
1527:, p. 291.
1517:
1515:, p. 377.
1505:
1503:, p. 127.
1493:
1491:, p. 214.
1481:
1479:, p. 213.
1469:
1457:
1453:Pittenger 2009
1442:
1440:, p. 212.
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1398:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1339:
1336:
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1282:
1279:
1238:and prorogued
1209:
1206:
1201:Main article:
1196:
1193:
1175:
1172:
1108:Asian province
1100:Roman governor
1082:
1079:
913:
910:
830:
827:
825:
822:
783:Roman governor
707:
704:
628:pro magistratu
610:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
581:
580:
578:
577:
571:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
504:Vigintisexviri
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
457:
456:
455:
447:
446:
442:
441:
434:
433:
426:
419:
412:
404:
401:
400:
394:
393:
391:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
357:
350:
345:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
239:
238:
236:
235:
232:Cursus honorum
228:
223:
216:
211:
205:
202:
201:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
185:
184:
174:
173:
172:
162:
156:
153:
152:
146:
145:
144:
143:
134:
133:
124:
114:
112:
111:
104:
103:27 BC – AD 284
96:
95:
94:
93:27 BC – AD 395
85:
80:Roman Republic
76:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
40:
32:Roman governor
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4529:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Julius Paulus
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Fabius Pictor
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Amphitheatres
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Deforestation
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Siege engines
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Establishment
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:Extraordinary
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Promagistrate
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Twelve Tables
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:. Routledge.
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1614:, p. 27.
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1455:, p. 77.
1454:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1393:Julius Caesar
1390:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:pro quaestore
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1188:pro quaestore
1185:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
909:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
856:
851:
850:
845:
840:
836:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
800:
799:within Rome.
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
729:
722:
720:
715:
714:
703:
701:
696:
693:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
663:
657:
655:
651:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
620:promagistrate
617:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
583:
582:
576:
573:
572:
570:
569:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:
543:
541:
540:
536:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
487:
485:
484:
480:
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
459:
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
448:
444:
443:
440:
439:
432:
431:
427:
425:
424:
420:
418:
417:
413:
411:
410:
406:
405:
403:
402:
399:
396:
395:
389:
388:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
368:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
334:
331:
330:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:Promagistrate
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
204:
203:
200:
197:
196:
190:
187:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
141:
137:
136:
130:
129:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
108:
105:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
71:Roman Kingdom
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4431:Institutions
4295:Leptis Magna
4248:Major cities
4155:Philostratus
3942:Quadrigarius
3762:Rufus Festus
3625:Contemporary
3346:Romanization
3269:Architecture
3025:
2876:Collegiality
2725:Constitution
2576:Ancient Rome
2535:
2514:
2493:
2472:
2456:
2440:
2424:
2409:
2386:
2365:
2323:
2319:
2295:
2285:
2262:
2234:
2193:
2187:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2135:
2128:Drogula 2015
2123:
2105:
2093:
2086:Drogula 2015
2081:
2074:Drogula 2015
2069:
2062:Drogula 2015
2057:
2050:Drogula 2015
