Postcolonialism - Knowledge

806:, on the other hand, denotes a temporary, essential group-identity used in the praxis of discourse among peoples. Furthermore, essentialism can occasionally be applied—by the so-described people—to facilitate the subaltern's communication in being heeded, heard, and understood, because strategic essentialism (a fixed and established subaltern identity) is more readily grasped, and accepted, by the popular majority, in the course of inter-group discourse. The important distinction, between the terms, is that strategic essentialism does not ignore the diversity of identities (cultural and ethnic) in a social group, but that, in its practical function, strategic essentialism temporarily minimizes inter-group diversity to pragmatically support the essential group-identity. 408:

created during colonial control have continued to support inequalities in power and injustice, which contributed to identity conflicts based on gender, class, and ethnicity. These problems are not just historical artifacts; rather, they are fundamental components of society and are expressed in current discussions about government, language, education, and cultural representation. In order to address these persistent identity problems, it is necessary to thoroughly reconsider historical narratives, acknowledge a variety of viewpoints, and work to create inclusive and equitable societies that enable people to affirm and reclaim their distinct cultural identities in the post-colonial era.

602:

existentialism, phenomenology, and hermeneutics claim that language, subjectivity, and reality are interrelated. However, the colonial situation presents a paradox: when colonial beings are forced to adopt and speak an imposed language which is not their own, they adopt and participate in the world and civilization of the colonized. This language results from centuries of colonial domination which is aimed at eliminating other expressive forms in order to reflect the world of the colonizer. As a consequence, when colonial beings speak as the colonized, they participate in their own oppression and the very structures of alienation are reflected in all aspects of their adopted language.

449: 384:." Oftentimes the term "the third World" is over-inclusive: it refers vaguely to large geographic areas comprising several continents and seas, i.e. Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. Rather than providing a clear or complete description of the area it supposedly refers to, it instead erases distinctions and identities of the groups it claims to represent. A postcolonial critique of this term would analyze the self-justifying usage of such a term, the discourse it occurs within, as well as the philosophical and political functions the language may have. Postcolonial critiques of homogeneous concepts such as the " 296:, a horde like those of the Franks, the Lombards, or the Normans, and every man will be in his right role. Nature has made a race of workers, the Chinese race, who have wonderful manual dexterity, and almost no sense of honour; govern them with justice, levying from them, in return for the blessing of such a government, an ample allowance for the conquering race, and they will be satisfied; a race of tillers of the soil, the Negro; treat him with kindness and humanity, and all will be as it should; a race of masters and soldiers, the European race.... Let each do what he is made for, and all will be well. 776: 835:

I must write to Our Lord the King to petition that he favour me with a licence, so that I, and my said daughter, can go and reside in the said city of Cartagena. For this, I will give an account of what is put down in this report; and of how I, Francisca de Figueroa, am a woman of sound body, and mulatta in colour.… And my daughter María is twenty-years-old, and of the said colour, and of medium size. Once given, I attest to this. I beg your Lordship to approve and order it done. I ask for justice in this.

333: 1402: 1491: 1593:) over neighboring territories (Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Ukraine), consisting in military invasion, exploitation of human and natural resources, devastation of culture, and efforts to re-educate local people in the empires' language, in many ways resembled the violent conquest of overseas territories by Western European powers, despite such factors as geographical proximity and the missing racial difference. 5403: 771:.... Many people want to claim subalternity. They are the least interesting and the most dangerous. I mean, just by being a discriminated-against minority on the university campus; they don't need the word 'subaltern'... They should see what the mechanics of the discrimination are. They're within the hegemonic discourse, wanting a piece of the pie, and not being allowed, so let them speak, use the hegemonic discourse. They should not call themselves subaltern. 9036: 10733: 9749: 252: 1350:

remains a characteristic of such societies, consequence of the imperially convenient, but arbitrary, colonial boundaries (geographic and cultural) demarcated by the Europeans, with which they ignored the tribal and clan relations that determined the geographic borders of the Middle East countries, before the arrival of European imperialists. Hence, the postcolonial literature about the Middle East examines and analyzes the Western discourses about

242:

colonialism and globalization represents a complex battle for liberty and independence, ranging from community organizations calling for economic sovereignty and self-determination to indigenous people defending their land and culture against corporate exploitation. These initiatives, which cross continents rather than stay inside a specific area, demonstrate the interdependence of movements and the shared pursuit of justice and emancipation.

715:(p. 6), Said mentions the production of "philology , lexicography , history, biology, political and economic theory, novel-writing and lyric poetry." There is an entire industry that exploits the Orient for its own subjective purposes, one that lacks a native and intimate understanding. Such industries become institutionalized and eventually become a resource for manifest Orientalism, or for compiling misinformation about the Orient. 650:

conflated and reduced the non-Western world into the homogeneous cultural entity known as "the East." Therefore, in service to the colonial type of imperialism, the us-and-them orientalist paradigm allowed European scholars to represent the Oriental World as inferior and backward, irrational and wild, as opposed to a Western Europe that was superior and progressive, rational and civil—the opposite of the Oriental Other.

1066:, and Iraq and links it back to the us-and-them binary relation between the Western and Eastern world. Building upon the ideas of the other and Said's work on orientalism, Gregory critiques the economic policy, military apparatus, and transnational corporations as vehicles driving present-day colonialism. Emphasizing discussion of ideas around colonialism in the present tense, Gregory utilizes modern events such as the 10743: 1358: 2572: 400:", often aim to show how such language actually does not represent the groups supposedly identified. Such terminology often fails to adequately describe the heterogeneous peoples, cultures, and geography that make them up. Accurate descriptions of the world's peoples, places, and things require nuanced and accurate terms. By including everyone under the 8505: 501:

logic remain active practices in contemporary society and are the basis of the Mother Country's neocolonial attitude towards her former colonial subjects—an economical source of labour and raw materials. It acts as a non interchangeable term that links the independent country to its colonizer, depriving countries of their

324:, the self-ascribed 'civilizing mission' of the French Empire, proposed that some races and cultures have a higher purpose in life, whereby the more powerful, more developed, and more civilized races have the right to colonize other peoples, in service to the noble idea of "civilization" and its economic benefits. 1417:

colonialism of the European imperial powers, yet, for the Africans, the consequences were greater than elsewhere in the colonized non–Western world. To facilitate the colonization the European empires laid railroads where the rivers and the land proved impassable. The Imperial British railroad effort

1204:

hat matters most when we want to set up and develop a colony is to make sure that those who arrive in it are as less estranged as possible, that these newcomers meet a perfect image of their homeland....the thousand colonies that the Greeks founded on the Mediterranean coasts were all exact copies of

1156:

It was in the mid-18th century that ancient Greece became a source of admiration among the French and British. This enthusiasm gained prominence in the late-eighteenth century. It was spurred by German Hellenist scholars and English romantic poets, who regarded ancient Greece as the matrix of Western

965:

Santiniketan artists did not believe that to be indigenous one has to be historicist either in theme or in style, and similarly to be modern one has to adopt a particular trans-national formal language or technique. Modernism was to them neither a style nor a form of internationalism. It was critical

707:

With this described binary logic, the West generally constructs the Orient subconsciously as its alter ego. Therefore, descriptions of the Orient by the Occident lack material attributes, grounded within the land. This imaginative interpretation ascribes female characteristics to the Orient and plays

1896:

has determined it is essential to the creation and establishment of a stable nation and country in the aftermath of decolonization; yet indicates that either an indeterminate or an ambiguous national identity has tended to limit the social, cultural, and economic progress of a decolonized people. In

1349:

In the essay "Overstating the Arab State" (2001) by Nazih Ayubi, the author deals with the psychologically-fragmented postcolonial identity, as determined by the effects (political and social, cultural and economic) of Western colonialism in the Middle East. As such, the fragmented national identity

1018:

does not accommodate the refusal of many in colonized situations to internalize inferiority. Santiniketan's artist teachers' refusal of subordination incorporated a counter vision of modernity, which sought to correct the racial and cultural essentialism that drove and characterized imperial Western

834:

I, Francisca de Figueroa, mulatta in colour, declare that I have, in the city of Cartagena, a daughter named Juana de Figueroa; and she has written, to call for me, in order to help me. I will take with me, in my company, a daughter of mine, her sister, named María, of the said colour; and for this,

695:

Nonetheless, critics of the homogeneous "Occident–Orient" binary social relation, say that Orientalism is of limited descriptive capability and practical application, and propose instead that there are variants of Orientalism that apply to Africa and to Latin America. Said responds that the European

500:

continuation of the economic, cultural, and linguistic power relationships that controlled the colonial politics of knowledge (i.e., the generation, production, and distribution of knowledge) about the colonized peoples of the non-Western world. The cultural and religious assumptions of colonialist

1804:

Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) calls for trade liberalization, privatization of banks, health care, and educational institutions. These implementations minimized government's role, paved pathways for companies to enter Africa for its resources. Limited to production and exportation of cash

1747:

was bound up with loss of self in socio-cultural and political life. The purportedly wild and uncivilised Irish language itself was held responsible for the ‘backwardness’ of the people. Holding tight to your own language was thought to bring death, exile and poverty. These ideas and sentiments are

1382:

says that the problems of national identity in the Middle East are a consequence of the orientalist indifference of the European empires when they demarcated the political borders of their colonies, which ignored the local history and the geographic and tribal boundaries observed by the natives, in

862:

of the European colonists and their Western ways; and rejects the depiction of subaltern peoples as the passive recipient-vessels of the imperial and colonial power of the Mother Country. Consequent to Foucault's philosophic model of the binary relationship of power and knowledge, scholars from the

857:

is problematic, because of the unrealistic opposition to the idea of studying "Others"; Spivak rejected such an anti-intellectual stance by social scientists, and about them said that "to refuse to represent a cultural Other is salving your conscience…allowing you not to do any homework." Moreover,

241:

A clear reflection of the continuous fights for independence around the world is provided by the ongoing struggles against colonialism and globalization. The harsh effects of colonial rule and the homogenizing effects of globalization have development to movements in recent years. The opposition to

1904:

Nevertheless, Kumaraswamy and Sadiki say that such a common sociological problem—that of an indeterminate national identity—among the countries of the Middle East is an important aspect that must be accounted in order to have an understanding of the politics of the contemporary Middle East. In the

1811:

uses the definition of colonialism as "enduring relationship of domination and mode of dispossession, usually (or at least initially) between an indigenous (or enslaved) majority and a minority of interlopers (colonizers), who are convinced of their own superiority, pursue their own interests, and

1369:

Most countries of the Middle East, suffered from the fundamental problems over their national identities. More than three-quarters of a century after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, from which most of them emerged, these states have been unable to define, project, and maintain a national

681:

To the extent that Western scholars were aware of contemporary Orientals or Oriental movements of thought and culture, these were perceived either as silent shadows to be animated by the orientalist, brought into reality by them or as a kind of cultural and international proletariat useful for the

672:

are the inseparable components of the intellectual binary relationship with which Occidentals claim "knowledge of the Orient." That the applied power of such cultural knowledge allowed Europeans to rename, re-define, and thereby control Oriental peoples, places, and things, into imperial colonies.

601:

which rules every aspect of colonized peoples and their reality. Fanon reflects on colonialism, language, and racism and asserts that to speak a language is to adopt a civilization and to participate in the world of that language. His ideas show the influence of French and German philosophy, since

424:

occasionally is applied, temporally, to denote the immediate time after the period during which imperial powers retreated from their colonial territories. Such is believed to be a problematic application of the term, as the immediate, historical, political time is not included in the categories of

1387:

n places like Iraq and Jordan, leaders of the new sovereign states were brought in from the outside, tailored to suit colonial interests and commitments. Likewise, most states in the Persian Gulf were handed over to those who could protect and safeguard imperial interests in the post-withdrawal

649:

Notably, "the West" created the cultural concept of "the East," which according to Said allowed the Europeans to suppress the peoples of the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, and of Asia in general, from expressing and representing themselves as discrete peoples and cultures. Orientalism thus

1224:

The incorporation of ancient concepts and racial and cultural assumptions into modern imperial ideology bolstered colonial claims to supremacy and right to colonize non-Europeans. Because of these numerous ramifications between ancient representations and modern colonial rhetoric, 19th century's

1188:

In the 19th century, when Europe began to expand across the globe and establish colonies, ancient Greece and Rome were used as a source of empowerment and justification to Western civilizing mission. At this period, many French and British imperial ideologues identified strongly with the ancient

1098:

Acheraiou discusses the history of colonialist discourse and traces its spirit to ancient Greece, including Europe's claim to racial supremacy and right to rule over non-Europeans harboured by Renan and other 19th-century colonial ideologues. He argues that modern colonial representations of the

407:

One of the ongoing struggles is balancing the cultural heritage of the indigenous people with the norms and values imposed by colonizers. This can cause identity fracture and a sense of displacement in people as well as communities. In addition, the hierarchical social structures that were

1857:

scholars, Chibber focuses on and refutes the principal historical claims made by the Subaltern Studies scholars; claims that are representative of the whole of postcolonial theory. Postcolonial theory, he argues, essentializes cultures, painting them as fixed and static categories. Moreover, it

1082:

venture moved by appropriation and plundering of foreign lands and was supported by military force and a discourse that legitimized violence in the name of progress and a universal civilizing mission. This discourse is complex and multi-faceted. It was elaborated in the 19th century by colonial

982:

The brief survey of the individual works of the core Santiniketan artists and the thought perspectives they open up makes clear that though there were various contact points in the work they were not bound by a continuity of style but by a community of ideas. Which they not only shared but also

479:

is, rather, an engagement with, and contestation of, colonialism's discourses, power structures, and social hierarchies... A theory of post-colonialism must, then, respond to more than the merely chronological construction of post-independence, and to more than just the discursive experience of

344:

Postcolonial theory holds that decolonized people develop a postcolonial identity that is based on cultural interactions between different identities (cultural, national, and ethnic as well as gender and class based) which are assigned varying degrees of social power by the colonial society. In

1252:

Postcolonial literary criticism comprehends the literatures written by the colonizer and the colonized, wherein the subject matter includes portraits of the colonized peoples and their lives as imperial subjects. In Dutch literature, the Indies Literature includes the colonial and postcolonial

813:

to describe the destruction of non-Western ways of perceiving the world and the resultant dominance of the Western ways of perceiving the world. Conceptually, epistemic violence specifically relates to women, whereby the "Subaltern must always be caught in translation, never truly expressing

1278:

To perpetuate and facilitate control of the colonial enterprise, some colonized people, especially from among the subaltern peoples of the British Empire, were sent to attend university in the Imperial Motherland; they were to become the native-born, but Europeanised, ruling class of colonial

736:

These subjective fields of academia now synthesize the political resources and think-tanks that are so common in the West today. Orientalism is self-perpetuating to the extent that it becomes normalized within common discourse, making people say things that are latent, impulsive, or not fully

124:

Understanding the complex chain of political and social, economic, and cultural impacts left in the aftermath of colonial control is essential to understanding post-colonialism. A wide range of experiences are included in post-colonial discourse, from ongoing battles against colonialism and

1774:

between mostly Cathlolic and Gaelic Irish nationalists (who wish to join the Irish Republic) and mostly Protestant Scots-Irish and Anglo-Irish unionists (who are a majority of the population and wish to remain part of the United Kingdom) has been described as a post-colonial conflict. In

1714:

in 1949) to establish economic independence and its own identity in the world, and the similar struggles of other post-colonial nations; though, uniquely, Ireland had been independent, then become part of the U.K., then mostly independent again Ireland's membership of and support for the

1137:

he established a racial classification and ranked the Greeks superior to the rest. He considered them as an ideal race to rule over Asian and other 'barbarian' peoples, for they knew how to blend the spirit of the European "war-like races" with Asiatic "intelligence" and "competence."

1205:

the Greek cities on which they had been modelled. The Romans established in almost all parts of the globe known to them municipalities which were no more than miniature Romes. Among modern colonizers, the English did the same. Who can prevent us from emulating these European peoples?.

801:

denotes the perceptual dangers inherent to reviving subaltern voices in ways that might (over) simplify the cultural identity of heterogeneous social groups and, thereby, create stereotyped representations of the different identities of the people who compose a given social group.

