40:
1168:
1335:
1142:", "massive commands in which multiple permanent provinces were incorporated into a single consular provincial assignment" with "proportionately larger military and financial resources". Pompey, for example, declined a province after his consulship in 70 BC until he was able to convince a friendly tribune to create an enormous command against the pirates in consequence of the
805:) for his triumph, he had to lay aside arms formally and ritually, that is, he had to re-enter society as a civilian. There are several early instances, however, of a commander celebrating a triumph during his two- or three-year term; it is possible that the triumph was held at the completion of his assignment and before he returned to the field with prorogued
705:
was originally a task (e.g., war with
Carthage) assigned to someone, sometimes with geographic boundaries; when such territories were formally annexed, the fixed geographical entity became a "province" in modern terms, but in the early and middle Republic, the "task" was most often a military command
866:
until he should bring the war with the Greeks to an end". This innovation permitted Philo to hold the military authority and responsibility of a magistrate while not actually being one. The Romans did not seem to be too bothered by the legal innovation which occurred, as Philo's success was rewarded
636:
Prorogation created an official with no civilian authority or responsibility in Rome and allowed commanders to retain their position indefinitely, weakening the time-limited check that Romans had over their commanders. Prorogation, by allowing veteran commanders to stay rather than being rotated out
1154:
the next year. These super-provinces were traditional in the sense that they were meant to defeat some particular enemy, but the scale of the campaign and the concentration of power under a single commander was unprecedented. The fixed multi-year terms of those campaigns also were unheard of in the
1111:
The senate evidently placed a premium on controlling competition for the consulship, and chose to neglect the rapidly accelerating erosion of a fundamental
Republican constitutional principle — the annual magistracy — as well as to ignore the added inconvenience to commanders and possible danger to
830:
name a number of commanders in the early republic as proconsuls or propraetors. Modern historians believe the use of these titles is largely anachronistic and also self-contradictory, as Livy notes that that the first promagisterial appointment was in 327 BC. In the republic after 367 BC,
1116:
In one major administrative development for which the career of Marius offers the clearest evidence, praetors now needed to remain in Rome to preside over increased activity in the criminal courts; only after their term were praetors regularly assigned to a province as proconsul or propraetor. The
1012:
The expansion of promagistracies shattering the connection between military command and magisterial office, allowing any aristocrat so empowered by law the power to exercise military authority without any official status within the city's normal civilian government. Another impact of this wartime
925:
were unable to triumph, probably due to their lack of an official magistracy. The legal authority for this emerged directly from the sovereign powers of the Roman assemblies who were then able "to select any man whether or not he had ever been elected to office and make him the commander of any
1117:
scale of Roman military commitments in annexed territories during the late republic required regular prorogation, since the number of magistrates and ex-magistrates who were both able commanders and willing to accept provincial governorships did not increase proportionally. Emergency grants of
766:
While modern scholars often suppose that prorogation was intended originally to ensure that an experienced commander with hands-on knowledge of the local situation could conclude a successful campaign, in practice the extension of command was subject to "unsteady ad-hoc politics". And "unusual
1447:
1296:
in 80 BC. At other times, ex-quaestors were sent or kept as proquaestor to act as someone's quaestor. But more extraordinarily, in the absence of sufficient governors or to complete some specific task, an ex-quaestor could be sent as a governor with the title
633:, that is, in place of a consul or praetor, respectively. This was an expedient development, starting in 327 BC and becoming regular by 241 BC, that was meant to allow consuls and praetors to continue their activities in the field without disruption.
1082:
in 146 BC. The number of praetors was not increased even though the two new territories were organized as praetorian provinces. For the first time since the 170s, it became impossible for sitting magistrates to govern all the permanent praetorian
1013:
expedience was separating "magisterial precedence" from the magistracy itself, creating something akin to a military rank, evident in the jockeying of magistrates over the specific status of their prorogation: eg, desire to attain the more prestigious
862:(assigned task). It "probably seemed imprudent to send a new consul to take over a command that would be completed within days". Livy reports that legislation was then moved by the tribunes that "when he should continue to manage the campaign
1384:
was awarded a triumph. However, the law required him to declare his candidacy in person within the pomerium. Unable to get a dispensation from the senate and unwilling to wait a year, he entered the pomerium and gave up his command.
713:
Prorogation did not create a new commander or even class of general. It merely allowed a magistrate to continue performing duties beyond the expiration of the magistracy. While Livy implies that prorogation extended a magistrate's
984:) to Spain in 211 BC before he had held any magistracy. After the deaths of his father and uncle in Spain, no consul or praetor wanted to take up the province. The people invested Scipio with the command and the necessary
996:
were dispatched to the peninsula, which continued under such command until the creation of two new praetors in 197 BC made it possible to send annual magistrates. Generally, prorogation became almost the norm for the
874:(326–290 BC), prorogation became a regular administrative practice that allowed continuity of military command without violating the principle of annual magistracies, or increasing the number of magistrates who held
1456:, p. 603, noting "the Romans obviously never came to terms with recognising the promagistracy as an actual office" after explaining that neither Livy nor Cicero use the titles "proconsul" or "propraetor".
1729:
1017:
status. The close of the wartime crisis and the return of annual governors also dampened the length of prorogations, allowing the senate to regain more granular control over provincial assignments.
1323:
is not related to prorogation and is not a promagistracy. Procurators were originally agents of rich men, later of the emperor, who acted on his patron's behalf with regard to financial matters.