2045:
2038:Brennan 2001
2033:
2026:Brennan 2001
2021:
2014:Brennan 2001
2009:
2002:Brennan 2001
1997:
1990:Drogula 2015
1985:
1965:
1958:
1951:Drogula 2015
1936:Brennan 2001
1921:Drogula 2015
1916:
1908:
1905:Drogula 2015
1900:
1893:Drogula 2015
1888:
1876:
1869:Drogula 2015
1854:Drogula 2015
1849:
1842:Drogula 2015
1825:Drogula 2015
1820:
1813:Drogula 2015
1808:
1801:Brennan 2001
1796:
1784:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1727:Cornell 1989
1712:Brennan 2001
1707:
1700:Drogula 2015
1695:
1688:Drogula 2015
1683:
1676:Drogula 2015
1671:
1664:Lintott 1999
1659:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1612:Drogula 2015
1607:
1600:Versnel 1970
1595:
1588:Drogula 2007
1583:
1576:Brennan 2001
1571:
1564:Lintott 1993
1559:
1552:Lintott 1999
1537:Drogula 2015
1532:
1525:Drogula 2015
1520:
1513:Drogula 2015
1508:
1501:Drogula 2015
1496:
1489:Drogula 2015
1484:
1477:Drogula 2015
1472:
1465:Brennan 2001
1460:
1438:Drogula 2015
1406:
1401:
1383:
1374:
1331:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:Gaius Verres
1288:
1286:
1284:
1275:pro praetore
1274:
1270:
1266:pro praetore
1265:
1259:
1254:
1251:pro praetore
1250:
1247:pro praetore
1246:
1244:
1240:pro praetore
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1220:pro praetore
1219:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1198:
1187:
1167:
1150:
1144:
1143:The rise of
1142:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1103:
1095:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:were called
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:naval fleets
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
981:
955:
951:pro praetore
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
915:
906:dictatorship
903:
898:
894:
886:
880:
874:
870:
860:
853:
847:
843:
832:
817:
811:
803:
801:
796:
786:
780:
776:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
741:
736:
732:
726:
723:
711:
709:
706:Legal effect
697:
684:
666:
660:
658:
646:
642:pro praetore
641:
637:
631:
619:
616:ancient Rome
613:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
436:
428:
421:
414:
407:
385:
378:
371:
364:
352:
302:
230:
218:
214:Collegiality
150:Constitution
138:
127:
118:
89:Roman Empire
87:
78:
69:
4426:Geographers
4110:Dioscorides
4090:Cassius Dio
3712:Cassiodorus
3615:Renaissance
3221:Agriculture
3193:Auxiliaries
3134:Engineering
2971:Magistrates
2823:Citizenship
2818:Mos maiorum
2753:Late Empire
2452:Proquaestor
2115:pro consule
1289:proquaestor
1281:Proquaestor
1260:lex Gabinia
1228:pro consule
1224:pro consule
1157:lex Gabinia
1116:Attalus III
1026:pro consule
947:pro consule
945:had titles
875:pro consule
770:during the
768:imperatores
692:pro consule
638:pro consule
633:prorogation
409:Mos maiorum
189:Late Empire
132:AD 395–1453
4506:Categories
4315:Mediolanum
4255:Alexandria
4220:Themistius
4185:Porphyrius
4012:Tertullian
3947:Quintilian
3937:Propertius
3832:Lactantius
3782:Fulgentius
3717:Censorinus
3539:Sanitation
3524:Metallurgy
3481:Technology
3446:Demography
3394:Patricians
3361:Spectacles
3319:Literature
3314:Hairstyles
3151:Technology
2901:Praefectus
2853:Government
2843:Litigation
2828:Auctoritas
2773:Centuriate
2660:Principate
2655:Pax Romana
2615:Foundation
2436:Propraetor
2212:1090168108
1881:Gruen 1986
1787:militarism
1416:References
1407:provinciae
1332:procurator
1330:The title
1320:Procurator
1216:propraetor
1208:Propraetor
1151:provinciae
1134:Social War
1096:provinciae
1061:prorogatio
1057:prorogatio
1049:provinciae
1045:propagatio
1041:prorogatio
1016:, and the
1010:provinciae
889:. In 307,
849:dictatores
490:Praefectus
398:Public law
253:Centuriate
243:Assemblies
220:Auctoritas
123:AD 395–476
110:AD 284–641
100:Principate
75:753–509 BC
18:Propraetor
4471:Quaestors
4401:Empresses
4391:Dynasties
4381:Dictators
4356:and other
4345:Volubilis
4340:Vindobona
4300:Londinium
4225:Theodoret
4195:Procopius
4175:Polyaenus
4150:Pausanias
4052:Vitruvius
3997:Symmachus
3992:Suetonius
3902:Petronius
3887:Obsequens
3852:Macrobius
3847:Lucretius
3772:Frontinus
3747:Eutropius
3732:Columella
3682:Augustine
3672:Appuleius
3620:Neo-Latin
3595:Classical
3586:Versions
3494:Aqueducts
3436:Patronage
3356:Sexuality
3329:Mythology
3304:Education
3294:Cosmetics
3119:Campaigns
3114:Structure
3067:Decemviri
2926:Imperator
2625:overthrow
2457:New Pauly
2441:New Pauly
2425:New Pauly
2420:Proconsul
2356:159843089
2340:0018-2311
2182:), 12.15.