471:—according to a too-rigid etymology—is frequently misunderstood as a temporal concept, meaning the time after colonialism has ceased, or the time following the politically determined Independence Day on which a country breaks away from its governance by another state. Not a naïve 318:, the representation of a homogeneous European identity justified colonization. Hence, Belgium and Britain, and France and Germany proffered theories of national superiority that justified colonialism as delivering the light of civilization to unenlightened peoples. Notably, 445:, and of liminalities." As in most critical theory-based research, the lack of clarity in the definition of the subject matter coupled with an open claim to normativity makes criticism of postcolonial discourse problematic, reasserting its dogmatic or ideological status. 7799: 313:

group-identity language was the cultural common-currency justifying geopolitical competition amongst the European and American empires and meant to protect their over-extended economies. Especially in the colonization of the Far East and in the late-nineteenth century

661:(1993) says that "Said's passionate thesis in that book, now an 'almost canonical study', represented Orientalism as a 'style of thought' based on the antinomy of East and West in their world-views, and also as a 'corporate institution' for dealing with the Orient." 1241:, postcolonialism deals with the literatures produced by the peoples who once were colonized by the European imperial powers (e.g. Britain, France, and Spain) and the literatures of the decolonized countries engaged in contemporary, postcolonial arrangements (e.g. 9885: 279:

was thought to affect the intellectual and moral reformation of the coloured peoples of the lesser cultures of the world. That such a divinely established, natural harmony among the human races of the world would be possible, because everyone has an assigned

821:

his permission for her to emigrate from Europe to New Granada, and reunite with her daughter, Juana de Figueroa. As a subaltern woman, Francisca repressed her native African language, and spoke her request in Peninsular Spanish, the official language of

1756:. The recorded narratives of people who starved, emigrated and died during this period reflect an understanding of the Irish language as complicit in the devastation of the economy and society. It was perceived as a weakness of a people expelled from 9240: 107:

Postcolonialism is aimed at disempowering such theories (intellectual and linguistic, social and economic) by means of which colonialists "perceive," "understand," and "know" the world. Postcolonial theory thus establishes intellectual spaces for

7845: 7833: 543:—is harmful to the mental health of the native peoples who were subjugated into colonies. Fanon writes that the ideological essence of colonialism is the systematic denial of "all attributes of humanity" of the colonized people. Such 1739:

in Ireland can be read as a "rehearsal" for their later exploits in the Americas, and argues that the English Elizabethans represent the Irish as being more alien than the contemporary European representations of Native Americans."

1392:

Moreover, "with notable exceptions like Egypt, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, most ... had to invent, their historical roots" after decolonization, and, "like its colonial predecessor, postcolonial identity owes its existence to force."

1043:, Western scholarship about non-Western peoples and cultures, by proposing that Western Europe simply be considered as culturally equal to the other cultures of the world; that is, as "one region among many" in human geography. 102:

how that Western cultural knowledge was applied to subjugate a non-European people into a colony of the European mother country, which, after initial invasion, was effected by means of the cultural identities of 'colonizer' and

8230: 1618:

from the conquering one, the systematic denigration of the culture of the earlier inhabitants, the dismantling of their social institutions and the imposition of new institutions designed to consolidate the recently arrived

1279:

satraps. Yet, after decolonization, their bicultural educations originated postcolonial criticism of empire and colonialism, and of the representations of the colonist and the colonized. In the late 20th century, after the

1577:(1772–1918) and occupation of Eastern European countries by the Soviet Union after the Second World War were forms of "white" colonialism, for long overlooked by postcolonial theorists. The domination of European empires ( 1474:(1952–60) as political background, he addresses the postcolonial matters of African religious cultures, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa. 2872:

In an effort to understand postcolonialism through scholarship and technology, in addition to important literature, many stakeholders have published projects about the subject. Here is an incomplete list of projects.

1901:(2001) by Nazih Ayubi, Moroccan scholar Bin 'Abd al-'Ali proposed that the existence of "a pathological obsession with...identity" is a cultural theme common to the contemporary academic field Middle Eastern Studies. 852:

of the basic ideas and investigative methods that establish a culturally superior West studying the culturally inferior non–Western peoples. Hence, the integration of the subaltern voice to the intellectual spaces of

1145:(1694–1778) was one of the most fervent admirers of Rome. He regarded highly the Roman republican values of rationality, democracy, order and justice. In early-18th century Britain, it was poets and politicians like 8472: 642:(an art-history term for Western depictions and the study of the Orient). Said's concept (which he also termed "orientalism") is that the cultural representations generated with the us-and-them binary relation are 1623:

community’s power over the ‘natives’ while keeping that settler community in its turn dependent on the ‘motherland’, then Ireland may be considered one of the earliest and most thoroughly colonized regions of the

1189:

empires and invoked ancient Greece and Rome to justify the colonial civilizing project. They urged European colonizers to emulate these "ideal" classical conquerors, whom they regarded as "universal instructors."

125:

globalization to struggles for independence. The long-lasting effects of colonialism will be faced by them, such as identity issues, structural injustices, and the elimination of indigenous knowledge and customs.

2880:, based in Naarm/Melbourne, is an independent public education project dedicated to research and addressing contemporary matters informed by postcolonial and critical inquiry. IPCS edits the well-known journal 9235: 1477:

In postcolonial countries of Africa, Africans and non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages, of ages, families, professions, religions and nations. There is a suggestion that

266:

was presented as "the extension of civilization," which ideologically justified the self-ascribed racial and cultural superiority of the Western world over the non-Western world. This concept was espoused by

1019:

modernity and modernism. Those European modernities, projected through a triumphant British colonial power, provoked nationalist responses, equally problematic when they incorporated similar essentialisms."

7821: 554:

For Fanon, the natives must violently resist colonial subjugation. Hence, Fanon describes violent resistance to colonialism as a mentally cathartic practise, which purges colonial servility from the native

9954: 56:

of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing a

1014:

have been used to describe the kind of alternative modernity that emerged in non-European contexts. Professor Gall argues that 'Contextual Modernism' is a more suited term because "the colonial in

1328:

collapses, either into communal movements, espousing grand political goals for the postcolonial nation; or into ethnically mixed communal movements, espousing political separatism, as occurred in

9391: 9031: 8500: 9431: 7618: 8607: 848:

Moreover, Spivak further cautioned against ignoring subaltern peoples as "cultural Others", and said that the West could progress—beyond the colonial perspective—by means of introspective

10449: 9824: 3033: 292:

is our vocation. Pour forth this all-consuming activity onto countries, which, like China, are crying aloud for foreign conquest. Turn the adventurers who disturb European society into a

9836: 1229:" structure. It forms a "historical, ideological and narcissistic continuum," in which modern theories of domination feed upon and blend with "ancient myths of supremacy and grandeur." 7816: 763:

is not just a classy word for "oppressed", for The Other, for somebody who's not getting a piece of the pie... In postcolonial terms, everything that has limited or no access to the

87:), and as a political science (i.e., in its concern with affairs of the citizenry), the field of postcolonialism addresses the matters that constitute the postcolonial identity of a 9880: 9549: 8602: 8235: 7794: 1614:

If by colonization we mean the conquest of one society by another more powerful society on its way to acquiring a vast empire, the settlement of the conquered territory by way of

1418:

proved overambitious in the effort of traversing continental Africa, yet succeeded only in connecting colonial North Africa (Cairo) with the colonial south of Africa (Cape Town).

8517: 10034: 10010: 9978: 9868: 10022: 9917: 1905:

event, Ayubi asks if what 'Bin Abd al–'Ali sociologically described as an obsession with national identity might be explained by "the absence of a championing social class?"

1542:

has been developing her innovative theories about postcolonialism in various means of expression, literature, films, and teaching. She is best known for her documentary film

1405:

Colonialism in 1913: the African colonies of the European empires; and the postcolonial, 21st-century political boundaries of the decolonized countries. (Click image for key)

8621: 8218: 1805:

crops, many African nations acquired more debt, and were left stranded in a position where acquiring more loan and continuing to pay high interests became an endless cycle.

1604:(2000), followed by works of Aleksander Fiut, Hanna Gosk, Violeta Kelertas, Dorota Kołodziejczyk, Janusz Korek, Dariusz Skórczewski, Bogdan Ştefănescu, and Tomasz Zarycki. 10081: 7586: 9350: 7927: 814:

herself," because the colonial power's destruction of her culture pushed to the social margins her non–Western ways of perceiving, understanding, and knowing the world.

1760:: their native language prevented them from casting off ‘tradition’ and ‘backwardness’ and entering the ‘civilised’ world, where English was the language of modernity, 597:. In this book, Fanon discusses the logic of colonial rule from the perspective of the existential experience of racialized subjectivity. Fanon treats colonialism as a 10263: 7782: 708:

into fantasies that are inherent within the West's alter ego. It should be understood that this process draws creativity, amounting to an entire domain and discourse.

112:

to speak for themselves, in their own voices, and thus produce cultural discourses of philosophy, language, society, and economy, balancing the imbalanced us-and-them

10309: 10076: 9494: 7116: 429:

identity-discourse, which deals with over-inclusive terms of cultural representation, which are abrogated and replaced by postcolonial criticism. As such, the terms

3194:

On the power dynamics between Western cultural knowledge production and Indigenous knowledge systems, see Laurie, Timothy, Hannah Stark, and Briohny Walker. 2019. "

1973:

Some works written prior to the formal establishment of postcolonial studies as a discipline have been considered retroactively as works of postcolonialist theory.

8242: 8132: 7840: 7632: 4475: 1221:

that the role of the British Empire was 'similar to that of Rome, in which we hold the position of not merely of ruling but of an educating and civilizing race."

1196:(1805–1859), an ardent and influential advocate of la "Grande France," the classical empires were model conquerors to imitate. He advised the French colonists in 10291: 9014: 3706: 10086: 8199: 8050: 8033: 1866:

as unbridgeable, hence denying people's "universal aspirations" and "universal interests." He also criticized the postcolonial tendency to characterize all of

4567: 4407: 10583: 9149: 4010:[Indian mirror. Some Dutch writers and poets have written about Indonesia from the first year of the Company to date.] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Querido 2849: 9376: 5154: 128:

Postcolonialism encompasses a wide variety of approaches, and theoreticians may not always agree on a common set of definitions. On a simple level, through

8294: 7507: 1924:

never affiliated himself with the postcolonial discipline and is, therefore, not "the father" of it as most would have us believe, Madiou, borrowing from

10061: 9588: 9199: 9075: 7277: 8640: 8585: 989: 930: 8657: 5029: 941:. In his catalogue essay, Kumar introduced the term Contextual Modernism, which later emerged as a postcolonial critical tool in the understanding of 361:; how such cultural resistance complicated the establishment of a colonial society; how the colonizers developed their postcolonial identity; and how 10577: 8865: 8645: 1561: 1494:

Map of French Indochina from the colonial period showing its five subdivisions: Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Cambodia and Laos. (Click image for key)

10589: 10066: 9959: 9922: 9723: 8512: 1309:

The first category of literature presents and analyzes the internal challenges inherent to determining an ethnic identity in a decolonized nation.

4146:"Extravagant Postcolonialism: Ethics and Individualism in Anglophonic, Anglocentric Postcolonial Fiction; Or, 'What was (this) Postcolonialism?'" 719:

The ideology of Empire was hardly ever a brute jingoism; rather, it made subtle use of reason and recruited science and history to serve its ends.

9902: 9637: 6858: 4008:"Oost-Indische spiegel. Wat Nederlandse schrijvers en dichters over Indonesië hebben geschreven vanaf de eerste jaren der Compagnie tot op heden" 3519: 1812:

exercise power through a mixture of coercion, persuasion, conflict and collaboration." This definition suggests that the SAPs implemented by the

10221: 10116: 9700: 9612: 7920: 1835: 1242: 1130:

is the one who articulated more thoroughly these ancient racial assumptions, which served as a source of inspiration for modern colonists. In

588:, desperate for growth at all costs, and so requires more and more human exploitation to ensure continually consistent profit-for-investment. 10439: 10211: 10071: 9858: 9355: 8110: 6232: 1942:, respectively), argues that postcolonialism is today not fit to study colonialism and is, therefore, dead "but continue to be used which is 9276: 7881: 3408: 2470: 577: 576:, Fanon's mental health analyses of colonialism and imperialism, and the supporting economic theories, were partly derived from the essay " 10198: 9804: 9473: 9175: 8626: 8100: 1662: 1646: 1253:

genres, which examine and analyze the formation of a postcolonial identity, and the postcolonial culture produced by the diaspora of the

288:

The regeneration of the inferior or degenerate races, by the superior races is part of the providential order of things for humanity....

4972: 1287:

became the literary subjects of postcolonial criticism, wherein the writers dealt with the legacies (cultural, social, economic) of the

10383: 10051: 10005: 9644: 8941: 8193: 7644: 3142: 10000: 9995: 9690: 8360: 31: 9892: 7623: 4884: 10713: 9300: 8999: 7502: 6372: 1685:

Ireland is part of the Republic of Ireland), remains a province of the United Kingdom. Many scholars have drawn parallels between:

1123:(86–34 BC), who all considered their racial others—the Persians, Scythians, Egyptians as "backward," "inferior," and "effeminate." 646:, which are mutually constitutive and cannot exist independent of each other, because each exists on account of and for the other. 9554: 1374:

Independence and the end of colonialism did not end social fragmentation and war (civil and international) in the Middle East. In

10454: 9929: 9436: 9271: 9085: 9009: 8597: 7698: 5297: 4527: 4050: 2764: 9451: 8467: 1743:

Rachel Seoighe wrote in 2017, "Ashis Nandy describes how colonisation impacts on the native’s interior life: the meaning of the

1054:

argues the long trajectory through history of British and American colonization is an ongoing process still happening today. In

217:(i.e., postcolonial studies) generally represents an ideological response to colonialist thought, rather than simply describing 10353: 10039: 10027: 10015: 9983: 9897: 9873: 9841: 9829: 9530: 9512: 9463: 9117: 8405: 7708: 6691: 1707:

by the U.K. government, analogous to the partitioning and boundary-drawing of the other future nation states by colonial powers

1354:, the existence and inconsistent nature of a postcolonial national-identity among the peoples of the contemporary Middle East. 1312:

The second category of literature presents and analyzes the degeneration of civic and nationalist unities consequent to ethnic

620:

as "the originator and inspiring patron-saint of postcolonial theory and discourse" due to his interpretation of the theory of

380:

often includes the relegating of decolonized peoples, their cultures, and their countries, to an imaginary place, such as "the

915:

establishes the philosophic value of hybrid intellectual spaces, wherein ambiguity abrogates truth and authenticity; thereby,

704:, in order to facilitate the formation of the cohesive, collective European cultural identity denoted by the term "The West." 10549: 10388: 9799: 8858: 7787: 5124: 5098: 5018: 4890: 4583: 4423: 4243: 4064: 3891: 3690: 3506: 3443: 3418: 3393: 3179: 2818: 1781:, Daniel Finn criticised journalism which portrayed the conflict as one of "ancient hatred", ignoring the imperial context. 1320:

of "protecting the nation," a variant of the us-and-them binary social relation. Civic and national unity degenerate when a

630:. To describe the us-and-them "binary social relation" with which Western Europe intellectually divided the world—into the " 10534: 10378: 10146: 9685: 9654: 9124: 9055: 8771: 8707: 8685: 8366: 7609: 6889: 4348:Ştefănescu, Bogdan (2012). "Reluctant Siblings: Notes on the Analogy between Post- communist and Postcolonial Subalterns". 3196:

Critical Approaches to Continental Philosophy: Intellectual Community, Disciplinary Identity, and the Politics of Inclusion

2907: 823: 767:

is subaltern—a space of difference. Now, who would say that's just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It's not

7637: 9664: 9442: 9320: 9310: 9100: 8946: 8781: 7983: 7713: 7663: 6405: 5292: 3524: 565: 259:(1871), the orientalist Ernest Renan, advocated imperial stewardship for civilizing the non–Western peoples of the world. 132:

study, it may seek to build a better understanding of colonial life—based on the assumption that the colonial rulers are

9990: 8223: 10544: 9619: 9381: 8744: 8526: 8065: 5657: 5143: 4688:"The Impact of British Colonialism on Irish Catholicism and National Identity: Repression, Reemergence, and Divergence" 779:

Engaging the voice of the Subaltern: the philosopher and theoretician Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, at Goldsmith College.