890:). Territorial expansion and increasing militarization drove a recognition that the "emergencies" had become a continual state of affairs, and a regular system of allotting commands developed.
1778:
was demonstrated consistently in northern Italy and Spain, at various periods in Greece and
Macedonia (200–194, 191–187–171–168), and for one period of three years in Asia Minor (190–188).
854:
in 327 BC. The senate ordered Philo, whose consulship was about to expire, to continue to perform his military duties as he was on the verge of capturing
Palaepolis (modern day
1095:
was sometimes prorogued. Due to the lack of replacement magistrates, governors with established territorial provinces had their tenures increased. The addition of the wealthy
882:
became the second magistrate to have his command prorogued. But in the years 296–95, several prorogations are recorded at once, including four promagistrates who were granted
1284:. This was normally done in the absence of a questor, usually by death or resignation. In such cases, a governor normally named a member of his staff: for example,
691:
or literary sources of the republican era. Those Romans did not view a promagistracy as a formal office in the republic but rather as an administrative expedient.
2668:
1129:
assumed the dictatorship in late 82 BC, the territorial provinces alone numbered ten, with possibly six permanent courts to be presided over in the city.
1159:
powers to assign provinces and control the ambition of its members by splitting both the proceeds and glory of single campaigns between multiple commanders.
973:
and assigned him to take a consular army regardless. Some scholars and argue instead that
Marcellus' just-completed praetorship meant he was just prorogued.
897:, originated as special military commands, they may at first have been limited in practice to about six months, or the length of the campaigning season.
678:(permanent courts), it became normal for the provincial governors to be promagistrates. By the late republic, practically all governors were dispatched
774:
had the right, and was normally expected, to remain in his province until his successor arrived, even when he had not been prorogued. According to the
590:
1591:, p. 189. This triumphal pattern is visible, for instance, in provincial commands and prorogations in Cisalpine Gaul during the middle republic.
1394:
There were six provinces: Sicily, Sardinia, nearer and further Spain, Macedonia and Africa. Brennan also counts the urban and peregrine courts as
1258:, consistent with late republican practice; the quaestors and legates of the public provinces were by this period similarly granted praetorian
2555:
1112:
provincials... The members of the senate had lost serious interest in maintaining a working administrative scheme for Rome's growing empire.
3097:
843:
3139:
3127:
1207:
was a form of promagistrate, as the name implies, acting in place of a praetor. Initially, praetors who were prorogued continued to act
870:
In the following decades, it became regular practice to prorogue consuls and prorogation of praetors started in 241 BC. During the
3186:
747:. While normally someone in the theatre or province was prorogued, one could also be prorogued by assigning a someone still possessing
1679:, p. 211; Livy 8.23.11-12. This decision also may have been motivated by the substantial delay in consular elections that year.
784:'s dictatorship, a governor was then required to give up his province within 30 days. A prorogued magistrate could not exercise his
3102:
2168:
962:
4474:
3112:
4419:
3107:
2841:
583:
187:
563:
4389:
3214:
2741:
2512:
2491:
2470:
2384:
2363:
2293:
2260:
2239:
1963:
1036:
from the senate in other cases. But by the 190s BC, the senate stopped submitting decisions on prorogation of permanent
177:
4479:
4354:
3507:
1091:", a post for which there is no single word in the Republic. Promagistracies became fully institutionalised, and even the
3060:
1247:
348:
2731:
2190:
170:
153:
4500:
4399:
3159:
2726:
2721:
2697:
2548:
1952:
Brennan, T Corey (2014-06-23). "Power and
Process under the Republican "Constitution"". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.).
576:
148:
4414:
3087:
2736:
2663:
879:
165:
660:
and prorogued, as justified by perceived military emergencies. In the late republic, this was most exemplified by
2680:
2613:
2270:
158:
1211:
after their terms, but through the second century, prorogued praetors started to be titled the more prestigious
3434:
3359:
3117:
1896:, p. 228. Re status: "one can imagine that even praetors denied a triumph might have dallied outside the
4505:
3930:
3770:
3374:
2826:
2541:
1253:
1246:. Pompey, for example, received such legates during the campaign against the pirates in consequence of the
4469:
4394:
4153:
3209:
3092:
2638:
743:
expired with a magistracy; prorogation severed the old tightly-linked connection between magistrate and
4429:
4093:
3985:
3755:
3527:
3349:
3257:
3122:
3065:
1285:
1075:
827:
361:
4449:
3542:
3497:
3424:
3344:
3292:
3282:
3234:
2581:
1314:
1122:
958:
776:
735:
did not expire, prorogation was simply an extension or reassignment of a commander's possession of a
426:
128:
664:, who held a series of promagisterial commands before ever holding a magistracy or even joining the
4050:
3960:
3469:
3449:
3444:
3429:
3382:
3322:
3277:
3079:
1138:
political tactics from the time of Gaius Marius forward also coincided with the creation of "super
950:
642:
30:
4459:
4439:
4379:
4369:
4359:
3765:
3454:
3354:
3334:
3249:
3239:
2944:
2884:
2864:
2576:
1079:
851:
760:
464:
4464:
4454:
4404:
4384:
4198:
4173:
4138:
4020:
3745:
3392:
3154:
2685:
2288:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 7 Pt. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 351–419.
2231:
4434:
4364:
4188:
3940:
3740:
3735:
3532:
3439:
3364:
3327:
3312:
3287:
3267:
3169:
1151:
1096:
674:
637:
for someone with little experience, also helped increase the chances of victory. In the late
4444:
4409:
4098:
3965:
3865:
3790:
3655:
3618:
2994:
2658:
1900:
for a period of time rejoicing in their own magnificence... adorned in consular splendour".