2178:), 2.18 (
2158:, 2.1.41.
1781:155069351
1765:1753-528X
1642:0023-8856
1421:Citations
1303:to serve
1203:Proconsul
1195:Proconsul
1146:popularis
1087:Macedonia
993:Africanus
962:Trasimene
939:provincia
930:provincia
871:provincia
829:Emergence
764:provincia
756:provincia
752:provincia
748:provincia
713:provincia
681:provinces
532:Imperator
380:Decemviri
373:Triumviri
343:Corrector
84:509–27 BC
4476:Tribunes
4466:Praetors
4416:Generals
4396:Emperors
4305:Lugdunum
4290:Eboracum
4280:Carthage
4265:Aquileia
4180:Polybius
4170:Plutarch
4140:Libanius
4130:Josephus
4125:Herodian
4017:Tibullus
3932:Priscian
3907:Phaedrus
3867:Manilius
3812:Jordanes
3797:Hydatius
3727:Claudian
3707:Catullus
3697:Boëthius
3692:Ausonius
3610:Medieval
3582:Alphabet
3554:Theatres
3529:Numerals
3514:Concrete
3504:Circuses
3471:Bagaudae
3461:Adoption
3456:Marriage
3429:Assembly
3334:Religion
3309:Folklore
3289:Clothing
3284:Calendar
3241:Currency
3231:Commerce
3129:Strategy
3091:Military
3077:Triumvir
3057:Dictator
3052:Interrex
3031:Governor
3016:Quaestor
2979:Ordinary
2961:Province
2951:Tetrarch
2941:Augustus
2906:Vicarius
2896:Officium
2833:Imperium
2783:Plebeian
2743:Republic
2665:Dominate
2632:Republic
2593:Timeline
2539:. Brill.
2413:. Brill.
2348:25598407
2284:(1952).
1909:pomerium
1751:: 1–19.
1650:41533367
1338:See also
1293:quaestor
1271:imperium
1255:imperium
1236:imperium
1232:Octavian
1168:de facto
1130:imperium
1089:and the
1053:imperium
1014:Hispania
997:imperium
982:imperium
926:imperium
895:imperium
887:imperium
844:imperium
818:imperium
813:pomerium
804:imperium
797:imperium
760:imperium
744:imperium
742:Because
737:imperium
733:imperium
728:imperium
668:imperium
650:Republic
562:Tetrarch
552:Augustus
497:Vicarius
476:Officium
387:Interrex
348:Dictator
323:Governor
298:Quaestor
263:Plebeian
209:Imperium
165:Republic
140:Timeline
107:Dominate
4446:Legions
4406:Fiction
4376:Consuls
4371:Climate
4325:Ravenna
4320:Pompeii
4310:Lutetia
4275:Bononia
4270:Berytus
4260:Antioch
4235:Zosimus
4230:Zonaras
4205:Sozomen
4190:Priscus
4165:Photius
4007:Terence
4002:Tacitus
3987:Statius
3972:Servius
3957:Sallust
3912:Plautus
3892:Orosius
3872:Martial
3827:Juvenal
3802:Hyginus
3787:Gellius
3646:Writers
3577:History
3559:Thermae
3549:Temples
3499:Bridges
3466:Slavery
3414:Equites
3386:Society
3366:Theatre
3339:Deities
3299:Cuisine
3279:Bathing
3261:Culture
3236:Finance
3213:Economy
3104:Borders
3099:History
3001:Tribune
2996:Praetor
2886:Legatus
2881:Emperor
2768:Curiate
2738:Kingdom
2733:History