225:

may suggest. As such, postcolonialism may be thought of as a reaction to or departure from colonialism in the same way

9019: 3816: 10226: 9129: 9095: 9080: 8075: 7915: 7910: 7898: 7361: 6225: 5362: 5257: 5054: 4376: 4332: 4307: 4218: 3935: 3798: 3714: 3668: 3222: 2727: 2689: 2375: 2333: 2296: 2272: 1217:(1834–1895), a history professor at Cambridge and proponent of imperialism stated in a rhetoric which echoed that of 673:

The power-knowledge binary relation is conceptually essential to identify and understand colonialism in general, and

310: 9183: 8166: 10126: 9752: 9468: 9144: 9107: 8980: 8851: 7681: 7676: 7335: 3043: 1689:

the economic, cultural and social subjugation of Ireland, and the experiences of the colonized regions of the world

9305: 9251: 9112: 7671: 7512: 5652: 10746: 10168: 9211: 9193: 9026: 8717: 7686: 7539: 7069: 6687: 5642: 5179: 5161: 4930: 2387: 2324: 2023: 1280: 17: 8028: 10348: 10340: 10303: 10285: 10106: 9939: 9794: 9649: 9597: 9570: 9332: 8929: 8727: 8538: 8393: 8105: 8060: 8045: 7569: 4153: 966:

re-engagement with the foundational aspects of art necessitated by changes in one's unique historical position.

938: 7121: 10444: 10412: 10335: 10141: 9168: 9060: 8934: 8055: 7978: 7932: 6627: 5727: 5697: 5282: 497: 9848: 9504: 4737: 10787: 10635: 10497: 10314: 9944: 9912: 9401: 8553: 7613: 6444: 6365: 6218: 5477: 5198: 3817:

Overcoming Polarized Modernities: Counter-Modern Art Education: Santiniketan, The Legacy of a Poet's School

1670: 1324:

régime unilaterally defines what is and what is not "the national culture" of the decolonized country: the

1096:

Rethinking Postcolonialism: Colonialist Discourse in Modern Literature and the Legacy of Classical Writers,

137: 9261: 8313: 5557: 4715: 3638: 2588: 404:

concept, it ignores the why those regions or countries are considered Third World and who is responsible.

10797: 10706: 10539: 10405: 10297: 10275: 9478: 9446: 9396: 9204: 9154: 9045: 8786: 8548: 8424: 8418: 8399: 7604: 7433: 7316: 6863: 5377: 5322: 4859: 4781: 1797: 1767: 1506: 1441:, all of which were annexed by imperial powers under the belief that they required European stewardship. 1036: 921:

is the philosophic condition that most substantively challenges the ideological validity of colonialism.

747: 365:

actively employs the 'us-and-them' binary social relation to view the non-Western world as inhabited by '

354: 109: 8922: 8575: 4392: 10792: 10626: 10503: 10480: 10365: 10268: 10206: 10178: 9814: 9627: 9360: 9134: 8791: 8722: 8377: 8247: 8176: 7321: 7155: 7145: 5692: 5337: 5302: 4777: 4007: 2711: 2608: 2062: 1929: 1645:

experienced centuries of English/British colonialism between the 12th and 18th centuries - notably the

1284: 1267: 1166: 1158: 752: 9583: 8531: 8462: 8352: 1099:

colonized as "inferior," "stagnant," and "degenerate" were borrowed from Greek and Latin authors like

559:, and restores self-respect to the subjugated. Thus, Fanon actively supported and participated in the 10651: 10561: 9907: 8259: 7740: 7282: 7111: 6763: 6164: 5367: 4935: 4773: 3591: 3533: 2640: 2613: 2074: 2057: 2014: 1445: 520: 448: 8650: 4035: 3551: 883:

argues that viewing the human world as composed of separate and unequal cultures, rather than as an

10777: 10772: 10646: 9426: 9406: 8963: 8897: 8732: 8307: 7777: 7564: 7521: 7312: 7009: 5607: 4824: 2809: 2681: 2086: 1990: 1677:, Éire became fully independent of the United Kingdom in 1937; and then became a republic in 1949. 1658: 1329: 970:

In the post-colonial history of art, this marked the departure from Eurocentric unilateral idea of

775: 8761: 4575: 4415: 4167: 172:. Sub-disciplines of postcolonial studies examine the effects of colonial rule on the practice of 60:

analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of (usually European) imperial power.

10782: 10736: 10641: 10136: 9578: 8815: 8754: 8680: 8543: 8324: 8080: 7893: 7888: 7866: 7828: 7808: 7442: 7438: 7255: 7128: 7091: 7074: 6894: 6358: 5662: 5567: 4907: 3236: 3123: 2524: 2002: 1963: 1934: 1257:

peoples, the Eurasian folk who originated from Indonesia; the peoples who were the colony of the

1246: 1174: 958: 593: 441:

world is an intellectual space "of contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of

346: 181: 136:—from the point of view of the colonized people. On a deeper level, postcolonialism examines the 8953: 8917: 1525:

was conquered in 1859; and in 1887, the Indochinese Union (Union indochinoise) was established.

1365:

In his essay "Who Am I?: The Identity Crisis in the Middle East" (2006), P.R. Kumaraswamy says:

858:

postcolonial studies also reject the colonial cultural depiction of subaltern peoples as hollow

10470: 10422: 10417: 9386: 9340: 9189: 8695: 8149: 8122: 8092: 7956: 7903: 7720: 7596: 7491: 7331: 7326: 7184: 7150: 7138: 7133: 7096: 7046: 6904: 6884: 6570: 6515: 6289: 5792: 5382: 5327: 5287: 4761: 3579: 3083: 3053: 3015: 2899: 2280: 1753: 791: 643: 177: 9949: 8204: 5832: 5042: 4924: 4168:"Is the Post- in Postcolonial the Post- in Post-Soviet? Toward a Global Postcolonial Critique" 3537: 10594: 10485: 10465: 10330: 10280: 10173: 10163: 9853: 9819: 9728: 8739: 8477: 8372: 8299: 8171: 7574: 7291: 7245: 7240: 7189: 6853: 6834: 6650: 6545: 6272: 6241: 5827: 5537: 5432: 5250: 4022: 3093: 3088: 2645: 1789: 1650: 1553: 1460: 1193: 1150: 185: 173: 10398: 9809: 9345: 5088: 3361: 2889: 10681: 10158: 9499: 9216: 8571: 8411: 8144: 8020: 7991: 7762: 7424: 7398: 7345: 7179: 7106: 6951: 6916: 6870: 6838: 6716: 6430: 5732: 5707: 5687: 5667: 5512: 4490: 2882: 2428: 2319: 2263: 2218: 1867: 1813: 1719:

has often been framed as an attempt to break away from the United Kingdom's economic orbit.

1704: 1574: 1178: 1162: 1132: 1067: 867:, proposed that anti-colonial resistance always counters every exercise of colonial power. 764: 674: 540: 463:(1996), Helen Gilbert and Joanne Tompkins clarify the denotational functions, among which: 417: 149: 8452: 5762: 3780: 3063: 2404:

German edition: trans. Kathrina Menke. Vienna & Berlin: Verlag Turia & Kant. 2010.

817:

In June of the year 1600, the Afro–Iberian woman Francisca de Figueroa requested from the

547:

is achieved with physical and mental violence, by which the colonist means to inculcate a

8: 10475: 9221: 8635: 8342: 8038: 7250: 7162: 6921: 6555: 6520: 6423: 5946: 5767: 5722: 5682: 5677: 5627: 5312: 4687: 3200: 2947: 2844: 2248: 1711: 1615: 1544: 1410: 1070:

to tell spatial stories around the colonial behavior happening due to the War on Terror.

950: 560: 556: 315: 133: 44:) is the critical academic study of the cultural, political and economic consequences of 9973: 9543: 8958: 8662: 7270: 4670: 4494: 3707:

Interview With Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: New Nation Writers Conference in South Africa

3263:"TRANS Nr. 11: Paul Michael Lützeler (St. Louis): From Postmodernism to Postcolonialism" 1421:

Upon arriving to Africa, Europeans encountered various African civilizations namely the

10701: 10696: 10631: 10514: 10427: 10258: 9934: 9266: 9050: 8115: 8070: 7429: 7385: 7340: 6963: 6909: 6830: 6401: 6331: 6257: 6134: 6109: 5966: 5956: 5912: 5752: 5647: 5637: 5467: 5266: 4651: 4620: 4506: 4456: 4300:

From Sovietology to Postcoloniality: Poland and Ukraine from a Postcolonial Perspective

4280: 4207: 4187: 4056: 3924: 3820: 3812: 2856: 2652: 2568: 2438: 2045: 1951: 1845: 1777: 1697: 1674: 1654: 1351: 1214: 1088: 1063: 1032: 701: 625: 452: 366: 320: 237:

itself is modeled on postmodernism, with which it shares certain concepts and methods.

148:

surrounding the colonizer and the colonized. This approach may overlap with studies of

113: 96: 7971: 5193: 2573:

Postcolonial Student: Learning the Ethics of Global Solidarity in an English Classroom

1141:

Ancient Rome was a source of admiration in Europe since the enlightenment. In France,

887:

human world, perpetuates the belief in the existence of imaginary peoples and places—"

10519: 10373: 10121: 9418: 8429: 8268: 7693: 7452: 7391: 7350: 7167: 7052: 6988: 6899: 6876: 6820: 6728: 6461: 6309: 6189: 6026: 6001: 5897: 5582: 5372: 5139: 5120: 5094: 5071:

Kumaraswamy, P. R. (March 2006). "Who Am I? The Identity Crisis in the Middle East".

5050: 5014: 4624: 4579: 4510: 4419: 4372: 4328: 4303: 4284: 4239: 4214: 4191: 4060: 3931: 3887: 3824: 3686: 3664: 3439: 3414: 3218: 3175: 3113: 3004: 2958: 2814: 2759: 2723: 2685: 2371: 2329: 2292: 2268: 2258: 2128: 1995: 1892: 1854: 1466: 1258: 892: 864: 358: 350: 337: 281: 157: 6099: 5007: 3729:

Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero–Atlantic World, 1550–1812

3322: 1482:

and postcolonialism are essentially discontinuous and divergent cultural phenomena.

983:

interpreted and carried forward. Thus they do not represent a school but a movement.

841:

Afro–Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero–Atlantic World: 1550–1812

10686: 10393: 10216: 10192: 10153: 9733: 8890: 8280: 8139: 8127: 7419: 7379: 7374: 7199: 7086: 7021: 6848: 6843: 6825: 6683: 6484: 6437: 6267: 6262: 6184: 6154: 6119: 6076: 6036: 5996: 5986: 5951: 5936: 5892: 5872: 5847: 5717: 5702: 5547: 5387: 5243: 4700: 4695: 4612: 4571: 4548: 4498: 4448: 4411: 4272: 4179: 3575: 3167: 2954: 2903: 2839:

New Digital Worlds: Postcolonial Digital Humanities in Theory, Praxis, and Pedagogy

2797: 2745: 2394: 2224: 2158: 2110: 2104: 1771: 1732: 1678: 1666: 1539: 1498: 1471: 1438: 912: 617: 573: 84: 8008: 4502: 10111: 9718: 9292: 8968: 8332: 8154: 7939: 7703: 7529: 7174: 6489: 6159: 6114: 6041: 6021: 6011: 5887: 5842: 5807: 5802: 5747: 5737: 5612: 5497: 5347: 5274: 5213: 4276: 3766: 3073: 3058: 3027: 2999: 2981: 2736: 2504: 2212: 2188: 2140: 1597: 1582: 1450: 1262: 1238: 830:, Christian monotheism, and servile language, in addressing her colonial master: 826:. As a subaltern woman, she applied to her voice the Spanish cultural filters of 669: 665: 610: 548: 544: 426: 169: 64: 57: 8212: 6174: 4183: 3799:"humanities underground » All The Shared Experiences Of The Lived World II" 3262: 2720:

At the Risk of Being Heard: Indigenous Rights, Identity, and Postcolonial States

1383:

the course of establishing the Western version of the Middle East. In the event:

10492: 10183: 9602: 9230: 9226: 8877: 8495: 8434: 8274: 7745: 7579: 7367: 7355: 7041: 6926: 6602: 6587: 6577: 6479: 6381: 6324: 6277: 6252: 6095: 6090: 6081: 6046: 6031: 6016: 5991: 5976: 5971: 5941: 5927: 5902: 5882: 5877: 5857: 5782: 5742: 5712: 5597: 5577: 5572: 5527: 5522: 5507: 5487: 5307: 3619:

Culture and Imperialism Representations of the Intellectual: The Reith Lectures

3383: 3381: 3108: 3098: 3009: 2953:

W.E.B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America (2019), charts from

2786: 2754: 2578: 2514: 2477: 2465: 2418: 2339: 2176: 2116: 1982: 1946:

problem." Madiou gives one clear reason for considering postcolonialism a dead

1925: 1913: 1874:. According to him, the theory will be remembered "for its revival of cultural 1744: 1728: 1716: 1625: 1586: 1549: 1521:. Cochinchina (southern Vietnam) was the first territory under French control; 1422: 1305:

the study of the nations who continue forging a postcolonial national identity.

1292: 1146: 1007: 954: 880: 854: 849: 581: 493: 438: 373: 362: 332: 218: 153: 141: 88: 10432: 6104: 5917: 4260: 2950:(2018), visualizations and scholarly journal tracking global crisis situations 1361:"The Middle East" is the Western name for the countries of South-western Asia. 10766: 10572: 10524: 9966: 9592: 7755: 7079: 7060: 7004: 6958: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6790: 6785: 6662: 6655: 6319: 6314: 6169: 6124: 6061: 5981: 5932: 5922: 5907: 5822: 5817: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5542: 5532: 5517: 5442: 5342: 4769: 4542: 3300: 3038: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2834: 2706: 2635:

A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Towards a History of the Vanishing Present

2534: 2455: 2325:"The Heathen in his Blindness..." Asia, the West, and the Dynamic of Religion 2230: 2164: 2146: 2092: 2080: 2038: 1863: 1859: 1830: 1736: 1590: 1479: 1288: 1272: 1051: 946: 934: 818: 563:(1954–62) for independence from France as a member and representative of the 226: 27:

Critical academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism

5777: 3378: 2507:. 1994. "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Postcolonialism'." In 1596:

Postcolonial studies in East-Central and Eastern Europe were inaugurated by

8690: 8337: 8159: 8002: 7858: 7307: 7265: 7194: 6931: 6816: 6770: 6758: 6701: 6667: 6299: 6294: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6066: 6056: 6006: 5961: 5867: 5772: 5602: 5587: 5472: 5392: 5357: 5332: 5317: 4977: 3656: 3529: 3118: 3103: 3078: 2971: 2917: 2824: 2363: 2206: 2194: 2134: 2122: 2028: 2007: 1875: 1871: 1850: 1749: 1693: 1490: 1426: 1414: 1401: 1379: 1333: 1325: 1313: 1218: 1084: 1040: 929:

In 1997, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of India's Independence, "

908: 900: 785: 724: 631: 532: 525: 502: 472: 268: 129: 76: 53: 4716:"Ireland's National Conflict Is About Imperialism as Well as Sectarianism" 4616: 3171: 1833:

has critiqued some foundational logics of postcolonial theory in his book

1275:

depicts the unfair and inhuman situation of people dominated by settlers.

1213:

teachers," whose lessons were invaluable for modern colonists ideologues.

1153:(1712 –1785) who were vocal advocates of these ancient republican values. 10691: 8973: 8615: 8591: 7961: 7949: 7871: 7447: 7260: 7064: 6800: 6748: 6723: 6706: 6645: 6341: 6282: 6199: 6085: 6071: 6051: 5852: 5837: 5812: 5797: 5787: 5552: 5402: 5229: 5084: 5047:

Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms

4920: 4880: 4845: 4090: 3279: 3048: 2986: 2976: 2598: 2544: 2487: 2381: 2264:

Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism

2200: 2050: 1921: 1917: 1879: 1840: 1801: 1710:

the post-independence struggle of the Irish Free State (which became the

1529: 1510: 1455: 1254: 1059: 999: 904: 896: 888: 658: 621: 613: 536: 529: 401: 393: 389: 381: 377: 276: 263: 49: 45: 9863: 4655: 4460: 284:, a social place, and an economic role within an imperial colony. Thus: 63:

Postcolonial, as in the postcolonial condition, is to be understood, as

10529: 9536: 9179: 8749: 7411: 6999: 6753: 6711: 6697: 6565: 6550: 5672: 5592: 5562: 4894: 4639: 4440: 3767:"Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism – Asia Art Archive" 3128: 2309: 2281:

The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literature

2182: 2098: 1947: 1793: 1330:

decolonized Rwanda, the Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1321: 1226: 1182: 1170: 1079: 942: 585: 251: 210: 161: 6210: 4600: 4552: 4261:"On Colonialism, Communism and East-Central Europe - some reflections" 3617:

Madhavan, A. (1993). "Review: Edward Said: The Exile As Interpreter".