946:
106:
4088:
2219:
8:
4374:
4223:
4025:
3895:
3845:
3164:
2761:
1340:
1107:
put further pressure on the system, again without increasing the number of praetorships:
241:
1087:, which now numbered eight. This point marks the beginning of the era of the so-called "
4424:
4148:
3955:
3810:
3750:
3670:
3613:
3477:
2713:
2692:
2340:
2332:
1765:
1757:
1634:
1058:(consultation of the people) was involved. This likely emerged because the decision of
499:
138:
4063:
4058:
3910:
3665:
3625:
3603:
2811:
2508:
2487:
2466:
2380:
2359:
2344:
2324:
2289:
2256:
2235:
2196:
2186:
1959:
1769:
1749:
1626:
1348:
1032:
before the people to determine whether a provincial command should be extended and a
707:
418:
411:
214:
2440:
2424:
2408:
1367:
What precisely a formal annexation meant is a subject of much scholarly discussion.
4123:
4083:
4015:
3950:
3875:
3870:
3642:
3565:
3512:
3307:
3302:
3191:
3050:
2999:
2959:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2831:
2778:
2771:
2756:
2751:
2675:
2603:
2525:
Triumphus: an inquiry into the origin, development and meaning of the Roman triumph
2316:
2227:
1741:
1021:
977:
969:
detected flaws in his election; even so, the people passed laws to invest him with
954:
910:
540:
534:
527:
513:
342:
321:
266:
251:
246:
231:
115:
2504:
Contested triumphs: politics, pageantry, and performance in Livy's republican Rome
1351:, a later medieval derivation and evolution of the term as method(s) of governance
4218:
4030:
4010:
3970:
3905:
3855:
3850:
3725:
3675:
3583:
3417:
3397:
3317:
2766:
2591:
2523:
2502:
2481:
2460:
2374:
2353:
2283:
2250:
2164:
1953:
906:
256:
2320:
4273:
3915:
3650:
3598:
3570:
3517:
3502:
3482:
3297:
3272:
3229:
3219:
3045:
3019:
2949:
2934:
2899:
2859:
2620:
1234:
If a governor died in office, it was normal for his quaestor to assume command
1088:
894:
837:
771:
701:
669:
638:
612:
545:
492:
336:
311:
220:
68:
20:
2200:
4494:
3805:
3775:
3690:
3224:
3201:
2869:
2854:
2801:
2608:
2328:
1753:
1630:
1381:
796:
767:
political influence" was required for prorogations of longer than one year.
648:
Sometimes men who held no elected public office – that is, private citizens (
441:
59:
4283:
4143:
3588:
3537:
3492:
3487:
3339:
3149:
3035:
2979:
2974:
2746:
2630:
2564:
1289:
871:
665:
604:
354:
306:
276:
202:
77:
1238:. It also became normal for legates during the late republic to be titled
799:
as awarded by the Senate. Before a commander could enter the city limits (
625:
to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field. This was normally
4078:
3700:
3522:
3412:
2806:
2397:
1280:
was a person who took up the administrative duties normally adopted by a
1145:
1104:
621:
397:
2336:
2304:
1638:
1614:
1125:(91–87 BC) made the granting of extra-magisterial command routine. When
850:
The first recorded prorogation and promagistrate was that of the consul
4303:
4243:
4208:
4000:
3935:
3925:
3820:
3705:
3593:
3176:
3144:
2889:
2816:
2648:
2643:
1775:
1219:. One of the few exceptions to this rule was a senatorial snub against
1006:
478:
208:
88:
2533:
1761:
4333:
4328:
4288:
4213:
4183:
4163:
4040:
3980:
3890:
3840:
3835:
3760:
3720:
3608:
3578:
3387:
3262:
3055:
2939:
2914:
2793:
1730:"The political character of the classical Roman republic, 200–151 BC"
1252:. During the imperial period, the legates of the emperor were titled
1191:
1150:
in 67 BC and, then, a similarly vast eastern command during the
1134:
1020:
At the beginning, there were two distinct forms of prorogation – per
550:
520:
386:
368:
331:
945:
The first instance may have been in 215 BC after the losses at
39:
4293:
4278:
4268:
4253:
4168:
4158:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4005:
3920:
3800:
3785:
3715:
3695:
3685:
3680:
3660:
3459:
3040:
3004:
2894:
2821:
2653:
1745:
1377:
1281:
1220:
1172:
1074:
The promagistrates take on a new importance with the annexation of
1002:
801:
716:
656:
485:
375:
286:
197:
95:
19:
For the duties of a promagistrate as a governor of a province, see
1066:
should be sent, and therefore became a routine staffing decision.
4313:
4308:
4298:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4193:
4178:
3995:
3990:
3975:
3945:
3900:
3880:
3860:
3815:
3547:
3402:
3181:
2989:
2984:
2874:
2183:
Cato the
Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
1100:
1054:
835:: dictators, consuls, and praetors. At first, the appointment of
650:
471:
450:
301:
281:
1167:
1040:
to the people for ratification and eventually all extensions of
4323:
4203:
4133:
4073:
4068:
4035:
3795:
3780:
3730:
3710:
3132:
3009:
2904:
1215:
instead. After the time of Sulla, all governors were prorogued
1171:
Marble bust of a person that is traditionally identified to be
855:
661:
506:
296:
4108:
3830:
3557:
2849:
2355:
Commanders and command in the Roman republic and early empire
1231:, putting him lower in status than all other promagistrates.