2709:History
2692:decline
2650:History
2620:Kingdom
2603:History
2588:Outline
2222:Sources
1630:Latomus
1112:bequest
1071:whether
1066:rogatio
991:(later
899:privati
824:History
808:triumph
762:to new
662:privati
483:Praeses
462:Legatus
453:Emperor
313:Tribune
293:Praetor
258:Curiate
160:Kingdom
128:Eastern
119:Western
62:Periods
4456:Nomina
4441:Legacy
4421:Gentes
4358:topics
4354:Lists
4335:Smyrna
4215:Strabo
4145:Lucian
4135:Julian
4085:Arrian
4080:Appian
4070:Aelian
4047:Vergil
3822:Justin
3807:Jerome
3792:Horace
3777:Fronto
3767:Florus
3742:Ennius
3722:Cicero
3702:Caesar
3600:Vulgar
3424:Tribes
3351:Romans
3161:Legion
3144:castra
3021:Aedile
2991:Censor
2986:Consul
2946:Caesar
2916:Lictor
2838:Status
2778:Tribal
2758:Senate
2748:Empire
2642:Empire
2578:topics
2522:
2501:
2480:
2459:(2006)
2454:". In
2443:(2006)
2438:". In
2427:(2006)
2422:". In
2394:
2373:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2303:
2270:
2249:
2210:
2200:
1973:
1785:Roman
1779:
1773:299003
1771:
1763:
1648:
1640:
1299:named
978:augurs
966:Cannae
964:, and
958:Trebia
867:Naples
677:senate
673:Pompey
557:Caesar
518:Lictor
318:Censor
308:Aedile
288:Consul
268:Tribal
177:Empire
4120:Galen
4062:Greek
4032:Varro
3842:Lucan
3654:Latin
3569:Latin
3544:Ships
3534:Roads
3519:Domes
3451:Women
3399:Plebs
3324:Music
2866:Forum
2861:Curia
2352:S2CID
2344:JSTOR
2174:5.6 (
2156:Verr.
1777:S2CID
1769:JSTOR
1646:JSTOR
1389:Spain
1367:Notes
1174:Types
1138:Sulla
968:when
793:Sulla
624:Latin
4436:Laws
4411:Film
4330:Roma
3897:Ovid
3837:Livy
3605:Late
3419:Gens
3376:Wine
3188:Navy
3156:Army
2795:SPQR
2697:fall
2675:fall
2520:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2336:ISSN
2301:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2208:OCLC
2198:ISBN
2172:Fam.
1971:ISBN
1761:ISSN
1638:ISSN
1039:– a
999:and
852:and
837:and
835:Livy
700:Livy
618:, a
3590:Old
3274:Art
3047:Rex
2891:Dux
2805:Law
2328:doi
2239:doi
1753:doi
1114:of
1075:who
1035:'s
949:or
774:).
640:or
614:In
469:Dux
416:Ius
366:Rex
4508::
2350:.
2342:.
2334:.
2324:56
2322:.
2318:.
2245:.
2233:.
2206:.
2118:".
1943:^
1928:^
1861:^
1832:^
1783:.
1775:.
1767:.
1759:.
1749:74
1747:.
1743:.
1719:^
1644:.
1634:34
1632:.
1628:.
1544:^
1445:^
1428:^
1287:A
1277:.
1214:A
960:,
820:.
781:A
710:A
626::
2568:e
2561:t
2554:v
2528:.
2507:.
2486:.
2461:.
2445:.
2429:.
2400:.
2379:.
2358:.
2330::
2309:.
2276:.
2255:.
2241::
2214:.
2142:.
1979:.
1755::
1652:.
1409:.
622:(
603:e
596:t
589:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