2801: 2591:. 1989 . "Calibán: Apuntes sobre la cultura de Nuestra América" . In 2407:

Japanese edition: trans. Kazuko Takemura. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 1995.

9456: 8580: 8457: 8287: 7770: 7101: 6780: 6775: 6738: 6733: 6597: 6540: 6525: 6394: 5862: 5757: 5462: 5422: 5235: 4452: 4441:"Modern Ireland: Post-Colonial Society or Post-Colonial Pretensions?" 3558:(Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3133: 3068: 3022: 2646:

Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature

2499:

Traditions, Tyranny, and Utopias: Essays in the Politics of Awareness

2170: 1757: 1461:

Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature

1317: 1210: 1127: 1112: 1104: 971: 917: 539:

as essentially destructive. Its societal effects—the imposition of a

442: 230: 165: 145: 80: 3580:"The Limits of Postcolonial Criticism: The Discourse of Edward Said" 3195: 2733:

Dhawan, N. 2005. "Postkolonial Theorie. Eine kritische Einführung" .

2423:

The Commonwealth, Comparative Literature and the World: Two Lectures

10131: 8874: 6795: 6743: 6179: 5447: 5437: 4476:"Ireland and Irishness: The Contextuality of Postcolonial Identity" 4327:. Rochester: University of Rochester Press - Boydell & Brewer. 4325:

Polish Literature and National Identity: A Postcolonial Perspective

2450:

Manichean Aesthetics: The Politics of Literature in Colonial Africa

2152: 1761: 1669:, a self-governing dominion of the British Empire. Pursuant to the 1556: 1514: 1142: 884: 755:

cautioned against assigning an over-broad connotation. She argues:

489: 206: 5219: 4048: 2923: 1157:

civilization and a model of beauty and democracy. These included:

6582: 6560: 6510: 6414: 6336: 6194: 5502: 5482: 5452: 2933: 1642: 1620: 1578: 1565:, in which she focuses on the acknowledgement of oral tradition. 1532:) wrote the first critical text against the French colonization: 1434: 1430: 1197: 1120: 859: 67:

puts it, as a reversal of colonialism but not as superseding it.

5220:

Contemporary Postcolonial and Postimperial Literature in English

5117:

The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses

5045:. In Makaryk, Irene Rima; Hutcheon, Linda; Perron, Paul (eds.). 4672:

It's Not Paddy: Cinematic Portrayals of Irish Colonial Conflicts

3841: 3392:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFDictionary_of_Human_Geography2007 (

1912:, Mohamed Salah Eddine Madiou argues that postcolonialism as an 1665:. Most of Ireland became independent of the U.K. in 1922 as the 1376:

The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses

591:

Another key book that predates postcolonial theories is Fanon's

7015: 6592: 6505: 5492: 5427: 4547:(PhD thesis). Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick. 4052:

Postcolonialisms: An Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism

2492:

The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism

2068: 1800:

are viewed by some postcolonialists as the modern procedure of

1522: 1502: 1116: 1100: 827: 635: 3470: 1890:

The concentration of postcolonial studies upon the subject of

1357: 1039:

history of the Indian struggle for independence, and counters

638:"—Said developed the denotations and connotations of the term 7650: 7547: 7408: 6530: 5457: 5417: 3647:, Chapter Three: Latent and Manifest Orientalism, pp. 201–25. 3387: 2992: 2893: 2810:

A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures in English

2358:

Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories

1108: 397: 385: 5209:

The Institute of Postcolonial Studies - Melbourne, Australia

4350:

Word and Text: A Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics

2913: 2829:

The Disappointed Bridge: Ireland and the Post-Colonial World

1209:

The Greeks and Romans were deemed exemplary conquerors and "

437:

denote aspects of the subject matter that indicate that the

6535: 5224: 4118: 4116: 4114: 3829: 3685:. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press. 3346:

Sharp, J. (2008). "Chapter 6, "Can the Subaltern Speak?"".

1518: 1200:

to follow the ancient imperial example. In 1841, he stated:

3911:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40, 165. 3740: 3738: 3034:

An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"

2926:(2014), a digital archive of photos and recordings of the 2399:

Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism

1784: 1752:

in his analysis of recorded memories and testimony of the

1562:

Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism

1073: 924: 4148: 3974: 3282:. 2000. "Nationalism, Human Rights, and Interpretation." 3213:

Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen (2000).

1046: 8998: 4111: 1653:

to the English (later, British) government - before the

1291:

of their peoples, countries, and cultures in service to

745:

In establishing the Postcolonial definition of the term

10292:

Professionalization and institutionalization of history

4889:(1st ed.), translated by J. Leinsdorf. Pentland Press. 4738:"Structural adjustment programmes and human well-being" 4555:– via MIRR – Mary Immaculate Research Repository. 3970:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 170–1. 3735: 205:

could refer either to a system of government, or to an

5208: 4860:"The Death of Postcolonialism: The Founder's Foreword" 4544:

Fanon's one big idea: Ireland and postcolonial studies

4209:

Imperial Knowledge. Russian Literature and Colonialism

3731:. Indianapolis: Hacket Publishing Company. p. 59. 2877: 2664:

Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race

2384:. 11 December 1964. "Colonialism is Doomed" (speech). 1602:

Imperial Knowledge: Russian Literature and Colonialism

584:

described colonial imperialism as an advanced form of

10584:

Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

4128: 4101: 4099: 2924:

Passamaquoddy People: At Home on the Oceans and Lakes

2581:. 1999. "Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality." In 1225:

colonialist discourse acquires a "multi-layered" or "

795:

to describe the social functions of postcolonialism.

508: 353:

that are the social and cultural perspectives of the

9432:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

4953: 4941: 4369:

Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe

3482: 2482:

Prospero and Caliban, the Psychology of Colonization

1910:

The Death of Postcolonialism: The Founder's Foreword

1370:

identity that is both inclusive and representative.

496:

control of the decolonized country, affected by the

30:

For the perspective in international relations, see

4640:"Postcolonialism and Stories of the Irish Troubles" 4473: 4258: 3711:

ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature

3362:"Postcolonialism An Historical Introduction Pdf 11" 1950:: the avoidance of serious colonial cases, such as 1696:as wild, tribal savages and the depiction of other 740: 357:colonial subjects—their creative resistance to the 309:From the mid- to the late-nineteenth century, such 9392:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 9250: 7032: 5006: 4588:– via oxford.universitypressscholarship.com. 4428:– via oxford.universitypressscholarship.com. 4206: 4096: 3923: 3861:The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq 1824: 1298:Postcolonial literary study is in two categories: 990:Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism 931:Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism 10050: 4858:Madiou, Mohamed Salah Eddine (11 November 2021). 4483:Annals of the American Association of Geographers 3994:The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations 3494: 3297:The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations 2850:Postcolonial Theory and the Arab–Israeli Conflict 2278:Ashcroft, B., G. Griffiths, and H. Tiffin. 1990. 10764: 5049:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 4528:"The Irish language in postcolonial perspective" 4259:Kołodziejczyk, Dorota; Şandru, Cristina (2012). 3598: 3574: 3522:. 2005. "War and world politics." Pp. 225–39 in 1885: 152:, and may also draw examples from anthropology, 116:between the colonist and the colonial subjects. 10616: 6859:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 5073:The Middle East Review of International Affairs 4637: 3992:Evans, Graham, and Jeffrey Newnham, eds. 1998. 3462:Sharp, J. (2008). "Chapter 1, On Orientalism". 3436:Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics 3433: 2657:White Mythologies: Writing History and the West 2511:, edited by M. Baker, P. Hulme, and M. Iverson. 1458:experience of colonial imperialism; as well as 1454:(1964), the first postcolonial novel about the 1332:; thus the postcolonial extremes against which 1062:of events happening in modern-day Afghanistan, 907:." To counter such linguistic and sociological 870: 535:analyzes and medically describes the nature of 513: 505:, decades after building their own identities. 461:Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics 144:, including the social, political and cultural 5090:Postcolonialism: Theory, Practice, or Process? 2796:Paperson, L. 2005. "The Postcolonial Ghetto." 1836:Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital 1243:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 1232: 605: 52:, focusing on the impact of human control and 10440:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 10310:Western European colonialism and colonization 8859: 6366: 6226: 5251: 4568:"The Irish Republic as 'Postcolonial' Polity" 4474:Scanlon, Lauren A.; Satish Kumar, M. (2019). 4438: 3166:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 38. 1920:is a "dismal failure." While explaining that 809:Spivak developed and applied Foucault's term 70: 8770: 5027: 4165: 3847: 3835: 3476: 2471:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 2368:Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction 2069:Contemporary authors of postcolonial fiction 682:orientalist's grander interpretive activity. 578:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 8873: 5070: 4322: 4122: 4049:Gaurav Gajanan Desai, Supriya Nair (2005). 3950: 3661:Imperial Fictions: Europe's Myths of Orient 2902:(2018), a research hub that highlights the 2861:Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction 2807:Poddar, Prem, and David Johnson, ed. 2008. 2519:Local Histories/Global designs: Coloniality 2443:Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World 2237: 1261:; in the literature, the notable author is 1091:, but its roots reach far back in history. 729:Imperial Fictions: Europe's Myths of Orient 411: 349:, the anti-conquest narrative analyzes the 140:relationships that sustain colonialism and 8866: 8852: 6373: 6359: 6233: 6219: 5258: 5244: 5093:. Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 5040: 5000:. Hoboken,NJ.: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. 4864:Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies 4817: 4735: 4601:"Ireland and Postcolonial Theory (review)" 4347: 3980: 3410:The Pre-occupation of Postcolonial Studies 3295:Evans, Graham, and Jeffrey Newnham. 1998. 3217:. New York: Routeledge. pp. 168–173. 1957: 83:, its nature, and verifiability), ethics ( 9495:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4699: 4644:New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua 4576:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249909.001.0001 4416:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251841.001.0001 4302:. Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörns högskola. 3906: 3881: 3549: 3457: 3455: 3434:Gilbert, Helen; Tompkins, Joanne (1996). 3273: 3136:, "The White-Savior Industrial Complex", 2813:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1413:(1874–1914) proved to be the tail end of 1058:, Gregory traces connections between the 933:" was an important exhibition curated by 32:Postcolonialism (international relations) 10714:Historical geographic information system 7480: 5034:Ego | Europäische Geschichte Online 4668: 4540: 4406:Cleary, Joe (2005). Kenny, Kevin (ed.). 4233: 4204: 3726: 3616: 3505:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFanon1961 ( 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3161: 1882:, rather than being an antidote to it." 1489: 1400: 1356: 1078:Acheraiou argues that colonialism was a 774: 475:sequence, which supersedes colonialism, 447: 331: 327: 250: 246: 6240: 5083: 5041:Hart, Jonathan; Goldie, Terrie (1993). 4995: 4959: 4947: 4522: 4520: 4366: 3926:The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain 3556:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3325:. 2000. "The Clash of Definitions." In 3215:Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts 2781:(2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. 2765:Regents of the University of California 2349:Chambers, I., and L. Curti, eds. 1996. 1785:Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) 1074:Amar Acheraiou and Classical influences 925:R. Siva Kumar and alternative modernity 14: 10765: 10354:English historical school of economics 8406:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 6460: 5265: 5152: 5114: 4931:General Assembly of the United Nations 4857: 4808: 4598: 4405: 4134: 4105: 3965: 3921: 3744: 3680: 3674: 3452: 3406: 3327:Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays 3284:Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays 3143:Décolonisation de l'espace public (fr) 2701:Decolonial Feminist and Queer Theories 2509:Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory 2433:African Philosophy: Myth & Reality 2388:General Assembly of the United Nations 1979:Le Procès de la Colonisation française 1534:Le Procès de la Colonisation française 1302:the study of postcolonial nations; and 1249:) with their former mother countries. 1047:Derek Gregory and the colonial present 10670: 10615: 10550:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 10389:Historical reliability of the Gospels 10247: 9774: 8847: 8836: 7479: 7222: 6986: 6625: 6459: 6354: 6214: 5239: 5004: 4973:"The White-Savior Industrial Complex" 4836: 4834: 4793: 4731: 4729: 4704:– via journals.openedition.org. 4685: 4297: 3955:. Paris: Flammarion. pp. 97–177. 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3500: 3488: 3461: 3345: 3332: 2916:(2018), an open source collection of 2878:The Institute of Postcolonial Studies 2867: 2847:, and D. Robinson Divine, eds. 2008. 2678:Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations 2304:Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies 1981:('French Colonization on Trial'), by 1968: 1770:(1969–1998), a period of conflict in 1727:that "the "colonizing activities" of 1022: 219:a system that comes after colonialism 10742: 8837: 8367:More Irish than the Irish themselves 5153:Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1990). 5133: 4886:The Case Against French Colonization 4565: 4517: 3930:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3644: 3604: 3234: 2996:(1969), directed by Gillo Pontecorvo 2886:(published with Taylor and Francis). 1878:and its acting as an endorsement of 1501:was divided into five subdivisions: 455:, located in Campeche City, Mexico. 9437:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 6626: 4686:White, Timothy J. (June 30, 2010). 4005: 3525:The Globalization of World Politics 3155: 2718:Dean, B., and J. Levi, eds. 2003. 751:, the philosopher and theoretician 302:La Réforme intellectuelle et morale 273:La Réforme intellectuelle et morale 257:La Réforme intellectuelle et morale 24: 10450:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 8394:Fourth Italian War of Independence 6380: 5658:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 4988: 4831: 4726: 4669:Shaffrey, Bridget (May 10, 2017). 3866: 3781:"Finding an expression of its own" 3388:Dictionary of Human Geography 2007 2892:(2019), on the spatial history of 1816:is indeed an act of colonization. 509:Notable theoreticians and theories 25: 10809: 5173: 5119:. India: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. 4766:The Dictionary of Human Geography 4675:(BA thesis). Bucknell University. 4393:"Ireland and Postcolonial Theory" 1809:The Dictionary of Human Geography 1568: 1548:(1982), in which she attempts to 1536:('French Colonization on Trial') 1444:About East Africa, Kenyan writer 974:to alternative context sensitive 783:Spivak also introduced the terms 336:Spanish colonial architecture in 213:underlying that system. However, 10741: 10732: 10731: 10248: 9748: 9747: 9589:Palestinian expulsion and flight 8101:5000-year civilization assertion 7677:Nadir of American race relations 5401: 4813:. Oxford India. pp. 82–108. 4541:Flannery, Eoin (June 21, 2004). 3044:Inversion in postcolonial theory 2934:Postcolonial Writers Make Worlds 2722:. University of Michigan Press. 2289:The Post-Colonial Studies Reader 1858:presents the difference between 1829:Indian-American Marxist scholar 1790:Structural adjustment programmes 1723:In 2003, Clare Carroll wrote in 741:Gayatri Spivak and the subaltern 664:In concordance with philosopher 10578:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 9452:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 9387:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 9194:Causes of the Armenian genocide 7503:Pyramid construction techniques 7070:Comparative historical research 6987: 6688:Library and information science 4965: 4914: 4900: 4874: 4851: 4825:"Who speaks for the Subaltern?" 4802: 4787: 4754: 4708: 4679: 4662: 4631: 4599:Cronin, Nessa (June 21, 2004). 4592: 4559: 4534: 4467: 4432: 4399: 4385: 4360: 4341: 4316: 4291: 4265:Journal of Postcolonial Writing 4252: 4227: 4198: 4159: 4140: 4079: 4042: 3999: 3986: 3968:The Expansion of England (1883) 3959: 3951:Tocqueville, Alexis de (2003). 3944: 3915: 3900: 3853: 3805: 3791: 3773: 3759: 3750: 3720: 3713:23(3):29–47. Archived from the 3699: 3650: 3629: 3610: 3568: 3543: 3513: 3427: 3400: 3354: 3237:"What is Postcolonial Studies?" 2024:The Colonizer and the Colonized 1825:Undermining of universal values 1725:Ireland and Postcolonial Theory 1635:Postcolonial writing in Ireland 99:about the colonized people; and 10590:Gunpowder and gun transmission 10540:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 10349:Historical school of economics 10286:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 9724:Gunpowder and gun transmission 9598:Zionism as settler colonialism 8603:Limpieza de sangre controversy 7570:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 4784:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 4701:10.4000/etudesirlandaises.1743 4154:Johns Hopkins University Press 3886:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3811:Gilroy, Paul Christopher, and 3727:McKnight, Kathryn Joy (2009). 3464:Geographies of Postcolonialism 3348:Geographies of Postcolonialism 3316: 3289: 3255: 3228: 3207: 3188: 3019:(1980), directed by John Irvin 2583:Globalizations and Modernities 1843:'s earlier critique of Said's 1559:ideology." In 1989, she wrote 1409:In the late 19th century, the 1344: 1339: 939:National Gallery of Modern Art 696:West applied Orientalism as a 488:is also applied to denote the 95:the colonizer's generation of 13: 1: 10399:Opposition to Papal supremacy 9775: 7587:Indigenous population history 5728:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve 5698:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 5653:Anne Louise Germaine de Staël 5028:Fischer-Tiné, Harald (2011). 4998:Dictionary of Human Geography 4742:journals2.scholarsportal.info 4503:10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 4323:Skórczewski, Dariusz (2020). 3554:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3149: 2670: 2370:. Columbia University Press: 2360:. Princeton University Press. 1886:Fixation on national identity 1528:In 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc (aka 566:Front de Libération Nationale 541:subjugating colonial identity 119: 10315:Desacralization of knowledge 8586:Carlism in the Francoist era 8554:Holodomor in modern politics 7223: 5199:Resources in other libraries 4277:10.1080/17449855.2012.658242 4166:Chioni Moore, David (2001). 3966:Seeley, John Robert (1971). 3164:The Settler Colonial Present 2957:in color about the lives of 2936:(2017), critical reading of 2414:Infinite Layers/Third World? 2401:. Indiana University Press. 1819: 1692:the depiction of the native 1671:Statute of Westminster, 1931 1316:, usually manifested as the 1126:Among these ancient writers 945:, specifically the works of 871:Homi K. Bhabha and hybridity 865:Subaltern Studies Collective 624:explained in his 1978 book, 514:Frantz Fanon and subjugation 372:As an example, consider how 91:people, which derives from: 7: 10707:Historiographic metafiction 10671: 10617:Organizations, publications 10406:Proto-orthodox Christianity 9356:German resistance to Nazism 9212:Persian famine of 1917–1919 8622:Islamic revolution of Spain 8549:Holodomor genocide question 8425:Revisionism of Risorgimento 8419:Rerum italicarum scriptores 8400:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 8167:Self-Strengthening Movement 7317:decolonization of knowledge 4570:. Oxford University Press. 4410:. Oxford University Press. 4298:Korek, Janusz, ed. (2007). 4184:10.1632/pmla.2001.116.1.111 3235:Raja, Masood (2019-04-02). 2964: 2920:'s 1922 collection of poems 2609:Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 2253:The Myth of the Lazy Native 2242: 1681:, in northeastern Ireland ( 1552:anthropology as a "western 1233:Postcolonial literary study 1004:counterculture of modernity 606:Edward Said and orientalism 10: 10814: 10504:Wissenschaft des Judentums 10481:Criticism of Protestantism 9361:Nazi foreign policy debate 8792:Second colonial occupation 8539:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 8177:Tibetan sovereignty debate 7721:Progressive-era historians 7156:Nationalization of history 7107:Historical-critical method 5693:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5230:Postcolonial Interventions 5155:"Can the Subaltern Speak?" 5036:. European History Online. 4842:Overstating the Arab State 4234:Kelertas, Violeta (2006). 4087:Overstating the Arab State 3884:Rethinking Postcolonialism 3578:(November–December 1998). 3162:Veracini, Lorenzo (2015). 2712:Iran: A People Interrupted 2621:Selected Subaltern Studies 2589:Retamar, Roberto Fernández 2351:The Post-Colonial Question 2063:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 1961: 1899:Overstating the Arab State 1792:(SAPs) implemented by the 1607: 1437:Kingdom (Uganda), and the 1285:Soviet Socialist Republics 1268:Waiting for the Barbarians 1159:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 753:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 376:discourse of geopolitical 138:social and political power 71:Purpose and basic concepts 29: 10726: 10677: 10666: 10622: 10611: 10560: 10364: 10323: 10254: 10243: 10099: 9785: 9781: 9770: 9742: 9711: 9675: 9569: 9523: 9509:Second Sino-Japanese War 9487: 9417: 9369: 9331: 9291: 9167: 8989: 8908: 8884: 8843: 8832: 8808: 8706: 8673: 8564: 8488: 8445: 8386: 8351: 8323: 8314:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 8258: 8185: 8091: 8019: 7733: 7662: 7595: 7557: 7490: 7486: 7475: 7300: 7233: 7229: 7218: 6995: 6982: 6809: 6676: 6638: 6634: 6621: 6498: 6472: 6468: 6455: 6388: 6350: 6248: 6165:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti 5558:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux 5410: 5399: 5368:Reader-response criticism 5273: 5194:Resources in your library 5013:. New York: Grove Press. 5009:The Wretched of the Earth 4883:(Nguyễn Ái Quốc). 2017. 4736:McGregor,S (2005-05-03). 4627:– via Project MUSE. 4205:Thompson, Ewa M. (2000). 4006:Rob, Nieuwenhuys (1978). 3922:Turner, Frank M. (1981). 3683:Beginning Postcolonialism 3663:. London: Pandora Press. 3592:Marxists Internet Archive 3413:. Duke University Press. 2791:The Idea of Latin América 2779:Beginning Postcolonialism 2772:Beginning Postcolonialism 2563:Delusions and Discoveries 2075:John Nkemngong Nkengasong 2015:The Wretched of the Earth 1754:Great Famine in the 1840s 1661:on 1 January 1801 as the 1649:, which subordinated the 1647:Statute of Drogheda, 1494 1396: 1283:in 1991, the constituent 521:The Wretched of the Earth 275:(1871), whereby imperial 114:binary power-relationship 10264:Crisis of historiography 9427:Auschwitz bombing debate 9113:Indian Rebellion of 1857 8964:Late Bronze Age collapse 8898:List of military museums 8501:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 8473:Polish People's Republic 8308:Sybel-Ficker controversy 7672:African-American history 7645:Colonial Spanish America 7434:Second Thirty Years' War 5608:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 5363:Psychoanalytic criticism 4638:Storey, Michael (1998). 4367:Zarycki, Tomasz (2014). 3882:Acheraiou, Amar (2008). 3550:Drabinski, John (2019), 2682:Indiana University Press 2614:Can the Subaltern Speak? 2593:Calibán and Other Essays 2525:Mohanty, Chandra Talpade 2238:Postcolonial non-fiction 2087:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 2058:Can the Subaltern Speak? 1991:Discourse on Colonialism 1700:as primitive and violent 1659:Kingdom of Great Britain 998:Several terms including 668:, Said established that 594:Black Skins, White Masks 412:Difficulty of definition 359:culture of the colonizer 321:la mission civilisatrice 201:, as the ambiguous term 9377:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 9236:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8787:Porter–MacKenzie debate 8544:Causes of the Holodomor 8081:Problem of two emperors 8029:Catilinarian conspiracy 7256:Historical significance 7117:Indiscipline of history 7092:Historical anthropology 5663:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 4996:Gregory, Derek (2009). 3124:Street name controversy 2908:National Women's Caucus 2821:. Retrieved 2016-02-23. 2695:Bachetta, Paola. 2012. 