1126:
966:
781:
2305:"Imperium, potestas, and the pomerium in the Roman republic"
1301:. For example, Marcus Porcius Cato was dispatched to Cyprus
1175:. Lucullus was quaestor in 87 BC under Sulla and acted
992:
regardless. After Scipio's victory in 206 BC, two more
795:
is also complicated by its relation to the celebrating of a
4318:
3885:
3825:
3407:
2783:
2277:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
2044:
2020:
1155:
earlier
Republic; their length detracted from the Senate's
823:
688:
2879:
2101:. "After Sulla, all governors seemed to have been ranked
1996:
1935:
1933:
1920:
1918:
1853:
1851:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1711:
1709:
1536:
1534:
1437:
1435:
739:, something feasible by senatorial decree. Previously, a
457:
404:
2080:
2068:
2056:
1984:
1875:
1783:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1062:
to send commanders had been replaced to the question of
687:
The titles "proconsul" and "propraetor" are not used by
1546:
867:
with a triumph even though his consulship had expired.
2110:
2032:
2008:
1972:
1930:
1915:
1903:
1848:
1836:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1658:
1646:
1570:
1558:
1531:
1519:
1432:
1179:
campaigning in the East all the way until 80 BC.
965:, deceased. However, he was forced to resign when the
893:
In this early period, prorogued assignments, like the
2122:
1594:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1415:
847:
filled the need for additional military commanders.
724:
was not time-limited. Cicero, for example, possessed
1863:
1330:
1615:"Prorogation of imperium before the Hannibalic war"
2185:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 158.
1009:due to the lack of sufficient annual magistrates.
4492:
728:even after his governorship of Cilicia expired.
913:, Rome started to assign private citizens both
2282:Cornell, Tim (1989). "The conquest of Italy".
976:The clearest instance is in the assignment of
2549:
2462:Imperium romanum: politics and administration
2217:
2098:
1955:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
684:, regardless of their last urban magistracy.
619:) was a person who was granted the power via
584:
2376:The hellenistic world and the coming of Rome
2102:
1143:
961:was elected suffect consul in the place of
905:Commanders were often prorogued during the
679:
2556:
2542:
2501:Pittenger, Miriam R Pelikan (2009-02-10).
2396:Cancik, Hubert; et al., eds. (2006).
1958:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
672:outside of Italy and the expansion of the
591:
577:
2500:
2444:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2395:
2309:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2269:
2156:
2140:
2128:
2086:
1441:
645:, decided whose commands were extended.
1305:to handle the annexation of the island.
1166:
917:(military authority) and assign them to
900:
2563:
2521:
2479:
2458:
2351:
2302:
2281:
2248:
2232:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5337
2218:Badian, Ernst; Lintott, Andrew (2016).
2180:
2116:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1951:
1939:
1924:
1909:
1893:
1881:
1857:
1842:
1830:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1715:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1426:
1380:in the late 60s BC, for instance,
1069:
4493:
2483:The constitution of the Roman republic
2358:. University of North Carolina Press.
1727:
1223:in 43 BC when he was vested with
2537:
2372:
2275:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2252:The praetorship in the Roman republic
1869:
921:(here meaning military tasks). These
1242:if they were themselves vested with
710:with unclear geographic boundaries.
942:, in place of regular magistrates.
641:, politics, often motivated by the
13:
2507:. University of California Press.
2379:. University of California Press.
886:while they were private citizens (
831:only three types magistrates held
14:
4517:
1026:Praetorship in the Roman republic
2271:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
1333:
880:Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus
38:
2174:
2150:
2134:
2092:
1945:
1887:
1721:
1670:
1606:
1582:
1388:
1370:
720:, this is contradicted in that
694:
1376:After his term as governor in
1361:
1269:
1:
2373:Gruen, Erich S (1986-09-25).
1404:
1308:
1196:
1048:. After this point, the term
872:Second and Third Samnite Wars
791:The nature of promagisterial
3128:Frontiers and fortifications
2439:Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006c). "
2423:Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006b). "
2407:Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006a). "
1409:
1183:
1052:became a misnomer, since no
817:
7:
3187:Decorations and punishments
2486:. Oxford University Press.
2321:10.25162/historia-2007-0027
2255:. Oxford University Press.
2226:. Oxford University Press.
2224:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2220:"pro consule, pro praetore"
1326:
10:
4522:
4094:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2669:historiography of the fall
2285:The rise of Rome to 220 BC
2210:
1312:
1303:pro quaestore pro praetore
1286:Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella
1189:
828:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
812:
755:(as was the case with two
668:. With the acquisition of
18:
4475:External wars and battles
4342:
4236:
4049:
3641:
3634:
3556:
3468:
3373:
3248:
3200:
3078:
3028:
2967:
2958:
2840:
2792:
2712:
2629:
2599:
2590:
2572:
2249:Brennan, T Corey (2001).
2099:Badian & Lintott 2016
1315:Procurator (ancient Rome)
1299:pro quaestor pro praetore
959:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
909:(264–241 BC). During the
777:lex Cornelia de maiestate
427:Senatus consultum ultimum
322:Extraordinary magistrates
4501:Ancient Roman government
2480:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
2459:Lintott, Andrew (1993).
2352:Drogula, Fred K (2015).
2303:Drogula, Fred K (2007).
2181:Drogula, Fred K (2019).
1734:Journal of Roman Studies
1613:Develin, Robert (1975).