2628:The Postcolonial Critic 2603:Culture and Imperialism 2539:The Invention of Africa 2344:The Location of Culture 2003:Black Skin, White Masks 1964:Postcolonial literature 1958:Postcolonial literature 1935:The Death of the Author 1673:and enactment of a new 1485: 1281:dissolution of the USSR 1247:Commonwealth of Nations 1175:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 959:Benode Behari Mukherjee 877:The Location of Culture 347:postcolonial literature 304:(1871), by Ernest Renan 10471:Protestant Reformation 10445:Second Vatican Council 10423:Succession to Muhammad 10418:Criticism of the Quran 10169:Religious perspectives 9903:Klemens von Metternich 9500:"Battle for Australia" 9382:Soviet offensive plans 9351:Broad vs. narrow front 9190:Late Ottoman genocides 8123:Century of humiliation 7904:Goguryeo controversies 7882:2,500-year celebration 7540:Double genocide theory 7327:Historical negationism 7151:Ancestral civilisation 7139:Historical materialism 7097:Historical determinism 7047:History of mentalities 5383:Sociological criticism 5353:Postcolonial criticism 5288:Biographical criticism 5138:. New York: Pantheon. 5115:Sadiki, Larbi (2004). 5043:"Post-colonial Theory" 5030:"Postcolonial Studies" 5005:Fanon, Frantz (1963). 4908:"Half of a Yellow Sun" 4811:Writing Social History 4809:Sarkar, Sumit (1997). 4566:Howe, Stephen (2002). 4439:Kennedy, Liam (1992). 4408:"Postcolonial Ireland" 4236:Baltic Postcolonialism 4030:Cite journal requires 3981:Hart & Goldie 1993 3859:Gregory, Derek. 2004. 3705:de Kock, Leon. 1992. " 3407:Naficy, Hamid (2000). 3310:"Imperialism," p. 244. 3084:Postcolonial anarchism 3054:Linguistic imperialism 2425:. Islamabad: Gulmohar. 1630: 1495: 1406: 1390: 1372: 1362: 1207: 1029:Provincializing Europe 996: 968: 846: 824:Colonial Latin America 804:Strategic essentialism 792:strategic essentialism 780: 773: 734: 693: 677:in particular. Hence, 482: 456: 341: 307: 290:Regere imperio populos 260: 10595:Torsion mangonel myth 10498:Modern Jewish history 10493:Jesuit historiography 10486:Protestant work ethic 10466:Hesychast controversy 10331:Industrial Revolution 10281:Library of Alexandria 10199:The Lord of the Rings 9849:Constantine the Great 9729:Torsion mangonel myth 9661:Sri Lankan Civil War 8740:Storm over the gentry 8641:Colonies or Provinces 8172:Sprouts of capitalism 7246:Historic preservation 7241:Change and continuity 5828:Ferdinand de Saussure 5411:Theorists and critics 5134:Said, Edward (1978). 4936:Guevara Works Archive 4925:Colonialism is Doomed 4794:Ahmad, Aijaz (1993). 4768:(5th ed.), edited by 4760:Clayton, Dan. 2009. " 4617:10.1353/nhr.2004.0054 4371:. London: Routledge. 3681:McLeod, John (2010). 3307:"Colonialism," p. 79. 3172:10.1057/9781137372475 3094:Postcolonial theology 3089:Postcolonial feminism 2448:JanMohamed, A. 1988. 2429:Hountondji, Paulin J. 2320:Balagangadhara, S. N. 2291:. London: Routledge. 1940:Death of a Discipline 1612: 1493: 1404: 1385: 1367: 1360: 1202: 1194:Alexis de Tocqueville 980: 963: 879:(1994), theoretician 832: 778: 757: 717: 679: 465: 451: 335: 328:Postcolonial identity 286: 254: 247:Colonialist discourse 10682:Commemorative plaque 9898:Juan Manuel de Rosas 9346:"Blitzkrieg" concept 9217:Powder keg of Europe 9092:Franco-Prussian War 8762:Winter of Discontent 8745:Suffragette Campaign 8412:Italiani brava gente 8378:Revolutionary period 8200:Frankish Interregnum 8133:"Chineseness" debate 8066:Byzantine succession 8051:Fall of Western Rome 7992:Executed Renaissance 7481:By country or region 7425:Age of Enlightenment 7399:Vaticinium ex eventu 7346:Modernisation theory 7180:Quantitative history 6556:Historical documents 5733:James Russell Lowell 5708:Francesco De Sanctis 5688:Percy Bysshe Shelley 5668:Wilhelm von Humboldt 5513:Lodovico Castelvetro 5298:Cultural materialism 5283:Archetypal criticism 5214:Postcolonial Studies 4840:Ayubi, Nazih. 2001. 4238:. Amsterdam: Brill. 4085:Ayubi, Nazih. 2001. 3996:. pp. 83–84, 182–83. 3536:, and S. Smith. pp. 3466:. SAGE Publications. 3350:. SAGE Publications. 2948:Torn Apart/Separados 2890:Bodies and Structure 2883:Postcolonial Studies 2770:McLeod, John. 2000. 2549:Dislocating Cultures 2480:, and P. Powesland. 2306:. London: Routledge. 2249:Alatas, Syed Hussein 1814:Washington Consensus 1705:partition of Ireland 1616:population transfers 1575:partitions of Poland 1179:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1163:Wilhelm von Humboldt 1068:September 11 attacks 1056:The Colonial Present 765:cultural imperialism 675:European colonialism 418:contemporary history 197:may be preferred to 194:postcolonial studies 150:contemporary history 134:unreliable narrators 42:post-colonial theory 10788:Africana philosophy 10511:Schools of thought 10476:Proto-Protestantism 10345:School of Thoughts 10227:William Shakespeare 10212:Robert Falcon Scott 10117:Friedrich Nietzsche 9955:Cult of personality 9940:Neville Chamberlain 9800:Alexander the Great 9682:Russo-Georgian War 9655:Sovereignty dispute 9634:Iranian Revolution 9464:"Polish death camp" 9441:In relation to the 9150:Myth of English aid 9141:War of the Pacific 8918:Albigensian Crusade 8343:Indigenous Aryanism 8039:Constantinian shift 7575:Residential schools 7332:Historian's fallacy 7251:Historic recurrence 6749:Numismatics (Money) 6521:Archaeological site 6445:theories of history 6242:Theories of history 5833:Claude Lévi-Strauss 5768:Friedrich Nietzsche 5723:Ralph Waldo Emerson 5683:Thomas Love Peacock 5678:Arthur Schopenhauer 5628:Mary Wollstonecraft 5313:Descriptive poetics 5303:Darwinian criticism 5167:on January 5, 2012. 4605:New Hibernia Review 4495:2019AAAG..109..202S 4213:. Greenwood Press. 3584:Against the Current 2857:Young, Robert J. C. 2653:Young, Robert J. C. 2569:Raja, Masood Ashraf 2556:Contesting Cultures 2439:Jayawardena, Kumari 1853:'s critique of the 1712:Republic of Ireland 1411:Scramble for Africa 1083:ideologues such as 951:Rabindranath Tagore 670:power and knowledge 561:Algerian Revolution 316:Scramble for Africa 191:At times, the term 10798:Post-structuralism 10702:Historical realism 10697:Historical fiction 10642:History institutes 10632:Historical society 10627:Heritage registers 10515:Biblical criticism 10428:Islamic golden age 10379:Early Christianity 10259:Bears in antiquity 10147:Medieval Christian 9945:Pedro II of Brazil 9893:José de San Martín 9697:Syrian revolution 9609:Malayan Emergency 9584:1948 Palestine war 9317:Spanish Civil War 9267:War guilt question 9076:American Civil War 9056:Invasion of Russia 9032:New Russian School 8816:Colonial Australia 8532:October Revolution 8295:Strukturgeschichte 8231:Location of Alésia 8150:Hua–Yi distinction 8071:Moscow, third Rome 7687:Reconstruction era 7508:Black Egypt Thesis 7430:European Civil War 7386:Translatio imperii 7341:Invented tradition 6462:Historical sources 6332:List of historians 6135:Hans-Georg Gadamer 5967:Philip Wheelwright 5957:Simone de Beauvoir 5753:Charles Baudelaire 5648:William Wordsworth 5643:Friedrich Schlegel 5638:Friedrich Schiller 5468:Christine de Pizan 5378:Semiotic criticism 5323:Feminist criticism 5267:Literary criticism 5232:- academic journal 5225:Postcolonial Space 5216:- academic journal 4692:Études irlandaises 4658:– via JSTOR. 4463:– via JSTOR. 4057:Rutgers University 3907:Aristotle (1988). 3813:Dipesh Chakrabarty 3241:Postcolonial Space 2868:Scholarly projects 2845:Salzman, Philip C. 2641:wa Thiong'o, Ngũgĩ 2529:Under Western Eyes 2259:Anderson, Benedict 1969:Foundational works 1698:indigenous peoples 1675:Irish Constitution 1655:Kingdom of Ireland 1496: 1407: 1363: 1352:identity formation 1215:John-Robert Seeley 1089:Arthur de Gobineau 1033:Dipesh Chakrabarty 1023:Dipesh Chakrabarty 1016:colonial modernity 1012:Colonial modernity 811:epistemic violence 781: 580:" (1916), wherein 551:upon the natives. 457: 453:Campeche Cathedral 342: 261: 97:cultural knowledge 79:(i.e., a study of 10793:Postmodern theory 10760: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10722: 10721: 10662: 10661: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10520:Catholic theology 10374:Avestan geography 10239: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10222:Søren Kierkegaard 10095: 10094: 10006:Warren G. Harding 9766: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9565: 9564: 9443:Armenian genocide 9306:Polish–Soviet War 9301:Burning of Smyrna 9287: 9286: 9277:Reichstag inquiry 9200:Patriotic consent 9071: 9070: 9046:War in the Vendée 9010:French Revolution 8992:century conflicts 8981:Peloponnesian War 8942:Eighty Years' War 8828: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8733:Westminster Stone 8430:Southern question 8269:Alltagsgeschichte 8219:Legendary Saracen 7921:Early settlements 7729: 7728: 7709:Political history 7694:Consensus history 7471: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7453:Continuity thesis 7392:Translatio studii 7278:Theory of history 7214: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7168:Subaltern Studies 7053:Nouvelle histoire 6978: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6890:Medieval churches 6877:Geistesgeschichte 6821:Paleoanthropology 6729:Encyclopaedistics 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6485:Secondary sources 6208: 6207: 6190:Oswald de Andrade 6027:Hans Robert Jauss 6002:E. D. Hirsch, Jr. 5898:John Crowe Ransom 5793:Stéphane Mallarmé 5763:Søren Kierkegaard 5583:Giambattista Vico 5373:Russian formalism 5338:Marxist criticism 5180:Library resources 5126:978-1-85065-494-0 5100:978-0-7456-1712-1 5020:978-0-8021-5083-7 4585:978-0-19-924990-9 4425:978-0-19-925184-1 4245:978-90-420-1959-1 4066:978-0-8135-3552-4 3893:978-0-230-55205-0 3848:Fischer-Tiné 2011 3836:Fischer-Tiné 2011 3756:Bhabha, 1994: 113 3747:, pp. 62–63. 3692:978-0-7190-7858-3 3477:Fischer-Tiné 2011 3445:978-0-415-09023-0 3420:978-0-8223-2521-5 3366:groups.google.com 3181:978-1-137-39404-0 3114:Robert J.C. Young 3064:Kimberlé Crenshaw 3005:Cross-culturalism 2910:from 1973 to 1979 2900:Chicana Diasporic 2819:978-0-7486-3602-0 2802:10.5070/B81110026 2760:On the Postcolony 2746:Gopal, Priyamvada 2741:Bordering Britain 2697:Cahiers du CEDREF 2676:Ankerl, G. 2000. 2460:Inventing Ireland 2395:Minh-ha, Trinh T. 2328:. Manohar books. 2316:('Eurocentrism'). 2267:. London: Verso. 2219:Ngugi wa Thiong'o 2129:Abdulrazak Gurnah 2018:, by Frantz Fanon 1985:(aka Ho Chi Minh) 1932:'s death-titles ( 1893:national identity 1855:Subaltern Studies 1470:(1965), with the 1467:The River Between 1446:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 1429:, the Kingdom of 1259:Dutch East Indies 1181:(1792–1822), and 1165:(1767–1835), and 1119:(106–43 BC), and 737:conscious of it. 653:Reviewing Said's 644:social constructs 616:is considered by 549:servile mentality 351:identity politics 338:Antigua Guatemala 282:cultural identity 229:is a reaction to 186:Christian thought 158:political science 110:subaltern peoples 16:(Redirected from 10805: 10745: 10744: 10735: 10734: 10687:Documentary film 10668: 10667: 10647:History journals 10613: 10612: 10586: 10458: 10394:Primacy of Peter 10341:Great Depression 10321: 10320: 10294: 10272: 10245: 10244: 10193:J. R. R. Tolkien 10048: 10047: 10043: 10031: 10019: 10001:Ulysses S. Grant 9996:Thomas Jefferson 9987: 9963: 9926: 9889: 9877: 9845: 9833: 9825:Chiang Ching-kuo 9815:Cato the Younger 9805:Amin al-Husseini 9783: 9782: 9772: 9771: 9751: 9750: 9734:War and genocide 9558: 9544:Résistancialisme 9531:Battle of France 9513:Nanjing Massacre 9367: 9366: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9208: 9158: 9040: 9023: 8996: 8995: 8923:Catharism debate 8909:pre-18th century 8891:Military history 8868: 8861: 8854: 8845: 8844: 8838:By war, conflict 8834: 8833: 8782:Cambridge School 8768: 8767: 8666: 8654: 8630: 8611: 8521: 8509: 8481: 8303: 8281:Historikerstreit 8251: 8239: 8227: 8208: 8194:Cordon sanitaire 8140:New Qing History 8128:Conquest dynasty 8119: 8034:Christianization 8017: 8016: 7936: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7803: 7791: 7783:Byzantine Empire 7638:Iquicha Royalism 7627: 7593: 7592: 7516: 7488: 7487: 7477: 7476: 7420:Age of Discovery 7409:Periodization of 7406: 7405: 7380:Transhistoricity 7375:Thirty-year rule 7286: 7274: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7219: 7200:Great Man theory 7163:People's history 7125: 7030: 7029: 7022:Three-age system 6984: 6983: 6684:Archival science 6636: 6635: 6623: 6622: 6490:Tertiary sources 6470: 6469: 6457: 6456: 6406:by area of study 6375: 6368: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6185:Yokomitsu Riichi 6155:J. Hillis Miller 6120:Geoffrey Hartman 6077:Elaine Showalter 6037:Raymond Williams 5997:Martin Heidegger 5987:Gaston Bachelard 5952:Jean-Paul Sartre 5937:Monroe Beardsley 5893:Georges Bataille 5873:Boris Eikhenbaum 5848:Viktor Shklovsky 5718:John Stuart Mill 5703:Giacomo Leopardi 5548:Pierre Corneille 5405: 5388:Source criticism 5260: 5253: 5246: 5237: 5236: 5168: 5166: 5160:. Archived from 5159: 5149: 5130: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5080: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5037: 5024: 5012: 5001: 4983: 4982: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4855: 4849: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4798:. London: Verso. 4791: 4785: 4764:." Pp. 94–98 in 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4453:10.2307/29735684 4445:The Irish Review 4436: 4430: 4429: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4212: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4163: 4157: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4123:Kumaraswamy 2006 4120: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3879: 3864: 3863:. Blackwell Pub. 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3678: 3672: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3576:E. San Juan, Jr. 3572: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3547: 3541: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3330: 3320: 3314: 3293: 3287: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3232: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3159: 2750:Insurgent Empire 2737:El-Enany, Nadine 2561:Parry, B. 1983. 2505:McClintock, Anne 2225:Cadwell Turnbull 2159:Michael Ondaatje 2111:Edwidge Danticat 2105:Giannina Braschi 1916:and critique of 1772:Northern Ireland 1679:Northern Ireland 1667:Irish Free State 1657:merged with the 1651:Irish Parliament 1638: 1600:'s seminal book 1540:Trinh T. Minh-ha 1499:French Indochina 1472:Mau Mau Uprising 1439:Kingdom of Kongo 1336:warned in 1961. 1149:(1672–1719) and 994: 844: 732: 691: 618:E. San Juan, Jr. 572:As postcolonial 486:post-colonialism 477:post-colonialism 469:post-colonialism 305: 221:, as the prefix 85:moral philosophy 21: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10778:Critical theory 10773:Postcolonialism 10763: 10762: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10718: 10673: 10658: 10618: 10599: 10582: 10565: 10556: 10452: 10360: 10336:Great Recession 10319: 10290: 10266: 10250: 10231: 10122:H. P. Lovecraft 10091: 10053: 10046: 10037: 10025: 10013: 9981: 9957: 9930:Muammar Gaddafi 9920: 9908:Leonid Brezhnev 9883: 9871: 9854:Gregory Palamas 9839: 9837:Chiang Kai Shek 9827: 9787: 9777: 9758: 9757: 9738: 9719:Conflict thesis 9707: 9671: 9561: 9552: 9519: 9483: 9413: 9365: 9327: 9293:Interwar period 9283: 9253: 9246: 9238: 9222:Schlieffen Plan 9202: 9163: 9152: 9067: 9034: 9017: 9002: 8991: 8985: 8969:Dorian invasion 8954:Fall of Babylon 8910: 8904: 8903: 8880: 8872: 8839: 8820: 8796: 8773: 8766: 8728:Kingdom of Alba 8709: 8702: 8669: 8660: 8648: 8646:Spanish decline 8624: 8605: 8560: 8515: 8503: 8484: 8475: 8441: 8382: 8347: 8333:Greater Magadha 8319: 8297: 8254: 8245: 8233: 8221: 8202: 8181: 8155:Four Barbarians 8113: 8087: 8015: 7972:Götaland theory 7940:Lusotropicalism 7930: 7911:North Macedonia 7843: 7831: 7819: 7797: 7785: 7725: 7704:Frontier thesis 7699:Cyclical theory 7682:Neoabolitionism 7658: 7621: 7591: 7553: 7530:Greater Morocco 7510: 7482: 7459: 7410: 7404: 7296: 7280: 7268: 7225: 7206: 7119: 7034: 7028: 7010:Historical eras 6991: 6970: 6805: 6702:Writing systems 6672: 6630: 6628:Fields of study 6609: 6603:Service records 6588:Religious texts 6494: 6480:Primary sources 6464: 6451: 6450: 6384: 6379: 6346: 6244: 6239: 6209: 6204: 6160:Clifford Geertz 6115:Jonathan Culler 6042:Lionel Trilling 6022:Michel Foucault 6012:Jacques Derrida 5888:Mikhail Bakhtin 5843:Walter Benjamin 5808:Antonio Gramsci 5803:Benedetto Croce 5748:Hippolyte Taine 5738:Edgar Allan Poe 5613:Joshua Reynolds 5406: 5397: 5348:New historicism 5275:Literary theory 5269: 5264: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5188: 5187: 5185:Postcolonialism 5183: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5146: 5127: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5079:(1, Article 5). 5061: 5059: 5057: 5021: 4991: 4989:Further reading 4986: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4879: 4875: 4856: 4852: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4807: 4803: 4792: 4788: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4744: 4734: 4727: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4694:(35–1): 21–37. 4684: 4680: 4667: 4663: 4636: 4632: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4564: 4560: 4539: 4535: 4530:. June 6, 2017. 4526: 4525: 4518: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4447:(13): 107–121. 4437: 4433: 4426: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4365: 4361: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4296: 4292: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4203: 4199: 4164: 4160: 4152:75(4):899–937. 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4047: 4043: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3964: 3960: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3920: 3916: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3880: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3725: 3721: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3679: 3675: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3635:Said, 1978: 208 3634: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3559: 3548: 3544: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3344: 3333: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3294: 3290: 3278: 3274: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3229: 3212: 3208: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3074:Nation-building 3059:Lila Abu-Lughod 3028:Fatima Mernissi 3016:The Dogs of War 3000:Cultural cringe 2982:Anticolonialism 2967: 2959:Black Americans 2870: 2787:Mignolo, Walter 2755:Mbembe, Achille 2673: 2579:Quijano, Aníbal 2515:Mignolo, Walter 2478:Mannoni, Octave 2466:Lenin, Vladimir 2419:Hashmi, Alamgir 2356:Chatterjee, P. 2340:Bhabha, Homi K. 2314:L'eurocentrisme 2302:——, eds. 1998. 2287:——, eds. 1995. 2245: 2240: 2213:Nadine Gordimer 2189:Ousmane Sembene 2141:Jamaica Kincaid 2071: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1888: 1827: 1822: 1787: 1764:and survival." 1640: 1632: 1610: 1598:Ewa M. Thompson 1571: 1488: 1451:Weep Not, Child 1399: 1347: 1342: 1263:Tjalie Robinson 1239:literary theory 1235: 1076: 1049: 1025: 995: 987: 927: 911:, postcolonial 873: 845: 839: 743: 733: 723: 692: 690:(1978), p. 208. 