1355:
1173:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
1162:
1121:in the field during the
1080:Roman province of Africa
978:Publius Cornelius Scipio
963:Lucius Postumius Albinus
822:The literary sources of
643:ambitions of individuals
31:Politics of ancient Rome
4470:Roman–Iranian relations
2945:Optimates and populares
1728:Millar, Fergus (1984).
852:Quintus Publilius Philo
761:Catilinarian conspiracy
4480:Civil wars and revolts
3746:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3393:Conflict of the Orders
2752:Legislative assemblies
2103:
1180:
1144:
1114:
680:
616:
188:Political institutions
4189:Simplicius of Cilicia
3941:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3170:Siege in Ancient Rome
2779:Executive magistrates
1170:
1152:Third Mithridatic War
1109:
1001:of Sicily, Sardinia,
901:During the Punic Wars
858:) and completing his
708:theatre of operations
675:quaestiones perpetuae
4506:Ancient Roman titles
4199:Stephanus Byzantinus
4104:Eusebius of Caesaria
3966:Sidonius Apollinaris
3656:Ammianus Marcellinus
2995:Tribune of the plebs
2522:Versnel, HS (1970).
2053:, pp. 307, 306.
2029:, pp. 583, 629.
1262:and likewise titled
1099:in 133 BC as a
1070:In the late republic
930:they wished". These
267:Ordinary magistrates
16:Ancient Roman office
4375:Distinguished women
4026:Velleius Paterculus
3866:Nicolaus Damascenus
3846:Marcellus Empiricus
3235:Republican currency
1341:Ancient Rome portal
994:privati cum imperio
932:privati cum imperio
923:privati cum imperio
780:, passed following
4149:Phlegon of Tralles
3956:Seneca the Younger
3430:Naming conventions
3160:Personal equipment
2693:Later Roman Empire
2005:, pp. 627–28.
1181:
990:auspicium militiae
500:Triumvir monetalis
434:Titles and honours
4488:
4487:
4450:Pontifices maximi
4232:
4231:
4089:Diogenes Laërtius
3911:Pliny the Younger
3666:Asconius Pedianus
3626:Romance languages
3498:Civil engineering
3240:Imperial currency
3113:Political control
3074:
3073:
2708:
2707:
2514:978-0-520-94277-6
2493:978-0-19-158467-1
2472:978-0-415-09375-0
2386:978-0-520-05737-1
2365:978-1-4696-2127-2
2295:978-0-521-23446-7
2262:978-0-19-511460-7
2241:978-0-19-938113-5
2077:, pp. 307–8.
2065:, pp. 306–7.
1993:, pp. 626–7.
1965:978-1-107-03224-8
1884:, pp. 225–8.
1792:, pp. 38–43.
1349:Royal prerogative
706:within a defined
601:
600:
419:Quaestio perpetua
412:Senatus consultum
215:Roman citizenship
4513:
4440:Magistri equitum
4355:Cities and towns
4348:
4274:Constantinopolis
4084:Diodorus Siculus
4016:Valerius Maximus
3951:Seneca the Elder
3871:Nonius Marcellus
3639:
3638:
3192:Hippika gymnasia
3155:Infantry tactics
3061:Consular tribune
3051:Magister equitum
3000:Military tribune
2965:
2964:
2925:Pontifex maximus
2920:Princeps senatus
2910:Magister militum
2676:Byzantine Empire
2597:
2596:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2518:
2497:
2476:
2451:
2435:
2419:
2403:
2399:New Pauly Online
2390:
2369:
2348:
2299:
2278:
2266:
2245:
2205:
2204:
2178:
2172:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:, pp. 46–7.
1550:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1149:
1022:T. Corey Brennan
911:Second Punic War
844:magistri equitum
683:
593:
586:
579:
535:Pontifex maximus
528:Princeps senatus
514:Magister militum
349:Consular tribune
343:Magister equitum
171:Augustan reforms
42:
26:
25:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4228:
4064:Aëtius of Amida
4045:
4031:Verrius Flaccus
4011:Valerius Antias
3971:Silius Italicus
3906:Pliny the Elder
3851:Marcus Aurelius
3726:Cornelius Nepos
3676:Aurelius Victor
3630:
3552:
3464:
3398:Secessio plebis
3369:
3244:
3196:
3070:
3024:
2954:
2836:
2788:
2704:
2625:
2586:
2568:
2562:
2532:
2515:
2494:
2473:
2387:
2366:
2296:
2263:
2242:
2213:
2208:
2193:
2179:
2175:
2169:Lucius Antonius
2165:Publius Sestius
2155:
2151:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:Cf Livy 3.4.10.
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1317:
1311:
1272:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1165:
1093:praetor urbanus
1072:
907:First Punic War
903:
820:
815:
697:
654:) – were given
597:
568:
564:Other countries
555:
424:
381:
316:
261:
226:
182:
159:Sullan republic
124:
120:
111:
102:
98:
91:
81:
72:
63:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:Pomponius Mela
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Aelius Donatus
3647:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3619:Ecclesiastical
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3360:Toys and games
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Vigintisexviri
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Cursus honorum
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2659:Western Empire
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2436:
2420:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2349:
2315:(4): 419–452.
2300:
2294:
2279:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2192:978-0190869021
2191:
2173:
2159:, citing Cic.
2157:Kierdorf 2006c
2149:
2143:, citing Cic.
2141:Kierdorf 2006c
2133:
2129:Kierdorf 2006b
2121:
2119:, p. 341.
2109:
2091:
2089:, p. 580.
2087:Broughton 1952
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2041:, p. 306.
2031:
2019:
2017:, p. 628.
2007:
1995:
1983:
1981:, p. 237.
1971:
1964:
1944:
1942:, p. 255.
1929:
1927:, p. 603.
1914:
1912:, p. 307.
1902:
1886:
1874:
1872:, p. 215.
1862:
1860:, p. 223.
1847:
1845:, p. 222.
1835:
1833:, p. 221.
1818:
1816:, p. 225.
1806:
1804:, p. 220.
1794:
1782:
1746:10.2307/299003
1720:
1718:, p. 378.
1705:
1703:, p. 602.
1693:
1691:, p. 211.
1681:
1669:
1667:, p. 210.
1657:
1655:, p. 113.
1645:
1625:(3): 716–722.
1605:
1593:
1581:
1579:, p. 419.
1569:
1567:, p. 606.
1557:
1545:
1543:, p. 114.
1530:
1528:, p. 215.
1518:
1516:, p. 291.
1506:
1504:, p. 377.
1494:
1492:, p. 127.
1482:
1480:, p. 214.
1470:
1468:, p. 213.
1458:
1446:
1442:Pittenger 2009
1431:
1429:, p. 212.
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1387:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1328:
1325:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1271:
1268:
1227:and prorogued
1198:
1195:
1190:Main article:
1185:
1182:
1164:
1161:
1097:Asian province
1089:Roman governor
1071:
1068:
902:
899:
819:
816:
814:
811:
772:Roman governor
696:
693:
617:pro magistratu
599:
598:
596:
595:
588:
581:
573:
570:
569:
567:
566:
560:
557:
556:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
493:Vigintisexviri
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
446:
445:
444:
436:
435:
431:
430:
423:
422:
415:
408:
401:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
380:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
346:
339:
334:
328:
325:
324:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
270:
269:
263:
262:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
238:
235:
234:
228:
227:
225:
224:
221:Cursus honorum
217:
212:
205:
200:
194:
191:
190:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
161:
151:
145:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
123:
122:
113:
103:
101:
100:
93:
92:27 BC – AD 284
85:
84:
83:
82:27 BC – AD 395
74:
69:Roman Republic
65:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
29:
21:Roman governor
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4518:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Julius Paulus
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Fabius Pictor
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Amphitheatres
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Deforestation
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Siege engines
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Establishment
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:Extraordinary
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Promagistrate
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Twelve Tables
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:. Routledge.
2464:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1603:, p. 27.
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 77.
1443:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1382:Julius Caesar
1379:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:pro quaestore
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1177:pro quaestore
1174:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
898:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
829:
825:
810:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
789:
788:within Rome.
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:
711:
709:
704:
703:
692:
690:
685:
682:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
646:
644:
640:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
614:
610:
609:promagistrate
606:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
574:
572:
571:
565:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:
532:
530:
529:
525:
523:
522:
518:
516:
515:
511:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
476:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
433:
432:
429:
428:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
400:
399:
395:
394:
392:
391:
388:
385:
384:
378:
377:
373:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
323:
320:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Promagistrate
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
272:
271:
268:
265:
264:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
233:
230:
229:
223:
222:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
193:
192:
189:
186:
185:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
130:
126:
125:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
97:
94:
90:
87:
86:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
60:Roman Kingdom
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
4420:Institutions
4284:Leptis Magna
4237:Major cities
4144:Philostratus
3931:Quadrigarius
3751:Rufus Festus
3614:Contemporary
3335:Romanization
3258:Architecture
3014:
2865:Collegiality
2714:Constitution
2565:Ancient Rome
2524:
2503:
2482:
2461:
2445:
2429:
2413:
2398:
2375:
2354:
2312:
2308:
2284:
2274:
2251:
2223:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2124:
2117:Drogula 2015
2112:
2094:
2082:
2075:Drogula 2015
2070:
2063:Drogula 2015
2058:
2051:Drogula 2015
2046:
2039:Drogula 2015
2034:
2027:Brennan 2001
2022:
2015:Brennan 2001
2010:
2003:Brennan 2001
1998:
1991:Brennan 2001
1986:
1979:Drogula 2015
1974:
1954:
1947:
1940:Drogula 2015
1925:Brennan 2001
1910:Drogula 2015
1905:
1897:
1894:Drogula 2015