686: 666:Michel Foucault 611:Cultural critic 608: 516: 511: 435:postcolonialism 422:postcolonialism 414: 330: 306: 300: 249: 235:postcolonialism 215:postcolonialism 199:postcolonialism 170:human geography 130:anthropological 122: 73: 65:Mahmood Mamdani 58:critical theory 38:Postcolonialism 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Postcolonialist 15: 12: 11: 5: 10811: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10783:Neocolonialism 10780: 10775: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10739: 10728: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10644: 10639: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10580: 10575: 10569: 10567: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10495: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10468: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10402: 10401: 10391: 10386: 10376: 10370: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10327: 10325: 10318: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10300: 10295: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10261: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10166: 10161: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10112:Charles Darwin 10109: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10082:United Kingdom 10079: 10074: 10072:Modern Germany 10069: 10064: 10058: 10056: 10045: 10044: 10032: 10020: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9991:Thomas Aquinas 9988: 9976: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9878: 9866: 9861: 9859:Horatio Nelson 9856: 9851: 9846: 9834: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9789: 9779: 9778: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9691:Responsibility 9688: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9647: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9603:New Historians 9600: 9595: 9581: 9575: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9547: 9540: 9533: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9469:Responsibility 9466: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9449: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9423: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9303: 9297: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9245: 9233: 9227:Spirit of 1914 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9197: 9187: 9184:Fischer thesis 9173: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9147: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9127: 9125:Paraguayan War 9122: 9121: 9120: 9110: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9083: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9051:Napoleonic era 9048: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9029: 9024: 9015:Pre-revolution 9006: 9004: 9000:Coalition Wars 8993: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8914: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8878:historiography 8871: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8841: 8840: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8778: 8776: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8696:Decline thesis 8693: 8686:Ottoman Empire 8683: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8655: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8612: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8513:Skeptic School 8498: 8496:Anti-Normanism 8492: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8453:Golden Liberty 8449: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8435:Neo-Bourbonism 8427: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8310: 8305: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8275:Borussian myth 8272: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8240: 8228: 8216: 8209: 8197: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8125: 8120: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8006: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7765: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7746:Dealbanisation 7737: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7668: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7616: 7610:May Revolution 7601: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7580:Staples thesis 7577: 7572: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7505: 7496: 7494: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7445: 7436: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7414: 7412:modern history 7403: 7402: 7395: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7358: 7356:Paradigm shift 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7227: 7226: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7072: 7067: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7049: 7042:Annales school 7038: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6905:Constitutional 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6841: 6828: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781:Postage stamps 6778: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6704: 6695: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6632: 6631: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6578:Oral tradition 6575: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6465: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6382:Historiography 6378: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6355: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6100:Félix Guattari 6096:Gilles Deleuze 6093: 6091:Murray Krieger 6088: 6082:Sandra Gilbert 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6047:Julia Kristeva 6044: 6039: 6034: 6032:Georges Poulet 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Roland Barthes 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5992:Ernst Gombrich 5989: 5984: 5979: 5977:Roman Jakobson 5974: 5972:Theodor Adorno 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5947:Jan Mukařovský 5944: 5942:Cleanth Brooks 5939: 5930: 5928:Ernst Cassirer 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5903:R. P. Blackmur 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5883:I. A. Richards 5880: 5878:Virginia Woolf 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Irving Babbitt 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5783:Anatole France 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5743:Matthew Arnold 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5713:Thomas Carlyle 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598:Samuel Johnson 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5578:Joseph Addison 5575: 5573:Alexander Pope 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5538:Henry Reynolds 5535: 5530: 5528:Torquato Tasso 5525: 5523:Jacopo Mazzoni 5520: 5515: 5510: 5508:Wang Changling 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5488:Anandavardhana 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5308:Deconstruction 5305: 5300: 5295: 5293:Chicago school 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174:External links 5172: 5170: 5169: 5150: 5145:978-0394428147 5144: 5131: 5125: 5112: 5099: 5081: 5068: 5055: 5038: 5025: 5019: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4913: 4899: 4873: 4850: 4830: 4816: 4801: 4786: 4753: 4725: 4720:jacobinmag.com 4707: 4678: 4661: 4630: 4611:(3): 145–147. 4591: 4584: 4558: 4533: 4516: 4489:(1): 202–222. 4466: 4431: 4424: 4398: 4384: 4377: 4359: 4340: 4333: 4315: 4308: 4290: 4251: 4244: 4226: 4219: 4197: 4178:(1): 111–128. 4158: 4139: 4137:, p. 122. 4127: 4110: 4095: 4078: 4065: 4041: 4032:|journal= 3998: 3985: 3983:, p. 155. 3973: 3958: 3943: 3936: 3914: 3899: 3892: 3865: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3804: 3790: 3772: 3758: 3749: 3734: 3719: 3717:on 2011-07-06. 3698: 3691: 3673: 3649: 3637: 3628: 3609: 3597: 3567: 3552:"Frantz Fanon" 3542: 3520:Barkawi, Tarak 3512: 3493: 3491:, p. 250. 3481: 3469: 3451: 3444: 3426: 3419: 3399: 3390:, p. 561. 3377: 3353: 3331: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3288: 3272: 3254: 3227: 3206: 3187: 3180: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3109:Ranjit Hoskote 3106: 3101: 3099:Post-communism 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3010:Decolonization 3007: 3002: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2955:W.E.B. Du Bois 2951: 2945: 2931: 2921: 2914:Harlem Shadows 2911: 2906:Caucus of the 2897: 2896:and its empire 2887: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2842: 2835:Risam, Roopika 2832: 2825:Prine, Richard 2822: 2805: 2794: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2768: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2731: 2716: 2707:Dabashi, Hamid 2704: 2693: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2650: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2606: 2596: 2586: 2576: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2542: 2535:Mudimbe, V. Y. 2532: 2522: 2512: 2502: 2495: 2485: 2475: 2463: 2456:Kiberd, Declan 2453: 2446: 2436: 2426: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2337: 2317: 2307: 2300: 2285: 2276: 2256: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2177:Salman Rushdie 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2117:Buchi Emecheta 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2031: 2019: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1983:Nguyen Ai Quoc 1970: 1967: 1962:Main article: 1959: 1956: 1914:academic study 1887: 1884: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1786: 1783: 1748:recognised by 1745:Irish language 1721: 1720: 1717:European Union 1708: 1701: 1690: 1663:United Kingdom 1626:British Empire 1611: 1609: 1606: 1570: 1569:Eastern Europe 1567: 1487: 1484: 1423:Ashanti Empire 1398: 1395: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1293:Greater Russia 1234: 1231: 1151:Richard Glover 1147:Joseph Addison 1115:(384–322 BC), 1111:(427–327 BC), 1107:(436–338 BC), 1103:(440–380 BC), 1075: 1072: 1048: 1045: 1024: 1021: 1008:Tani E. Barlow 985: 955:Ramkinkar Baij 926: 923: 881:Homi K. Bhabha 872: 869: 855:social studies 850:self-criticism 837: 742: 739: 721: 684: 607: 604: 582:Vladimir Lenin 545:dehumanization 515: 512: 510: 507: 490:Mother Country 413: 410: 363:neocolonialism 329: 326: 298: 248: 245: 154:historiography 142:neocolonialism 121: 118: 105: 104: 100: 72: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10810: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10748: 10740: 10738: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10669: 10665: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10621: 10614: 10610: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10573:Merton thesis 10571: 10570: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10525:Panbabylonism 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10456: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10246: 10242: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10088: 10087:United States 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10049: 10041: 10036: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9967:Bolivarianism 9965: 9961: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9950:Simon Bolivar 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9887: 9882: 9881:Joseph Stalin 9879: 9875: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9769: 9754: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676:Post-Cold War 9674: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9650:Falklands War 9648: 9646: 9645:Iran–Iraq War 9643: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:Ongoing Nakba 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9556: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524:Western Front 9522: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9505:Bengal famine 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9419:The Holocaust 9416: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370:Eastern Front 9368: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9156: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9102: 9101:Paris Commune 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9086:Turning point 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9038: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8990:18th and 19th 8988: 8982: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8935:Islamic views 8933: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8907: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8869: 8864: 8862: 8857: 8855: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8831: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8705: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8664: 8659: 8658:Ser de España 8656: 8652: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8628: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8519: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8076:Ottoman claim 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8056:Prosopography 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8009:Trưng sisters 8007: 8005: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7801: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7756:Habsburg myth 7754: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7664:United States 7661: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7625: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7597:Latin America 7594: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7514: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7474: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7284: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7217: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7190:Transnational 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7080:Decoloniality 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7061:Historiometry 7059: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7031: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7005:Periodization 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Sigillography 6789: 6787: 6786:Prosopography 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663:Local history 6661: 6657: 6656:Human history 6654: 6653: 6652: 6651:World history 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6320:Psychohistory 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:Environmental 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:Tristan Tzara 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Wolfgang Iser 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6110:Hélène Cixous 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062:Chinua Achebe 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Northrop Frye 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933:W. K. Wimsatt 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Kenneth Burke 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:György Lukács 5911: 5909: 5908:Jacques Lacan 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5823:Sigmund Freud 5821: 5819: 5818:A. C. Bradley 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5633:William Blake 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623:Immanuel Kant 5621: 5619: 5618:Denis Diderot 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543:Thomas Hobbes 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Francis Bacon 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518:Philip Sidney 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:St. Augustine 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:New Criticism 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5058: 5056:0-8020-5914-7 5052: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4981:. 2012-03-21. 4980: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4827:. jacobinmag. 4826: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4378:9780415625890 4374: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4334:9781580469784 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4309:9789189315723 4305: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4220:9780313313110 4216: 4211: 4210: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4093:. pp. 86–123. 4092: 4088: 4082: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4024: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3953:Sur l'Algérie 3947: 3939: 3937:9780300024807 3933: 3928: 3927: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3669:0-04-440911-7 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657:Kabbani, Rana 3653: 3646: 3641: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3438:. Routledge. 3437: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3301:Penguin Books 3298: 3292: 3286:. pp. 418–19. 3285: 3281: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3243:. Masood Raja 3242: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3223:0-203-93347-8 3220: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3039:Chinua Achebe 3036: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942:Asian British 2939: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928:Passamaquoddy 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2728:0-472-06736-2 2725: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2690:2-88155-004-5 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2376:0-231-11273-4 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Gandhi, Leela 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2334:90-04-09943-3 2331: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2297:0-415-09621-9 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2273:0-86091-329-5 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2232: 2231:Derek Walcott 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165:Arundhati Roy 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147:Jhumpa Lahiri 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093:Ama Ata Aidoo 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081:Chinua Achebe 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2039:Kwame Nkrumah 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908:In his essay 1906: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868:Enlightenment 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1839:. Drawing on 1838: 1837: 1832: 1831:Vivek Chibber 1817: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1802:colonization. 1799: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1483: 1481: 1480:individualism 1475: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:Russification 1286: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1273:J. M. Coetzee 1270: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:Indo-European 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1185:(1795–1821). 1184: 1180: 1177:(1772–1834), 1176: 1173:(1788–1824), 1172: 1169:(1749–1832), 1168: 1164: 1161:(1717–1768), 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Derek Gregory 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 992: 991: 984: 979: 977: 973: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:Nandalal Bose 944: 940: 936: 935:R. Siva Kumar 932: 922: 920: 919: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 893:Islamic World 890: 886: 882: 878: 868: 866: 861: 856: 851: 842: 836: 831: 829: 825: 820: 819:King of Spain 815: 812: 807: 805: 800: 796: 794: 793: 788: 787: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 756: 754: 750: 749: 738: 730: 726: 720: 716: 714: 709: 705: 703: 699: 689: 683: 678: 676: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 651: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628: 623: 619: 615: 612: 603: 600: 599:total project 596: 595: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 567: 562: 558: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531: 527: 523: 522: 506: 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 478: 474: 470: 464: 462: 454: 450: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 419: 416:As a term in 409: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 339: 334: 325: 323: 322: 317: 312: 303: 297: 295: 291: 285: 283: 278: 274: 270: 265: 258: 253: 244: 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 227:postmodernism 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 117: 115: 111: 101: 98: 94: 93: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 68: 66: 61: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 10502: 10304:The Simpsons 10302: 10249:Other topics 10197: 10174:Christianity 10164:Resurrection 9795:Adolf Hitler 9624:Six-Day War 9620:Algerian War 9591: / 9550:Vichy France 9542: 9535: 9445: / 9333:World War II 9229: / 8896: 8889: 8691:Ghaza thesis 8614: 8590: 8576:White legend 8574: / 8572:Black legend 8527:Soviet Union 8417: 8410: 8398: 8361:Great Famine 8338:Indocentrism 8312: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8267: 8213:Grand Siècle 8211: 8192: 8160:Sinocentrism 8021:Ancient Rome 8001: 7859:Aryan Kartli 7857: 7649: 7612: / 7546: 7443:19th century 7441: / 7432: / 7397: 7390: 7389: / 7384: 7360: 7334: / 7308:Black legend 7266:Historiology 7063: / 7051: 7014: 6952:Quantitative 6875: 6871:Intellectual 6837: / 6833: / 6819: / 6817:Anthropology 6771:Phaleristics 6764:preservation 6759:Oral history 6700: / 6686: / 6668:Microhistory 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6413: 6404: / 6400: 6393: 6305:Postcolonial 6304: 6300:Microhistory 6295:Macrohistory 6175:André Breton 6150:M. H. Abrams 6145:Peter Szondi 6140:Paul Ricoeur 6130:Hayden White 6067:Stanley Fish 6057:Harold Bloom 6007:Noam Chomsky 5962:Ronald Crane 5868:Leon Trotsky 5773:Walter Pater 5603:Edward Young 5588:Edmund Burke 5478:Rajashekhara 5473:Bharata Muni 5393:Thing theory 5358:Postcritique 5352: 5333:Geocriticism 5318:Ecocriticism 5184: 5162:the original 5135: 5116: 5104:. Retrieved 5089: 5085:Quayson, Ato 5076: 5072: 5060:. Retrieved 5046: 5033: 5008: 4997: 4978:The Atlantic 4976: 4967: 4962:, p. 3. 4960:Quayson 2000 4955: 4950:, p. 4. 4948:Quayson 2000 4943: 4928: 4927:" (speech). 4921:Guevara, Che 4916: 4902: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4841: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4776:, G. Pratt, 4765: 4756: 4745:. Retrieved 4741: 4719: 4710: 4691: 4681: 4671: 4664: 4650:(3): 63–77. 4647: 4643: 4633: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4561: 4543: 4536: 4486: 4482: 4469: 4444: 4434: 4401: 4387: 4368: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4324: 4318: 4299: 4293: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4235: 4229: 4208: 4200: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4147: 4142: 4130: 4125:, p. 1. 4086: 4081: 4070:. Retrieved 4051: 4044: 4023:cite journal 4012:. Retrieved 4001: 3993: 3988: 3976: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3925: 3917: 3909:The Politics 3908: 3902: 3883: 3860: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3807: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3761: 3752: 3728: 3722: 3710: 3701: 3682: 3676: 3660: 3652: 3640: 3631: 3625:(4): 183–86. 3622: 3618: 3612: 3600: 3590:– via 3587: 3583: 3570: 3560:, retrieved 3555: 3545: 3528:, edited by 3523: 3515: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3463: 3435: 3429: 3409: 3402: 3369:. Retrieved 3365: 3356: 3347: 3326: 3323:Saïd, Edward 3318: 3296: 3291: 3283: 3280:Saïd, Edward 3275: 3266: 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3240: 3230: 3214: 3209: 3199: 3190: 3163: 3157: 3138:The Atlantic 3137: 3119:Saba Mahmood 3104:Ranajit Guha 3079:Paulo Freire 3032: 3014: 2991: 2972:Ali Shariati 2918:Claude McKay 2881: 2871: 2860: 2853:. Routledge. 2848: 2838: 2828: 2808: 2790: 2778: 2771: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2719: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2677: 2663: 2656: 2644: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2602: 2599:Said, Edward 2592: 2582: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2545:Narayan, Uma 2538: 2528: 2518: 2508: 2498: 2491: 2488:Nandy, Ashis 2481: 2469: 2459: 2449: 2442: 2432: 2422: 2413: 2398: 2385: 2382:Guevara, Che 2367: 2357: 2353:. Routledge. 2350: 2343: 2323: 2313: 2303: 2288: 2279: 2262: 2252: 2207:Wole Soyinka 2195:Bapsi Sidhwa 2135:Mohsin Hamid 2123:Amitav Ghosh 2056: 2044: 2035:Consciencism 2034: 2029:Albert Memmi 2022: 2013: 2008:Frantz Fanon 2001: 1996:Aimé Césaire 1989: 1978: 1972: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1876:essentialism 1851:Sumit Sarkar 1844: 1834: 1828: 1808: 1807: 1788: 1776: 1768:The Troubles 1766: 1750:Seamus Deane 1742: 1724: 1722: 1694:Gaelic Irish 1683:northwestern 1682: 1641: 1634: 1633:Joe Cleary, 1631: 1613: 1601: 1595: 1589:, and later 1572: 1560: 1545:Reassemblage 1543: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1497: 1476: 1465: 1459: 1456:East African 1449: 1443: 1427:Benin Empire 1420: 1415:mercantilist 1408: 1391: 1386: 1380:Larbi Sadiki 1375: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1348: 1334:Frantz Fanon 1326:nation-state 1314:parochialism 1311: 1308: 1297: 1277: 1266: 1251: 1236: 1227:palimpsestic 1223: 1208: 1203: 1191: 1187: 1155: 1140: 1133:The Politics 1131: 1125: 1095: 1093: 1085:Ernest Renan 1077: 1055: 1050: 1028: 1026: 1015: 1011: 1003: 997: 988: 981: 975: 969: 964: 928: 916: 909:reductionism 903:," and the " 901:Second World 876: 874: 847: 840: 833: 816: 810: 808: 803: 799:Essentialism 798: 797: 790: 786:essentialism 784: 782: 768: 760: 758: 746: 744: 735: 731:(1994), p. 6 728: 725:Rana Kabbani 718: 712: 710: 706: 697: 694: 687: 680: 663: 654: 652: 648: 639: 626: 609: 598: 592: 590: 571: 564: 553: 533:Frantz Fanon 526:psychiatrist 519: 517: 503:Independence 485: 483: 480:imperialism. 476: 473:teleological 468: 466: 460: 458: 434: 431:postcolonial 430: 421: 415: 406: 396:," and the " 371: 343: 319: 308: 301: 293: 289: 287: 272: 269:Ernest Renan 262: 256: 240: 239: 234: 222: 214: 202: 198: 193: 192: 190: 127: 123: 106: 103:'colonized'. 77:epistemology 74: 62: 54:exploitation 41: 37: 36: 10692:Hagiography 10453: [ 10413:Early Islam 10267: [ 10159:Historicity 10137:Historicity 10127:Jane Austen 10107:The Beatles 10077:Netherlands 10038: [ 10035:Zhuge Liang 10026: [ 10014: [ 10011:Yuan Shikai 9982: [ 9979:Sun Yat Tse 9958: [ 9921: [ 9884: [ 9872: [ 9869:Jiang Zemin 9840: [ 9828: [ 9820:Che Guevara 9553: [ 9488:Pacific War 9272:Article 231 9262:Reparations 9239: [ 9203: [ 9180:Color books 9169:World War I 9153: [ 9130:War of 1812 9035: [ 9018: [ 9003:(1792–1815) 8974:Sea Peoples 8959:Gallic Wars 8661: [ 8649: [ 8636:Revisionist 8625: [ 8616:Reconquista 8606: [ 8598:Inquisition 8592:Convivencia 8516: [ 8504: [ 8476: [ 8373:Revisionism 8298: [ 8246: [ 8234: [ 8222: [ 8203: [ 8145:Golden ages 8114: [ 8111:Wunu School 8106:Archaeology 7979:Switzerland 7962:Kosovo Myth 7950:Great Union 7931: [ 7916:Philippines 7899:Nationalist 7872:Ages of Man 7844: [ 7832: [ 7820: [ 7798: [ 7786: [ 7622: [ 7619:Revisionist 7511: [ 7448:Renaissance 7313:Coloniality 7281: [ 7269: [ 7261:Historicity 7185:Revisionist 7175:Pop history 7146:Nationalist 7120: [ 7065:Cliometrics 7033:Approaches, 6989:Methodology 6885:Linguistics 6835:Environment 6801:Vexillology 6724:Diplomatics 6707:Chorography 6646:Big History 6598:War diaries 6571:Illuminated 6566:Manuscripts 6551:Hieroglyphs 6431:historicity 6342:Big History 6283:Historicism 6200:Octavio Paz 6105:René Girard 6086:Susan Gubar 6072:Edward Said 6052:Paul de Man 5918:Paul Valéry 5853:T. S. Eliot 5838:T. E. Hulme 5813:Umberto Eco 5798:Leo Tolstoy 5788:Oscar Wilde 5568:John Dennis 5553:John Dryden 5136:Orientalism 5106:22 November 5062:14 November 4881:Ho Chi Minh 4846:I.B. Tauris 4782:S. Whatmore 4774:R. Johnston 4762:colonialism 4356:(1): 13–25. 4271:: 113–116. 4135:Sadiki 2004 4106:Sadiki 2004 4091:I.B. Tauris 3850:, # 10, 11. 3745:Spivak 1990 3049:Leila Ahmed 3037:(1975), by 2987:Audre Lorde 2977:Amina Wadud 2310:Amin, Samir 2233:(1930–2017) 2215:(1923–2014) 2201:Zadie Smith 2191:(1923–2007) 2185:(1923–1994) 2173:(1890–1979) 2119:(1944–2018) 2101:(1929–1981) 2095:(1940–2023) 2083:(1930–2013) 2051:Edward Said 2046:Orientalism 1922:Edward Said 1918:colonialism 1880:orientalism 1872:Eurocentric 1846:Orientalism 1841:Aijaz Ahmad 1550:deconstruct 1530:Ho Chi Minh 1511:Cochinchina 1464:(1986). In 1345:Middle East 1340:Application 1322:patriarchal 1318:demagoguery 1060:geopolitics 1041:Eurocentric 1035:charts the 1000:Paul Gilroy 905:Third World 897:First World 891:" and the " 889:Christendom 713:Orientalism 698:homogeneous 688:Orientalism 659:A. Madhavan 655:Orientalism 640:orientalism 634:" and the " 627:Orientalism 622:orientalism 614:Edward Said 537:colonialism 530:philosopher 494:neocolonial 439:decolonized 402:Third World 394:Christendom 390:First World 382:Third World 378:homogeneity 374:neocolonial 277:stewardship 264:Colonialism 233:; the term 203:colonialism 89:decolonized 50:imperialism 46:colonialism 10767:Categories 10747:Multimedia 10566:Technology 10530:Urreligion 10433:Kharijites 10384:Background 10052:Historical 10023:Zhou Enlai 9918:Mao Zedong 9913:Louis Riel 9686:Background 9537:Guilty Men 9479:Uniqueness 9402:Background 9397:Winter War 9321:Background 9254:Versailles 9108:Great Game 8755:Ricardians 8750:Tudor myth 8468:Partitions 8061:Succession 7351:Narratives 7336:Presentism 7292:Philosophy 7112:Humanistic 7000:Case study 6932:Indigenous 6910:Diplomatic 6854:Capitalism 6754:Onomastics 6712:Chronology 6541:Facsimiles 6526:Chronicles 6424:historians 6395:Historians 6315:Postmodern 6258:Conceptual 5778:Émile Zola 5673:John Keats 5593:David Hume 5563:John Locke 4923:. 2005. " 4895:B01N33WV86 4870:(1): 1–12. 4844:. Bodmin: 4778:M. J.Watts 4770:D. Gregory 4747:2016-02-10 4553:10395/2076 4089:. Bodmin: 4072:2016-02-23 4014:2016-02-23 3562:2020-08-30 3501:Fanon 1961 3489:Fanon 1963 3371:2024-05-25 3150:References 3129:Talal Asad 2944:literature 2680:. Geneva: 2671:After 2000 2183:Sam Selvon 2099:Mariama Ba 1948:discipline 1870:values as 1794:World Bank 1271:(1980) by 1183:John Keats 1171:Lord Byron 1080:capitalist 976:modernisms 943:Indian art 586:capitalism 498:legalistic 294:ver sacrum 211:world view 182:literature 162:philosophy 146:narratives 120:Approaches 10535:Perennial 10324:Economics 10276:Feudalism 10062:Australia 9810:Aurangzeb 9786:Political 9776:By person 9457:Pius Wars 9252:Treaty of 8911:conflicts 8718:Poor Laws 8581:Hispanism 8458:Sarmatism 8288:Sonderweg 8046:Expansion 7771:Litvinism 7605:Argentina 7439:Long 18th 7322:Dark Ages 7102:Historism 6900:Political 6839:Geography 6776:Philology 6739:Genealogy 6734:Epigraphy 6677:By source 6516:Artifacts 5863:Carl Jung 5758:Karl Marx 5463:Boccaccio 5423:Aristotle 5328:Formalism 4796:In Theory 4625:144238619 4511:166137125 4285:161462559 4192:233321293 3825:131768551 3815:. 2011. " 3785:The Hindu 3645:Said 1978 3605:Said 1978 3530:J. Baylis 3479:, § Lead. 3329:. p. 574. 3201:Parrhesia 3134:Teju Cole 3069:Kecia Ali 3023:Ethnology 2662:—— 1995. 2633:—— 1999. 2626:—— 1990. 2619:—— 1988. 2554:—— 1997. 2497:—— 1987. 2412:—— 1989. 2391:. Havana. 2261:. 1991. 2171:Jean Rhys 1952:Palestine 1820:Criticism 1758:modernity 1557:hegemonic 1211:heuristic 1128:Aristotle 1113:Aristotle 1105:Isocrates 1064:Palestine 1037:subaltern 972:modernism 918:hybridity 769:subaltern 761:subaltern 748:subaltern 702:The Other 484:The term 467:The term 443:hybridity 367:the other 355:subaltern 311:racialist 231:modernism 178:anarchism 166:sociology 81:knowledge 10737:Category 10652:template 10366:Religion 10217:Socrates 10132:Muhammed 10054:rankings 9935:Napoleon 9753:Category 9571:Cold War 9474:Slovakia 9061:Waterloo 8930:Crusades 8875:Military 8723:Scotland 8681:Kemalist 8003:Nam tiến 7998:Vietnam 7988:Ukraine 7946:Romania 7928:Portugal 7854:Georgia 7829:Medieval 7778:Bulgaria 7767:Belarus 7752:Austria 7558:Americas 7526:Morocco 7522:Ethiopia 7301:Specific 7224:Concepts 7129:Leninist 7087:Feminist 7075:Critical 6922:Feminism 6895:Military 6849:Business 6844:Economic 6826:Cultural 6810:By topic 6796:Toponymy 6744:Heraldry 6692:template 6639:By scale 6561:Logbooks 6546:Features 6511:Archives 6310:Politics 6268:Economic 6263:Cultural 6180:Mina Loy 5448:Boethius 5438:Plotinus 5433:Longinus 5087:(2000). 4656:20557531 4461:29735684 3715:original 3659:. 1994. 3534:P. Owens 3204:30:1–17. 2965:See also 2837:. 2018. 2827:. 2014. 2789:. 2005. 2757:. 2000. 2748:. 2019. 2739:. 2020. 2709:. 2007. 2643:. 1986. 2611:. 1988. 2601:. 1993. 2547:. 1997. 2527:. 1986. 2517:. 1999. 2490:. 1983. 2468:. 1916. 2458:. 1995. 2441:. 1986. 2421:. 1998. 2366:. 1998. 2312:. 1988. 2251:. 1977. 2243:Pre-2000 2153:Ben Okri 1762:progress 1583:Austrian 1579:Prussian 1515:Cambodia 1378:(2004), 1245:and the 1143:Voltaire 1031:(2000), 986:— 885:integral 838:— 722:— 700:form of 685:— 657:(1978), 632:Occident 524:(1961), 427:critical 388:," the " 299:— 207:ideology 174:feminism 10672:Related 10562:Science 10207:Madonna 10179:Judaism 10142:Judaism 9974:Saladin 9864:Hypatia 9788:leaders 9712:Related 9665:Origins 9628:Origins 9579:Origins 9135:Origins 9081:Origins 8947:Origins 8809:Oceania 8772:British 8710:Kingdom 8353:Ireland 8260:Germany 7968:Sweden 7841:New Age 7817:Ancient 7813:Europe 7809:Croatia 7741:Albania 7734:Eurasia 7536:Rwanda 7234:General 7134:Marxist 7035:schools 6864:Thought 6831:Ecology 6593:Scrolls 6531:Codices 6499:Sources 6438:history 6415:History 6337:History 6290:Marxist 6253:Annales 6195:Hu Shih 5503:Liu Xie 5483:Valmiki 5453:Aquinas 4491:Bibcode 4156:. 2008. 4059:Press. 3267:inst.at 3247:16 July 2904:Chicana 2227:(1987–) 2221:(1938–) 2209:(1934–) 2203:(1975–) 2197:(1938–) 2179:(1947–) 2167:(1961–) 2161:(1943–) 2155:(1959–) 2149:(1967–) 2143:(1949–) 2137:(1971–) 2131:(1948–) 2125:(1956–) 2113:(1969–) 2107:(1953–) 2089:(1977–) 2077:(1959–) 1926:Barthes 1778:Jacobin 1733:Gilbert 1729:Raleigh 1643:Ireland 1621:settler 1608:Ireland 1587:Russian 1435:Buganda 1431:Dahomey 1198:Algeria 1121:Sallust 937:at the 10298:Salons 10100:Others 10067:Canada 9701:Causes 9638:Causes 9613:Causes 9407:Spirit 9341:Causes 9311:Causes 9176:Causes 9145:Causes 9118:Causes 9096:Causes 9027:Causes 8774:Empire 8708:United 8674:Turkey 8489:Russia 8463:Deluge 8446:Poland 8186:France 7984:Taiwan 7957:Serbia 7763:Balhae 7614:Causes 7565:Canada 7499:Egypt 7492:Africa 7016:Tarikh 6937:Labour 6927:Gender 6917:Social 6717:dating 6583:Papyri 6506:Annals 6325:Social 6278:Gender 5493:Cao Pi 5428:Horace 5182:about 5142: 5123: 5097: 5053: 5017: 4893: 4780:, and 4654: 4623: 4582: 4509: 4459: 4422: 4375: 4331: 4306: 4283: 4242: 4217: 4190: 4063: 3934: 3890: 3838:, # 9. 3823: 3689: 3667: 3442: 3417: 3221: 3178: 2930:people 2859:2001. 2817: 2777:2010. 2726: 2688: 2655:1990. 2537:1988. 2431:1983. 2397:1989. 2374: 2342:1994. 2332: 2322:2005. 2295: 2271: 2055:1988. 2043:1978. 2033:1970. 2021:1965. 2012:1961. 2000:1952. 1988:1950. 1977:1924. 1930:Spivak 1928:' and 1735:, and 1637:(2012) 1591:Soviet 1523:Saigon 1517:, and 1503:Tonkin 1448:wrote 1433:, the 1425:, the 1397:Africa 1388:phase. 1167:Goethe 1117:Cicero 1101:Lysias 993:, 1997 957:, and 913:praxis 860:mimics 843:(2009) 828:sexism 636:Orient 574:praxis 557:psyche 184:, and 168:, and 75:As an 40:(also 10545:Roman 10457:] 10271:] 10184:Islam 10154:Jesus 10042:] 10030:] 10018:] 9986:] 9962:] 9925:] 9888:] 9876:] 9844:] 9832:] 9557:] 9447:Nakba 9243:] 9207:] 9157:] 9039:] 9022:] 8665:] 8653:] 8629:] 8610:] 8565:Spain 8520:] 8508:] 8480:] 8387:Italy 8325:India 8302:] 8250:] 8238:] 8226:] 8207:] 8118:] 8093:China 7935:] 7894:Korea 7889:Japan 7878:Iran 7867:Greek 7848:] 7836:] 7824:] 7802:] 7795:Early 7790:] 7651:Casta 7626:] 7548:Maafa 7515:] 7285:] 7273:] 7124:] 6964:Women 6959:Urban 6947:Rural 6942:LGBTQ 6698:Books 6536:Deeds 6473:Types 5498:Lu Ji 5458:Dante 5418:Plato 5165:(PDF) 5158:(PDF) 4929:19th 4652:JSTOR 4621:S2CID 4507:S2CID 4479:(PDF) 4457:JSTOR 4281:S2CID 4188:S2CID 3821:S2CID 2993:Burn! 2938:Black 2894:Japan 2386:19th 2061:, by 2049:, by 2037:, by 2027:, by 2006:, by 1994:, by 1737:Drake 1507:Annam 1237:As a 1219:Renan 1109:Plato 398:Ummah 386:Arabs 223:post- 10636:list 9231:1917 8243:Lyon 7714:Eras 7633:Peru 7368:list 7315:and 7195:Whig 6402:list 6098:and 6084:and 5935:and 5140:ISBN 5121:ISBN 5108:2011 5095:ISBN 5064:2011 5051:ISBN 5015:ISBN 4891:ASIN 4580:ISBN 4420:ISBN 4373:ISBN 4329:ISBN 4304:ISBN 4240:ISBN 4215:ISBN 4172:PMLA 4061:ISBN 4036:help 3932:ISBN 3888:ISBN 3687:ISBN 3665:ISBN 3540:–35. 3507:help 3440:ISBN 3415:ISBN 3394:help 3249:2019 3219:ISBN 3176:ISBN 2940:and 2815:ISBN 2724:ISBN 2686:ISBN 2372:ISBN 2330:ISBN 2293:ISBN 2269:ISBN 1938:and 1864:West 1862:and 1860:East 1849:and 1796:and 1703:the 1573:The 1554:male 1519:Laos 1486:Asia 1192:For 1087:and 1006:and 899:," " 895:", " 789:and 759:... 528:and 433:and 392:," " 48:and 7362:Pax 4696:doi 4613:doi 4572:doi 4549:hdl 4499:doi 4487:109 4449:doi 4412:doi 4273:doi 4180:doi 4176:116 4149:ELH 3819:." 3709:." 3538:231 3198:." 3168:doi 2798:doi 2699:on 2571:. " 1944:the 1798:IMF 1094:In 1027:In 1010:'s 1002:'s 875:In 711:In 518:In 492:'s 459:In 369:'. 271:in 255:In 209:or 10769:: 10455:it 10269:pt 10040:zh 10028:zh 10016:zh 9984:zh 9960:es 9923:zh 9886:ru 9874:zh 9842:zh 9830:zh 9555:fr 9241:ru 9205:fr 9182:/ 9155:es 9037:ru 9020:fr 8663:es 8651:es 8627:es 8608:es 8518:ru 8506:ru 8478:pl 8300:de 8248:fr 8236:fr 8224:fr 8205:fr 8116:zh 7933:pt 7846:ru 7834:ru 7822:ru 7800:ru 7788:de 7624:es 7513:es 7283:de 7271:es 7122:pt 5077:10 5075:. 5032:. 4975:. 4934:. 4866:. 4862:. 4833:^ 4772:, 4740:. 4728:^ 4718:. 4690:. 4646:. 4642:. 4619:. 4607:. 4603:. 4578:. 4519:^ 4505:. 4497:. 4485:. 4481:. 4455:. 4443:. 4418:. 4352:. 4279:. 4269:48 4267:. 4263:. 4186:. 4174:. 4170:. 4113:^ 4098:^ 4055:. 4027:: 4025:}} 4021:{{ 3868:^ 3783:. 3737:^ 3623:20 3621:. 3588:77 3586:. 3582:. 3532:, 3454:^ 3380:^ 3364:. 3334:^ 3299:. 3265:. 3239:. 3174:. 2774:. 2763:. 2684:. 2575:." 1954:. 1731:, 1628:. 1585:, 1581:, 1513:, 1509:, 1505:, 1295:. 1265:. 978:. 961:. 953:, 949:, 727:, 569:. 420:, 188:. 180:, 176:, 164:, 160:, 156:, 10638:) 10634:( 10564:/ 9196:) 9192:( 9186:) 9178:( 8867:e 8860:t 8853:v 8369:" 8365:" 6694:) 6690:( 6374:e 6367:t 6360:v 6234:e 6227:t 6220:v 5259:e 5252:t 5245:v 5148:. 5129:. 5110:. 5066:. 5023:. 4938:. 4910:. 4897:. 4868:1 4848:. 4750:. 4722:. 4698:: 4648:2 4615:: 4609:8 4574:: 4551:: 4513:. 4501:: 4493:: 4451:: 4414:: 4395:. 4381:. 4354:2 4337:. 4312:. 4287:. 4275:: 4248:. 4223:. 4194:. 4182:: 4108:. 4075:. 4038:) 4034:( 4017:. 3940:. 3896:. 3801:. 3787:. 3769:. 3695:. 3671:. 3607:. 3594:. 3509:) 3503:. 3448:. 3423:. 3396:) 3374:. 3303:. 3269:. 3251:. 3225:. 3184:. 3170:: 2863:. 2841:. 2831:. 2804:. 2800:: 2793:. 2767:. 2730:. 2715:. 2703:. 2692:. 2666:. 2659:. 2649:. 2637:. 2630:. 2623:. 2605:. 2595:. 2585:. 2565:. 2558:. 2551:. 2541:. 2531:. 2521:. 2501:. 2494:. 2484:. 2474:. 2462:. 2452:. 2445:. 2435:. 2378:. 2346:. 2336:. 2299:. 2284:. 2275:. 2255:. 1135:, 340:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index