1889:
1882:Drogula 2015
1877:
1865:
1858:Drogula 2015
1843:Drogula 2015
1838:
1831:Drogula 2015
1814:Drogula 2015
1809:
1802:Drogula 2015
1797:
1790:Brennan 2001
1785:
1773:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1716:Cornell 1989
1701:Brennan 2001
1696:
1689:Drogula 2015
1684:
1677:Drogula 2015
1672:
1665:Drogula 2015
1660:
1653:Lintott 1999
1648:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1601:Drogula 2015
1596:
1589:Versnel 1970
1584:
1577:Drogula 2007
1572:
1565:Brennan 2001
1560:
1553:Lintott 1993
1548:
1541:Lintott 1999
1526:Drogula 2015
1521:
1514:Drogula 2015
1509:
1502:Drogula 2015
1497:
1490:Drogula 2015
1485:
1478:Drogula 2015
1473:
1466:Drogula 2015
1461:
1454:Brennan 2001
1449:
1427:Drogula 2015
1395:
1390:
1372:
1363:
1320:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:Gaius Verres
1277:
1275:
1273:
1264:pro praetore
1263:
1259:
1255:pro praetore
1254:
1248:
1243:
1240:pro praetore
1239:
1236:pro praetore
1235:
1233:
1229:pro praetore
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1209:pro praetore
1208:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1176:
1156:
1139:
1133:
1132:The rise of
1131:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1092:
1084:
1073:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:were called
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:naval fleets
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
975:
970:
944:
940:pro praetore
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
904:
895:dictatorship
892:
887:
883:
875:
869:
863:
859:
849:
842:
836:
832:
821:
806:
800:
792:
790:
785:
775:
769:
765:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
730:
725:
721:
715:
712:
700:
698:
695:Legal effect
686:
673:
655:
649:
647:
635:
631:pro praetore
630:
626:
620:
608:
605:ancient Rome
602:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
425:
417:
410:
403:
396:
374:
367:
360:
353:
341:
291:
219:
207:
203:Collegiality
139:Constitution
127:
116:
107:
78:Roman Empire
76:
67:
58:
4415:Geographers
4099:Dioscorides
4079:Cassius Dio
3701:Cassiodorus
3604:Renaissance
3210:Agriculture
3182:Auxiliaries
3123:Engineering
2960:Magistrates
2812:Citizenship
2807:Mos maiorum
2742:Late Empire
2441:Proquaestor
2104:pro consule
1278:proquaestor
1270:Proquaestor
1249:lex Gabinia
1217:pro consule
1213:pro consule
1146:lex Gabinia
1105:Attalus III
1015:pro consule
936:pro consule
934:had titles
864:pro consule
759:during the
757:imperatores
681:pro consule
627:pro consule
622:prorogation
398:Mos maiorum
178:Late Empire
121:AD 395–1453
4495:Categories
4304:Mediolanum
4244:Alexandria
4209:Themistius
4174:Porphyrius
4001:Tertullian
3936:Quintilian
3926:Propertius
3821:Lactantius
3771:Fulgentius
3706:Censorinus
3528:Sanitation
3513:Metallurgy
3470:Technology
3435:Demography
3383:Patricians
3350:Spectacles
3308:Literature
3303:Hairstyles
3140:Technology
2890:Praefectus
2842:Government
2832:Litigation
2817:Auctoritas
2762:Centuriate
2649:Principate
2644:Pax Romana
2604:Foundation
2425:Propraetor
2201:1090168108
1870:Gruen 1986
1776:militarism
1405:References
1396:provinciae
1321:procurator
1319:The title
1309:Procurator
1205:propraetor
1197:Propraetor
1140:provinciae
1123:Social War
1085:provinciae
1050:prorogatio
1046:prorogatio
1038:provinciae
1034:propagatio
1030:prorogatio
1005:, and the
999:provinciae
878:. In 307,
838:dictatores
479:Praefectus
387:Public law
242:Centuriate
232:Assemblies
209:Auctoritas
112:AD 395–476
99:AD 284–641
89:Principate
64:753–509 BC
4460:Quaestors
4390:Empresses
4380:Dynasties
4370:Dictators
4345:and other
4334:Volubilis
4329:Vindobona
4289:Londinium
4214:Theodoret
4184:Procopius
4164:Polyaenus
4139:Pausanias
4041:Vitruvius
3986:Symmachus
3981:Suetonius
3891:Petronius
3876:Obsequens
3841:Macrobius
3836:Lucretius
3761:Frontinus
3736:Eutropius
3721:Columella
3671:Augustine
3661:Appuleius
3609:Neo-Latin
3584:Classical
3575:Versions
3483:Aqueducts
3425:Patronage
3345:Sexuality
3318:Mythology
3293:Education
3283:Cosmetics
3108:Campaigns
3103:Structure
3056:Decemviri
2915:Imperator
2614:overthrow
2446:New Pauly
2430:New Pauly
2414:New Pauly
2409:Proconsul
2345:159843089
2329:0018-2311
2171:), 12.15.
2167:), 2.18 (
2147:, 2.1.41.
1770:155069351
1754:1753-528X
1631:0023-8856
1410:Citations
1292:to serve
1192:Proconsul
1184:Proconsul
1135:popularis
1076:Macedonia
982:Africanus
951:Trasimene
928:provincia
919:provincia
860:provincia
818:Emergence
753:provincia
745:provincia
741:provincia
737:provincia
702:provincia
670:provinces
521:Imperator
369:Decemviri
362:Triumviri
332:Corrector
73:509–27 BC
4465:Tribunes
4455:Praetors
4405:Generals
4385:Emperors
4294:Lugdunum
4279:Eboracum
4269:Carthage
4254:Aquileia
4169:Polybius
4159:Plutarch
4129:Libanius
4119:Josephus
4114:Herodian
4006:Tibullus
3921:Priscian
3896:Phaedrus
3856:Manilius
3801:Jordanes
3786:Hydatius
3716:Claudian
3696:Catullus
3686:Boëthius
3681:Ausonius
3599:Medieval
3571:Alphabet
3543:Theatres
3518:Numerals
3503:Concrete
3493:Circuses
3460:Bagaudae
3450:Adoption
3445:Marriage
3418:Assembly
3323:Religion
3298:Folklore
3278:Clothing
3273:Calendar
3230:Currency
3220:Commerce
3118:Strategy
3080:Military
3066:Triumvir
3046:Dictator
3041:Interrex
3020:Governor
3005:Quaestor
2968:Ordinary
2950:Province
2940:Tetrarch
2930:Augustus
2895:Vicarius
2885:Officium
2822:Imperium
2772:Plebeian
2732:Republic
2654:Dominate
2621:Republic
2582:Timeline
2528:. Brill.
2402:. Brill.
2337:25598407
2273:(1952).
1898:pomerium
1740:: 1–19.
1639:41533367
1327:See also
1282:quaestor
1260:imperium
1244:imperium
1225:imperium
1221:Octavian
1157:de facto
1119:imperium
1078:and the
1042:imperium
1003:Hispania
986:imperium
971:imperium
915:imperium
884:imperium
876:imperium
833:imperium
807:imperium
802:pomerium
793:imperium
786:imperium
749:imperium
733:imperium
731:Because
726:imperium
722:imperium
717:imperium
657:imperium
639:Republic
551:Tetrarch
541:Augustus
486:Vicarius
465:Officium
376:Interrex
337:Dictator
312:Governor
287:Quaestor
252:Plebeian
198:Imperium
154:Republic
129:Timeline
96:Dominate
4435:Legions
4395:Fiction
4365:Consuls
4360:Climate
4314:Ravenna
4309:Pompeii
4299:Lutetia
4264:Bononia
4259:Berytus
4249:Antioch
4224:Zosimus
4219:Zonaras
4194:Sozomen
4179:Priscus
4154:Photius
3996:Terence
3991:Tacitus
3976:Statius
3961:Servius
3946:Sallust
3901:Plautus
3881:Orosius
3861:Martial
3816:Juvenal
3791:Hyginus
3776:Gellius
3635:Writers
3566:History
3548:Thermae
3538:Temples
3488:Bridges
3455:Slavery
3403:Equites
3375:Society
3355:Theatre
3328:Deities
3288:Cuisine
3268:Bathing
3250:Culture
3225:Finance
3202:Economy
3093:Borders
3088:History
2990:Tribune
2985:Praetor
2875:Legatus
2870:Emperor
2757:Curiate
2727:Kingdom
2722:History
2698:History
2681:decline
2639:History
2609:Kingdom
2592:History
2577:Outline
2211:Sources
1619:Latomus
1101:bequest
1060:whether
1055:rogatio
980:(later
888:privati
813:History
797:triumph
751:to new
651:privati
472:Praeses
451:Legatus
442:Emperor
302:Tribune
282:Praetor
247:Curiate
149:Kingdom
117:Eastern
108:Western
51:Periods
4445:Nomina
4430:Legacy
4410:Gentes
4347:topics
4343:Lists
4324:Smyrna
4204:Strabo
4134:Lucian
4124:Julian
4074:Arrian
4069:Appian
4059:Aelian
4036:Vergil
3811:Justin
3796:Jerome
3781:Horace
3766:Fronto
3756:Florus
3731:Ennius
3711:Cicero
3691:Caesar
3589:Vulgar
3413:Tribes
3340:Romans
3150:Legion
3133:castra
3010:Aedile
2980:Censor
2975:Consul
2935:Caesar
2905:Lictor
2827:Status
2767:Tribal
2747:Senate
2737:Empire
2631:Empire
2567:topics
2511:
2490:
2469:
2448:(2006)
2443:". In
2432:(2006)
2427:". In
2416:(2006)
2411:". In
2383:
2362:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2292:
2259:
2238:
2199:
2189:
1962:
1774:Roman
1768:
1762:299003
1760:
1752:
1637:
1629:
1288:named
967:augurs
955:Cannae
953:, and
947:Trebia
856:Naples
666:senate
662:Pompey
546:Caesar
507:Lictor
307:Censor
297:Aedile
277:Consul
257:Tribal
166:Empire
4109:Galen
4051:Greek
4021:Varro
3831:Lucan
3643:Latin
3558:Latin
3533:Ships
3523:Roads
3508:Domes
3440:Women
3388:Plebs
3313:Music
2855:Forum
2850:Curia
2341:S2CID
2333:JSTOR
2163:5.6 (
2145:Verr.
1766:S2CID
1758:JSTOR
1635:JSTOR
1378:Spain
1356:Notes
1163:Types
1127:Sulla
957:when
782:Sulla
613:Latin
4425:Laws
4400:Film
4319:Roma
3886:Ovid
3826:Livy
3594:Late
3408:Gens
3365:Wine
3177:Navy
3145:Army
2784:SPQR
2686:fall
2664:fall
2509:ISBN
2488:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2325:ISSN
2290:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2197:OCLC
2187:ISBN
2161:Fam.
1960:ISBN
1750:ISSN
1627:ISSN
1028:– a
988:and
841:and
826:and
824:Livy
689:Livy
607:, a
3579:Old
3263:Art
3036:Rex
2880:Dux
2794:Law
2317:doi
2228:doi
1742:doi
1103:of
1064:who
1024:'s
938:or
763:).
629:or
603:In
458:Dux
405:Ius
355:Rex
4497::
2339:.
2331:.
2323:.
2313:56
2311:.
2307:.
2234:.
2222:.
2195:.
2107:".
1932:^
1917:^
1850:^
1821:^
1772:.
1764:.
1756:.
1748:.
1738:74
1736:.
1732:.
1708:^
1633:.
1623:34
1621:.
1617:.
1533:^
1434:^
1417:^
1276:A
1266:.
1203:A
949:,
809:.
770:A
699:A
615::
2557:e
2550:t
2543:v
2517:.
2496:.
2475:.
2450:.
2434:.
2418:.
2389:.
2368:.
2347:.
2319::
2298:.
2265:.
2244:.
2230::
2203:.
2131:.
1968:.
1744::
1641:.
1398:.
611:(
592:e
585:t
578:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
